PUBLICATIONS
by IFPRI | 21 March 2018
IFPRI’s Africa Region Office produces high quality, evidence-based outputs that contribute to agriculture development, food security, nutrition, and poverty alleviation to the region and beyond. In particular, IFPRI’s policy research has contributed various datasets that have emerged as global public goods, as well as technical reports, peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, donor reports, impact assessments, briefs, and more.
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Child growth faltering dynamics in food insecure districts in rural Ethiopia
Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize; Laillou, Arnaud; Vinci, Vincenzo; Chitekwe, Stanley; Baye, Kaleab. Article in press
Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize; Laillou, Arnaud; Vinci, Vincenzo; Chitekwe, Stanley; Baye, Kaleab. Article in press
DOI : 10.1111mcn.13262
Abstract | View
Child undernutrition disproportionally affects children in low- and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia, both wasting and stunting are serious public health concerns, with high human and economic costs. Understanding the dynamics in ponderal and linear growth faltering is critical to inform the design of innovative interventions that can prevent both wasting and stunting in poor and complex settings. Using two longitudinal studies conducted in 2017 and 2019 in four highland regions of Ethiopia, we evaluated the dynamics and drivers of child growth faltering in children 6–23 months of age (N = 5003). Child wasting prevalence peaked during the first 6 months of life, whereas stunting increased significantly after 6 months of age. Male sex, child illnesses (i.e., diarrhoea or fever) and low consumption of fruits and vegetables were associated with higher odds of acute undernutrition (P < 0.05). The consumption of animal source foods (ASF) was associated with increases (β: 95% CI) in weight-for-length Z-score (WLZ; 0.12: 0.0002; 0.242), whereas fruit or vegetables consumption was associated with increases in midupper arm circumference (MUAC; 0.11 cm: 0.003; 0.209). Only consumption of ASF was the statistically significant predictor of future linear growth (0.14: 0.029; 0.251). Distinct trends in WLZ and MUAC were observed by child sex and age. Improving diet quality through improved nutrition knowledge and increased access and affordability of ASFs, along with effective infection prevention/control measures could prevent both child wasting and stunting concurrently.
Understanding delays in the introduction of complementary foods in rural Ethiopia
Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize; Laillou, Arnaud; Vinci, Vincenzo; Chitekwe, Stanley; Baye, Kaleab. Article in press
Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize; Laillou, Arnaud; Vinci, Vincenzo; Chitekwe, Stanley; Baye, Kaleab. Article in press
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13247
Abstract | View
Age-appropriate breastfeeding and introduction to complementary foods can shape child feeding practices, ensure adequate energy and nutrient intake and prevent linear growth faltering. This study aimed to assess mothers' and health workers' knowledge of timely introduction to complementary foods and evaluate the relationship between delays in complementary feeding and subsequent linear growth. We conducted two rounds of surveys (March/August 2017) among 249 health workers (n = 249) and caregivers (n = 2635) of children 6–23 months of age. We collected information about socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and practice related to timely introduction to complementary foods. The study was conducted in households from the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) districts, in four highland regions of Ethiopia. Delays in the introduction to complementary feeding were widespread with 53% of children 6–8 months of age not consuming solid, semisolid or soft foods in the past 24 h. After controlling for child, caregiver and household characteristics, children not introduced to complementary foods by 6–8 months had a 0.48 SD lower length-for-age z-score at 12–15 months. Caregivers' knowledge was strongly and inversely correlated with untimely introduction of complementary foods in logistic regressions (OR = 0.55, p < 0.01). In turn, local health extension worker's knowledge was strongly correlated with caregiver's knowledge. Consequently, frequent and timely visits by health extension workers emphasising not only on what to feed but also when and how to feed a child are needed. Innovative ways of increasing reach, intensity and frequency of nutrition messaging by using the PSNP interactions as an additional point of contact would need to be explored further.
