Publications

PUBLICATIONS

English (Anglais)

IFPRI’s projects in Africa is committed to producing high quality, evidence-based outputs that contribute to agriculture development, food security, nutrition, and poverty alleviation. In particular, IFPRI’s policy research has produced technical reports, peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, donor reports, impact assessments, briefs, and more.

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Journal Article

The effect of teacher training and community literacy programming on teacher and student outcomes

2026Chimbutane, Feliciano; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Herrera-Almanza, Catalina; Leight, Jessica; Lauchande, Carlos

Details

The effect of teacher training and community literacy programming on teacher and student outcomes

Motivated by extremely low levels of basic reading skills in sub-Saharan Africa, we experimentally evaluate two interventions designed to enhance students’ early-grade literacy performance in rural Mozambique: a relatively light-touch, scalable teacher training in early-grade literacy including the provision of pedagogical materials, and teacher training and materials in conjunction with community-level reading camps. Using data from 1,596 third graders in 160 rural public primary schools, we find no evidence that either intervention improved teachers’ pedagogical knowledge or practices or student or teacher attendance following two years of implementation. There are some weak positive effects on student reading as measured by a literacy assessment, primarily observed in a shift away from scores of zero, and these effects are consistent across arms. Our findings are aligned with the growing consensus that more intensive school- and/or community-based interventions are required to meaningfully improve learning.

Year published

2026

Authors

Chimbutane, Feliciano; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Herrera-Almanza, Catalina; Leight, Jessica; Lauchande, Carlos

Citation

Chimbutane, Feliciano; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Herrera-Almanza, Catalina; Leight, Jessica; and Lauchande, Carlos. 2025. The effect of teacher training and community literacy programming on teacher and student outcomes. Journal of Development Economics 178(January 2026): 103578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103578

Country/Region

Mozambique

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Education; Learning; Literacy; Teacher Training

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Agricultural technology adoption and deforestation: Evidence from a randomized control trial

2026Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Lundberg, Clark

Details

Agricultural technology adoption and deforestation: Evidence from a randomized control trial

We study the effect of the adoption of improved agricultural inputs on deforestation using a randomized control trial in Nigeria which introduced a more efficient and environmentally-friendly nitrogen fertilizer. We combine survey data from the intervention with earth observation data to develop a generalizable method for evaluating the effects of cluster-level interventions on landscape-level outcomes. We find evidence of an intensification response to treatment exposure that reflects significant heterogeneity across land cover. On land with relatively sparse pre-intervention tree cover, treatment exposure increased deforestation while in denser forest areas the intervention reduced deforestation. We find corresponding effects showing treatment exposure increases agricultural productivity. Our results reflect an intensification response to improved agricultural technology that redirects agricultural activity away from forests and towards existing cropland.

Year published

2026

Authors

Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Lundberg, Clark

Citation

Bloem, Jeffrey R.; and Lundberg, Clark. 2026. Agricultural technology adoption and deforestation: Evidence from a randomized control trial. Journal of Development Economics 178(January 2026): 103600. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103600

Country/Region

Nigeria

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Agricultural Technology; Data; Deforestation; Nitrogen Fertilizer; Surveys

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Rethinking Food Markets

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Estimating multidimensional development resilience

2026Lee, Seungmin; Abay, Kibrom A.; Barrett, Christopher B.; Hoddinott, John

Details

Estimating multidimensional development resilience

Existing measures of resilience are typically based on a single well-being indicator. This is problematic in contexts where households face deprivations across multiple dimensions. We develop a multidimensional resilience measure, integrating probabilistic moment-based resilience measurement approaches with multidimensional poverty measurement methods. Applying these to household panel data from Ethiopia, we show that univariate and multidimensional resilience measures based on expenditure-based poverty, dietary diversity, and livestock asset holdings can yield varied inferences on the ranking of households as well as potential impact of development interventions. Univariate resilience measures constructed using consumption expenditure, dietary diversity and livestock asset holdings show distinct temporal and spatial distributional patterns. But while univariate measures are weakly correlated with one another and with different well-being metrics, multivariate measures exhibit much stronger rank correlations. When we contrast univariate measures of resilience to multidimensional measures of resilience, we find that the latter vary less over the study period; multidimensional resilience measures seem to capture more “persistent or structural” vulnerability and associated capacity of households. We also demonstrate the differences in these univariate and multivariate measures, including the potential of the composite multidimensional resilience measures for supporting targeting processes.

Year published

2026

Authors

Lee, Seungmin; Abay, Kibrom A.; Barrett, Christopher B.; Hoddinott, John

Citation

Lee, Seungmin; Abay, Kibrom A.; Barrett, Christopher B.; and Hoddinott, John. 2025. Estimating multidimensional development resilience. Journal of Development Economics 178(January 2026): 103583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103583

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Data; Development; Households; Resilience

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-NC-ND-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Increasing women’s empowerment: Evaluating two interventions in Uganda

2026Ambler, Kate; Jones, Kelly M.; O’Sullivan, Michael

Details

Increasing women’s empowerment: Evaluating two interventions in Uganda

We conduct a randomized controlled trial to test a novel intervention for increasing women’s empowerment in Uganda. The intervention includes a within-household transfer of a productive asset, which has a lower cost than an external transfer. We find that transferring control of some of the household’s sugarcane to the wife significantly increases her access to resources and decision-making power. We also document increases in women’s empowerment arising from a cross-randomized couples’ workshop that improved women’s self-concept and shifted beliefs in gender equality. We find no additional impacts from combining the two interventions. Importantly, neither intervention harms the household’s productivity or husbands’ welfare. In fact, men (and women) report higher marital quality and life satisfaction as a result. However, despite increasing women’s empowerment we find no evidence that the interventions increased measured household investment in food security, child health, or education.

Year published

2026

Authors

Ambler, Kate; Jones, Kelly M.; O’Sullivan, Michael

Citation

Ambler, Kate; Jones, Kelly M.; and O’Sullivan, Michael. 2026. Increasing women’s empowerment: Evaluating two interventions in Uganda. Journal of Development Economics 178(January 2026): 103575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103575

Country/Region

Uganda

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Women's Empowerment; Households; Assets; Sugar Cane; Workshops; Gender Equality; Gender; Randomized Controlled Trials

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-NC-ND-3.0

Project

Policies, Institutions, and Markets

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Transfers, information and management advice: Direct effects and complementarities in Malawi

2026Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Godlonton, Susan

Details

Transfers, information and management advice: Direct effects and complementarities in Malawi

We examine a program designed to alleviate credit, information, and farm management constraints among smallholder cash crop farmers through transfers and a cross-randomized program offering intensive agricultural extension. We document strong complementarities between the two sets of interventions. Investment driven by increased labor expenditures, production, and consumption are highest for farmers that received both transfers and intensive extension, a pattern that persists two and three years later. In the short run, transfers alone led to the reallocation of input expenditures into increased labor for cash crop cultivation, which led to increased production of project focal crops but not total crop production. While farmers in the transfers only group continue to spend more on labor in subsequent seasons, this does not lead to changes in production or consumption, suggesting that the support of the intensive extension was important for the generation of the largest welfare gains from the transfers.

Year published

2026

Authors

Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Godlonton, Susan

Citation

Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; and Godlonton, Susan. 2026. Transfers, information and management advice: Direct effects and complementarities in Malawi. Journal of Development Economics 178(January 2026): 103601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103601

Country/Region

Malawi

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Agriculture; Extension; Cash Transfers; Inputs; Smallholders; Advisory Services

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Policies, Institutions, and Markets

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

The effect of using indigenous and scientific forecasts on arable farmers’ crop yields: Evidence from Rwenzori region, western Uganda

2026Nkuba, Michael Robert; Kato, Edward

Details

The effect of using indigenous and scientific forecasts on arable farmers’ crop yields: Evidence from Rwenzori region, western Uganda

Year published

2026

Authors

Nkuba, Michael Robert; Kato, Edward

Citation

Nkuba, Michael Robert; and Kato, Edward. 2026. The effect of using indigenous and scientific forecasts on arable farmers’ crop yields: Evidence from Rwenzori region, western Uganda. Environmental Development 57(January 2026): 101303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2025.101303

Country/Region

Uganda

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Climate Change; Climate Change Adaptation; Crop Yield; Primary Forests; Propensity Score Matching; Weather

Language

English

Access/Licence

Limited Access

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Constraints and promising interventions to strengthen fish seed systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghana

2026Ragasa, Catherine; Kruijssen, Froukje; Agyakwah, Seth Koranteng; Mensah, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku; Asmah, Ruby; Ataa-Asantewaa, Martha; Asmah, Ruby; Ataa-Asantewaa, Martha; Amewu, Sena; Loison, Sarah Alobo

Details

Constraints and promising interventions to strengthen fish seed systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghana

CONTEXT
Aquaculture has surpassed capture fisheries in terms of production and is among the fastest growing food sectors. It has great potential to contribute to food security and nutrition, poverty reduction, jobs, and environmental sustainability. Fish seed is increasingly considered to be a major driver and disabler of aquaculture development. However, little is known about how fish seed systems operate, their challenges and opportunities, or entry points for strengthening them.
OBJECTIVE
This study analyzes primary data on the challenges and opportunities faced by various actors along the fish seed chain, documents the lessons from a fish seed project (Ghana Tilapia Seed Project, 2019–2022), and provides an analysis of entry points for strengthening fish seed systems.
METHODS
Using an analytical framework that tracks germplasm base, seed production and quality, seed availability and distribution, and the information flow along the fish seed value chain, we analyze the case of Ghana, the top producer of farmed tilapia in sub-Saharan Africa. The study uses a mixed-methods approach, including value chain analysis, action-oriented research methods, and statistical analysis of survey data.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Findings indicate that the initial rapid growth in tilapia production in Ghana was partly due to an improved local strain released in 2004; however, the recent stagnation is largely caused by seed-related issues (poor maintenance and improvement of germplasm base, seed quality and availability, lack of information and coordination, and lack of enforcement of regulations). This study highlights the successes and lessons learned from the Ghana Tilapia Seed Project on broodstock distribution, training on fingerling production, establishment of nurseries, and training of fish farmers. The lessons highlight the need for policy changes and capacity building related to strain development and broodstock management.
SIGNIFICANCE
These findings fill the large gap in evidence on the functioning of fish seed systems and how to strengthen them. They can directly inform ongoing country-level efforts and programs aiming to develop aquaculture.

Year published

2026

Authors

Ragasa, Catherine; Kruijssen, Froukje; Agyakwah, Seth Koranteng; Mensah, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku; Asmah, Ruby; Ataa-Asantewaa, Martha; Asmah, Ruby; Ataa-Asantewaa, Martha; Amewu, Sena; Loison, Sarah Alobo

Citation

Ragasa, Catherine; Kruijssen, Froukje; Agyakwah, Seth Koranteng; Mensah, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku; Asmah, Ruby; Ataa-Asantewaa, Martha; et al. 2025. Constraints and promising interventions to strengthen fish seed systems in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Ghana. Agricultural Systems 231(January 2026): 104511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104511

Country/Region

Ghana

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Aquaculture; Capacity Development; Fish; Hatcheries; Seed Systems

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Seed Equal

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Whole maize flour could enhance food and nutrition security in Malawi

2025Ngoma, Theresa Nakoma; Taleon, Victor; Mvumi, Brighton M.; Gama, Aggrey P.; Palacios-Rojas, Natalia; Matumba, Limbikani

Details

Whole maize flour could enhance food and nutrition security in Malawi

Maize is the staple cereal in Malawi, with a daily per capita consumption of 383 g (dry matter basis), primarily consumed in the form of nsima, a thick porridge. We combined a milling experiment with focus group discussions (FGDs) to provide insights into mass and nutrient losses during maize grain dehulling and maize flour consumption patterns in rural Malawi. Milling batches (30 kg) of four maize grain varieties were dehulled at three abrasive disk dehullers under controlled conditions. The impact of maize variety and dehuller design on mass and nutrient losses during dehulling was statistically significant (p < 0.05), with a mean mass loss of 28.1 ± 5.7%, and nutrient losses of 9.8 ± 1.9% for protein, 61.7 ± 2.0% for zinc, and 47.7 ± 3.6% for iron. Six FGDs conducted in rural areas of Lilongwe District revealed a preference for refined flour due to convenience and cultural norms, despite the nutritional benefits of whole grain flour, which was recognized for its ability to provide satiety, particularly during periods of maize scarcity. Participants also highlighted switching between flour types based on seasonal maize availability, social stigma associated with whole grain flour, and awareness of nutrient losses during dehulling. Given Malawi’s precarious food insecurity situation, transitioning from dehulled maize flour nsima to whole maize flour or less refined nsima, is imperative. Our study findings can have food and nutritional savings for other southern Africa countries where the dehulling is a common practice.

Year published

2025

Authors

Ngoma, Theresa Nakoma; Taleon, Victor; Mvumi, Brighton M.; Gama, Aggrey P.; Palacios-Rojas, Natalia; Matumba, Limbikani

Citation

Ngoma, Theresa Nakoma; Taleon, Victor; Mvumi, Brighton M.; Gama, Aggrey P.; Palacios-Rojas, Natalia; and Matumba, Limbikani. 2025. Whole maize flour could enhance food and nutrition security in Malawi. Discover Food 5(1): 40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44187-025-00311-y

Country/Region

Malawi

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Southern Africa; Maize; Maize Flour; Nutrition; Food Security; Milling; Food Losses

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Buyer-side gender discrimination in bargaining: Evidence from seed sales in Uganda

2025Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Nabwire, Leocardia

Details

Buyer-side gender discrimination in bargaining: Evidence from seed sales in Uganda

Haggling over prices is a common feature of economic transactions in many societies. This study examines whether the gender of the seller influences buyers’ negotiation strategies and outcomes in bilateral price bargaining. Using a bargaining experiment in eastern Uganda, we analyze interactions between smallholder maize farmers and either a male or female seed seller. Our findings reveal that buyers negotiating with female sellers are less likely to accept the initial offer price and respond with lower counter-bids compared to those bargaining with male sellers. Negotiations also last, on average, one round longer when the seller is a woman, and final transaction prices are nearly 9 percent lower. These results are particularly relevant for rural economies, where restrictive gender norms limit women’s financial autonomy. Given that small agribusinesses often provide one of the few viable income-generating opportunities for women, gender biases in market interactions can have substantial implications for economic empowerment and household welfare.

Year published

2025

Authors

Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Nabwire, Leocardia

Citation

Van Campenhout, Bjorn; and Nabwire, Leocardia. 2025. Buyer-side gender discrimination in bargaining: Evidence from seed sales in Uganda. Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics 119(December 2025): 102404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2025.102404

Country/Region

Uganda

Keywords

Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Africa; Gender; Discrimination; Seeds; Bargaining Power

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Market Intelligence

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Does small-scale irrigation affect women’s time allocation? Insights from Ethiopia

2025Lee, Yeyoung; Bryan, Elizabeth; Mason, Nicole M.; Hassen, Ibrahim Worku; Theriault, Veronique; Ringler, Claudia

Details

Does small-scale irrigation affect women’s time allocation? Insights from Ethiopia

Small-scale irrigation (SSI) interventions have received increasing attention as a potential pathway for women’s empowerment in sub-Saharan Africa. One key aspect of women’s empowerment that SSI can influence is women’s time burden. Hypothesized benefits of SSI for women are less energy exertion and reduced labor in agriculture. Yet, these hypotheses have not been tested empirically. We explore how household adoption of different SSI technologies affects the time allocation of women in the household, using two rounds of intrahousehold panel survey data from Ethiopia. Two different approaches are used to address potential endogeneity issues related to time-constant and time-varying factors that may be correlated with both SSI and time use: an instrumental variables-correlated random effects approach and a fractional multinomial logit-correlated random effects with control function approach. The results suggest that household use of SSI in general is associated with an increase in women’s leisure time. The results further suggest that household use of motor pumps is associated with an increase in women’s leisure time and reductions in the time they spend on farming and personal care. Given that women often provide the labor for irrigation using manual, labor-intensive methods, such as watering cans, buckets, or hand- or foot-powered treadle pumps, the results suggest that SSI using motorized methods has the potential to free up women’s time in farming and enable more leisure time. These findings have broad implications for women’s empowerment and labor allocation. Future research using new and more comprehensive data could explore the mechanisms for the findings in this study and determine if SSI enables women to improve their ability to allocate their time to activities they prefer.

Year published

2025

Authors

Lee, Yeyoung; Bryan, Elizabeth; Mason, Nicole M.; Hassen, Ibrahim Worku; Theriault, Veronique; Ringler, Claudia

Citation

Lee, Yeyoung; Bryan, Elizabeth; Mason, Nicole M.; Hassen, Ibrahim Worku; Theriault, Veronique; and Ringler, Claudia. 2025. Does small-scale irrigation affect women’s time allocation? Insights from Ethiopia. World Development 196(December 2025): 107106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2025.107106

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Small-scale Irrigation; Women; Time Use Patterns; Women's Empowerment; Gender; Logit Analysis; Water Management; Free Time

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Water, Land and Ecosystems

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Rice milling and parboiling trade-offs for economic and nutritional gains with special attention to sub-Saharan Africa: A comprehensive review

2025Ndindeng, Sali Atanga; Tang, Erasmus Nchuaji; Twine, Edgar; Taleon, Victor; Frei, Michael

Details

Rice milling and parboiling trade-offs for economic and nutritional gains with special attention to sub-Saharan Africa: A comprehensive review

Rice is an important source of calories and nutrients for people in low- and middle-income countries. In the quest to respond to consumer preferences and attract premium prices, paddy processors increase the degree of milling (polishing), largely affecting nutritional composition and economic value of milled rice. Milling and parboiling are crucial unit processing operations affecting the quality profile of rice. The literature poorly reports on milling and parboiling operations that provide economic and nutritional gains or losses. Thus, there are no standard milling and parboiling regimes recommended to influence technological and policy changes in favor of public health and nutrition. In this comprehensive review, rice milling and parboiling operations associated with nutritional, economic, food safety and environmental benefits have been presented and discussed. Optimal milling and parboiling strategies that provide nutritional, economic, food safety and environmental gains are proposed as alternatives to conventional processing technologies and practices. Improved parboiling and moderate degree of milling in two-stage systems appear to provide better economic and nutritional benefits.

Year published

2025

Authors

Ndindeng, Sali Atanga; Tang, Erasmus Nchuaji; Twine, Edgar; Taleon, Victor; Frei, Michael

Citation

Ndindeng, Sali Atanga; Tang, Erasmus Nchuaji; Twine, Edgar; Taleon, Victor; and Frei, Michael. 2025. Rice milling and parboiling trade-offs for economic and nutritional gains with special attention to sub-Saharan Africa: A comprehensive review. Applied Food Research 5(2): 101274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.afres.2025.101274

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Economics; Rice; Milling; Nutrition Security; Sustainability

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Plant Health

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

The characteristics of community seed schemes for grains and legumes: Insights from northern Nigeria

2025Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Ragasa, Catherine; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Andam, Kwaw S.; Spielman, David J.; Omoigui, Lucky

Details

The characteristics of community seed schemes for grains and legumes: Insights from northern Nigeria

CONTEXT
Despite the significant roles that intermediary seed systems play in the supply of quality seed in developing countries, including Africa South of the Sahara, the knowledge gap remains generally substantial regarding the general characteristics and seed quality assurance performance of intermediary seed systems like community seed schemes (CSS), which still predominantly operate outside the formal seed systems.

OBJECTIVE
We aim to narrow the knowledge gap on seed production practices implemented by CSS and their economic characteristics, the extent of seed quality assurance achieved, and potential challenges CSS is facing.

METHODS
Using primary survey data of seed producers of key grains (maize, rice, and sorghum) and legumes (cowpea and soybean) from 380 CSS in Kano state in northern Nigeria, we qualitatively assess seed production characteristics, financial structures of their seed production, aspects of quality assurance measures they engage, and potential roles of external support like training on their implementation of these quality assurance measures.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
We discovered that many of the interviewed CSS have emerged endogenously, taking up seed production to address the challenges in access to quality seed in their locality. Their seed production has often grown into viable businesses that have provided potentially significant additions to their incomes. Oftentimes, these CSS implemented some seed quality assurance measures, including making closer visual checks of seed, checking germination rates, and bagging/packing seed, among others. However, fuller seed quality assurance may be significantly skill-intensive, and most CSS still do not implement many of the recommended measures under some of the intermediary quality assurance standards like quality declared seed. Our qualitative assessment suggests that future support for CSS can focus on technical support to raise the ability to engage in broader categories of quality assurance activities in financially viable ways and to improve the awareness and knowledge of different varieties and access to early generation seed.

SIGNIFICANCE
The quality assurance provided by existing community seed schemes in Nigeria may be relatively limited, particularly in terms of proper maintenance of seed production field and the quality of original varieties that they intend to multiply. Providing external support through training and technical assistance may be an effective way to transform community seed schemes into critical providers of seed quality assurance in intermediary seed systems and fill gaps in the formal seed system.

Year published

2025

Authors

Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Ragasa, Catherine; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Andam, Kwaw S.; Spielman, David J.; Omoigui, Lucky

Citation

Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Ragasa, Catherine; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Andam, Kwaw S.; Spielman, David J.; and Omoigui, Lucky. 2025. The characteristics of community seed schemes for grains and legumes: Insights from northern Nigeria. Agricultural Systems 230 (December 2025): 104471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104471

Country/Region

Nigeria

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Western Africa; Community Seed Banks; Seed Quality; Training; Knowledge Sharing; Grain; Legumes; Quality Assurance

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Seed Equal

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Using a list experiment to measure intimate partner violence: Cautionary evidence from Ethiopia

2025Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; Tambet, Heleene

Details

Using a list experiment to measure intimate partner violence: Cautionary evidence from Ethiopia

While indirect response methods are increasingly used in surveys to measure sensitive behaviours such as intimate partner violence, important questions persist around how respondents understand and react to these methods. This article presents evidence from a list experiment measuring multiple forms of intimate partner violence in rural Ethiopia. We find that the list experiment does not generate estimates of intimate partner violence that are higher than direct response questions; rather, prevalence estimates using the list experiment are lower vis-à-vis prevalence estimates using the direct reports, and are sometimes even negative. We provide suggestive evidence that this pattern may reflect ‘fleeing’ behaviour by respondents who do not wish to be associated with statements indicating their exposure to intimate partner violence.