Progress in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) coverage and potential contribution to the decline in diarrhea and stunting in Ethiopia
Girma, Meron; Hussein, Alemayehu; Norris, Tom; Genye, Tirsit; Tessema, Masresha; Bossuyt, Anne; van Zyl, Cornelia. Article in press
Girma, Meron; Hussein, Alemayehu; Norris, Tom; Genye, Tirsit; Tessema, Masresha; Bossuyt, Anne; van Zyl, Cornelia. Article in press
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13280
Abstract | View
Inadequate safe water supply and poor sanitation and hygiene continue to be important risk factors for diarrhoea and stunting globally. We used data from the four rounds of the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey and applied the new World Health Organization (WHO)/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) service standards to assess progress in water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) coverage between 2000 and 2016. We also performed an age-disaggregated pooled linear probability regression analysis followed by a decomposition analysis to determine whether changes in WASH practices have contributed to the changing prevalence of diarrhoea and stunting in children under 5 years of age. We observed a significant increase in the coverage of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation facilities over the period. At the national level, the use of a basic water source increased from 18% in 2000 to 50% in 2016. Open defecation declined from 82% to 32% over the same period. However, in 2016, only 6% of households had access to a basic sanitation facility, and 40% of households had no handwashing facilities. The reduction in surface water use between 2000 and 2016 explained 6% of the decline in diarrhoea observed among children aged 0–5 months. In children aged 6–59 months, between 7% and 9% of the reduction in stunting were attributable to the reduction in open defecation over this period. Despite progress, improvements are still needed to increase basic WASH coverage in Ethiopia. Our findings showed that improvements in water and sanitation only modestly explained reductions in diarrhoea and stunting.
Predictors of prediabetes/diabetes and hypertension in Ethiopia: Reanalysis of the 2015 NCD STEPS survey using causal path diagrams
Norris, Tom; Girma, Meron; Genye, Tirsit; Hussen, Alemayehu; Pradeilles, Rebecca; Bekele, Zerihun; Van Zyl, Cornelia; Samuel, Aregash. Article in press
Norris, Tom; Girma, Meron; Genye, Tirsit; Hussen, Alemayehu; Pradeilles, Rebecca; Bekele, Zerihun; Van Zyl, Cornelia; Samuel, Aregash. Article in press
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13365
Abstract | View
The objective of our study was to reanalyse the Ethiopia STEPwise approach to Surveillance Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors survey (NCD STEPS), using causal path diagrams constructed using expert subject matter knowledge in conjunction with graphical model theory to map the underlying causal network of modifiable factors associated with prediabetes/diabetes and hypertension. We used data from the 2015 Ethiopia NCD STEPS representative cross-sectional survey (males; n = 3977 and females; n = 5823 aged 15–69 years) and performed directed acyclic graph-informed logistic regression analyses. In both sexes, a 1-unit higher in body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were positively associated with prediabetes/diabetes (BMI: males: adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.07 [95% confidence interval: 1.0, 1.1], females aOR: 1.03 [1.0, 1.1]; WC: males: aOR: 1.1 [0.9, 1.2], females: aOR: 1.2 [1.1, 1.3]) and hypertension (BMI: males: aOR: 1.2 [1.1, 1.2], females aOR: 1.1 [1.0, 1.1]; WC: males: aOR: 1.6 [1.4, 1.8], females: aOR: 1.3 [1.2, 1.5]). Although residing in urban settings was associated with higher odds of hypertension in both males (aOR: 1.79 [1.49, 2.16]) and females (aOR: 1.70 [1.49, 1.95]), it was only associated with prediabetes/diabetes in males (aOR: 1.56 [1.25, 1.96]). Males and females in pastoralist areas had lower odds of prediabetes/diabetes compared with their agrarian counterparts (males: aOR: 0.27 [0.14, 0.52], females: aOR: 0.31 [0.16, 0.58]). Physical activity was associated with lower odds of prediabetes/diabetes among females (aOR: 0.75 [0.58, 0.97]). Other diet-related modifiable factors such as consumption of fruit and vegetable, alcohol or salt were not associated with either prediabetes/diabetes or hypertension. Our findings highlight the need to implement interventions that prevent overweight/obesity and nutrition-related NCDs, particularly in urban areas.
Drivers of change in weight-for-height among children under 5 years of age in Ethiopia: Risk factors and data gaps to identify risk factors
Girma, Meron; Hussein, Alemayehu; Baye, Kaleab; Samuel, Aregash; van Zyl, Cornelia; Tessema, Masresha; Chitekwe, Stanley; Laillou, Arnaud. Article in press
Girma, Meron; Hussein, Alemayehu; Baye, Kaleab; Samuel, Aregash; van Zyl, Cornelia; Tessema, Masresha; Chitekwe, Stanley; Laillou, Arnaud. Article in press
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13392
Abstract | View
The prevention of wasting should be a public health priority as the global burden of acute malnutrition is still high. Gaps still exist in our understanding of context-specific risk factors and interventions that can be implemented to prevent acute malnutrition. We used data from the four rounds of the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (2000–2016) to identify risk factors that have contributed to the change in weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) among children under 5 years of age. We performed a pooled linear regression analysis followed by a decomposition analysis to identify relevant risk factors and their relative contribution to the change in WHZ. Modest improvements in WHZ were seen between 2000 and 2016. The sharpest decrease in mean WHZ occurred from birth to 6 months of age. Perceived low weight at birth and recent diarrhoea predicted a decline in WHZ among children aged 0–5, 6–23 and 23–59 months. Less than 50% of the change in WHZ was accounted for by the change in risk factors included in our regression decomposition analysis. This finding highlights data gaps to identify context-specific wasting risk factors. The decline in the prevalence of recent diarrhoea (15% of the improvement), decline in low birth size (7%–9%), and an increase in wealth (15%–30%) were the main risk factors that accounted for the explained change in WHZ. Our findings emphasize the importance of interventions to reduce low birthweight, diarrhoea and interventions that address income inequities to prevent acute malnutrition.
Child feeding practices in rural Ethiopia show increasing consumption of unhealthy foods
Tizazu, Woinshet; Laillou, Arnaud; Hirvonen, Kalle; Chitekwe, Stanley; Baye, Kaleab. Article in press
Tizazu, Woinshet; Laillou, Arnaud; Hirvonen, Kalle; Chitekwe, Stanley; Baye, Kaleab. Article in press
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13401
Abstract | View
The quality of complementary feeding can have both short- and long-term health impacts by delaying or promoting child growth and establishing taste preferences and feeding behaviours. We aimed to assess the healthy and unhealthy feeding practices of infants and young children in rural Ethiopia. We conducted two rounds of surveys in December 2017/18 in Habru district, North Wello, rural Ethiopia among caregivers of infants and young children (N = 574). We characterised the consumption of infants and young children using non-quantitative 24 h recall and the World Health Organization infant and young child feeding indicators. Sociodemographic characteristics, anthropometry and haemoglobin concentrations were assessed. Breastfeeding was a norm as 82% and 67% were breastfed in the first and second rounds. Between the two rounds, dietary diversity increased from 5% to 17% (p < 0.05), but more pronounced increases were observed in the consumption of ultra-processed food (UPFs). Up to one-in-five (22%) of the children consumed UFPs. With an average of only three food groups consumed, the consumption of nutrient-dense foods like animal source foods, fruits and vegetables was very low particularly among younger children. UPFs are an additional risk factor that contributes to poor quality diets. Behavioural Change Communication interventions, including those in rural areas, should explicitly discourage the consumption of UPFs. Future studies should aim to quantify the amount of UPFs consumed and evaluate how this is associated with diet adequacy and nutritional outcomes.
Food markets and diets in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: A geographical overview (2004–2005)
Marivoet, Wim. Article in press
Marivoet, Wim. Article in press
DOI : 10.1177/00219096221120922
From food subsidies to cash transfers: Assessing economy-wide benefits and trade-offs in Egypt
Breisinger, Clemens; Kassim, Yumna; Kurdi, Sikandra; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James. Article in press
Breisinger, Clemens; Kassim, Yumna; Kurdi, Sikandra; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James. Article in press
DOI : 10.1093/jae/ejad006
Abstract | View
Food is a vital part of poor households' budgets and so subsidizing staple foods would appear to be an obvious pro-poor policy. Indeed, most countries in North Africa have prioritized large national subsidy programs for staple foods and fuels as their main social safety net. However, these programs account for significant shares of government spending and often drive fiscal deficits, especially when import prices rise. In this paper we use a dynamic Computable General Equilibrium model to evaluate the trade-offs between reducing poverty and managing fiscal balances. The modeling framework allows us to measure the efficiency costs of subsidies compared to cash transfers - switching to the latter is an emerging regional trend. We analyze these issues through a detailed case study of Egypt, where efforts to replace food subsidies with cash transfers is already underway. Data is also available in Egypt to design scenarios that realistically reflect potential targeting effectiveness and administrative costs. We show that replacing broad food subsidies with targeted cash transfers of roughly equivalent fiscal costs can improve the welfare of the poorest households, but the continuation of fiscal deficits results in a deceleration of economic growth. The latter gradually reduces welfare gains for the poor and leads to substantial welfare losses for middle-income households who lose access to subsidies without benefitting from cash transfers. Our findings highlight the political challenges facing subsidy reform programs.