Year published

2025

Authors

Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; Tambet, Heleene

Citation

Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; and Tambet, Heleene. 2025. Using a list experiment to measure intimate partner violence: Cautionary evidence from Ethiopia. Applied Economics Letters 32(11): 1594-1600. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2024.2308579

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Domestic Violence; Behaviour; Measurement; Questionnaires

Language

English

Access/Licence

Limited Access

Project

Policies, Institutions, and Markets

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Food price stabilization: Theory and lessons from experience

2025Dorosh, Paul A.; Minot, Nicholas; Rashid, Shahidur

Details

Food price stabilization: Theory and lessons from experience

Year published

2025

Authors

Dorosh, Paul A.; Minot, Nicholas; Rashid, Shahidur

Citation

Dorosh, Paul A.; Minot, Nicholas; and Rashid, Shahidur. 2025. Food price stabilization: Theory and lessons from experience. Food Policy 137(November 2025): 102945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2025.102945

Country/Region

Bangladesh; China; India; Indonesia; Kenya; Malawi; Zambia

Keywords

Asia; South-eastern Asia; Southern Asia; Africa; Eastern Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Food Policy; Food Prices; Implementation; Price Stabilization; Trade Policies

Language

English

Access/Licence

Limited Access

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Impact of conflict shocks on land rental market dynamics: Panel evidence from Nigeria

2025Olanrewaju, Opeyemi; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola

Details

Impact of conflict shocks on land rental market dynamics: Panel evidence from Nigeria

Access to land is crucial for transforming agri-food systems, promoting market integration, and reducing poverty in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where rural land markets are increasingly expanding. However, the escalation of violent conflicts presents serious obstacles to the effective functioning of these land rental markets and their contribution to development objectives. The study employs a household-level panel fixed effects regression model to analyze the impact of violent conflicts and institutional factors on land rental market dynamics, using georeferenced LSMS-ISA and ACLED data. Findings show that conflicts significantly reduce land rental sizes, especially for rural smallholder farmers. Additionally, the study found that institutional factors change how conflict affects land rental markets. The heterogeneous effects revealed that institutional factors reverse the impact of conflict on land rental sizes and values. Specifically, when smallholder women participate in agricultural decision-making in rural areas or when large-scale farming households have access to credit, the typically adverse effect of conflict on land markets transforms into a positive one. Thus, women’s participation in agricultural decision-making and access to formal credit play a crucial role in shaping households' ability to navigate land rental markets in conflict-affected areas. Policymakers can leverage this evidence to develop strategies that improve land access and stability in conflict-prone regions. By understanding household and market dynamics, policymakers can design more effective strategies to promote conflict-sensitive and sustainable agricultural systems and economic stability in Nigeria and other conflict-prone regions.

Year published

2025

Authors

Olanrewaju, Opeyemi; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola

Citation

Olanrewaju, Opeyemi; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; and Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola. 2025. Impact of conflict shocks on land rental market dynamics: Panel evidence from Nigeria. Land Use Policy 158(November 2025): 107748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2025.107748

Country/Region

Nigeria

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Agricultural Productivity; Decision Making; Land Use; Sustainability

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-NC-ND-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Working Paper

Are poor people conditionally cooperative? Contrasting evidence from a field-adapted contributions game

2025Allen IV, James; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Rakshit, Deboleena

Details

Are poor people conditionally cooperative? Contrasting evidence from a field-adapted contributions game

We study conditional cooperation in a real-world, low-income setting by adapting a conditional contributions game for Mozambique, eliciting willingness to contribute to a new public program conditional on how many others contribute. While past studies suggest most people are conditional cooperators (contributing more as others do), 57%of our sample are undefined by standard classifications. Instead, our sample’s most common types are largely absent from the literature: counter conditional cooperators, who contribute less as others do, and v-shaped cooperators, both for monetary donations (30% and 19%) and volunteering (35% and 12%). Our findings motivate future research in previously unexplored contexts.

Year published

2025

Authors

Allen IV, James; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Rakshit, Deboleena

Citation

Allen IV, James; Karachiwalla, Naureen; and Rakshit, Deboleena. 2025. Are poor people conditionally cooperative? Contrasting evidence from a field-adapted contributions game. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2364. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Country/Region

Mozambique

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Southern Africa; Cooperation; Low Income Groups; Poverty; School Feeding

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Working Paper

Brief

Senegal assessment [of the PEDAL project]

2025Resnick, Danielle; Diatta, Ampa Dogui

Details

Senegal assessment [of the PEDAL project]

For nearly three decades, Senegal has been recognized as a regional leader in advancing nutrition, reducing under-five stunting from 34 percent in 1992 to 19 percent in 2014 (Kampman et al. 2017), and further to 15.1 percent by 2023 (ANSD and ICF 2024). This progress has been underpinned by a multi-sectoral and decentralized approach, with local governments playing an increasingly central role in policy implementation. Large-scale food fortification (LSFF) has been a cornerstone of this agenda, with Senegal—alongside Nigeria—pioneering fortification standards in the 2000s for edible oil, wheat flour, and salt, and subsequently institutionalizing the approach through the 2006 Strategic Plan for the Fortification of Foods and two successive national fortification strategies, the most recent of which was launched in May 2025. Yet despite these achievements, Senegal now faces mounting fiscal pressures, shifting donor priori-ties, and persistent micronutrient challenges, all of which threaten to slow or reverse momentum around LSFF.

Year published

2025

Authors

Resnick, Danielle; Diatta, Ampa Dogui

Citation

Resnick, Danielle; and Diatta, Ampa Dogui. 2025. Senegal assessment. PEDAL Brief 3. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176841

Country/Region

Senegal

Keywords

Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Africa; Food Fortification; Governance; Nutrition; Trace Elements

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Report

Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: August 2025

2025Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw

Details

Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: August 2025

This report presents an overview of trends in prices, availability, and quality of key commodities, while also capturing traders’ perceptions of supply, demand, and market conditions in Sudan between February and August 2025.

Year published

2025

Authors

Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw

Citation

Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; and Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw. 2025. Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: August 2025. Sudan Market Prices and Availability Report 7. Khartoum, Sudan: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Capacity Development; Commodities; Demand; Economics; Trade; Supply

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Journal Article

Looks matter? Field performance and farmers' preferences for drought-tolerant maize in Kenya

2025Kramer, Berber; Wellenstein, Hailey; Waweru, Carol; Kivuva, Benjamin

Details

Looks matter? Field performance and farmers' preferences for drought-tolerant maize in Kenya

Context
To help farmers adapt to climate change, breeding programs have developed drought-tolerant (DT) maize varieties, but varietal turnover among smallholder farmers is slow. One possible reason for low adoption is that DT varieties produce higher yields than older hybrid maize varieties but are not visibly more drought tolerant, especially if morphology is a factor in farmers' varietal choice.

Objectives
Motivated by this conjecture, our first objective is to compare the drought tolerance of a new hybrid DT maize variety and older varieties under farmer-managed conditions in terms of both morphology and yields. Our second objective is to analyze whether increasing farmers' exposure to this variety increases their awareness of its DT traits and subsequent adoption.

Methods
We leverage a project that provided seed trial packs of a new DT maize variety to randomly selected farmers in seven counties in Kenya with varying rainfall conditions. Picture-based crop monitoring across two seasons yielded a novel panel dataset of 18,225 smartphone images labeled for drought damage, and, for a subsample of fields, yields. We use this dataset to compare the performance of promoted and commonly grown varieties. We then use exogenous variation in receiving trial packs to analyze how providing trial packs affects varietal preferences and adoption.

Results and conclusion
The promoted variety produces higher yields than other varieties. Under good conditions, it also appears visibly less damaged during the flowering stage, but morphological differences disappear under more severe moisture stress, and once the crop reaches maturity. Consistent with these observations, treatment farmers do not perceive this variety to be more drought tolerant than other varieties and are more likely to plant the promoted variety only when receiving a free trial pack.

Significance
It could be that limited visibility of DT traits hinders sustained adoption. Increasing adoption of DT varieties to enhance climate change adaptation in drought-prone regions may require facilitating prolonged learning and experimentation opportunities, increasing awareness of how DT traits manifest themselves in terms of yields and morphology under varying rainfall conditions, and, costs permitting, selecting for visible DT traits in plant breeding.

Year published

2025

Authors

Kramer, Berber; Wellenstein, Hailey; Waweru, Carol; Kivuva, Benjamin

Citation

Kramer, Berber; Wellenstein, Hailey; Waweru, Carol; and Kivuva, Benjamin. 2025. Looks matter? Field performance and farmers' preferences for drought-tolerant maize in Kenya. Agricultural Systems 229(October 2025): 104434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104434

Country/Region

Kenya

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Climate Change; Crop Monitoring; Drought Tolerance; Maize; Seed Systems; Smallholders; Technology Adoption

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Policy and regulation in seed sector development for vegetatively propagated crops: Insights from Kenya, Nigeria, and Vietnam

2025Spielman, David J.; Gatto, Marcel; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; McEwan, Margaret; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Maredia, Mywish K.; Hareau, Guy

Details

Policy and regulation in seed sector development for vegetatively propagated crops: Insights from Kenya, Nigeria, and Vietnam

Context
In many low- and middle-income countries, smallholder farmers cultivating vegetatively propagated crops (VPCs) have limited access to quality planting material. This constraint can limit both the yield and returns to VPC cultivation. Yet policy and regulations designed to strengthen access to quality VPC planting materials and scale innovative programs that deliver these materials have been relatively unsuccessful to date. Part of the problem lies the unique biological and economic characteristics of vegetative propagation and its distinctness from cereal crops that dominate narratives on seed sector reforms and the resulting policy and regulatory regimes.
Objective
The study analyzes both theory and evidence on existing and alternative models of regulation that may incentivize cost-effective multiplication and distribution in VPC seed systems and markets.
Methods
The study draws on case studies of policy and practice related to quality assurance regulations in four crop-country combinations: cassava in Nigeria and Vietnam, and potato in Kenya and Vietnam. The case studies rely on qualitative analysis that was conducted using a combination of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, analysis of regulatory documents, and analysis of publicly available secondary data.
Results and conclusions
The study describes five strategies for regulating VPC seed systems in our four crop-country combinations, each with its own generalizable costs and benefits. The application (or marginalization) of these strategies is often shaped by fluid coalitions of actors with competing interests and framing narratives, and driven by organizational innovations, technological opportunities, trade relationships, and crises that are crop- and country-specific.
Significance
These findings suggest that regulations designed around strict, centralized quality control systems tend to limit market size, while more localized production systems are limited by both capacity and reach. They also suggest the need for alternatives that balance a permissive regulatory regime with decentralized production systems, grassroots capacity development, market surveillance, and systems that integrate multiple approaches to quality assurance. A detailed set of policy recommendations follows from these findings that inform ongoing country efforts to revise VPC seed sector policies and regulations—reforms that are being pursued not only in the crop-country case studies highlighted here, but also in other countries in both Africa and Asia.

Year published

2025

Authors

Spielman, David J.; Gatto, Marcel; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; McEwan, Margaret; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Maredia, Mywish K.; Hareau, Guy

Citation

Spielman, David J.; Gatto, Marcel; McEwan, Margaret; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Maredia, Mywish K.; and Hareau, Guy. 2025. Policy and regulation in seed sector development for vegetatively propagated crops: Insights from Kenya, Nigeria, and Vietnam. Agricultural Systems 229(October 2025): 104441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104441

Country/Region

Kenya; Nigeria; Vietnam

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Asia; South-eastern Asia; Policy Analysis; Regulations; Seed Systems; Quality Assurance

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Seed Equal

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Zinc distribution in structural components of high kernel‑zinc maize and its retention after milling

2025Taleon, Victor; Palacios-Rojas, Natalia; Dollah, Yusuf; Rosales, Aldo; Kalejaiye, Olatundun; Menkir, Abebe

Details

Zinc distribution in structural components of high kernel‑zinc maize and its retention after milling

High kernel‑zinc maize (HKZM) has the potential to contribute to addressing zinc deficiency in regions with high maize consumption, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, milling HKZM may lead to loss of zinc when removing the pericarp and embryo. This study evaluated the zinc distribution in kernel components of HKZM maize grown in different environments, and examined how milling affected its zinc concentration. The zinc concentration in HKZM lines was 27.0–30.7 μg g−1 while in conventional maize it was 19.5–22.6 μg g−1. Zinc in maize endosperm represented 20.5 to 28.2 % of the total kernel zinc while that in the embryo represented 68.1 to 75.7 %. HKZM retained 43 % of its kernel zinc after milling, resulting in flour with 5 μg g−1 higher zinc concentration compared to regular maize flour. Environmental factors had a significant effect on kernel zinc concentrations. Maize grain from commercial mills had 21 μg g−1 zinc, with zinc losses of 22 % to 65 % during milling, resulting in flours with 6–10 μg g−1 of zinc. While HKZM shows promise in alleviating zinc deficiency, its anticipated impact may be limited in regions where refined maize is frequently used for making foods. The development of maize varieties with higher zinc concentration in the endosperm, along with promoting increased consumption of less refined maize products can boost zinc intake for deficient populations.

Year published

2025

Authors

Taleon, Victor; Palacios-Rojas, Natalia; Dollah, Yusuf; Rosales, Aldo; Kalejaiye, Olatundun; Menkir, Abebe

Citation

Taleon, Victor; Palacios-Rojas, Natalia; Dollah, Yusuf; Rosales, Aldo; Kalejaiye, Olatundun; and Menkir, Abebe. 2025. Zinc distribution in structural components of high kernel‑zinc maize and its retention after milling. Food Research International 217(October 2025): 116830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2025.116830

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Zinc; Maize; Milling; Nutrient Deficiencies

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Beyond the bids: Lessons from farmers' reflections on Vickrey auctions of sweetpotato vines in Rwanda

2025Kilwinger, Fleur B.M.; Spielman, David J.; Almekinders, Conny J.M.; Rajendran, Srinivasulu; van Dam, Ynte K.

Details

Beyond the bids: Lessons from farmers' reflections on Vickrey auctions of sweetpotato vines in Rwanda

Context
The use of high-quality seed can significantly enhance nutrition, food security, poverty alleviation, and climate change adaptation in rural farming communities. Economic valuation methods can be used to assess farmers' demand for such seed. However, the reproductive biology of seed and the social and economic institutions surrounding their production and exchange vary widely across crops and regions.

Objective
It is important to understand how such contextual factors relate to the assumptions that underly economic valuation methods. In this paper, we qualitatively evaluated an experimental Vickery auction conducted in Rwanda which aimed to identify farmers demand for disease-free vines of orange-fleshed sweet potato rich in Vitamin A.

Method
Data were gathered through observations of and in-depth interviews with participating farmers, focusing on their experiences, strategies, and motivations during the auction. We examined farmers' reflections on the experimental auctions—rather than the auction results themselves—to understand context-specificity and methodological replicability.

Results and conclusion
Our findings reveal that farmers assigned value to the vines in diverse ways, shaped by personal experience, social norms, and local exchange practices—often diverging from the assumptions of auction theory. These dynamics raise concerns about the validity and reliability of the auction outcomes.

Significance
Although auctions are an increasingly popular tool to evaluate the value of seeds and traits in smallholder farming systems, and although considerable effort has been put into examining mechanisms leading to product overestimation and underestimation in auction settings, this study offers a novel qualitative perspective that uncovers several reasons that explain deviations in the context of an experimental Vickrey auction for sweetpotato vines in rural Rwanda. Our findings highlight the challenges of using auction-based methods in capturing demand when used to value goods that are reproductive, socially embedded, and exchanged outside formal markets.

Year published

2025

Authors

Kilwinger, Fleur B.M.; Spielman, David J.; Almekinders, Conny J.M.; Rajendran, Srinivasulu; van Dam, Ynte K.

Citation

Kilwinger, Fleur B.M.; Spielman, David J.; Almekinders, Conny J.M.; Rajendran, Srinivasulu; and van Dam, Ynte K. 2025. Beyond the bids: Lessons from farmers' reflections on Vickrey auctions of sweetpotato vines in Rwanda. Agricultural Systems 229(October 2025): 104448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104448

Country/Region

Rwanda

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Auctions; Food Security; Seed Systems; Smallholders; Sweet Potatoes; Vegetative Propagation; Orange-fleshed Sweet Potatoes; Planting Equipment

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Policies, Institutions, and Markets

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Preventing relapse from wasting: the role of sociodemographic, child feeding, and health care determinants and of wasting prevention interventions in Burkina Faso and Mali

2025Brander, Rebecca L.; Toure, Mariama; Becquey, Elodie; Ruel, Marie T.; Leroy, Jef L.; Huybregts, Lieven

Details

Preventing relapse from wasting: the role of sociodemographic, child feeding, and health care determinants and of wasting prevention interventions in Burkina Faso and Mali

Background
Relapse among children treated for wasting is a major concern. We estimated the frequency and determinants of relapse to wasting in two populations exposed to PROMIS, an integrated wasting prevention and screening program.
Methods
Using longitudinal data from PROMIS trials in Burkina Faso and Mali, we calculated the incidence rate and period prevalence of relapse to wasting within 6 months in children who had ≥1 wasting episode ending when they were ≥6 months old for which they were treated and recovered (NBurkina Faso=247; NMali=220). We used backward elimination to select a multivariable model of sociodemographic, nutrition- and health-related determinants of relapse. We also evaluated if prevention interventions (behavior change communication (BCC) and/or small quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) were associated with relapse, adjusting for confounders and trial arm.
Results
Relapse incidence was 2.6 per child-year in Burkina Faso (N=291 episodes) and 1.6 per child-year in Mali (N=300 episodes). In both countries, being fed the recommended food frequency or iron-rich foods after recovering from wasting was associated with lower risk of relapse. In Mali, longer wasting episodes, lack of minimally diverse diet consumption, and several caregiver/household characteristics were associated with lower risk of relapse. In both countries, receipt of BCC after recovery from wasting was associated with lower risk of relapse (Incidence rate ratio [IRR]Burkina Faso = 0.51 [95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.30, 0.86]; IRRMali = 0.26 [95% CI = 0.11, 0.65]), as was receipt of SQ-LNS (IRRBurkina Faso = 0.33 [95% CI = 0.16, 0.70]; (IRRMali = 0.43 [95% CI = 0.19, 0.94]), after adjustments.
Conclusion
Children being discharged from wasting treatment are a well-defined vulnerable population who stand to benefit from targeted post-discharge preventive interventions. BCC that includes advice on optimal infant and young child feeding practices and SQ-LNS may help prevent wasting relapse in at-risk children.

Year published

2025

Authors

Brander, Rebecca L.; Toure, Mariama; Becquey, Elodie; Ruel, Marie T.; Leroy, Jef L.; Huybregts, Lieven

Citation

Brander, Rebecca L.; Toure, Mariama; Becquey, Elodie; Ruel, Marie T.; Leroy, Jef L.; and Huybregts, Lieven. 2025. Preventing relapse from wasting: the role of sociodemographic, child feeding, and health care determinants and of wasting prevention interventions in Burkina Faso and Mali. Journal of Nutrition 155(9): 2945-2954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.06.019

Country/Region

Burkina Faso; Mali

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Northern Africa; Child Feeding; Nutrition; Recuperation; Wasting Disease (nutritional Disorder)

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Agriculture for Nutrition and Health

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Economy-wide implications of increasing school enrolment in Sub-Saharan Africa

2025Elnour, Zuhal; Siddig, Khalid; Grethe, Harald

Details

Economy-wide implications of increasing school enrolment in Sub-Saharan Africa

The high number of out-of-school youth in developing countries constitutes a pressing challenge with profound implications for attaining sustainable development. Sudan, for example, has the fifth-highest number globally while struggling with sluggish economic growth and high youth unemployment. In this study, we assess the potential economy-wide implications of options to enhance enrolment among youth by lowering private household spending on education and training services, taking Sudan as a case study. Cost reduction is considered for: a) primary education, b) secondary education, c) primary and secondary education, and d) all formal educational cycles and vocational training. We developed a recursive-dynamic single-country Computable General Equilibrium (STAGE-Edu) model that captures vocational training, secondary education by type (vocational and non-vocational), and education and training choices at different levels, with broad coverage of existing bridges between education and training. STAGE-Edu also establishes endogenous and consistent linkages between the educational and training system and the skill levels of the labour force through six-stage nested production functions. The findings suggest that cost reduction in primary education significantly reduces the number of out-of-school children and enhances long-term economic growth. However, it increases dropouts from post-primary education and vocational training. In contrast, cost reduction for both primary and secondary education improves enrolment in the tertiary education cycle and promotes the overall skill composition. Funding such cost reductions from foreign development aid and grants yields higher economic benefits than increasing domestic taxes.

JEL Classification: C68; H52; I25; O55

Year published

2025

Authors

Elnour, Zuhal; Siddig, Khalid; Grethe, Harald

Citation

Elnour, Zuhal; Siddig, Khalid; and Grethe, Harald. 2025. Economy-wide implications of increasing school enrolment in Sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Educational Development 118(October 2025): 103390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2025.103390

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Capacity Development; Computable General Equilibrium Models; Economic Growth; Education; Sustainable Development

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Simulated impact of vitamin A-fortified sugar on dietary adequacy and association of usual sugar intake with plasma and breast milk retinol among lactating Zambian women

2025

Haile, Demewoz; Engle-Stone, Reina; Caswell, Bess; Luo, Hanqi; Dodd, Kevin W.; Arnold, Charles D.; Jobarteh, Modou; Greene, Matthew; Chipili, Mackford; Haskell, Marjorie J.
...more

Palmer, Amanda C.

Details

Simulated impact of vitamin A-fortified sugar on dietary adequacy and association of usual sugar intake with plasma and breast milk retinol among lactating Zambian women

In Zambia, mandatory sugar fortification with vitamin A (VA) has been implemented, but its impact on VA inadequacy and status has yet to be assessed. This study evaluated the contribution of VA-fortified sugar to dietary VA adequacy and the relationship between dietary intakes and VA status in 243 lactating women, based on 24-h dietary recalls in Mkushi, Zambia. We estimated usual intake distributions and the prevalence of VA adequacy using the National Cancer Institute (NCI) method across five scenarios: without sugar fortification; with fortification at 3.1 or 8.8 mg/kg (median levels previously measured in Mkushi); at 10 mg/kg (the minimum legal requirement at the household level), and at 15 mg/kg (the minimum legal requirement at the factory level). We applied the regression calibration method to examine associations of usual intake of sugar and dietary VA with plasma and breast milk retinol concentrations. Without fortified sugar, the estimated prevalence of dietary VA inadequacy was 83% (standard error [SE]: 6). Projected reductions in VA inadequacy were 7 (SE: 6), 24 (SE: 14), 30 (SE: 15) and 47 (SE: 18) percentage points for sugar fortification at 3.1, 8.8, 10 and 15 mg/kg, respectively. Usual sugar intake was not significantly associated with plasma or breast milk retinol concentrations. The potential impacts of sugar fortification on VA intakes are limited if the programme is not implemented as planned. Even if the target fortification levels are achieved (10 mg/kg), sugar fortification alone is unlikely to eliminate dietary VA

Year published

2025

Authors

Haile, Demewoz; Engle-Stone, Reina; Caswell, Bess; Luo, Hanqi; Dodd, Kevin W.; Arnold, Charles D.; Jobarteh, Modou; Greene, Matthew; Chipili, Mackford; Haskell, Marjorie J.; Palmer, Amanda C.

Citation

Haile, Demewoz; Engle-Stone, Reina; Caswell, Bess; Luo, Hanqi; Dodd, Kevin W.; Arnold, Charles D.; et al. 2025. Simulated impact of vitamin A-fortified sugar on dietary adequacy and association of usual sugar intake with plasma and breast milk retinol among lactating Zambian women. Maternal and Child Nutrition 21(4): e70077. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.70077

Country/Region

Zambia

Keywords

Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Diet; Lactation; Retinol; Plasma Cells; Sugar

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Opinion Piece

Heavy on plans, light on delivery: The structural failures of Ethiopia's nutrition policies

2025Zerfu, Taddese Alemu

Details

Heavy on plans, light on delivery: The structural failures of Ethiopia's nutrition policies

Ethiopia's development ambitions rest on the foundation of a healthy population, yet its nutrition sector remains stalled despite decades of planning and investment. Nearly 38% of children under five are stunted, and food insecurity continues to affect millions. Landmark initiatives like the National Food and Nutrition Policy and the Seqota Declaration demonstrate strong political will—but implementation and scale-up falters due to entrenched structural failures. At the core of this breakdown is an overstretched and under-resourced frontline workforce. Health Extension Workers, while committed, are burdened with wide-ranging responsibilities, and lack the specialized training needed for effective nutrition service delivery. As a result, national strategies often collapse at the community level, where change is most urgently needed. This is further compounded by fragmented coordination. Despite the multisectoral nature of malnutrition—spanning health, agriculture, education, and social protection—ministries and partners frequently work in silos, sending conflicting messages to the same households. Meanwhile, valuable research and data remain disconnected from policy and program implementation, limiting the system's responsiveness and accountability. The path forward requires more than incremental fixes. Ethiopia needs specialized community nutrition workers to bridge the last-mile gap, a high-level coordination mechanism to align sectoral actions, and agile policies grounded in real-time evidence. Without these structural reforms, the burden of malnutrition will continue to erode the country's human capital and economic potential. This is not just a health crisis—it is a critical bottleneck to national progress. The time for structural transformation is now.

Year published

2025

Authors

Zerfu, Taddese Alemu

Citation

Zerfu, Taddese Alemu. 2025. Heavy on plans, light on delivery: The structural failures of Ethiopia's nutrition policies. Maternal and Child Nutrition 21(4): e70073. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.70073

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Food Security; Nutrition; Policies; Stunting

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Opinion Piece

Journal Article

Miracle seeds: Biased expectations, complementary input use, and the dynamics of smallholder technology adoption

2025Miehe, Caroline; Nabwire, Leocardia; Sparrow, Robert; Spielman, David J.; Van Campenhout, Bjorn

Details

Miracle seeds: Biased expectations, complementary input use, and the dynamics of smallholder technology adoption

To fully benefit from new agricultural technologies like improved seed varieties, significant investment in complementary inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, and practices such as systematic planting, irrigation, and weeding are also required. Farmers may fail to recognize the importance of these complements, leading to disappointing crop yields and outputs and, eventually, dis-adoption of the improved variety. Using a field experiment, we test an information intervention among smallholder maize farmers in eastern Uganda that points out these complementarities. We find that farmers adopt less after they have been sensitized about the need to use complementary inputs to unlock the adoption premium. We rationalize this finding with a simple theoretical model where farmers have mis-specified mental models of the technology production function and conclude that most farmers in our sample do indeed believe in miracle seeds.

Year published

2025

Authors

Miehe, Caroline; Nabwire, Leocardia; Sparrow, Robert; Spielman, David J.; Van Campenhout, Bjorn

Citation

Miehe, Caroline; Nabwire, Leocardia; Sparrow, Robert; Spielman, David J.; and Van Campenhout, Bjorn. 2025. Miracle seeds: Biased expectations, complementary input use, and the dynamics of smallholder technology adoption. Economic Development and Cultural Change 74(1): 305–334. https://doi.org/10.1086/735822

Country/Region

Uganda

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Agricultural Technology; Fertilizers; Pesticides; Seed Systems

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-NC-4.0

Project

Seed Equal

Record type

Journal Article

Report

Sidama Coffee Agronomy Program: Impact report

2025Abate, Gashaw T.; Regassa, Mekdim D.; Bernard, Tanguy; Minten, Bart

Details

Sidama Coffee Agronomy Program: Impact report

Coffee is Ethiopia’s most important export crop, and it constitutes an important source of livelihood for an estimated 15 million people across the value chain, most of whom are poor smallholder farmers. While coffee production and exports generally increased over the last decade or so, several constraints are still keeping the sector from attaining its full potential. Low-yielding, aged coffee trees and poor farm management and agronomic practices are among the main constraints. Between 2019 and 2022, TechnoServe (TNS)—in collaboration with Max und Ingeburg Herz Stiftung/HereWeGrow (HWG)— implemented a 25-month coffee agronomy training program in the Sidama region of Ethiopia that comprised a package of interventions to address these constraints and increase smallholders’ coffee productivity and income. In particular, the program covered five woredas/districts (Aleta Chuko, Dale, Bona Zuria, Hawela, Shebedino) and reached 47,759 farm households in two cohorts (2019 and 2020).

Year published

2025

Authors

Abate, Gashaw T.; Regassa, Mekdim D.; Bernard, Tanguy; Minten, Bart

Citation

Abate, Gashaw T.; Regassa, Mekdim D.; Bernard, Tanguy; and Minten, Bart. 2025. Sidama Coffee Agronomy Program: Impact report. May 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176772

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Eastern Africa; Agronomy; Coffee; Livelihoods; Smallholders; Impact Assessment

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Working Paper

Impact of armed conflict on crop production in greater Khartoum, Sudan

2025Sidahmed, Anwar; Mohamed, Shima

Details

Impact of armed conflict on crop production in greater Khartoum, Sudan

Since April 2023, Sudan has been engulfed in a violent conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces, resulting in widespread displacement, destruction of infrastructure, and the collapse of essential services. As with agricultural production in rural communities across Sudan, urban and peri-urban farming systems in Greater Khartoum, the area around the capital city, have also been harmed by the conflict.

An integrated assessment of the impact of conflict on crop production in Greater Khartoum was conducted using recent satellite imagery from 2024/25 winter season (October 2024 to March 2025), along with household-level data from the 2024 IFPRI Smallholder Farmers Survey covering the 2023/24 winter season (October 2023 to March 2024). Key findings from the assessment include:
Decline in cropping activities: Analysis of satellite imagery showed clear evidence of a decline in cropping activities between December 2022 and December 2024. Land use analysis showed a 22 percent reduction in total cultivated area over this period. Notably, land under center-pivot irrigation declined by 87 percent. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis showed a 36 percent decline in vegetated land, indicating both reduced cultivation and plant cover.
Widespread disruption to farming: Thirty-six percent of the farmers surveyed in Khartoum state reported not cultivating any crops in the 2023/24 winter season primarily because of conflict-related challenges that they could not overcome. Of those that did farm, over three-quarters reported that the conflict had disrupted their agricultural activities.

Shifts in crop selection and agricultural input use: Vegetables and fruits are now the most commonly grown crops, followed by fodder and beans. Less than one-quarter of farmers now use improved seeds, largely due to conflict-related input shortages. However, despite the conflict, access to fertilizer markets has been maintained— 87 percent of farmers reported that they continue to use fertilizer.
Localized resilience: Some areas of Greater Khartoum, particularly Karari locality, have maintained relatively high levels of cultivation, reflecting localized resilience and reasonable safety and access to agricultural landholdings.

By combining spatial and socioeconomic data, the study highlights the complex and multidimensional nature of agricultural disruption in conflict-affected areas, like Greater Khartoum. Several policy responses and other actions needed for recovery and to strengthen the resilience of affected farmers are suggested by the study findings:
Promote resilient and inclusive farming systems and agricultural value chains.
Restore agricultural infrastructure and input supply chains.
Improve farmer mobility and market access.
Provide emergency assistance and recovery packages to farmers.
Strengthen agricultural monitoring systems.

Year published

2025

Authors

Sidahmed, Anwar; Mohamed, Shima

Citation

Sidahmed, Anwar; and Mohamed, Shima. 2025. Impact of armed conflict on crop production in greater Khartoum, Sudan. Sudan SSP Working Paper 23. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176773

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Armed Conflicts; Capacity Development; Crop Production; Farming; Satellite Imagery

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Working Paper

Working Paper

Senegal at a crossroads: Prioritizing large-scale food fortification under financial uncertainty

2025Resnick, Danielle; Diatta, Ampa Dogui

Details

Senegal at a crossroads: Prioritizing large-scale food fortification under financial uncertainty

Senegal long has been committed to large-scale food fortification (LSFF), especially for salt, edible oil, and wheat flour, bolstered by a set of multi-sectoral nutrition strategies and institutional coordinating mechanisms. Yet, due to recent macroeconomic pressures and reductions in donor funding, the country is at a crossroads, revealing key gaps in the sustainability of its current LSFF program even as new vehicles, such as rice and bouillon, are emerging on the fortification policy agenda. Based on interviews with over two dozen public, private, and civil society sector actors, we utilize the Political Economy Diagnostic of Large Scale Food Fortification (PEDAL) to highlight strengths of the Senegalese LSFF program and weaknesses that need to be prioritized. Among the latter include the stalled financing for the national fortification alliance, known as COSFAM, insufficient testing materials and laboratories, and rising costs of premix and raw materials. Several innovations were promoted by respondents to address some of these challenges, including either the decentralization or regionalization of laboratory capabilities, a central buying center for premixes, and online data platforms to track compliance. By reflecting on Senegal’s long experience and current challenges with scaling its fortification efforts, the analysis provides useful insights to countries with more nascent fortification programs about the prerequisites for ensuring LSFF sustainability.

Year published

2025

Authors

Resnick, Danielle; Diatta, Ampa Dogui

Citation

Resnick, Danielle; and Diatta, Ampa Dogui. 2025. Senegal at a crossroads: Prioritizing large-scale food fortification under financial uncertainty. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2363. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176702

Country/Region

Senegal

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Food Fortification; Nutrition; Political Aspects; Policies; Funding; Innovation; Sustainability

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Working Paper

Brief

Women's empowerment in Ghana's agriculture sector: Insights from the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index

2025Abdu, Aishat; Malapit, Hazel J.; Go, Ara

Details

Women's empowerment in Ghana's agriculture sector: Insights from the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index

Key messages
• Gender disparities in agriculture persist in Ghana, particularly in land ownership, credit access, and decision-making power, limiting women’s productivity and contribution to food security.
• The Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) has been instrumental in revealing these gender gaps in northern Ghana, but similar data are lacking for other regions, hindering national-level policy responsiveness.
• Targeted interventions, such as securing land rights for women, improving access to financial services, and promoting participation in farmer-based organizations, are critical to advancing women’s empowerment and achieving gender-equitable agricultural development.

Year published

2025

Authors

Abdu, Aishat; Malapit, Hazel J.; Go, Ara

Citation

Abdu, Aishat; Malapit, Hazel J.; and Go, Ara. 2025. Women's empowerment in Ghana's agriculture sector: Insights from the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index. WEAI Applications and Insights Brief 5. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176637

Country/Region

Ghana

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Agriculture; Gender; Land Ownership; Women's Empowerment

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Brief

Deploying high-frequency market data to estimate the cost of recommended diets: Recent trends in Rwanda

2025Manners, Rhys; Warner, James; Schneider, Kate; Matsiko, Eric; Vasanthakaalam, Hilda; Benimana, Gilberthe; Spielman, David J.

Details

Deploying high-frequency market data to estimate the cost of recommended diets: Recent trends in Rwanda

This study estimates the cost and affordability of recommended diets in Rwanda from April 2019 to December 2024 using high-frequency market price data. By deploying standardised methods for healthy diet costs to eSoko data (www.esoko.gov.rw), and local food based dietary guidelines, we calculate the monthly cost of recommended diets at the district level. Key findings reveal significant dietary cost fluctuations, with nominal costs increasing 67% between June 2022 and October 2023, coinciding directly with Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The research also identifies affordability challenges; by mid-2023, and again in late 2024, where up to 70% of wage earners could not afford a recommended diet. Spatial variations were also evident, with diet costs differing between rural and urban areas, and across districts bordering different countries, with the highest dietary costs observed along the Democratic Republic of Congo border and the least expensive along the border of Tanzania. Utilizing Rwanda's eSoko data platform, the study demonstrates the value of high-frequency, spatially explicit data for understanding food system dynamics. The findings call for policy actions to consider dietary affordability, particularly for low-income groups, and suggest that Rwanda's data collection approach could serve as a benchmark for other countries.

Year published

2025

Authors

Manners, Rhys; Warner, James; Schneider, Kate; Matsiko, Eric; Vasanthakaalam, Hilda; Benimana, Gilberthe; Spielman, David J.

Citation

Manners, Rhys; Warner, James; Schneider, Kate; Matsiko, Eric; Vasanthakaalam, Hilda; Benimana, Gilberthe; and Spielman, David J. 2025. Deploying high-frequency market data to estimate the cost of recommended diets: Recent trends in Rwanda. Rwanda SSP Policy Note 22. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176590

Country/Region

Rwanda

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Data; Dietary Guidelines; Markets; Trends

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

Policies, Institutions, and Markets

Record type

Brief

Report

Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: July 2025

2025Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig Alhaj; Mohamed, Shima; Abushama, Hala; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw

Details

Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: July 2025

This report analyzes market dynamics in Sudan between February and July 2025, focusing on prices, availability, quality, fuel, exchange rates, and traders’ perceptions of supply, demand, profits, and market conditions.

Between February and July 2025, Sudan’s markets showed mixed trends and sharp regional disparities. Cereal prices were mostly stable: wheat held steady with a short rise in early July, sorghum increased in June then stabilized, millet fluctuated slightly, and wheat flour fell in early July before rising sharply. Wheat and wheat flour availability improved, while sorghum and millet availability declined marginally.

Year published

2025

Authors

Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig Alhaj; Mohamed, Shima; Abushama, Hala; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw

Citation

Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig; Mohamed, Shima; Abushama, Hala; and Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw. 2025. Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: July 2025. Sudan Market Prices and Availability Report 6. Khartoum, Sudan: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176512

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Commodities; Prices; Market Economies; Shock; Capacity Development; Supply Chain Disruptions; Fuels

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Working Paper

Gender attitudes in agriculture and positivity bias: A survey experiment in four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa

2025

Ragasa, Catherine; Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Ma, Ning; Cole, Steven; Ebrahim, Mohammed; Desta, Gizaw; Mersha, Abiro Tigabie; Mudereri, Bester; Kihiu, Evelyne; Kreye, Christine
...more

Peter, Hellen

Details

Gender attitudes in agriculture and positivity bias: A survey experiment in four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa

Extensive prior research has demonstrated that reducing gender discrimination enhances women’s empowerment, promotes more inclusive livelihoods, increases agricultural productivity, and improves other development outcomes. This study aims to contribute to documenting and informing the measurement of gender attitudes that relate directly to reaching, benefiting, and empowering women through agricultural innovations. By analyzing data from 8,051 survey respondents across study sites in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Rwanda, our findings emphasize both commonalities and differences in gender attitudes across different contexts. Furthermore, by including a survey-based experiment during data collection, we assess whether gender-attitude statements vary depending on whether they are presented in a positive frame (focusing on equality) or in a negative frame (focusing on inequality). On average, rural women and men respondents across all countries supported more than half of the gender-equality statements. Some gender-inequality attitudes persisted across the four countries but varied in magnitude and by location, age group, and specific statement or theme. Framing matters: respondents exposed to a positive framing supported 16 percent more gender-equality statements than those exposed to a negative framing. The study highlights two main implications. First, the findings indicate the importance of considering both restrictive
attitudes and those that reflect gender-equality opportunities as being in the vanguard. Accordingly, gender-focused interventions should adopt strategies that challenge normative
views of women as supporting rather than leading actors in agriculture and economic activities. Second, gender-attitude measures do not perfectly align with country-level gender-equality
indicators or with empowerment at the intrahousehold level. They therefore capture a distinct dimension and merit their own indicators.

Year published

2025

Authors

Ragasa, Catherine; Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Ma, Ning; Cole, Steven; Ebrahim, Mohammed; Desta, Gizaw; Mersha, Abiro Tigabie; Mudereri, Bester; Kihiu, Evelyne; Kreye, Christine; Peter, Hellen

Citation

Ragasa, Catherine; Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Ma, Ning; Cole, Steven; Ebrahim, Mohammed; Desta, Gizaw; et al. 2025. Gender attitudes in agriculture and positivity bias: A survey experiment in four countries in Sub-Saharan Africa. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2357. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176542

Country/Region

Ethiopia; Nigeria; Rwanda

Keywords

Congo, Democratic Republic of; Africa; Eastern Africa; West and Central Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Agriculture; Development; Gender; Livelihoods; Women’s Empowerment

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Excellence in Agronomy

Record type

Working Paper

Working Paper

Digital literacy training to promote diffusion of digital agricultural tools to smallholder farmers: Evidence from a randomized intervention in Egypt

2025Abdelaziz, Fatma; Abay, Kibrom A.

Details

Digital literacy training to promote diffusion of digital agricultural tools to smallholder farmers: Evidence from a randomized intervention in Egypt

Despite growing enthusiasm about the potential of digital innovations to transform agrifood systems, adoption among smallholder farmers in Africa remains low and heterogeneous. While the proliferation of digital tools targeting smallholder farmers is encouraging, the vast majority remain at pilot stages, facing important demand and supply-side barriers to adoption. This paper evaluates alternative digital literacy interventions designed to address these demand-side barriers. Following a Training of Trainers (TOT) model, we designed and implemented a randomized control trial to test three variants of digital literacy training: standard classroom-based digital literacy training (T1), digital training complemented (preceded) by a video-based play (T2), digital training complemented (preceded) by a live community play (T3), and a control group (C). We find that all variants of digital training significantly increased the uptake and utilization of digital tools by smallholder farmers. Specifically, the standard digital training alone increased uptake by 20 percentage points and utilization by 26 percentage points. The interventions also significantly enhanced farmer trust in digital tools by 8–13 percentage points. Surprisingly, for some outcomes, the digital literacy training alone outperformed the combined approaches that incorporated edutainment nudges. We explore possible explanations, including group size effects and social influence dynamics during the plays. We also document heterogeneity in the impact of these interventions across farmers’ gender and age. Our findings offer insights for designing cost effective and scalable interventions to build digital capabilities and trust among smallholder farmers.

Year published

2025

Authors

Abdelaziz, Fatma; Abay, Kibrom A.

Citation

Abdelaziz, Fatma; and Abay, Kibrom A. 2025. Digital literacy training to promote diffusion of digital agricultural tools to smallholder farmers: Evidence from a randomized intervention in Egypt. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2359. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176520

Country/Region

Egypt

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Digital Literacy; Training; Digital Agriculture; Smallholders; Technology Adoption

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Fragility to Resilience in Central and West Asia and North Africa

Record type

Working Paper

Opinion Piece

Malawi can end hunger after the 2025 elections if bold steps are taken to transform food systems

2025De Weerdt, Joachim; Chirwa, Gowokani Chijere; Duchoslav, Jan; Nagoli, Joseph; Cockx, Lara

Details

Malawi can end hunger after the 2025 elections if bold steps are taken to transform food systems

Malawi has a history of peaceful democratic transitions. Since the advent of multiparty politics in 1994, power has regularly shifted between rival parties. Citizens and institutions have upheld electoral democratic norms, from respecting term limits to rerunning elections after irregularities.