Neonatal mortality risk of vulnerable newborns: A descriptive analysis of subnational, population-based birth cohorts for 238 143 live births in low- and middle-income settings from 2000 to 2017
Hazel, Elizabeth A.; Erchick, Daniel J.; Katz, Joanne; Lee, Anne C. C.; Diaz, Michael; Wu, Lee S. F.; West, Keith P., Jr.; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Christian, Parul; Ali, Hasmot; Baqui, Abdullah H.; Saha, Smir K.; Ahmed, Salahuddin; Roy, Arunagshu Dutta; Silveira, Mariângela F.; Buffarini, Romina; Shapiro, Roger; Zash, Rebecca; Kolsteren, Patrick; Lachat, Carl; Huybregts, Lieven . Article in press
Hazel, Elizabeth A.; Erchick, Daniel J.; Katz, Joanne; Lee, Anne C. C.; Diaz, Michael; Wu, Lee S. F.; West, Keith P., Jr.; Shamim, Abu Ahmed; Christian, Parul; Ali, Hasmot; Baqui, Abdullah H.; Saha, Smir K.; Ahmed, Salahuddin; Roy, Arunagshu Dutta; Silveira, Mariângela F.; Buffarini, Romina; Shapiro, Roger; Zash, Rebecca; Kolsteren, Patrick; Lachat, Carl; Huybregts, Lieven . Article in press
DOI : 10.1111/1471-0528.17518
Abstract | View
Objective
We aimed to understand the mortality risks of vulnerable newborns (defined as preterm and/or born weighing smaller or larger compared to a standard population), in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
We aimed to understand the mortality risks of vulnerable newborns (defined as preterm and/or born weighing smaller or larger compared to a standard population), in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).
Design
Descriptive multi-country, secondary analysis of individual-level study data of babies born since 2000.
Setting
Sixteen subnational, population-based studies from nine LMICs in sub-Saharan Africa, Southern and Eastern Asia, and Latin America.
Population
Live birth neonates.
Methods
We categorically defined five vulnerable newborn types based on size (large- or appropriate- or small-for-gestational age [LGA, AGA, SGA]), and term (T) and preterm (PT): T + LGA, T + SGA, PT + LGA, PT + AGA, and PT + SGA, with T + AGA (reference). A 10-type definition included low birthweight (LBW) and non-LBW, and a four-type definition collapsed AGA/LGA into one category. We performed imputation for missing birthweights in 13 of the studies.
Main Outcome Measures
Median and interquartile ranges by study for the prevalence, mortality rates and relative mortality risks for the four, six and ten type classification.
Results
There were 238 143 live births with known neonatal status. Four of the six types had higher mortality risk: T + SGA (median relative risk [RR] 2.8, interquartile range [IQR] 2.0–3.2), PT + LGA (median RR 7.3, IQR 2.3–10.4), PT + AGA (median RR 6.0, IQR 4.4–13.2) and PT + SGA (median RR 10.4, IQR 8.6–13.9). T + SGA, PT + LGA and PT + AGA babies who were LBW, had higher risk compared with non-LBW babies.
Conclusions
Small and/or preterm babies in LIMCs have a considerably increased mortality risk compared with babies born at term and larger. This classification system may advance the understanding of the social determinants and biomedical risk factors along with improved treatment that is critical for newborn health.