Yet, democratic elections haven’t translated into economic prosperity, nor into strong economic institutions. Malawi remains the world’s poorest conflict-free nation. At the last count in 2019, 70% of Malawians lived below the international poverty line of US$2.15 per day. More than half of Malawi’s residents are deprived in many, overlapping ways.

Year published

2025

Authors

De Weerdt, Joachim; Chirwa, Gowokani Chijere; Duchoslav, Jan; Nagoli, Joseph; Cockx, Lara

Citation

De Weerdt, Joachim; Chirwa, Gowokani Chijere; Duchoslav, Jan; Nagoli, Joseph; and Cockx, Lara. 2025. Malawi can end hunger after the 2025 elections if bold steps are taken to transform food systems. The Conversation. Article published September 14, 2025. https://doi.org/10.64628/AAJ.yyj5xdcek

Country/Region

Malawi

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Hunger; Food Systems; Political Systems; Poverty

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Record type

Opinion Piece

Brief

Aligning AfCFTA and CAADP for Africa’s agrifood systems future

2025Omamo, Steven Were; Ulimwengu, John M.; Traore, Fousseini; Piñeiro, Valeria; Hill, Ruth

Details

Aligning AfCFTA and CAADP for Africa’s agrifood systems future

Key messages
AfCFTA and CAADP are Africa’s twin engines for structural transformation, but their success depends on deliberate alignment. While AfCFTA drives regional integration through trade liberalization, CAADP focuses on building resilient, inclusive, and sustainable agrifood systems.
• There is strong strategic complementarity between the two frameworks, especially in goals related to competitiveness, private sector development, and integration of regional value chains. But alignment weakens at the level of implementation—risking policy incoherence and missed opportunities.
• Tensions between AfCFTA and CAADP implementation exist around tariff liberalization, domestic policy space, and sector readiness, with risks that liberalized trade could outpace capacity of fragile agriculture sectors to compete, adapt, and benefit.
• Food security, equity, and environmental resilience—central to CAADP—are recognized in AfCFTA objectives and justify certain exceptions yet remain only weakly embedded in its implementation protocols. • Institutional silos and fragmented infrastructure strategies could undermine coherence, with risks of trade and agriculture ministries, as well as regional and continental bodies, operating separately.
• Strategic coordination, sequencing, and governance reform are essential. Alignment of AfCFTA and CAADP is not automatic—it must be designed, negotiated, and sustained to deliver on Africa’s transformation promise.
• Bridging AfCFTA and CAADP is not a one-time alignment exercise but rather a strategic process of political, institutional, and analytical interaction that must be continuously revisited and actively managed if it is to deliver on the continent’s shared aspirations for prosperity, food security, and sustainability.

Year published

2025

Authors

Omamo, Steven Were; Ulimwengu, John M.; Traore, Fousseini; Piñeiro, Valeria; Hill, Ruth

Citation

Omamo, Steven Were; Ulimwengu, John M.; Traore, Fousseini; Piñeiro, Valeria; and Hill, Ruth. 2025. Aligning AfCFTA and CAADP for Africa’s agrifood systems future. IFPRI CAADP KAMPALA Declaration Series 1. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176493

Keywords

Africa; Agrifood Systems; Food Security; Resilience; Sustainability

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Brief

Trade, not aid? The emerging donor strategy and its implications for Africa’s agrifood systems

2025Omamo, Steven Were; Kedir, Abbi

Details

Trade, not aid? The emerging donor strategy and its implications for Africa’s agrifood systems

Key messages
1. The United States is shifting its development engagement in Africa from aid to trade, emphasizing commercial partnerships, private sector development, and export-oriented growth. This shift is not unique to the United States; similar trends are being seen in Europe, China, and Japan, reflecting a global swing toward trade-first or business development strategies.
2. If well aligned, this approach can reinforce African priorities as defined in the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) 2026–2035 Strategy, the Kampala Declaration, and national agricultural investment plans. Trade-first strategies map directly onto CAADP’s six strategic objectives, including agro-industrialization, food security, inclusivity, resilience, financing, and governance.
3. These strategies can also support implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area, especially through investment in trade corridors, logistics, standards systems, and regulatory cooperation. However, there are risks of misalignment if initiatives prioritize donor or investor interests over inclusive transformation, public goods provision, and food systems resilience.
4. As articulated in discussions during the recent 4th International Conference on Financing for Development, consensus is building for Africa to move beyond aid and propel growth through private sector development.
5. African governments and partners must also go beyond coordination and seriously consider the institutional and political work required to steer this opportunity toward the public good. This consideration will require investing in regulatory capacity, protecting public goods, confronting corruption and capital flight, and ensuring that trade and investment flows are transparent, accountable, and inclusive. Without this, trade-first strategies risk reinforcing existing inequalities, undermining food systems resilience, and turn-ing agrifood transformation into an elite project.
6. Strategic statecraft—rooted in evidence, integrity, and public accountability—is essential to ensure that this shift delivers not just markets but also meaningful structural transformation through industrial policy.
7. The pivot to “trade, not aid” by global partners reflects a broader retreat from long-term development commitments. But it must also be recognized as a shift in priority from shared development outcomes to strategic self-interest, market capture, and influence.
8. Africa cannot be viewed as an open market to be carved up, claimed, or divided. African countries must insist on strategic alignment, mutual accountability, and respect for national development priorities—or risk having their food systems and economic futures being shaped by agendas that do not serve them.

Year published

2025

Authors

Omamo, Steven Were; Kedir, Abbi

Citation

Omamo, Steven Were; and Kedir, Abbi. 2025. Trade, not aid? The emerging donor strategy and its implications for Africa’s agrifood systems. IFPRI CAADP KAMPALA Declaration Series 2. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176490

Keywords

Africa; Agrifood Systems; Development; Food Security; Resilience; Trade

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Report

IFPRI Malawi maize market report, August 2025

2025International Food Policy Research Institute

Details

IFPRI Malawi maize market report, August 2025

Highlights
Retail prices of maize increased on average by 16 percent in August.
Prices rose in all monitored markets across all regions of Malawi despite continued imports.
Depreciation of the Malawi kwacha (at market rates) against its Zambian and Mozambican counterparts dampened the mitigating effects of imports on maize price increases.

Year published

2025

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute. 2025. IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, August 2025. MaSSP Monthly Maize Market Report August 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176468

Country/Region

Malawi

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Maize; Market Prices; Retail Prices; Food Prices

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Working Paper

Displacement and development: Evidence from a graduation program for Somalia’s ultra-poor

2025Leight, Jessica; Hirvonen, Kalle; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Rakshit, Deboleena

Details

Displacement and development: Evidence from a graduation program for Somalia’s ultra-poor

While the population of internally displaced people around the world continues to grow, evidence around strategies to sustainably enhance livelihoods among IDPs remains extremely limited. We present findings from a randomized trial of an ultra-poor graduation program targeting IDPs in urban Baidoa, Somalia; the intervention pro-vided cash transfers, an asset transfer or technical training program, and facilitated savings groups. Our findings suggest that two years following program launch, the intervention has led to significant increases in consumption, assets, and savings; however, these effects seem to be driven almost exclusively by increased livestock production. An exploration of heterogeneous effect using generalized random forest methods further suggests that the positive effects of the treatment are dramatically larger for smaller households characterized by lower dependency ratios.

Year published

2025

Authors

Leight, Jessica; Hirvonen, Kalle; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Rakshit, Deboleena

Citation

Leight, Jessica; Hirvonen, Kalle; Karachiwalla, Naureen; and Rakshit, Deboleena. 2025. Displacement and development: Evidence from a graduation program for Somalia’s ultra-poor. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2356. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176389

Country/Region

Somalia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Development; Internally Displaced Persons; Livelihoods; Livestock

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Working Paper

Working Paper

Food system institutional mapping and capacity assessment in Niger

2025Srivastava, Nandita; Hema, Aboubacar; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Ulimwengu, John M.; Benin, Samuel

Details

Food system institutional mapping and capacity assessment in Niger

Niger faces rampant food insecurity, malnutrition, and environmental degradation. The transformation of food systems to tackle such challenges hinges on the capacity and effectiveness of institutional frameworks. To analyze the status, challenges, and strengths of Niger’s food system, a mapping and capacity needs assessment was conducted at three levels—enabling environment, institutional, and individual. Based on the assessment, leadership concerns on strategic guidance were observed at the policy process level, with major issues such as the incidence of corruption, infrastructure constraints, and lack of reliable data availability. At the institutional level, lack of an interconnected network and mutual accountability, resource and funding constraints, and high staff turnover have adversely impacted overall institutional performance. Availability of reliable data evidence is limited or absent due to weak monitoring and evaluation systems and decentralized capacity, lack of sufficient local support, transparency issues in strategy development, and selection bias. At the individual level, there is a need to improve technical capacity on analytical thinking, quantitative and qualitative research tools, and the dissemination of communication, outreach, and information. Despite the climate change-related challenges in the country, there is less focus on environmental management, adaptation, and advanced technology implementation. The underrepresentation of key areas such as socio-cultural dynamics, governance, social protection, and cross sectoral collaboration indicates a potential lack of integration in policymaking and implementation. Overall, there is an urgent need to reallocate resources to enhance the focus on underrepresented yet critical food systems areas, enhance inter-ministerial and cross-sectoral collaboration to ensure a more integrated approach to food systems management, and incorporate social inclusion and equity considerations. Forward-looking strategies should be developed that anticipate and respond to emerging challenges such as demographic shifts, globalization effects, and technological changes.

Year published

2025

Authors

Srivastava, Nandita; Hema, Aboubacar; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Ulimwengu, John M.; Benin, Samuel

Citation

Srivastava, Nandita; Hema, Aboubacar; Babu, Suresh; Ulimwengu, John M.; and Benin, Samuel. 2025. Food system institutional mapping and capacity assessment in Niger. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2355. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176348

Country/Region

Niger

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Western Africa; Food Systems; Food Insecurity; Malnutrition; Capacity Assessment; Environmental Degradation; Governance; Institutions

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Working Paper

Working Paper

Tourism for development: A SAM-multiplier study on sports tourism in Kenya

2025Breisinger, Clemens; Wiebelt, Manfred; Omune, Lensa; Breisinger, Milena; Bordignon, Jacopo

Details

Tourism for development: A SAM-multiplier study on sports tourism in Kenya

Tourism presents a significant, yet largely untapped, opportunity for Africa to accelerate economic development, create jobs, and foster inclusive growth. This case study for sports tourism in Kenya estimates that for every $1,000 spent by a sports tourist, a total of $3,600 is generated within the Kenyan economy, highlighting the sector's substantial linkages with other sectors, particularly the food system. By 2035, sports tourism could contribute an estimated $1.21 billion to $2.14 billion to Kenya's economy annually and support the creation of up to 237,000 new jobs. About half of these jobs are expected to benefit lower and middle-income households, supporting their livelihoods and poverty reduction. To fully realize these economic and social benefits, strategic policy interventions are crucial, including targeted investment in tourism infrastructure, marketing, and skill development; a
concerted effort to improve the overall business climate to incentivize private sector engagement; and enhanced inter-ministerial coordination between tourism, planning, agriculture and other key stakeholders. While this study focuses on economic impacts, realizing these benefits requires careful planning and sustainable practices to mitigate potential environmental and social challenges.

Year published

2025

Authors

Breisinger, Clemens; Wiebelt, Manfred; Omune, Lensa; Breisinger, Milena; Bordignon, Jacopo

Citation

Breisinger, Clemens; Wiebelt, Manfred; Omune, Lensa; Breisinger, Milena; and Bordignon, Jacopo. 2025. Tourism for development: A SAM-multiplier study on sports tourism in Kenya. KSSP Working Paper 2. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176310

Country/Region

Kenya

Keywords

Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Tourism; Economic Development; Livelihoods; Poverty Reduction

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Working Paper

Working Paper

Women’s leadership in agrifood governance: Unpacking gender attitudes and framing effects among policymakers with evidence from India and Nigeria

2025Kyle, Jordan; Ragasa, Catherine

Details

Women’s leadership in agrifood governance: Unpacking gender attitudes and framing effects among policymakers with evidence from India and Nigeria

Women’s leadership in policy processes and formal institutions is a powerful pathway to gender equality and women’s empowerment at scale, yet relatively little is known about how key decision-makers who influence access to these positions perceive women’s leadership and how those perceptions can shift. This paper draws on original survey data from 407 elites from 274 agrifood organizations in India and Nigeria to examine elite gender attitudes, their responsiveness to framing interventions, and how these attitudes relate to support for policies promoting gender equality. Specifically, we ask: how do elites in agrifood governance perceive women’s leadership, and how responsive are these perceptions to a targeted framing intervention? We find that elites are substantially more supportive of women’s leadership than the general public in the same countries, yet male elites in particular still express strong endorsement of the idea that men make better leaders. Over half of male elites in our sample in both countries agree that men make better political leaders. A randomized framing experiment embedded in the survey shows that men’s attitudes toward women’s leadership are significantly influenced by how women’s capabilities are framed. Messages emphasizing women’s equal rights and capabilities reduce male elites’ support for gender-unequal statements compared to frames that ask individuals to reject the idea of male superiority. Female elites’ attitudes are more supportive overall and unaffected by framing. These findings suggest that gender messaging strategies should center on positive, equality-based frames, and that elite attitudes are critical to scaling women’s leadership in agrifood governance.

Year published

2025

Authors

Kyle, Jordan; Ragasa, Catherine

Citation

Kyle, Jordan; and Ragasa, Catherine. 2025. Women’s leadership in agrifood governance: Unpacking gender attitudes and framing effects among policymakers with evidence from India and Nigeria. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2354. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176312

Country/Region

India; Nigeria

Keywords

Asia; Southern Asia; Africa; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Agriculture; Gender Equality; Governance; Leadership; Policy Innovation; Surveys; Women’s Empowerment

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Working Paper

Journal Article

The complex economics of a complete ban on child labor in the cobalt supply chain: The case of the DR Congo

2025Ulimwengu, John M.; Sanginga, Blandine

Details

The complex economics of a complete ban on child labor in the cobalt supply chain: The case of the DR Congo

Year published

2025

Authors

Ulimwengu, John M.; Sanginga, Blandine

Citation

Ulimwengu, John M.; and Sanginga, Blandine. 2025. The complex economics of a complete ban on child labor in the cobalt supply chain: The case of the DR Congo. Extractive Industries and Society 23(September 2025): 101687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2025.101687

Keywords

Congo, Democratic Republic of; Africa; West and Central Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Child Labour; Cobalt; Economics; Mining; Poverty; Supply Chains

Language

English

Access/Licence

Limited Access

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Private sector promotion of agricultural technologies: Experimental evidence from Nigeria

2025Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O.; Dillon, Andrew; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Adjognon, Guigonan Serge

Details

Private sector promotion of agricultural technologies: Experimental evidence from Nigeria

Private sector agricultural businesses are critical for scaling new and potentially environmentally-friendly technologies, though much attention has focused on public agricultural investment. Working with a private firm, we conduct an experiment testing the effectiveness of alternative marketing strategies for promoting the adoption of urea super granule fertilizer (USG) among rice farmers in Nigeria. We disentangle the effects of price discount vouchers and the firm’s standard marketing package. We find that the firm’s standard marketing increases the adoption of USG fertilizer by 24 percentage points while reducing prilled urea utilization by 17 percentage points. Discount vouchers increase adoption of USG by an additional eight percentage points, but are not profitable for the firm. Although the adoption of USG leads to substantial environmental benefits by reducing nitrogen loss, farmer rice yields did not increase. Thus, despite the potential public benefits, private incentives facing firms and farmers are insufficient to drive scaling after a one-year intervention.

Year published

2025

Authors

Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O.; Dillon, Andrew; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Adjognon, Guigonan Serge

Citation

Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O.; Dillon, Andrew; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; and Adjognon, Guigonan Serge. 2025. Private sector promotion of agricultural technologies: Experimental evidence from Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 133(September 2025): 103201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103201

Country/Region

Nigeria

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Western Africa; Technology Adoption; Private Sector; Nitrogen; Rice; Urea

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Herder-related violence, labor allocation, and the gendered response of agricultural households

2025Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Damon, Amy; Francis, David C.; Mitchell, Harrison

Details

Herder-related violence, labor allocation, and the gendered response of agricultural households

Violent conflict between nomadic herders and settled agricultural communities in Nigeria occurs as both groups clash over the use of land and natural resources, in part, due to a changing climate. We generate theory and evidence to study the labor responses of individuals within agricultural households to herder-related violence and consider a “shadow of violence” mechanism, whereby previous exposure to a violent event alters labor responses to a recent event. Using panel data from 2010 through 2019, we highlight how exposure to violence can lead to differing responses in the planting or harvest seasons and among men or women. In the planting season, among both men and women living in households with no previous exposure to herder-related violence, we find that exposure (i.e., singular exposure) leads to a reduction in household enterprise work, but among households with previous exposure experience, exposure (i.e., repeated exposure) leads to an increase in household enterprise work. Meanwhile, repeated exposure to herder-related violence reduces agricultural work among men only. This leads total hours worked to decline in response to singular exposure and to increase in response to repeated exposure especially among women. In the harvest season, we find that singular exposure increases agricultural work among both men and women, but repeated exposure reduces agricultural work among men only.

JEL Codes: E26, E29, I31, Q12

Year published

2025

Authors

Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Damon, Amy; Francis, David C.; Mitchell, Harrison

Citation

Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Damon, Amy; Francis, David C.; and Mitchell, Harrison. 2025. Herder-related violence, labor allocation, and the gendered response of agricultural households. Journal of Development Economics 176(September 2025): 103512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2025.103512

Country/Region

Nigeria

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Western Africa; Agriculture; Conflicts; Gender; Households

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-3.0-IGO

Project

Fragility, Conflict, and Migration

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Identification, characterization, and determinants of dietary patterns of low-income urban adults in Vietnam and Nigeria

2025

Pastori, Giulia; Maasen, Kim; Talsma, Elise F.; Verhoef, Hans; Samuel, Folake O.; Shittu, Oluyemisi F.; Huong, Le Thi; Hernandez, Ricardo; Wertheim-Heck, Sigrid; Le, Xuan Thi Thanh
...more

Mai, Truong Tuyet; Lundy, Mark; Bakk, Zsuzsa; Brouwer, Inge D.

Details

Identification, characterization, and determinants of dietary patterns of low-income urban adults in Vietnam and Nigeria

Understanding dietary patterns and their determinants can steer efforts to food systems transformations required to provide sustainable healthy diets. Based on 24-h recall data and using latent class analysis, we characterized dietary patterns of adults from low-income neighborhoods in Hanoi, Vietnam and Ibadan, Nigeria (n = 385 and 344, age 18–49 years). We examined sociodemographic determinants and diet quality (diversity, non-communicable disease risk, and micronutrient adequacy) of these patterns. Three dietary patterns were identified in each country. Vietnamese patterns differed in sociodemographic characteristics and diet quality. Nigerian patterns differed in diet quality but not in sociodemographics. Understanding different consumer groups and the drivers of consumption helps to identify tailored interventions to diversify diets and improve diet quality.

Year published

2025

Authors

Pastori, Giulia; Maasen, Kim; Talsma, Elise F.; Verhoef, Hans; Samuel, Folake O.; Shittu, Oluyemisi F.; Huong, Le Thi; Hernandez, Ricardo; Wertheim-Heck, Sigrid; Le, Xuan Thi Thanh; Mai, Truong Tuyet; Lundy, Mark; Bakk, Zsuzsa; Brouwer, Inge D.

Citation

Pastori, Giulia; Maasen, Kim; Talsma, Elise F.; Verhoef, Hans; Samuel, Folake O.; Shittu, Oluyemisi F.; et al. 2025. Identification, characterization, and determinants of dietary patterns of low-income urban adults in Vietnam and Nigeria. Global Food Security 46(September 2025): 100797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2024.100797

Country/Region

Nigeria; Vietnam

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Asia; South-eastern Asia; Adults; Diet Quality; Food Systems; Transformation; Urban Areas

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Sustainable Healthy Diets

Record type

Journal Article

Book Chapter

Knowledge support for agrifood system transformation in Africa

2025Ulimwengu, John M.; Bekele, Yifru; Njuguna, Jane

Details

Knowledge support for agrifood system transformation in Africa

Year published

2025

Authors

Ulimwengu, John M.; Bekele, Yifru; Njuguna, Jane

Citation

Ulimwengu, John M.; Bekele, Yifru; and Njuguna, Jane. 2025. Knowledge support for agrifood system transformation in Africa. In Africa Food Systems Report 2025, Chapter 7. pp. 123-137. Nairobi, Kenya: Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). https://agra.org/afsr/

Keywords

Africa; Agrifood Systems; Knowledge and Information Systems; Climate Resilience; Digital Technology

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

Book Chapter

Governance and policies for agrifood systems transformation in Africa

2025Ulimwengu, John M.; Mutyasira, Vine; Githinji, Lilian; Keizire, Boaz

Details

Governance and policies for agrifood systems transformation in Africa

Year published

2025

Authors

Ulimwengu, John M.; Mutyasira, Vine; Githinji, Lilian; Keizire, Boaz

Citation

Ulimwengu, John M.; Mutyasira, Vine; Githinji, Lilian; and Keizire, Boaz. 2025. Governance and policies for agrifood systems transformation in Africa. In Africa Food Systems Report 2025, Chapter 2, pp. 14–22. Nairobi, Kenya: Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). https://agra.org/afsr/

Keywords

Africa; Knowledge and Information Systems; Food Systems; Agriculture; Governance; Policies

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

Journal Article

Step by step to higher yields? Adoption and impacts of a sequenced training approach for climate-smart coffee production in Uganda

2025Günther, Manuela Kristin; Bosch, Christine; Ewel, Hanna; Nawrotzki, Raphael; Kato, Edward

Details

Step by step to higher yields? Adoption and impacts of a sequenced training approach for climate-smart coffee production in Uganda

Climate change further exacerbates sustainability challenges in coffee cultivation. Addressing these requires effective delivery mechanisms for sustainable farming practices, particularly in smallholder contexts. We assess a novel public-private extension approach in Uganda, called Stepwise, comprising a sequence of climate-smart and good agricultural practices in four incremental steps. Using a mixed-method approach, an index that captures adoption intensity rather than binary uptake, and survey data from 915 Robusta and Arabica coffee farmers, we find adoption levels around 46% and relatively uniform amongst treated, spillover and comparison farmers. Regional variations suggest differing benefits across coffee varieties. Qualitative findings identify barriers to adoption, including financial and labour constraints, suboptimal training delivery, and input and output market imperfections. Despite relatively low uptake, adoption of more than half of the Stepwise practices is associated with substantial gains: inverse probability weighted regression adjustment reveals a 23% increase in yield and a 32% increase in revenue. Our findings add to the adoption literature, which often highlights limited uptake, and have important policy implications. Strengthening producer organizations, delivering targeted training but also innovative solutions for access to inputs and fair pricing, hold considerable potential to increase the adoption of climate-smart practices, particularly among resource-constrained farmers.