Does access to improved grain storage technology increase farmers' welfare? Experimental evidence from maize farming in Ethiopia
Negede, Betelhem M.; De Groote, Hugo; Minten, Bart; Voors, Maarten . Article in press
Negede, Betelhem M.; De Groote, Hugo; Minten, Bart; Voors, Maarten . Article in press
DOI : 10.1111/1477-9552.12546
Abstract | View
Seasonal price variability for cereals is two to three times higher in Africa than on the international reference market. Seasonality is even more pronounced when access to appropriate storage and opportunities for price arbitrage are limited. As smallholder farmers typically sell their production after harvest, when prices are low, this leads to lower incomes as well as higher food insecurity during the lean season, when prices are high. One solution to reduce seasonal stress is the use of improved storage technologies. Using data from a randomised controlled trial, in a major maize-growing region of Western Ethiopia, we study the impact of hermetic bags, a technology that protects stored grain against insect pests, so that the grain can be stored longer. Despite considerable price seasonality—maize prices in the lean season are 36% higher than after harvesting—we find no evidence that hermetic bags improve welfare, except that access to these bags allowed for a marginally longer storage period of maize intended for sale by 2 weeks. But this did not translate into measurable welfare gains as we found no changes in any of our welfare outcome indicators. This ‘near-null’ effect is due to the fact that maize storage losses in our study region are relatively lower than previous studies suggested—around 10% of the quantity stored—likely because of the widespread use of an alternative to protect maize during storage, for example a cheap but highly toxic fumigant. These findings are important for policies that seek to promote improved storage technologies in these settings.
Consumption of fruits and vegetables by types and sources across urban and rural Senegal
Faye, Ndeye Fatou; Fall, Talla; Reardon, Thomas; Theriault, Veronique; Ngom, Yacine; Barry, Mamadou Bobo; Sy, Mouhamed Rassoul. Article in press
Faye, Ndeye Fatou; Fall, Talla; Reardon, Thomas; Theriault, Veronique; Ngom, Yacine; Barry, Mamadou Bobo; Sy, Mouhamed Rassoul. Article in press
DOI : 10.1108/JADEE-05-2022-0090
Context matters: Oil palm production and women's dietary diversity in the tropical forest of Cameroon
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. Article in press
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. Article in press
DOI : 10.1111/1477-9552.12559
Abstract | View
Oil palm is one of the most rapidly expanding food and cash crops in many tropical regions with significant environmental implications, but also economic gains. Previous analyses have established that this expansion is associated with changing gender roles and time allocation for women. Time allocation is an important determinant of maternal and child nutrition as well as well-being. We use a rich farm household survey from a native oil palm production hotspot, Cameroon, to examine the associations between oil palm production and women's dietary diversity. Using different estimation and identification strategies with some sensitivity checks, we show that oil palm is associated with lower dietary diversity for women, measured as the minimum dietary diversity for women and the minimum adequacy diversity diet. We explore heterogeneity in the various food groups consumed by women and show that oil palm production is associated with lower consumption of mainly pulses, fruits and vegetables. These findings contrast with the literature that has established some positive dietary diversity implications of oil palm expansion in Southeast Asia. We carefully discuss these findings and argue that context matters and may explain these differences. Particularly, we show that oil palm production is negatively associated with farm production diversity in Cameroon. Notwithstanding, we also confirm previous findings that highlight that oil palm production is associated with higher income. These insights add to the debate on the implications of oil palm expansion in tropical environments. Moreover, they can guide policy in designing more tailored interventions that address nutrition issues and improve rural development.
Revisiting the size–productivity relationship with imperfect measures of production and plot size
Ayalew, Hailemariam; Chamberlin, Jordan; Newman, Carol; Abay, Kibrom A.; Kosmowski, Frederic; Sida, Tesfaye . Article in press
Ayalew, Hailemariam; Chamberlin, Jordan; Newman, Carol; Abay, Kibrom A.; Kosmowski, Frederic; Sida, Tesfaye . Article in press
DOI : 10.1111/ajae.12417
Abstract | View
Monitoring smallholder agricultural productivity growth, one of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals, rests on accurate measures of crop production and land area. Existing methods and protocols for measuring smallholder production and plot size are prone to various sources and forms of mismeasurement. Inaccuracies in production and land area measurement are likely to distort descriptive and predictive inferences. We examine the sensitivity of empirical assessments of the relationship between agricultural productivity and land area to alternative measurement protocols. We implement six production and six land area measurement protocols, and show that most of these protocols differ systematically in their accuracy. We find that an apparent inverse size–productivity relationship in our data is fully explained by measurement error in both production and plot size. Moreover, we show that some of the previously used “gold standard” measures are themselves prone to nonclassical measurement error, and hence can generate spurious inverse size–productivity findings. Our results also show that slight improvements in the precision of objective measures significantly reduce the inferential bias associated with the size–productivity relationship.