Year published

2025

Authors

Günther, Manuela Kristin; Bosch, Christine; Ewel, Hanna; Nawrotzki, Raphael; Kato, Edward

Citation

Günther, Manuela Kristin; Bosch, Christine; Ewel, Hanna; Nawrotzki, Raphael; and Kato, Edward. 2025. Step by step to higher yields? Adoption and impacts of a sequenced training approach for climate-smart coffee production in Uganda. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 23(1): 2545042. https://doi.org/10.1080/14735903.2025.2545042

Country/Region

Uganda

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Climate-smart Agriculture; Crop Yield; Coffee; Sustainability

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Book Chapter

From fragmented gains to systemic transformation

2025Ulimwengu, John M.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Said, Jonthan

Details

From fragmented gains to systemic transformation

Year published

2025

Authors

Ulimwengu, John M.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Said, Jonthan

Citation

Ulimwengu, John M.; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; and Said, Jonthan. 2025. From fragmented gains to systemic transformation. In Africa Food Systems Report 2025, Chapter 1, pp. 1–13. Nairobi, Kenya: Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). https://agra.org/afsr/

Keywords

Africa; Agrifood Systems; Poverty; Nutrition; Resilience; Sustainability

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Book Chapter

Brief

Typology of Kampala Declaration Activities

2025Ulimwengu, John M.

Details

Typology of Kampala Declaration Activities

Key messages
1. The Kampala Declaration promotes multilevel coherence in agrifood systems investment
by aligning National Agricultural Investment Plans (NAIPs) and Regional Agricultural
Investment Plans (RAIPs) across Africa.
2. The green–yellow–blue typology employed in this brief is a critical innovation that
helps classify and harmonize activities by their governance level—national (blue), regional/
REC (green), and continental/multi-REC (yellow).
3. A majority of activities (132) identified in the CAADP Strategy and Action Plan
2026–2035 are multilevel (green + yellow + blue), indicating broad intent for integrated
implementation, but also emphasizing the need for strong coordination among all
governance tiers.
4. Blue-only activities (74) dominate, revealing a tendency toward national responsibility,
which still needs to be strategically aligned with REC and African Union (AU) initiatives.
5. Continental leadership remains weak, with few AU-led (yellow-only) initiatives, suggesting
a policy gap in pan-African coordination and oversight—particularly in inclusivity,
financing, and resilience.
6. Governance and trade-related interventions show the highest levels of harmonization,
making them potential models for other domains such as food security, inclusivity,
and climate resilience.
7. Inclusivity and resilience are under-prioritized at the regional and continental levels,
requiring policy reframing that treats them as shared public goods rather than local
concerns.
8. RECs are pivotal to the successful implementation of CAADP Agenda but are under-
resourced, requiring enhanced mandates, planning tools, and inter-REC collaboration
to execute cross-border and multicountry initiatives effectively.
9. Successful implementation hinges on institutional reforms, sustained political will,
and capacity building, ensuring the Declaration translates into real, coherent, and transformative
action across Africa’s agrifood systems.
CAADP KAMPALA DECLARATION POLICY NOTE 3
AUGUST

Year published

2025

Authors

Ulimwengu, John M.

Citation

Ulimwengu, John M. 2025. Typology of Kampala Declaration Activities. CAADP Kampala Declaration Policy Note 3. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176219

Keywords

Africa; Agrifood Systems; Investment; Governance; Food Security

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Brief

Zambia: Cost effective options for inclusive and sustainable development

2025Aragie, Emerta A.; Thurlow, James; Xu, Valencia Wenqian; Jones, Eleanor

Details

Zambia: Cost effective options for inclusive and sustainable development

In this policy brief, we present findings of a systematic evaluation and ranking of investment options for Zambia’s agrifood system based on their cost-effectiveness in achieving multiple development outcomes, including agrifood gross domestic product (GDP) growth, agrifood job creation, poverty reduction, declining undernourishment, and lowering diet deprivation. Additionally, the study assesses their environmental footprint, focusing on water consumption, land use, and emissions. Investments in small and medium enterprise (SME) traders and processors are shown to be the most cost-effective at driving improvements in social outcomes, like poverty and undernourishment. They are also highly ranked in terms of expanding agrifood GDP and employment. Expansion in extension and advisory services for livestock, rural roads, farmers credit, and seed systems also rank high. How ever, many cost-effective investments have relatively high environmental footprints, which highlights potential tradeoffs. The study further reveals shifts in the cost-effectiveness ranking of investment options overtime and when extreme production shocks occur.

Year published

2025

Authors

Aragie, Emerta A.; Thurlow, James; Xu, Valencia Wenqian; Jones, Eleanor

Citation

Aragie, Emerta; Thurlow, James; Xu, Valencia Wenqian; and Jones, Eleanor. 2025. Zambia: Cost effective options for inclusive and sustainable development. Agrifood Investment Prioritization Country Series Brief 5. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176185

Country/Region

Zambia

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Southern Africa; Agrifood Systems; Investment; Development; Poverty; Nutrition

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Brief

Addressing the double burden of malnutrition in Egypt: Report on a stakeholder workshop on key challenges, policy solutions, and research opportunities

2025Shokry, Nada; Jovanovic, Nina; Kurdi, Sikandra; Hamdy, Adham; Elkaramany, Mohamed

Details

Addressing the double burden of malnutrition in Egypt: Report on a stakeholder workshop on key challenges, policy solutions, and research opportunities

Key messages
Parliamentarians, researchers, and development practitioners shared perspectives on the double burden of malnutrition in Egypt in roundtable discussions.
Infrastructure gaps and policy and research strategy fragmentation are highlighted as challenges to accessibility of healthy food.
Aggressive ads/media environment and inefficient nutrition education programs are regarded as negatively impacting consumer behavior.
Economic factors are widely identified as a major driver of malnutrition.
Recommended solutions include raising nutrition literacy, transitioning from food subsidies to vouchers, improving nutrition services infrastructure, taxing unhealthy foods, and fortifying staple foods.
Participants called for continued dialogue between researchers and policymakers.

Year published

2025

Authors

Shokry, Nada; Jovanovic, Nina; Kurdi, Sikandra; Hamdy, Adham; Elkaramany, Mohamed

Citation

Shokry, Nada; Jovanovic, Nina; Kurdi, Sikandra; Hamdy, Adham; and Elkaramany, Mohamed. 2025. Addressing the double burden of malnutrition in Egypt: Report on a stakeholder workshop on key challenges, policy solutions, and research opportunities. MENA Policy Note 27. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176182

Country/Region

Egypt

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Malnutrition; Infrastructure; Foods; Policies; Obesity; Poverty; Wasting Disease (nutritional Disorder)

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Brief

Leveraging project insights to strengthen WEAI for climate research

2025

Koxha, Leona; O’Connor, Eileen; Alvi, Muzna; Chadha, Deepali; Ewell, Hanna; Gartaula, Hom Nath; Ketema, Dessalegn; Lutomia, Cosmas; Mukhopadhyay, Prama; Nchanji, Eileen
...more

Puskur, Ranjitha; Rietveld, Anne M.; Sufian, Farha

Details

Leveraging project insights to strengthen WEAI for climate research

Key messages
• Measuring women’s empowerment in the context of climate change, resilience, and adaptation requires a flexible climate module—not a rigid, universal set of indicators.
• Collective agency, community involvement, and social networks are critical to climate resilience. The project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI)
should expand its climate module to better capture these community dynamics and collective actions.
• Integrating qualitative methods strengthens pro-WEAI’s effectiveness and ensures the tool is tailored to local contexts, which is essential for collecting meaningful and holistic data.

Year published

2025

Authors

Koxha, Leona; O’Connor, Eileen; Alvi, Muzna; Chadha, Deepali; Ewell, Hanna; Gartaula, Hom Nath; Ketema, Dessalegn; Lutomia, Cosmas; Mukhopadhyay, Prama; Nchanji, Eileen; Puskur, Ranjitha; Rietveld, Anne M.; Sufian, Farha

Citation

Koxha, Leona; O’Connor, Eileen; Alvi, Muzna; Chadha, Deepali; Ewell, Hanna; Gartaula, Hom Nath; et al. 2025. Leveraging project insights to strengthen WEAI for climate research. WEAI Applications and Insights Brief 4. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176145

Country/Region

Ethiopia; Kenya; India

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Eastern Africa; Asia; Southern Asia; Women's Empowerment; Climate Change; Resilience

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Gender

Record type

Brief

Report

IFPRI Malawi Monthly Maize Market Report, July 2025

2025International Food Policy Research Institute; Benson, Anderson

Details

IFPRI Malawi Monthly Maize Market Report, July 2025

Highlights
Retail prices of maize increased on average by 13 percent in July.
Prices rose in all monitored markets across all regions of Malawi despite continued imports.
Prices rose most steeply in the Southern region, increasing interregional differences.

Year published

2025

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute; Benson, Anderson

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute. 2025. IFPRI Malawi Monthly Maize Market Report, July 2025. MaSSP Monthly Maize Market Report July 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176073

Country/Region

Malawi

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Maize; Market Prices; Food Prices; Imports

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Journal Article

Achieving transformational sustainable land Intensification: Integrated general equilibrium and portfolio analysis for Senegal

2025Pradesha, Angga; Siddig, Khalid; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James

Details

Achieving transformational sustainable land Intensification: Integrated general equilibrium and portfolio analysis for Senegal

Feeding a growing global population while conserving natural resources remains a central challenge of Sustainable Intensification (SI). Despite decades of SI efforts, cropland expansion in many developing countries continues to accelerate, contributing to deforestation and biodiversity loss. Even with observed increases in crop yields, studies suggest that farmers continue to expand cropland, underscoring the need to consider market dynamics and the economywide effects of productivity gains. This study offers a new perspective on achieving transformational sustainable land intensification by treating farming activities as investment decisions shaped by risk and return under production and markets uncertainties. Unlike the traditional SI strategies that focus on efficiency gains through improved inputs or agronomic practices, we apply an optimal portfolio analysis to cropland allocation, aiming to enhance farming efficiency by considering market interconnections across sectors. Using Senegal as a case study, we demonstrate that adopting an optimal diversification strategy on new cropland investment could reduce land expansion needs by up to 68 % by 2030. This strategy not only helps mitigate emissions and reduce water footprint but also enhances crop biodiversity. Socioeconomic and environmental benefits are found to be greater when the country promotes high-value crops in its portfolio, such as fruits and vegetables, compared to grain crops. Our findings also contribute to ongoing debates around land-sparing versus land-sharing strategies and offer new insights into the drivers of cropland expansion in light of current global land use patterns.

Year published

2025

Authors

Pradesha, Angga; Siddig, Khalid; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James

Citation

Pradesha, Angga; Siddig, Khalid; Pauw, Karl; and Thurlow, James. 2025. Achieving transformational sustainable land Intensification: Integrated general equilibrium and portfolio analysis for Senegal. Journal of Cleaner Production 519(10 August 2025): 145929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.145929

Country/Region

Senegal

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Western Africa; Sustainable Intensification; Farmland; Land Allocation; Computable General Equilibrium Models; Modelling; Sustainability

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Foresight

Record type

Journal Article

Opinion Piece

The famines in Gaza and other conflict areas are a moral failure

2025

Osendarp, Saskia; Haddad, Lawrence; Fabrizio, Cecilia; Andridge, Caroline; Black, Robert E.; Brown, Molly E.; Bryan, Elizabeth; Campbell, Bruce M.; D'Alimonte, Mary; Fanzo, Jessica
...more

Headey, Derek D.; Heidkamp, Rebecca; McCarter, Abbe; Menon, Purnima; Michaux, Kristina; Nordhagen, Stella; Silva, Lais Miachon; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.

Details

The famines in Gaza and other conflict areas are a moral failure

As scientists and members of the Standing Together for Nutrition Consortium (ST4N) who have been Standing Together For Nutrition during recent crises, we use evidence of the impact of crises on nutrition to advocate for the people most affected. Now, in the face of the world's indifference, we are compelled to speak out about the horrifying human-made famine unfolding in Gaza and other conflict areas, including Sudan, South Sudan, and Yemen. Widespread starvation is deliberately used as a weapon of war,10 at a scale that we never thought possible. It is a moral failure that in 2025 more than 1·2 million people are living in Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) phase 5 (catastrophe) famine conditions—the most extreme food insecurity level according to the gold-standard IPC. These famines are not only claiming lives today, but they are also inflicting irreversible intergenerational trauma and damage.

Year published

2025

Authors

Osendarp, Saskia; Haddad, Lawrence; Fabrizio, Cecilia; Andridge, Caroline; Black, Robert E.; Brown, Molly E.; Bryan, Elizabeth; Campbell, Bruce M.; D'Alimonte, Mary; Fanzo, Jessica; Headey, Derek D.; Heidkamp, Rebecca; McCarter, Abbe; Menon, Purnima; Michaux, Kristina; Nordhagen, Stella; Silva, Lais Miachon; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.

Citation

Osendarp, Saskia; Haddad, Lawrence; Fabrizio, Cecilia; Andridge, Caroline; Black, Robert E.; Brown, Molly E.; et al. 2025. The famines in Gaza and other conflict areas are a moral failure. Lancet 406(10503): 572-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01542-9

Country/Region

Sudan; Yemen

Keywords

Palestine, State of; South Sudan; Western Asia; Northern Africa; Asia; Africa; Conflicts; Nutrition; Famine; War; Starvation; Food Insecurity

Language

English

Access/Licence

Limited Access

Record type

Opinion Piece

Working Paper

Rural credit, food security, and resilience: An empirical evaluation from Kenya

2025Ndegwa, Michael K.; Ward, Patrick S.; Shee, Apurba; You, Liangzhi

Details

Rural credit, food security, and resilience: An empirical evaluation from Kenya

In this paper, we examine the role of credit in enhancing rural households’ food security and resilience. In so doing, we consider resilience as a higher order capacity outcome, different from traditional development outcomes associated with households’ or individuals’ welfare. We evaluate the effectiveness of two types of agricultural production credit products, one a traditional credit and one that is linked to rainfall index insurance to protect borrowers against the adverse effects of drought. Based on a randomized controlled trial conducted in Machakos county, Kenya, we report both intent-to-treat effects as well as local average treatment effects to demonstrate the impacts of these credit products not only among borrowers, but the broader effects of expanding rural credit markets. We see generally low levels of food security resilience among our sampled households, but we find compelling evidence that credit and expanded credit markets more broadly had beneficial impacts on enhancing households’ food security and resilience. Despite the differences in the two credit products being evaluated, we do not find an appreciable difference in the effects of the two credit types, concluding that the expansion of affordable agricultural credit markets should be among the key policy tools for building resilience among rural smallholders.

Year published

2025

Authors

Ndegwa, Michael K.; Ward, Patrick S.; Shee, Apurba; You, Liangzhi

Citation

Ndegwa, Michael K.; Ward, Patrick S.; Shee, Apurba; and You, Liangzhi. 2025. Rural credit, food security, and resilience: An empirical evaluation from Kenya. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2351. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175990

Country/Region

Kenya

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Credit; Food Security; Insurance; Resilience; Smallholders

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Working Paper

Journal Article

A comparative study of the legal and regulatory dimension of seed sector development in Sub-Saharan Africa using regulatory systems maps: The case of Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda

2025Kuhlmann, Katrin; Nalinya, Adron Naggayi; Francis, Tara; Spielman, David J.

Details

A comparative study of the legal and regulatory dimension of seed sector development in Sub-Saharan Africa using regulatory systems maps: The case of Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda

Year published

2025

Authors

Kuhlmann, Katrin; Nalinya, Adron Naggayi; Francis, Tara; Spielman, David J.

Citation

Kuhlmann, Katrin; Nalinya, Adron Naggayi; Francis, Tara; and Spielman, David J. 2025. A comparative study of the legal and regulatory dimension of seed sector development in Sub-Saharan Africa using regulatory systems maps: The case of Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda. Agricultural Systems 228(August 2025): 104351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2025.104351

Country/Region

Ethiopia; Rwanda; Uganda

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Eastern Africa; Development; Food Security; Regulations; Rules; Seed Systems

Language

English

Access/Licence

Limited Access

Project

Seed Equal

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Do estimates of women’s control over income and decisionmaking vary across nationally representative survey programs?

2025Raghunathan, Kalyani; Mahmoud, Mai; Heckert, Jessica; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Seymour, Greg

Details

Do estimates of women’s control over income and decisionmaking vary across nationally representative survey programs?

Empowering women is an explicit aim of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 5 and underpins 12 of the 17 SDGs. It is also a key objective of other pan-national agreements, such as the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme. Tracking global progress toward these goals requires being able to measure empowerment in ways that are consistent and comparable—both within and across countries. However, empowerment is a complex concept, hard to quantify, and even harder to standardize across contexts. Two large survey programs—Feed the Future and the Demographic Health Surveys—ask women about two aspects of empowerment, their control over income and input into decisionmaking. Each program uses a different set of questions administered to different sub-populations of women. We use data from 12 countries to show that large within-country inter-survey differences persist even after efforts to harmonize questions and samples. Where available, we compare the FTF and DHS with the Living Standards and Measurement Surveys-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture. We present several hypotheses related to survey structure and survey administration to explain these inter-survey differences. We then either test for or rule out the role of these competing theories in driving differences in levels and in associations with commonly used characteristics. Standardizing survey measures of decision making and control over income and how they are administered is important to track progress toward the SDGs; meanwhile, caution should be exercised in comparing seemingly similar survey items across survey programs.

Year published

2025

Authors

Raghunathan, Kalyani; Mahmoud, Mai; Heckert, Jessica; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Seymour, Greg

Citation

Raghunathan, Kalyani; Mahmoud, Mai; Heckert, Jessica; Ramani, Gayathri V.; and Seymour, Greg. 2025. Do estimates of women’s control over income and decisionmaking vary across nationally representative survey programs? Social Indicators Research 179(1): 95–122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-025-03605-x

Keywords

Africa; Asia; Americas; Income; Decision Making; Surveys; Women; Women's Empowerment; Gender

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Project

Agriculture for Nutrition and Health

Record type

Journal Article

Preprint

Consumer preferences for biofortified iron beans: Results from a willingness to pay and choice experiment in Kenya

2025Obebo, Forah; Ateka, Josiah; Kioo, Juliana; Mwangi, Christine

Details

Consumer preferences for biofortified iron beans: Results from a willingness to pay and choice experiment in Kenya

Micronutrient deficiency is a public health issue in many developing countries including Kenya. Despite the release of Biofortified Iron Beans (BIBS) to bridge the health burden, their adoption has been slow. Our study applies the willingness to pay (WTP) and choice experiments to assess preferences for BIB attributes among consumers. Using a dataset of 561 respondents, we compare the WTP among consumers in a large urban city (Nairobi) with those in a rural area (Bomet) where BIB production has been promoted. We test whether message framing (gain vs loss framed) has varied effects in the rural-urban context, following the prospect hypothesis. This study further utilises choice experiment to test the extent to which biofortification attribute is important for bean preferences. WTP results show that consumers are willing to pay a premium of 38.5 percent for the BIBs above the price of their preferred conventional beans (KES 165.7), signifying high acceptance. Rural respondents have a higher WTP (KES 71.06) than urban respondents highlighting the role of proximity to BIB production area. Consistent with prospect theory, male and urban respondents are willing to pay more under loss-frame messaging than gain-frame messaging, while female respondents are more responsive under gain-frame messaging. Surprisingly, awareness on nutrient enriched beans exhibits negative influence on WTP for the respondents exposed to gain-framed messaging. This may be due to consumers attaching public good properties to BIBs and therefore less willing to pay for biofortified traits. Results from the conditional logit model indicate biofortification is important for urban consumers and female-headed households. Based on the findings, there’s need for targeted nutrition education programming among rural-urban and male-female consumers. Considering that flatulence, cooking time and taste are main preferred attributes of BIBs, promotional messages that include these attributes could be used to accompany the biofortification messages to catalyze adoption.

Year published

2025

Authors

Obebo, Forah; Ateka, Josiah; Kioo, Juliana; Mwangi, Christine

Citation

Obebo, Forah; Ateka, Josiah; Kioo, Juliana; and Mwangi, Christine. 2025. Consumer preferences for biofortified iron beans: Results from a willingness to pay and choice experiment in Kenya. Preprint available online August 19, 2025. https://doi.org/10.12688/verixiv.1725.1

Country/Region

Kenya

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Biofortification; Consumers; Data; Micronutrient Deficiencies

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Preprint

Data Paper

2023 Social Accounting Matrix for Sierra Leone: A Nexus Project SAM

2025International Food Policy Research Institute

Details

2023 Social Accounting Matrix for Sierra Leone: A Nexus Project SAM

The 2023 Sierra Leone Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.

Year published

2025

Authors

International Food Policy Research Institute

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2025. 2023 Social Accounting Matrix for Sierra Leone: A Nexus Project SAM. Data Paper. Washington, DC: IFPRI. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/176223.

Country/Region

Sierra Leone

Keywords

Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Africa; Computable General Equilibrium Models; Household Consumption; Household Expenditure; Economic Indicators; Agrifood Systems; Social Accounting Matrix; Taxes; Labour

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

National Policies and Strategies

Record type

Data Paper

Preprint

Diet quality and obesity in women of reproductive age in Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

2025Bliznashka, Lilia; Azupogo, Fusta; Reynolds, Elise; Arnold, Charles D.; Hess, Sonja Y.; Kinabo, Joyce; Jeremiah, Kidola; Malindisa, Evangelista; Olney, Deanna K.; Ruel, Marie T.

Details

Diet quality and obesity in women of reproductive age in Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study

Background: Obesity is an increasing problem among women of reproductive age (WRA) in Tanzania. Objective: We described WRA's nutritional status by socio-demographic factors and assessed associations with diet quality. Methods: We analysed baseline data from a cluster-randomised controlled trial in Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions (n=2,415). Diet was assessed using a quantitative 24-hour recall. We calculated the Global Diet Quality Score (GDQS; 0-49), with higher scores indicating healthier diet. General obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI)>=30 kg/m2; morbid obesity as BMI>=35 kg/m2; and central obesity as: waist circumference (WC)>=80 cm, WC>=88 cm, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)>=0.85, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)>=0.50, and WHR>=0.85 or BMI>=30 kg/m2. We tested associations between diet quality and nutritional status using generalised linear models controlling for age and sociodemographic factors and tested interactions to assess differential associations by age groups. Results: The prevalence of general obesity was 25.1%, morbid obesity 8.4%, and central obesity 48.2-71.6% depending on the definition. Mean GDQS was 20.9 (SD 3.9). General and central obesity were more prevalent among women who were older, less educated, had light physical labour occupations, were in the highest wealth quintile, and lived in more urbanised villages and in more food secure households. Higher GDQS was associated with lower risk of morbid obesity: risk ratio (RR) 0.97 (95% CI 0.94, 1.00). Higher GDQS was also associated with 0.25-0.27 kg/m2 lower BMI, 0.54-0.66 cm lower WC, and 0.53-0.58 cm lower hip circumference in women 30-49 years of age. Conclusion: Better diet quality emerged as a protective factor for morbid obesity and for other obesity measures among women 30-49 years of age. Our study suggests that interventions to improve diet quality in Tanzania should target women in their thirties and forties and those with lower physical activity and higher education, food security, and wealth to maximise effectiveness.

Year published

2025

Authors

Bliznashka, Lilia; Azupogo, Fusta; Reynolds, Elise; Arnold, Charles D.; Hess, Sonja Y.; Kinabo, Joyce; Jeremiah, Kidola; Malindisa, Evangelista; Olney, Deanna K.; Ruel, Marie T.

Citation

Bliznashka, Lilia; Azupogo, Fusta; Reynolds, Elise; Arnold, Charles D.; Hess, Sonja Y.; and Kinabo, Joyce. 2025. Diet quality and obesity in women of reproductive age in Northern Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. MedRxiv. Preprint available online on June 29, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.29.25332361

Keywords

Tanzania; Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Diet; Women; Obesity; Surveys

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Preprint

Report

GCAN partner workshop: Report on lessons and recommendations for policy engagement and capacity strengthening

2025Magalhaes, Marilia; Bryan, Elizabeth; Go, Ara

Details

GCAN partner workshop: Report on lessons and recommendations for policy engagement and capacity strengthening

The Gender, Climate Change and Nutrition Integration Initiative (GCAN), led by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), has been working to integrate gender, climate resilience, and nutrition considerations into policy, interventions, and research since 2016. Since 2023, the initiative has been working in five focal countries with support from the Gates Foundation.

Year published

2025

Authors

Magalhaes, Marilia; Bryan, Elizabeth; Go, Ara

Citation

Magalhaes, Marilia; Bryan, Elizabeth; and Go, Ara. 2025. GCAN partner workshop: Report on lessons and recommendations for policy engagement and capacity strengthening. Project Report July 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175829

Country/Region

Ethiopia; India; Kenya; Nigeria; Senegal

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Asia; Southern Asia; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Capacity Development; Climate Resilience; Gender; Nutrition; Policy Innovation; Climate Change

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Brief

Applying an integrated engagement model to support country-led food systems transformation: Insights from the SHiFT Initiative's approach in Viet Nam, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh

2025Honeycutt, Sydney; Wyatt, Amanda; Lundy, Mark; Brouwer, Inge D.

Details

Applying an integrated engagement model to support country-led food systems transformation: Insights from the SHiFT Initiative's approach in Viet Nam, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh

From 2022-2024, the CGIAR Research Initiative on Sustainable Healthy Diets through Food Systems Transformation (SHiFT) combined high-quality nutritional and social science research with development and policy partnerships to generate innovative food systems solutions that contributed to sustainable healthy diets. Through a country-led approach, SHiFT supported the design and implementation of national food systems transformation activities in Viet Nam, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh, aiming to achieve sustainable healthy diets while also working toward improved livelihoods, gender equity, and social inclusion. Following the 2021 United Nations Food Systems Summit (UNFSS), countries were encouraged to define pathways for transforming their food systems to align with the 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).2 Many countries have since developed national action plans to operationalize these pathways, requiring coordinated multisectoral efforts. SHiFT contributed to this process by generating evidence and supporting national stakeholders in developing context-specific food systems solutions. This brief introduces SHiFT’s country engagement strategy and explains how SHiFT supported collaborative pathways and processes in each target country during its initial phase. Consumers and Food Environments, Area of Work 1 in the new CGIAR Science Program on Better Diets and Nutrition, will build upon the SHiFT approach starting in 2025 through 2030.

Year published

2025

Authors

Honeycutt, Sydney; Wyatt, Amanda; Lundy, Mark; Brouwer, Inge D.

Citation

Honeycutt, Sydney; Wyatt, Amanda; Lundy, Mark; and Brouwer, Inge D. 2025. Applying an integrated engagement model to support country-led food systems transformation: Insights from the SHiFT Initiative's approach in Viet Nam, Ethiopia, and Bangladesh. Initiative Brief July 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175794

Country/Region

Vietnam; Ethiopia; Bangladesh

Keywords

Asia; South-eastern Asia; Africa; Eastern Africa; Southern Asia; Sub-saharan Africa; Food Systems; Healthy Diets; Nutrition; Sustainability; Transformation

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

Sustainable Healthy Diets

Record type

Brief

Working Paper

Development readiness

2025Omamo, Steven Were

Details

Development readiness

Why do some systems move while others stall—even when resources, plans, and intent appear similar? This paper introduces the concept of development readiness as one way to understand and address this question. Development readiness is defined as the capacity of a system to act—at the right time, at the right scale, and with purpose—whether in response to crises or in pursuit of development goals. It emerges when kinetic capacity (the ability to move people, goods, and services) aligns with negotiation capacity (the ability to coordinate, decide, and resolve), conditioned by activation costs (tangible and intangible obstacles) and option value (flexibility to act under uncertainty). A conceptual framework based on these four operational forces is set out and illustrated with real-world examples. A structured research agenda and strategy emerges, along with implications for investment and operations. The case illustrations demonstrate that the development readiness framework applies equally at national, sectoral, and organizational levels, with wide-ranging applications—from scaling innovations, accelerating service delivery, and strengthening value chains, to deepening climate resilience and enabling coordinated action in crisis-prone and institutionally fragmented settings.

Year published

2025

Authors

Omamo, Steven Were

Citation

Omamo, Steven Were. 2025. Development readiness. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2348. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175784

Keywords

Africa; Economic Development; Development Policies; Governance; Innovation; Kinetics; Negotiation; Investment

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Working Paper

Opinion Piece

Forest loss in Malawi: how having women at the table affected debates and decisions about solutions – research

2025Kosec, Katrina; Clayton, Amanda; Robinson, Amanda Lea; Dulani, Boniface

Details

Forest loss in Malawi: how having women at the table affected debates and decisions about solutions – research

Around the world, climate change is being tackled, not just in parliaments and global summits, but also in villages and farming communities. In these local spaces, lives and livelihoods depend directly on natural resources, and decisions are often made in groups.

Globally, including women in action against climate change is seen as crucial. Especially in rural agricultural settings, women bear a substantial burden from the warming planet. But there has been little research on whether simply having more women involved in climate action changes the decisions taken by communities to combat global warming – or whether it matters.

Year published

2025

Authors

Kosec, Katrina; Clayton, Amanda; Robinson, Amanda Lea; Dulani, Boniface

Citation

Kosec, Katrina; Clayton, Amanda; Robinson, Amanda Lea; and Dulani, Boniface. 2025. Forest loss in Malawi: how having women at the table affected debates and decisions about solutions – research. The Conversation US, Inc. Published online July 23, 2025. https://theconversation.com/forest-loss-in-malawi-how-having-women-at-the-table-affected-debates-and-decisions-about-solutions-research-259699

Country/Region

Malawi

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Women; Climate Change; Natural Resources Management; Rural Areas; Forests

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-ND-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Opinion Piece

Brief

Coping with crisis: Livelihood vulnerabilities and food insecurity in Sudan’s current conflict

2025Kirui, Oliver K.; Rakhy, Tarig AlHaj; Siddig, Khalid; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Abushama, Hala

Details

Coping with crisis: Livelihood vulnerabilities and food insecurity in Sudan’s current conflict

Sudan’s conflict, reignited in April 2023, represents not just a military contest between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), but a total systemic collapse that has engulfed governance, infrastructure, markets, and public services. This conflict did not arise in a vacuum. Sudan has long faced structural vulnerabilities including weak institutions, a fragile economy, and climate-related stressors such as erratic rainfall and land degradation. The war, however, accelerated these pre-existing fault lines into a full-blown crisis.

Key urban economies such as Khartoum have been devastated by airstrikes and sieges, while transport corridors and trade routes have been severed. Local governance structures in many regions have been displaced or dissolved, leaving civilians without recourse to basic services or protection. Simultaneously, the banking sector has fractured, disrupting remittances, cash transfers, and supply chains across the country. Insecurity has driven over 12.8 million people from their homes – 8.6 million internally and 3.9 million seeking refuge neighboring countries, as of May 2025 (UNHCR, 2025).

Year published

2025

Authors

Kirui, Oliver K.; Rakhy, Tarig AlHaj; Siddig, Khalid; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Abushama, Hala

Citation

Kirui, Oliver K.; Rakhy, Tarig AlHaj; Siddig, Khalid; Tafesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; and Abushama, Hala. 2025. Coping with crisis: Livelihood vulnerabilities and food insecurity in Sudan’s current conflict. Sudan SSP Policy Note 12. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Capacity Development; Conflicts; Livelihoods; Vulnerability; Food Insecurity

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Book Chapter

What do we know about the future of the agrifood system in South Africa?

2025Meyer, Ferdi; Pienaar, Louw; Davids, Tracy; Kalaba, Mmatlou

Details

What do we know about the future of the agrifood system in South Africa?

South Africa’s primary agriculture sector witnessed profound productivity growth in recent decades, yet structural transformation is stalling due to a combination of sluggish nonfarm growth and persistent structural challenges that inhibit wider societal progress.

Looking ahead, the agrifood system is well placed to increase the supply of goods at competitive prices but requires consistency in policymaking and an investment-friendly environment, as well as stronger domestic demand for products.

Given the complexity and interconnectedness of the country’s agrifood system, future foresight research should focus on better understanding cross-sector productivity gains and how the entire system can be reoriented to support greater agricultural transformation.

Year published

2025

Authors

Meyer, Ferdi; Pienaar, Louw; Davids, Tracy; Kalaba, Mmatlou

Citation

Meyer, Ferdi; Pienaar, Louw; Davids, Tracy; and Kalaba, Mmatlou. 2025. What do we know about the future of the agrifood system in South Africa? In What do we know about the future of food systems? eds. Keith Wiebe and Elisabetta Gotor. Part Three: What Do We Know About the Future of Food Systems in Selected Countries? Chapter 27, Pp. 159-163. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175514

Country/Region

South Africa

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Southern Africa; Food Systems; Agricultural Sector; Policies; Productivity; Transformation; Economic Development; Forecasting

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Book Chapter

Book Chapter

What do we know about the future of food systems in West and Central Africa?

2025Enahoro, Dolapo K.; Mensah, Charles; Gbegbelegbe, Sika

Details

What do we know about the future of food systems in West and Central Africa?

Food systems in West and Central Africa (WCA) are challenged by slow growth in productivity and incomes and by climate change.

Urbanization and related trends are creating new opportunities for the region’s agricultural value chains to meet nutrition and employment needs, including those of women and young people.

Climate change poses a significant threat to future agricultural production in the region, and dependence on food imports is mostly projected to increase.

Foresight studies that account for the future can help guide the transformation of food, land, and water systems in WCA in response to climate change. However, new analyses are needed to address the multidimensional nature of the region’s challenges.

Year published

2025

Authors

Enahoro, Dolapo K.; Mensah, Charles; Gbegbelegbe, Sika

Citation

Enahoro, Dolapo K.; Mensah, Charles; and Gbegbelegbe, Sika. 2025. What do we know about the future of food systems in West and Central Africa? In What do we know about the future of food systems? eds. Keith Wiebe and Elisabetta Gotor. Part Two: What Do We Know About the Future of Food System in Selected Regions? Chapter 17, Pp. 98-102. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175454

Keywords

Africa; Middle Africa; Western Africa; Food Systems; Productivity; Climate Change; Urbanization; Trade; Imports; Employment; Forecasting

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Book Chapter

Book Chapter

What do we know about the future of food systems in East and Southern Africa?

2025Tesfaye Fantaye, Kindie; Hartley, Faaiqa; Thomas, Timothy S.; Gbegbelegbe, Sika; Gabriel, Sherwin

Details

What do we know about the future of food systems in East and Southern Africa?

Food demand in East and southern Africa (ESA) is expected to be three to nine times higher by 2050 (relative to 2010), depending on the emerging economic and demographic trends.

To meet demand, agrifood systems (AFS) in the region must expand and diversify. Consumption demand for meats and fruits and vegetables will more than triple by 2050, creating economic opportunities but also inclusivity challenges.

Transformations in AFS must increase the sector’s resilience to supply-side shocks that threaten food security and nutrition.

Favorable policies and investments that are country-specific, inclusive, and sustainable will be powerful tools to shape and influence AFS’s transition in the region.

Year published

2025

Authors

Tesfaye Fantaye, Kindie; Hartley, Faaiqa; Thomas, Timothy S.; Gbegbelegbe, Sika; Gabriel, Sherwin

Citation

Tesfaye Fantaye, Kindie; Hartley, Faaiqa; Thomas, Timothy S.; Gbegbelegbe, Sika; and Gabriel, Sherwin. 2025. What do we know about the future of food systems in East and Southern Africa? In What do we know about the future of food systems? eds. Keith Wiebe and Elisabetta Gotor. Part Two: What Do We Know About the Future of Food System in Selected Regions? Chapter 18, Pp. 103-108. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175455

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Southern Africa; Food Systems; Agrobiodiversity; Demand; Supply Balance; Food Security; Agricultural Production; Income Distribution; Nutrition; Trade

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Book Chapter

Book Chapter

What do we know about the future of food systems in Central and West Asia and North Africa?

2025Frija, Aymen

Details

What do we know about the future of food systems in Central and West Asia and North Africa?

The subregions of Central and West Asia and North Africa (CWANA) will continue to import around 50 percent of domestic food requirements by 2050.

Natural resources will continue to degrade in the CWANA region until 2050 and beyond.

Agrifood systems transformation in CWANA can be facilitated by fast-tracking technology transfer approaches, leading to sustainable productivity growth.

Foresight analyses are needed to generate scenarios of agrifood system transformation in CWANA, with a focus on reducing trade and importation risks related to international market volatility.

Year published

2025

Authors

Frija, Aymen

Citation

Frija, Aymen. 2025. What do we know about the future of food systems in Central and West Asia and North Africa? In What do we know about the future of food systems? eds. Keith Wiebe and Elisabetta Gotor. Part Two: What Do We Know About the Future of Food System in Selected Regions? Chapter 19, Pp. 109-114. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175456

Keywords

Africa; West and Central Africa; Northern Africa; Food Systems; Imports; Natural Resources Management; Resource Depletion; Forecasting; Technology Transfer; Water Scarcity; Nutrition; Agricultural Productivity

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Book Chapter

Book Chapter

What do we know about the future of pulses in global and regional agrifood systems?

2025Gbegbelegbe, Sika; Msukwa, Wupe; Nedumaran, Swamikannu; Alene, Arega D.

Details

What do we know about the future of pulses in global and regional agrifood systems?

Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) account for about 55 percent of global pulse production. Nearly one-half (48 percent) of global production occurs in 16 low- and lower-middle income countries in the drylands of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

The gap between pulse demand and supply is increasing in South Asia.

Most recent foresight studies on pulses are focused on climate change impacts, adaptation, and mitigation.

Future foresight studies on specific pulse crops should target regions where these pulses are important in human diets.

Pulse trade should be promoted between countries that encompass the drylands of South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.

Year published

2025

Authors

Gbegbelegbe, Sika; Msukwa, Wupe; Nedumaran, Swamikannu; Alene, Arega D.

Citation

Gbegbelegbe, Sika; Msukwa, Wupe; Nedumaran, Swamikannu; and Alene, Arega D. 2025. What do we know about the future of pulses in global and regional agrifood systems? In What do we know about the future of food systems? eds. Keith Wiebe and Elisabetta Gotor. Part Three: What Do We Know About the Future of Selected Food Commodities? Chapter 31, Pp. 183-190. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175526

Keywords

Africa; Asia; Grain Legumes; Food Systems; Dryland Farming; Trade; Supply Balance; Diet; Climate Change

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

Foresight

Record type

Book Chapter

Brief

Vegetable, fruit, and staple crop production and input use: Baseline findings from the FRESH end-to-end evaluation

2025

Bliznashka, Lilia; Dione, Malick; Zagré, Rock Romaric; Boniface, Simon; Dinssa, Fekadu; Mwambi, Mercy; Mbwambo, Omary; Mwombeki, Wiston; Jeremiah, Kidola; Malindisa, Evangelista
...more

Kinabo, Joyce; Cunningham, Kenda; Olney, Deanna K.; Kumar, Neha

Details

Vegetable, fruit, and staple crop production and input use: Baseline findings from the FRESH end-to-end evaluation

In Tanzania, fruit and vegetable (F&V) production is the fastest growing agricultural subsector.1 Production is concentrated among smallholder farmers who face numerous barriers which hamper intensification. These include lack of quality inputs, insufficient financing, limited access to subsidies, limited extension services, and limited and unreliable access to markets.

The CGIAR Research Initiative on Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets (FRESH), now under the CGIAR Science Program on Better Diets and Nutrition (BDN) Area of Work 3, is testing the effectiveness of its end-to-end approach in Northern Tanzania.2 This approach, described in more detail in Research Brief 1, combines demand, food environment, and supply interventions to increase desirability, affordability, accessibility, and availability of F&V. The supply interventions are designed to address known barriers faced by F&V farmers. For example, the provision of climate-resilient vegetable cultivars tackles the lack of quality inputs, whereas training on safe and sustainable vegetable production, including integrated pest management, tackles limited extension services.

The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and partners are conducting a longitudinal evaluation to assess the impact of the FRESH end-to-end approach in Tanzania on household vegetable production and F&V intake among women of reproductive age. The evaluation is being conducted among 2,611 households living in 33 villages in five districts in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions. In this research brief, we describe baseline findings on the production of vegetables, fruit, and staple crops and the inputs used in production among different types of farming households in the study area.

Year published

2025

Authors

Bliznashka, Lilia; Dione, Malick; Zagré, Rock Romaric; Boniface, Simon; Dinssa, Fekadu; Mwambi, Mercy; Mbwambo, Omary; Mwombeki, Wiston; Jeremiah, Kidola; Malindisa, Evangelista; Kinabo, Joyce; Cunningham, Kenda; Olney, Deanna K.; Kumar, Neha

Citation

Bliznashka, Lilia; Dione, Malick; Zagré, Rock Romaric; Boniface, Simon; Dinssa, Fekadu; et al. 2025. Vegetable, fruit, and staple crop production and input use: Baseline findings from the FRESH end-to-end evaluation. FRESH Research Brief 3. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.

Keywords

Tanzania; Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Eastern Africa; Capacity Building; Vegetables; Fruits; Staple Foods; Crop Production; Farming Systems

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

Fruit and Vegetables for Sustainable Healthy Diets

Record type

Brief

Report

Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: June 2025

2025Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Mohamed, Shima; Abushama, Hala

Details

Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: June 2025

This report analyzes key market trends in Sudan from February to June 2025, focusing on the prices, availability, and quality of essential commodities—cereals, vegetables, animal products, agricultural inputs, fuel, and exchange rates. Consistent with previous editions, it reveals significant spatial and temporal disparities across Sudan’s 18 states.