The role of land inheritance in youth migration and employment choices: Evidence from rural Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Ghebru, Hosaena; Mavrotas, George; Ogunniyi, Adebayo. Article in press
Amare, Mulubrhan; Ghebru, Hosaena; Mavrotas, George; Ogunniyi, Adebayo. Article in press
DOI : 10.1057/s41287-023-00596-8
Agricultural mechanisation and gendered labour activities across sectors: Micro-evidence from multi-country farm household data
Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Article in press
Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Article in press
DOI : 10.1111/1477-9552.12564
The impact of large-scale agricultural investments in low-income economies
Aragie, Emerta A.. Article in press
Aragie, Emerta A.. Article in press
DOI : 10.1177/24551333231183249
Self-selection versus population-based sampling for evaluation of an agronomy training program in Uganda
Hoffmann, Vivian; Doan, Miki Khanh; Harigaya, Tomoko. Article in press
Hoffmann, Vivian; Doan, Miki Khanh; Harigaya, Tomoko. Article in press
DOI : 10.1080/19439342.2023.2236080
Made in Africa: How to make local agricultural machinery manufacturing thrive
Daum, Thomas; Adegbola, Ygué Patrice; Kamau, Geoffrey; Kergna, Alpha Oumar; Daudu, Christogonus; Adebowale, Wahab Akeem; Adegbola, Carine; Bett, Charles; Mulinge, Wellington; Zossou, Roch Cedrique; Nientao, Abdoulaye; Kirui, Oliver; Oluwole, Fatunbi Abiodun . Article in press
Daum, Thomas; Adegbola, Ygué Patrice; Kamau, Geoffrey; Kergna, Alpha Oumar; Daudu, Christogonus; Adebowale, Wahab Akeem; Adegbola, Carine; Bett, Charles; Mulinge, Wellington; Zossou, Roch Cedrique; Nientao, Abdoulaye; Kirui, Oliver; Oluwole, Fatunbi Abiodun . Article in press
DOI : 10.1002/jid.3845
Abstract | View
Manufacturing has the potential to drive economic growth, job creation and poverty reduction, but African manufacturers face challenges in competing with global markets. Agricultural machinery manufacturing may be one niche where African manufacturers can succeed. This paper examines the challenges and opportunities facing local agricultural manufacturers in Africa based on a survey of 386 manufacturers in four countries and qualitative methods. Results show that small, dedicated entrepreneurs have created vibrant local machinery markets. These manufacturers have several comparative advantages, in particular, the ability to develop machinery adapted to local agroecological conditions but face challenges related to financing, human resources, utilities, raw materials, production equipment and the regulatory environment. The paper offers recommendations on how to support local manufacturers to make “Made in Africa” the first choice for African farmers and agro-food processors.
Does participation in mining activities affect the profitability of food crops production? Evidence from Ghana
Wongnaa, Camillus Abawiera; Kudzinawu, Christopher; Nti, Emmanuel Kwame; Babu, Suresh . Article in press
Wongnaa, Camillus Abawiera; Kudzinawu, Christopher; Nti, Emmanuel Kwame; Babu, Suresh . Article in press
DOI : 10.1007/s13563-023-00411-0
Prevalence and correlates of stunting among a high-risk population of Kenyan children recently hospitalized for acute illnesses
Atlas, Hannah E.; Brander, Rebecca L.; Tickell, Kirkby D.; Bunyige, Lucy; Oongo, Susan; McGrath, Christine J.; John-Stewart, Grace C.; Richardson, Barbra A.; Singa, Benson O.; Denno, Donna M.; Walson, Judd L.; Pavlinac, Patricia B. . Article in press
Atlas, Hannah E.; Brander, Rebecca L.; Tickell, Kirkby D.; Bunyige, Lucy; Oongo, Susan; McGrath, Christine J.; John-Stewart, Grace C.; Richardson, Barbra A.; Singa, Benson O.; Denno, Donna M.; Walson, Judd L.; Pavlinac, Patricia B. . Article in press
DOI : 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0050
AI-assisted dietary assessment and personalised “nudges” in urban youth: Feasibility and effectiveness of a mobile phone-based intervention to improve diets in Ghana
Gelli, Aulo; Folson, Gloria; Nwabuiku, Odiche; Bannerman, Boateng; Ador, Gabriel; Atadze, Vicentia; Asante, Millicent; McCloskey, Peter; Nguyen, Phuong; Hughes, David. Washington, DC 2024
Gelli, Aulo; Folson, Gloria; Nwabuiku, Odiche; Bannerman, Boateng; Ador, Gabriel; Atadze, Vicentia; Asante, Millicent; McCloskey, Peter; Nguyen, Phuong; Hughes, David. Washington, DC 2024
Abstract | View
Diet-related risks cause 20% of global deaths (~11 million) per year (Afshin et al., 2019). Increased urbanization in low- and middle-income countries accompanied by a nutrition transition, involving increased consumption of unhealthy, processed foods and reductions in physical activity, has exacerbated diet-related risks, leading to increases in rates of overweight and obesity (Popkin et al., 2020). Diets in urban settings are also affected by the reduced time for food preparation, convenience and affordability of unhealthy foods.