Cereals showed mixed trends. Wheat prices stabilized in June after a mid-May spike, while sorghum and millet fluctuated modestly. Wheat flour prices continued rising. Perceived availability and quality, particularly of wheat and wheat flour, deteriorated in June, with highest prices in conflict-affected and remote areas. Vegetables—particularly tomatoes and potatoes—experienced sharp price hikes in June, largely due to seasonal pressures and logistical disruptions. Onion prices were more stable but showed regional variation.

Animal products faced upward price pressure and volatility. Prices of lamb, beef, and eggs rose steadily; chicken and fish were erratic, and milk prices fluctuated. Availability declined, especially for beef and eggs. Perceived quality improved for meat but dropped for chicken and fish. Other staples, including sugar, cooking oil, fava beans, and oilseeds, had relatively stable trends overall, but prices varied widely by state. Sugar and fava beans rose sharply, particularly in South Kordofan and Kas sala.

Agricultural inputs showed moderate price fluctuations. Improved seed varieties remained costlier than local ones, with peaks for wheat and potato seeds. Fuel prices in parallel markets spiked in April–May before easing in June. South Kordofan and Central Darfur recorded the highest prices.

Exchange rates continued to diverge between official and parallel markets, with wide regional dis parities—Khartoum, Gedaref, and North Kordofan reported the highest parallel rates.

Year published

2025

Authors

Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Mohamed, Shima; Abushama, Hala

Citation

Siddig, Khalid; Rakhy, Tarig; Nigus, Halefom Yigzaw; Mohamed, Shima; and Abushama, Hala. 2025. Essential commodities prices, availability, and market actors’ perceptions: June 2025. Sudan Market Prices and Availability Report 5. Khartoum, Sudan: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175659

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Commodities; Prices; Market Economies; Shock; Capacity Building

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Opinion Piece

Sudan’s war is an economic disaster: Here’s how bad it could get

2025Siddig, Khalid

Details

Sudan’s war is an economic disaster: Here’s how bad it could get

Year published

2025

Authors

Siddig, Khalid

Citation

Siddig, Khalid. 2025. Sudan’s war is an economic disaster: Here’s how bad it could get. The Conversation. First published online on July 16, 2025. https://doi.org/10.64628/aaj.rnxnxmryk

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; War; Economic Situation; Economic Sectors; Economic Impact

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Record type

Opinion Piece

Preprint

Intimate partner violence and women's economic preferences

2025Anderberg, Dan; Cassidy, Rachel; Dam, Anaya; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; Morsink, Karlijn

Details

Intimate partner violence and women's economic preferences

One in three women globally experiences intimate partner violence (IPV), yet little is known about how such trauma affects economic decision-making. We provide causal evidence that IPV influences women's time preferences - a key parameter in models of savings, investment, and labor supply. We combine two empirical strategies using four distinct datasets. First, in two randomized recall experiments in Ethiopia, we randomly assigned women to recall specific acts of abuse before eliciting their intertemporal choices. Women with IPV experiences prompted to recall IPV display significantly greater impatience than otherwise similar women who are not prompted. Second, we exploit exogenous reductions in IPV generated by two randomized interventions - one involving cash transfers, the other psychotherapy - and use treatment assignment as an instrument for IPV exposure. Women who experience reduced IPV as a result of treatment exhibit more patient time preferences. Together, these results provide consistent, novel causal evidence that exposure to IPV induces individuals to discount the future more heavily. This evidence suggests a psychological channel through which violence can perpetuate economic disadvantage and constrain women's ability to take actions - such as saving, investing, or exiting abusive relationships - that require planning over time.

Year published

2025

Authors

Anderberg, Dan; Cassidy, Rachel; Dam, Anaya; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; Morsink, Karlijn

Citation

Anderberg, Dan; Cassidy, Rachel; Dam, Anaya; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; and Morsink, Karlijn. 2025. Intimate partner violence and women's economic preferences. Preprint available online July 15, 2025. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2507.10416

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Decision Making; Domestic Violence; Economics; Women; Gender

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Record type

Preprint

Journal Article

Genetic control of seed iron and zinc concentration in Rwandan common bean population revealed by the Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS)

2025

Mukamuhirwa, Floride; Shirasawa, Kenta; Naito, Ken; Rurangwa, Edouard; Ndayizeye, Viateur; Nyombayire, Alphonse; Muhire, Jean Pierre; Govindaraj, Mahalingam; Ohtake, Norikuni; Okazaki, Keiichi
...more

Okada, Moeko; Fukai, Eigo

Details

Genetic control of seed iron and zinc concentration in Rwandan common bean population revealed by the Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS)

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is one of the most abundantly consumed legume crops as foods worldwide. In many African countries, this crop is an important staple food because of its rich nutrients. The Great Lakes region of Central Africa, which includes Rwanda, the nation with the highest per capita consumption of common beans worldwide, is known to be a center of common bean diversity in Africa. Increasing the amount of iron and zinc in common bean for biofortification has been a key breeding goal in Rwanda and other countries. In this study, using 192 accessions, including local landraces from Rwanda, breeding materials, released varieties, and others, we performed genome wide association studies (GWAS) to determine the loci governing those traits in addition to other agronomic traits. We identified a locus that was strongly associated with seed zinc concentration and candidate genes. The information might be a great help for marker-assisted breeding of this trait in common bean.

Year published

2025

Authors

Mukamuhirwa, Floride; Shirasawa, Kenta; Naito, Ken; Rurangwa, Edouard; Ndayizeye, Viateur; Nyombayire, Alphonse; Muhire, Jean Pierre; Govindaraj, Mahalingam; Ohtake, Norikuni; Okazaki, Keiichi; Okada, Moeko; Fukai, Eigo

Citation

Mukamuhirwa, Floride; Shirasawa, Kenta; Naito, Ken; Rurangwa, Edouard; Ndayizeye, Viateur; Nyombayire, Alphonse; et al. 2025. Genetic control of seed iron and zinc concentration in Rwandan common bean population revealed by the Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS). Breeding Science 75(3): 187-199. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.24087

Country/Region

Rwanda

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Biofortification; Common Beans; Genomes; Iron; Zinc

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Brief

Country profile – Kenya: Gender, climate change, and nutrition linkages

2025Mawia, Harriet; Ferguson, Nathaniel; Bryan, Elizabeth; Thomas, Timothy S.

Details

Country profile – Kenya: Gender, climate change, and nutrition linkages

Agriculture is vital to Kenya's economy, accounting for 20% of the country’s GDP in 2020. Yet the growth of the sector has slowed in recent years due to unfavorable weather conditions, leading to a reduction in crop and livestock performance (Central Bank of Kenya, 2023). While employment in agriculture has been steadily declining (to 32% in 2023), the sector still employs a large share of the rural population and is the main source of informal employment, rural income, and livelihoods (D’Alessandro et al., 2015; ILO 2025).

A majority of Kenyan farmers operate on a small scale and are solely dependent on rainfall (D’Alessandro et al., 2015). However, since the 1970s, the country has experienced significant changes in rainfall pat terns--average rainfall during the long season has decreased while rainfall during other times of the year has increased and the country has experienced more frequent climate extreme events (Kogo et al. 2021). Increased climate variability has negative effects on agriculture and may exacerbate inequalities within the sector. Due to gender inequalities and gender-differentiated roles in agrifood systems, men and women do not experience climate change and variability in the same ways (Balikoowa et al., 2019; Lecoutere et al. 2023). According to the World Economic Forum, women are more vulnerable than men to climate change due to lower education and exclusion from the political and domestic decision-making processes that affect their lives (Gunawardena, 2020).

Year published

2025

Authors

Mawia, Harriet; Ferguson, Nathaniel; Bryan, Elizabeth; Thomas, Timothy S.

Citation

Mawia, Harriet; Ferguson, Nathaniel; Bryan, Elizabeth; and Thomas, Timothy S. 2025. Country profile – Kenya: Gender, climate change, and nutrition linkages. Gender, Climate Change, and Nutrition Integration Initiative Project Note July 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175631

Country/Region

Kenya

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Agriculture; Employment; Climate Change; Extreme Weather Events; Gender; Agrifood Systems

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Report

Digital finance and agri-food value chains: Case studies from Nigeria

2025Russel, Yeshua

Details

Digital finance and agri-food value chains: Case studies from Nigeria

Nigeria’s agri-food sector is one of the largest and most complex in sub-Saharan Africa, encompassing diverse crops, regions, actors, and markets. With agriculture contributing approximately 24% to the national GDP and employing over 70% of the rural workforce (CBN, nd), the sector plays a central role in livelihoods, food security, and inclusive growth. Within this sector, agri-food value chains constitute the connective tissue that links smallholder farmers, processors, traders, input suppliers, and consumers, both within the domestic economy and across international markets.

Nigeria's agricultural output is predominantly driven by staple food crops such as maize, rice, and cassava, while export-oriented value chains like cocoa provide significant foreign exchange and economic diversification potential. These chains vary widely in terms of modernization, capital intensity, and integration into digital financial services. Staple crop chains are typically domestic-facing and labor-intensive, offering high employment shares and deep linkages with poverty alleviation. Export-oriented chains, although narrower in farmer reach, tend to offer higher margins, foreign earnings, and exposure to quality standards and global market dynamics.

Year published

2025

Authors

Russel, Yeshua

Citation

Russel, Yeshua. 2025. Digital finance and agri-food value chains: Case studies from Nigeria. IFPRI Project Paper July 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175658

Country/Region

Nigeria

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Agrifood Sector; Livelihoods; Value Chains; Smallholders; Staple Foods; Exports; Agricultural Value Chains; Digital Technology

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Brief

Credit access, demand, and repayment among smallholder farmers in Nigeria: A follow-up analysis

2025Ambler, Kate; Balana, Bedru; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Maruyama, Eduardo; Olanrewaju, Opeyemi

Details

Credit access, demand, and repayment among smallholder farmers in Nigeria: A follow-up analysis

Access to credit can be important for improving the performance of smallholders, as it enables farmers to purchase inputs while sustaining their livelihoods. In rural Nigeria, however, access to credit—particularly from formal financial institutions—is limited. As a result, farmers often have little to no choice but to depend on alternative credit sources, including informal lending. Small holder agricultural households often turn to friends and family, or local money lenders and other informal and semi-formal sources to meet their credit needs (EFInA, 2020).

Year published

2025

Authors

Ambler, Kate; Balana, Bedru; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Maruyama, Eduardo; Olanrewaju, Opeyemi

Citation

Ambler, Kate; Balana, Bedru; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Maruyama, Eduardo; and Olanrewaju, Opeyemi. 2025. Credit access, demand, and repayment among smallholder farmers in Nigeria: A follow-up analysis. IFPRI Project Note July 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175654

Country/Region

Nigeria

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Access to Finance; Credit; Smallholders; Inputs; Repayment of Debts

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Report

IFPRI Malawi Monthly Maize Market Report, June 2025

2025Anderson, Benson

Details

IFPRI Malawi Monthly Maize Market Report, June 2025

Highlights
Retail prices of maize increased by 8 percent in June.
Prices rose in all regions of Malawi despite continued imports.
Maize retailed above the government-mandated price in 13 out of 26 monitored markets.

Year published

2025

Authors

Anderson, Benson

Citation

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). 2025. IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, June 2025. MaSSP Monthly Maize Market Report June 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175617

Country/Region

Malawi

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Maize; Market Prices; Retail Prices; Food Prices; Imports

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Opinion Piece

How good are livestock statistics in Africa?

2025Abay, Kibrom; Ayalew, Hailemariam; Terfa, Zelalem; Karugia, Joseph; Breisinger, Clemens

Details

How good are livestock statistics in Africa?

Livestock supports the livelihoods of around one billion people in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) (Thorne and Conroy 2017, Baltenweck et al. 2020). However, growth and productivity of the livestock sector in many LMICs are not keeping pace with the increasing demand for animal-source foods. Boosting the sector’s productivity is crucial for poverty reduction in LMICs, which continue to face multifaceted challenges and shocks that threaten the sustainability of food systems. This, in turn, requires reliable livestock data for informing livestock policies and investments. However, there is a significant gap in the quality and reliability of livestock data, which inhibits evaluations of the livestock sector’s role in livelihoods and national economies and therefore impedes evidence-based livestock policies and investments.

Year published

2025

Authors

Abay, Kibrom; Ayalew, Hailemariam; Terfa, Zelalem; Karugia, Joseph; Breisinger, Clemens

Citation

Abay, Kibrom; Ayalew, Hailemariam; Terfa, Zelalem; Karugia, Joseph; and Breisinger, Clemens. 2025. How good are livestock statistics in Africa? VoxDev. First available online July 8, 2025. https://voxdev.org/topic/methods-measurement/how-good-are-livestock-statistics-africa

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Livestock; Livelihoods; Productivity; Poverty Reduction

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Opinion Piece

Opinion Piece

How climate-induced conflict is shaping rural Nigeria

2025Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Damon, Amy; Francis, David; Mitchell, Harrison

Details

How climate-induced conflict is shaping rural Nigeria

As climate change stretches Nigeria’s dry seasons and disrupts traditional grazing patterns, tensions between nomadic herders and settled farmers fuel violent conflict—most intensely just before the planting season. New research shows how repeated exposure to violence shifts labour patterns differently by gender and across agricultural seasons. While households often pivot to non-farm enterprise work, these shifts fail to offset economic losses, revealing indirect costs of conflict. Despite policy efforts such as open-grazing bans, violence has surged, highlighting the failure of exclusionary approaches and the need for inclusive policymaking.

Year published

2025

Authors

Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Damon, Amy; Francis, David; Mitchell, Harrison

Citation

Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Damon, Amy; Francis, David; and Mitchell, Harrison. 2025. How climate-induced conflict is shaping rural Nigeria. VoxDev. First available online on July 8, 2025. https://voxdev.org/topic/energy-environment/how-climate-induced-conflict-shaping-rural-nigeria

Country/Region

Nigeria

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Climate Change; Conflicts; Farmers; Households

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Opinion Piece

Working Paper

Do others’ health count for peanuts? Health, market returns, and pro-sociality

2025Abate, Gashaw T.; Bernard, Tanguy; Deutschmann, Joshua; Fall, Fatou

Details

Do others’ health count for peanuts? Health, market returns, and pro-sociality

Individuals often make decisions considering both private returns and welfare impacts on others. Food safety decisions by smallholder agricultural producers exemplify this choice, particularly in low-income countries where farmers often consume some of the food crops they produce and sell or donate the rest. We conduct a lab-in-the-field experiment with peanuts producers in Senegal to study the decision to invest in food safety information, exogenously varying the degree of private returns (monetary or health-wise) and welfare impacts on others. Producers are willing to pay real money for food safety information even absent the potential for private returns, but willingness to pay increases with the potential for private returns. A randomized information treatment significantly increases willingness to pay in all scenarios. Our results shed light on the complex interplay between altruism and economic decisions in the presence of externalities, and point to the potential of timely and targeted information to address food safety issues.

Year published

2025

Authors

Abate, Gashaw T.; Bernard, Tanguy; Deutschmann, Joshua; Fall, Fatou

Citation

Abate, Gashaw T.; Bernard, Tanguy; Deutschmann, Joshua; and Fall, Fatou. 2025. Does others’ health count for peanuts? Health, market returns, and pro-sociality. IFPRI Discussion Paper 2346. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175569

Country/Region

Senegal

Keywords

Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Western Africa; Food Safety; Health; Groundnuts; Aflatoxins; Smallholders; Returns

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Project

Policies, Institutions, and Markets

Record type

Working Paper

Preprint

A comparative analysis of food consumption data from 24-Hour dietary recalls and Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys in Tanzania

2025

Sandalinas, Fanny; Goto, Rie; Bliznashka, Lilia; Azupogo, Fusta; Osman, Mohammed; Kinabo, Joyce; Olney, Deanna K.; Hess, Sonja Y.; Malindisa, Evangelista; Jeremiah, Kidola
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Joy, Edward JM

Details

A comparative analysis of food consumption data from 24-Hour dietary recalls and Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys in Tanzania

Objective Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys (HCES) are increasingly used to assess diets in low- and middle-income countries, but their validity compared to individual-level dietary data remains uncertain. We assessed the strengths and limitations of HCES data for informing strategies to improve diets and nutrition in Tanzania. Design Exploratory analysis of food group consumption estimated from HCES (individualized using the adult female equivalent approach) and 24-hour dietary recall (24hR). We examined concordance and trends by socioeconomic characteristics between methods for 10 food groups and fortifiable food vehicles. Setting and Participants Dietary 24hR of adult women (n=2,599) and HCES data (n=2,604) were collected from the same households in rural Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions in Tanzania. Additionally, food group consumption was estimated using HCES data from the Tanzania National Panel Survey Wave 5 at the national level (n=4,469 households) and for Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions (n=370). Results Dietary patterns were similar using HCES and 24hR data, including low consumption of nutrient-dense foods, while HCES were effective at capturing usual intake of food items eaten episodically. However, compared to 24hR data, energy intakes were substantially lower using HCES data, particularly in large households (42% difference), while there was poor concordance between methods for fruit and meat consumption and for wealth-related trends in cereal and vegetable intake. Conclusion HCES data can provide valuable insights for nutrition policy and planning, however, careful communication and interpretation of evidence is required, given limitations such as assumptions on within-household allocation of foods. Methods development could reduce measurement error.

Year published

2025

Authors

Sandalinas, Fanny; Goto, Rie; Bliznashka, Lilia; Azupogo, Fusta; Osman, Mohammed; Kinabo, Joyce; Olney, Deanna K.; Hess, Sonja Y.; Malindisa, Evangelista; Jeremiah, Kidola; Joy, Edward JM

Citation

Sandalinas, Fanny; Goto, Rie; Bliznashka, Lilia; Azupogo, Fusta; Osman, Mohammed; Kinabo, Joyce; et al. A comparative analysis of food consumption data from 24-Hour dietary recalls and Household Consumption and Expenditure Surveys in Tanzania. MedRxiv preprint available July 6, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.03.25330715

Keywords

Tanzania; Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Capacity Development; Data; Diets; Nutrition

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Preprint

Journal Article

Climate and weather services can enhance Ethiopian farmers’ resilience to climate change: Economy-wide impact analysis

2025Tamru, Seneshaw; Hansen, James; Zebiak, Stephen; Tesfaye, Abonesh; Minten, Bart; Demissie, Teferi; Radeny, Maren A.O.; Tesfaye, Kindie; Solomon, Dawit

Details

Climate and weather services can enhance Ethiopian farmers’ resilience to climate change: Economy-wide impact analysis

Weather and climate services (WCS) are particularly important in Sub-Saharan Africa, where weather-dependent agriculture is the main source of livelihood, and where erratic weather patterns and extreme weather events have major impacts on rural livelihoods and food security. However, despite their importance, their effects on the agriculture sector and the overall economy are not well understood. For the case of Ethiopia, we use a computable general equilibrium modeling approach with the latest Ethiopian social accounting matrix data to estimate the potential contribution of WCS to macroeconomic variables, including growth in gross domestic product nationally and by sector. The analysis incorporates results of a separate econometric analysis of household survey data from five major regions in Ethiopia, which showed WCS use is associated with increased agricultural productivity. We estimate that increased agricultural productivity associated with WCS contributes to overall economic growth of more than 6 %, with a likely positive effect on farmers’ resilience to climate variability and change. The positive impact of WCS on agricultural productivity propagate to the overall economy, as evidenced by the considerable positive effect on GDP especially from the more climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture.

Year published

2025

Authors

Tamru, Seneshaw; Hansen, James; Zebiak, Stephen; Tesfaye, Abonesh; Minten, Bart; Demissie, Teferi; Radeny, Maren A.O.; Tesfaye, Kindie; Solomon, Dawit

Citation

Tamru, S., Hansen, J., Zebiak, S., Tesfaye, A., Minten, B., Demissie, T., Radeny, M., Tesfaye, K. and Solomon, D. 2025. Climate and weather services can enhance Ethiopian farmers’ resilience to climate change: Economy-wide impact analysis. Climate Risk Management 49: 100725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2025.100725

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Agriculture; Climate Change; Resilience; Productivity

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Book Chapter

CGIAR Initiative on One Health

2025Hung Nguyen-Viet; Hoffmann, Vivian

Details

CGIAR Initiative on One Health

Year published

2025

Authors

Hung Nguyen-Viet; Hoffmann, Vivian

Citation

Hung Nguyen-Viet and Hoffmann, V. 2025. CGIAR Initiative on One Health. IN: Roger, F., Olive, M.-M., Peyre, M., Pfeiffer, D. and Zinsstag, J. (eds), One Health atlas. Versailles, France: Quæ and Wallingford, UK: CABI. pp. 98–99.

Country/Region

Bangladesh; Ethiopia; India; Kenya; Uganda; Vietnam

Keywords

Côte D'ivoire; Africa; Eastern Africa; Western Africa; Asia; Southern Asia; South-eastern Asia; One Health Approach; Research

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-NC-ND-4.0

Source

Source record

Project

One Health

Record type

Book Chapter

Preprint

Women’s experiences in the food environment and their association with fruit and vegetables intake: Insights from Northern Tanzania

2025

Singh, Nishmeet; Bliznashka, Lilia; Azupogo, Fusta; Marshall, Quinn; Kumar, Neha; Malindisa, Evangelista; Jeremiah, Kidola; Hess, Sonja Y.; Kinabo, Joyce L.; Olney, Deanna K.
...more

Jaacks, Lindsay M.; Bellows, Alexandra L.

Details

Women’s experiences in the food environment and their association with fruit and vegetables intake: Insights from Northern Tanzania

Background There is limited information from rural low-income contexts about consumers’ buying behaviours of fruit and vegetables (F&V) and accessibility to F&V in the food environments, which may inform interventions to increase F&V intake.

Objectives We examined how women living in rural northern Tanzania experience the food environments by exploring buying patterns, perceptions, and accessibility of F&V, and their association with women’s F&V intake.

Methods We used cross-sectional data from 2,597 women living in the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions. Self-reported experiences of the food environments for F&V included buying frequency, sources, availability, and convenience. Accessibility was measured using geospatial measures of distance and time between home and reported typical buying sources. Data from a 30-day F&V food frequency questionnaire were used to calculate two scores that captured intake frequency and variety. We conducted a descriptive analysis of women’s experience indicators and tested their associations with the scores using multivariable and Poisson regression models, controlling for covariates.

Results On average, 5% and 35% of women reported daily buying of F&V, respectively. Fruit was mostly bought from markets: F: 80%, V: 40%. Two-thirds of respondents perceived F&V as available (F: 65%, V: 60%). Median (IQR) distance and time to fruit sources was 9 km (2,19), 39 min (19,78), and to vegetable sources was 3 km (1,10), 32 min (8-69). Compared to women who reported making daily purchases of F&V, those who purchased F&V weekly or monthly reported lower frequency and diversity of F&V intake. Perceptions that F&V were less available and at a longer distance, but not time, were associated with lower frequency and variety of vegetable intake.

Conclusion Buying frequency, perceived availability, and distance to markets were associated with women’s F&V intake frequency and variety, underscoring the need to consider these and other factors in food environments to increase F&V intake.

Year published

2025

Authors

Singh, Nishmeet; Bliznashka, Lilia; Azupogo, Fusta; Marshall, Quinn; Kumar, Neha; Malindisa, Evangelista; Jeremiah, Kidola; Hess, Sonja Y.; Kinabo, Joyce L.; Olney, Deanna K.; Jaacks, Lindsay M.; Bellows, Alexandra L.

Citation

Singh, Nishmeet; Bliznashka, Lilia; Azupogo, Fusta; Marshall, Quinn; Kumar, Neha; Malindisa, Evangelista; et al. 2025. Women’s experiences in the food environment and their association with fruit and vegetables intake: Insights from Northern Tanzania. MedRxiv preprint available July 3, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.07.01.25330643

Keywords

Tanzania; Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Women; Rural Population; Diet; Food Environment; Consumer Behaviour

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Preprint

Brief

Rethinking delivery modalities in conflict-affected settings: Why beneficiaries in Sudan prefer digital transfers

2025Abay, Kibrom A.; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Siddig, Khalid

Details

Rethinking delivery modalities in conflict-affected settings: Why beneficiaries in Sudan prefer digital transfers

The recent surge in armed conflicts across Africa is increasing demand for humanitarian and social assistance, creating significant pressure on humanitarian actors to deliver life-saving support amid insecurity and constrained resources. The conflict that erupted in Sudan in April 2023 between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) has resulted in the world’s largest displacement crisis, triggering an acute and multidimensional humanitarian emergency requiring urgent and substantial international support. These armed conflicts in Africa are threatening important gains in poverty reduction made in the last few decades.

While armed conflicts and associated crises increase the need for assistance, they simultaneously undermine the capacity to deliver it. In conflict-affected settings, the operational environment is often marked by damaged infrastructure, disrupted markets, weakened institutions, and limited humanitarian access. These challenges hinder the effectiveness, targeting, and coverage of social protection and humanitarian aid programs (Ghorpade, 2017; 2020; Lind et al., 2022). Moreover, the proliferation of armed groups—including both state and non-state actors—can obstruct aid delivery or divert assistance, further limiting program reach and impact. Compounding these challenges is a widening humanitarian financing gap, driven by escalating needs and declining donor contributions. In response, development and humanitarian actors are increasingly exploring cost-effective delivery mechanisms to improve efficiency, transparency, and reach of humanitarian aid to vulnerable populations. Among these, digital transfers, including mobile money, offer promising avenues for delivering assistance in fragile settings where conventional approaches may be impractical or insecure.

This brief draws on evidence from Sudan to assess the feasibility and demand for digital transfers in humanitarian response. It explores emerging practices and offers insights for policymakers, donors, and implementing agencies aiming to adapt assistance modalities to meet the challenges of protracted crises.

Year published

2025

Authors

Abay, Kibrom A.; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; Siddig, Khalid

Citation

Abay, Kibrom A.; Abushama, Hala; Mohamed, Shima; and Siddig, Khalid. 2025. Rethinking delivery modalities in conflict-affected settings: Why beneficiaries in Sudan prefer digital transfers. FCA Policy Brief July 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175477

Country/Region

Sudan

Keywords

Africa; Northern Africa; Conflicts; Aid Programmes; Poverty; Capacity Assessment; Digital Technology

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Source

Source record

Record type

Brief

Report

Digital finance and agri-food value chains: Case studies from Kenya

2025Wairimu, Edith

Details

Digital finance and agri-food value chains: Case studies from Kenya

Kenya’s agrifood systems are broad and diverse, including both staple food crops and high-value exports which are essential to the economic and social advancement of the nation. The agricultural sector em ploys more than 40 percent of Kenya's workforce, including more than 70 percent of rural residents, and accounts for about 33 percent of the country's GDP (FAO, 2023a; FAO, n.d.). The growth of Kenya’s agrifood system is largely driven by domestic market demand rather than exports, a trend driven by rapid urbanization and rising income opportunities in the rural nonfarm sector, which are leading to shifts in dietary preferences and are expected to further influence ongoing structural transformation (Diao et al., 2023).

Kenya’s agricultural sector is characterized by several value chains that significantly support economic output, job creation, and trade. Tea is Kenya's most significant agricultural export, contributing about 2 percent to the overall GDP and 4 percent to GDP in agriculture. Managed predominantly by the Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA), which oversees over 60 percent of national tea production, the sector supports approximately 6.5 million people (Tea Board of Kenya, 2024). Tea also contributes around 21 percent of Kenya's export earnings, which makes it the third-largest source of foreign exchange earnings in the nation after diaspora remittances and tourism (Kilimo News, 2024).

Year published

2025

Authors

Wairimu, Edith

Citation

Wairimu, Edith. 2025. Digital finance and agri-food value chains: Case studies from Kenya. IFPRI Project Paper July 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175448

Country/Region

Kenya

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Value Chains; Agrifood Systems; Agricultural Sector; Digital Technology; Finance

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Report

Digital finance and agri-food value chains: Case studies from Ethiopia

2025Wassie, Solomon

Details

Digital finance and agri-food value chains: Case studies from Ethiopia

Agriculture is of paramount importance to Ethiopia’s economy. Agriculture accounts for 40 percent of the country's GDP, 80 percent of export earnings, and employs 75 percent of the population (Tamene & Ali, 2022). Crop and livestock production account for roughly 65 percent and 25 percent of agricultural GDP, respectively (International Trade Administration, 2024). Cereals account for roughly 90 percent of total grain production. Teff, known for its gluten-free nutritional aspect, takes the leading share of cereals by production area (ESS 2022). Ethiopia is also the second-largest wheat producer in Africa, following South Africa, with an expansion potential of 1.3 million hectares (Senbeta & Worku, 2023). Coffee, a crop with high cultural and economic importance in Ethiopia, accounts for 30 percent of exports and 25 percent of total employment. Ethiopia stands as Africa's leading coffee producer and among the top five coffee producing nations worldwide (Tefera & Torry, 2023).

Within Ethiopia’s overall agri-food system, most agricultural value chain activity fits the traditional definition, where subsistence farming dominates, postharvest value addition is minimal, and grain production constitutes the largest share (Barrett et al., 2022). However, some commodities in Ethiopia are progressing from traditional to transitional and modern value chains. The dairy value chain can be considered transitional, as it is characterized by a growing processing and logistics sector and emerging pre-urban supply chains (which disfavor remote regions with high production potential as they need more advanced logistics). The coffee value chain in Ethiopia can be considered as a modern value chain – i.e., characterized by product standardization and quality control aimed at the global market/export (Ambler et al., 2023; Barrett et al., 2022).

Year published

2025

Authors

Wassie, Solomon

Citation

Wassie, Solomon. 2025. Digital finance and agri-food value chains: Case studies from Ethiopia. IFPRI Project Paper July 2025. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/175447

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Agriculture; Digital Technology; Agrifood Systems; Value Chains; Finance

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

Journal Article

Understanding spatial heterogeneity of hidden hunger in Senegal

2025Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Sall, Leysa Maty; Fall, Cheickh Sadibou

Details

Understanding spatial heterogeneity of hidden hunger in Senegal

Using household consumption data collected in 2017/18, this paper analyzes patterns of urban and rural food consumption in Senegal. We adopt two methodological approaches: an in-depth (spatial) profiling of current diets and corresponding nutrient intakes and an application of the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS). Our findings indicate that Senegal is a typical case of micronutrient deficiency, especially regarding calcium, iron, and vitamin B12. Due to their higher income status and better food access, urban dwellers on average have a more diversified diet with higher nutrient intakes compared to their rural counterparts, especially regarding calcium, vitamin B12, and vitamin A. While the country’s food system in general is unable to assure a nutritious diet for all, the most remote rural departments in Senegal, such as Saraya and Podor, display the highest nutrient deficiencies and therefore should be targeted with priority. Apart from geographical targeting and given their higher responsiveness to price and income changes, policies based on food pricing and income transfers should be implemented to ensure a minimal nutrient intake among the most food-insecure households. These policies could be further complemented with behavioral change campaigns to promote an alternative set of nutrient-rich and cost-effective food items.

Year published

2025

Authors

Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Sall, Leysa Maty; Fall, Cheickh Sadibou

Citation

Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Sall, Leysa Maty; and Fall, Cheickh Sadibou. 2025. Understanding spatial heterogeneity of hidden hunger in Senegal. Cogent Food & Agriculture 11(1): 2533375. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2025.2533375

Country/Region

Senegal

Keywords

Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Africa; Household Consumption; Food Consumption; Diet; Nutrition; Micronutrient Deficiencies; Food Systems; Elasticity of Demand; Nutrient Deficiencies

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

What is the role for multistakeholder platforms in transboundary basin governance? Distilling lessons from three cases and applying them in the Incomati Basin

2025Nehring, Ryan; Lautze, Jonathan; Mgudlwa, Maliviwe

Details

What is the role for multistakeholder platforms in transboundary basin governance? Distilling lessons from three cases and applying them in the Incomati Basin

Multistakeholder platforms have become a go-to institutional model for achieving effective and inclusive water governance. With the proliferation of cooperative arrangements at a transboundary scale, there has been a growing number of transboundary river basin multistakeholder platforms. While these basin-wide platforms should contribute to improving water governance, evidence on the structure and impacts of them is scarce. This paper outlines the development of a transboundary multistakeholder platform in the Incomati River Basin in Southern Africa. Learning from experiences in other shared basins, we focus on the multiscale and political aspects of integrating multistakeholder platforms into transboundary basin governance.

Year published

2025

Authors

Nehring, Ryan; Lautze, Jonathan; Mgudlwa, Maliviwe

Citation

Nehring, Ryan; Lautze, J.; Mgudlwa, M. 2025. What is the role for multistakeholder platforms in transboundary basin governance? Distilling lessons from three cases and applying them in the Incomati Basin. Water International, 1-25. (Online first). doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2025.2529122

Keywords

Southern Africa; Multi-stakeholder Processes; Transboundary Waters; River Basin Management; Water Governance; River Basin Institutions

Language

English

Access/Licence

Limited Access

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

To defer or to differ: Experimental evidence on the role of cash transfers in Nigerian couples’ decision–making

2025Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab; Fafchamps, Marcel; Goldstein, Markus; Leonard, Kenneth L.; Papineni, Sreelakshmi

Details

To defer or to differ: Experimental evidence on the role of cash transfers in Nigerian couples’ decision–making

Year published

2025

Authors

Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab; Fafchamps, Marcel; Goldstein, Markus; Leonard, Kenneth L.; Papineni, Sreelakshmi

Citation

Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab; Fafchamps, Marcel; Goldstein, Markus; Leonard, Kenneth L.; and Papineni, Sreelakshmi. 2025. To defer or to differ: Experimental evidence on the role of cash transfers in Nigerian couples’ decision–making. The Economic Journal 135(669): 1536–1574. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/ueae117

Country/Region

Nigeria

Keywords

Africa; Western Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Cash Transfers; Decision Making; Marriage; Gender; Households; Resource Allocation

Language

English

Access/Licence

Limited Access

Record type

Journal Article

Journal Article

Contributions of District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) to maternal and child health service performance in Ethiopia: An interrupted time series mixed-methods study

2025Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Asressie, Moges; Tareke, Amare Abera; Begna, Zenebu; Habtamu, Tigist; Werkneh, Netsanet; Nigatu, Tariku; Jisso, Meskerem; Genta, Addisalem

Details

Contributions of District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) to maternal and child health service performance in Ethiopia: An interrupted time series mixed-methods study

Background
The District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) is the primary digital platform for health management information systems (HMIS) in Ethiopia, aligning with the nation’s digitization strategy. Despite widespread implementation, its effectiveness on key health service indicators, particularly maternal and child health (MCH) services, remain unclear.

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of DHIS2 on data use and the performance of selected MCH indicators in Ethiopia, comparing data before and after the implementation of DHIS2.

Methods
We analysed data from primary health care units (PHUs) across five diverse regions of Ethiopia, encompassing urban, agrarian, and pastoralist settings. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a comprehensive understanding of the data. The quantitative component involved examining performance reports of selected maternal and child health (MCH) indicators from 2013 to 2022 to assess changes before and after the implementation of the District Health Information System 2 (DHIS2). Data were collected electronically and analysed using descriptive statistics and interrupted time series (ITS) analyses to identify trends and patterns. The qualitative component included interviews and focus group discussions with health workers and stakeholders to explore contextual factors influencing MCH service utilization and performance. The data were analysed thematically using OpenCode 4.1 software.

Results
The implementation of DHIS2 significantly contributed to the enhancement of MCH data utilization within PHU facilities. This improvement supported decision-making processes in various aspects of maternal and child healthcare delivery, including target setting, resource allocation, program monitoring, and clinical service provision. Specifically, DHIS2 led to increased monthly mean performance of key indicators such as antenatal care visits, skilled birth attendance, and immunization rates. Notable improvements in service delivery were observed, with significant increases in institutional delivery rates over time.

Conclusions
The study highlights DHIS2’s significant contribution to improving MCH services in Ethiopia, with increased institutional delivery rates and ANC coverage reflecting enhanced data-driven decision-making. Most facilities relied on DHIS2 for resource allocation and program monitoring, though challenges like offline usage and accessibility persist. To maximize impact, improving offline data management, training staff, leveraging real-time reporting, and addressing accessibility through connectivity investments are recommended.

Year published

2025

Authors

Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Asressie, Moges; Tareke, Amare Abera; Begna, Zenebu; Habtamu, Tigist; Werkneh, Netsanet; Nigatu, Tariku; Jisso, Meskerem; Genta, Addisalem

Citation

Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Asressie, Moges; Tareke, Amare Abera; Begna, Zenebu; Habtamu, Tigist; Werkneh, Netsanet; et al. 2025. Contributions of District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) to maternal and child health service performance in Ethiopia: An interrupted time series mixed-methods study. Archives of Public Health 83(2025): 173. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-025-01641-0

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Data Analysis; Health; Maternal and Child Health; Performance Assessment

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-NC-ND-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Brief

Lessons Learned from Implementing the CAADP Biennial Review Process Under the Malabo Declaration

2025Makombe, T.; Ulimwengu, John M.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.

Details

Lessons Learned from Implementing the CAADP Biennial Review Process Under the Malabo Declaration

The Biennial Review (BR), launched under the 2014 Malabo Declaration, serves as the African Union's (AU) primary mutual accountability tool for tracking Member States' progress in implementing the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). This brief, drawing lessons from four BR cycles, aims to inform the next phase of BRs in preparation for the domestication and implementation of the 2025 Kampala CAADP Declaration. While the BR has prompted policy and programmatic changes in several countries, its full impact is hindered by persistent challenges such as underfunding, weak monitoring and evaluation (M&E) capacities, and data quality issues. Despite these hurdles, innovations like the eBR and national data clusters have led to improvements in data quality and reporting rates.
Still further improvements in data systems, capacities, and stakeholder engagement are urgently needed to strengthen the Biennial Review (BR) process. Key recommendations include adopting coherent data governance policies, promoting BR awareness and data utilization, refining the BR scorecard methodology, expanding data clusters to more countries, strengthening M&E capacities, ensuring inclusive BR validation, and integrating the BR database with M&E systems at both national and regional levels. Sustained political leadership, technical support, and domestic funding are critical to institutionalizing a robust, timely, high-quality, and impactful BR process that supports evidence-based decision-making and accelerates progress toward achieving the CAADP agrifood system transformation goals under the Kampala Declaration.

Year published

2025

Authors

Makombe, T.; Ulimwengu, John M.; Matchaya, Greenwell C.

Citation

Makombe, T.; Ulimwengu, John M.; Matchaya, Greenwell. 2025. Lessons Learned from Implementing the CAADP Biennial Review Process Under the Malabo Declaration. Kigali, Rwanda: AKADEMIYA2063. 16p. (Kampala Policy Brief Series 04). doi: https://doi.org/10.54067/kpbs.04

Keywords

Africa; Agricultural Development; Data Quality; Stakeholders; Monitoring and Evaluation; Agrifood Systems

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Record type

Brief

Journal Article

Determinants of household food security and maternal dietary diversity in rural Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia: Results from a cross-sectional study

2025Jisso, Meskerem; Biadgilign, Sibhatu; Tareke, Amare Abera; Tesfaye, Tizalegn; Zerfu, Tadesse Alemu

Details

Determinants of household food security and maternal dietary diversity in rural Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia: Results from a cross-sectional study

Background: In Ethiopia, food insecurity and poor dietary diversity continue to affect maternal and child health, particularly in rural regions.

Objective: We examined the status and determinants of household food security and maternal dietary diversity in rural Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among randomly selected 422 households, and household food insecurity and women’s dietary diversity was measured. We conducted bivariable and multivariable logistic regression.

Results: In this study, 65.5% of mothers (95% CI: 60.7–70.0%) and 27.9% (95% CI: 23.7–32.5%) of households had adequate dietary diversity and food security, respectively. Severe or moderate food insecurity predispose to inadequate dietary diversity, whereas, higher wealth status increased the odds of adequate dietary diversity. Maternal education increased the odds of adequate dietary diversity. Regarding household food insecurity, the size of the household having a member of 5–7 and 8–12 were 78 and 76% less likely to be food insecure among households compared to 1–4 members size [OR = 0.22 (95%CI: 0.07, 0.70)] and [OR = 0.24 (95% CI: 0.07, 0.83)] respectively. Those household having high in women’s dietary diversity were 83% less likely to have to food insecure among households compared to the lowest women’s dietary diversity [AOR = 0.17 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.31)].

Conclusion: Household wealth status, maternal education, household food security status, pregnancy status were factors affected maternal dietary diversity. Family size and dietary diversity affected household food security status. Interventions should focus on maternal literacy, empowering women on income, assuring food security to increase maternal dietary diversity.

Year published

2025

Authors

Jisso, Meskerem; Biadgilign, Sibhatu; Tareke, Amare Abera; Tesfaye, Tizalegn; Zerfu, Tadesse Alemu

Citation

Jisso, Meskerem; Biadgilign, Sibhatu; Tareke, Amare Abera; Tesfaye, Tizalegn; and Zerfu, Tadesse Alemu. 2025. Determinants of household food security and maternal dietary diversity in rural Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia: Results from a cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Nutrition 12: 1523344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1523344

Country/Region

Ethiopia

Keywords

Africa; Eastern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Capacity Development; Dietary Diversity; Food Security; Households; Maternal and Child Health; Rural Areas

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open AccessCC-BY-4.0

Record type

Journal Article

Report

Transforming agrifood systems in Zambia: What are the priorities and how much will it cost?

2025Chikolwa, Kabwe; Eber-Rose, Mali; Mwale, Lawrence; Picard, Francine; Scholtz, Louise; Siwale, Chilufya; Smaller, Carin; Mamun, Abdullah; Piñeiro, Valeria; Olivetti, Elsa B.

Details

Transforming agrifood systems in Zambia: What are the priorities and how much will it cost?

Zambia is not on track to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Its lack of progress is further exacerbated by the country’s maize-centric and rain-fed agriculture sector that is vulnerable to recurring drought cycles predicted to worsen with climate change. At the time of writing this report, Zambia once again is in the grip of a severe drought that destroyed close to half the country’s crops. To get back on track, it is critical to pursue policy pathways that favour synergies and limit the trade-offs between hunger, poverty, nutrition, and climate change. This report presents an evidence-based prioritization of effective interventions to operationalize Zambia’s Food Systems Transformation Pathways to end hunger, make diets healthier and more affordable, improve the productivity and incomes of small-scale producers, and mitigate and adapt to climate change.

Year published

2025

Authors

Chikolwa, Kabwe; Eber-Rose, Mali; Mwale, Lawrence; Picard, Francine; Scholtz, Louise; Siwale, Chilufya; Smaller, Carin; Mamun, Abdullah; Piñeiro, Valeria; Olivetti, Elsa B.

Citation

Chikolwa, Kabwe; Eber-Rose, Mali; Mwale, Lawrence; Picard, Francine; Scholtz, Louise; Siwale, Chilufya; et al. 2025. Transforming agrifood systems in Zambia: What are the priorities and how much will it cost? Geneva, Switzerland: Shamba Centre for Food & Climate. https://www.zerohungercoalition.org/en/zambia

Country/Region

Zambia

Keywords

Africa; Southern Africa; Sub-saharan Africa; Climate Change; Agrifood Systems; Hunger; Nutrition; Poverty; Sustainable Development Goals

Language

English

Access/Licence

Open Access

Source

Source record

Record type

Report

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