We developed an artificial-intelligence-based phone application called Food Recognition Assistance and Nudging Insights (FRANI) to tackle these problems. FRANI was previously validated against observed weighed records, the gold standard for diet assessment, and shown to be as accurate as a trained dietician undertaking a standard, multi-pass 24-hr recall (Folson et al., 2023). FRANI was developed to also provide gamified nudges and personalized feedback designed to promote healthy food choices. The objectives of this study were to measure the acceptability, adherence, and likeability of FRANI, as well as its effects on the food choices of female youth in Accra, Ghana.
We developed an artificial-intelligence-based phone application called Food Recognition Assistance and Nudging Insights (FRANI) to tackle these problems. FRANI was previously validated against observed weighed records, the gold standard for diet assessment, and shown to be as accurate as a trained dietician undertaking a standard, multi-pass 24-hr recall (Folson et al., 2023). FRANI was developed to also provide gamified nudges and personalized feedback designed to promote healthy food choices. The objectives of this study were to measure the acceptability, adherence, and likeability of FRANI, as well as its effects on the food choices of female youth in Accra, Ghana.
Brief review of Ghana’s food system transformation pathways
Asante, Felix A.. 2024
Asante, Felix A.. 2024
Navigating Sudan's conflict: Research insights and policy implications: Proceedings of a conference
Ahmed, Mosab; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver; Dorosh, Paul; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum. 2024
Ahmed, Mosab; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver; Dorosh, Paul; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum. 2024
Conflict and food security in Sudan: Policy insights and recommendations
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Ahmed, Mosab; Abushama, Hala; Dorosh, Paul; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum. 2024
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Ahmed, Mosab; Abushama, Hala; Dorosh, Paul; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum. 2024
Ghana: Processes and outputs associated with the UN Food Systems Summit
Asante, Felix A.. 2024
Asante, Felix A.. 2024
Regional developments [in 2024 Global Food Policy Report]
Becquey, Elodie; Benin, Samuel; Marivoet, Wim; Gelli, Aulo; Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina Alaaeldin; Kurdi, Sikandra; Sarhan, Mohsen; Akramov, Kamiljon T.; Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Pechtl, Sarah; Kishore, Avinash; Nguyen, Phuong; Chen, Kevin Z.; Harris, Jody; Díaz-Bonilla, Eugenio; Piñeiro, Valeria
. 2024
Becquey, Elodie; Benin, Samuel; Marivoet, Wim; Gelli, Aulo; Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina Alaaeldin; Kurdi, Sikandra; Sarhan, Mohsen; Akramov, Kamiljon T.; Lambrecht, Isabel B.; Pechtl, Sarah; Kishore, Avinash; Nguyen, Phuong; Chen, Kevin Z.; Harris, Jody; Díaz-Bonilla, Eugenio; Piñeiro, Valeria
. 2024
Abstract | View
The regional section of the 2024 Global Food Policy Report examines the evolving problem of malnutrition—including undernutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, and overweight and obesity—in low- and middle-income countries across the world’s major regions. Policy interventions are highlighted that address the particular challenges and opportunities in each region, with recommendations that aim to transform food systems to make healthier, more diverse, and more sustainable diets available, affordable, accessible, and desirable for everyone, including the most vulnerable.
Real-time market price monitoring: Current dynamics in southern Rwanda
Warner, James; Manners, Rhys. 2024
Warner, James; Manners, Rhys. 2024
Abstract | View
Recent collaborative CGIAR research has developed a prototype for tracking district-level costs of a healthy diet using monthly eSoko data.1 High frequency monitoring of diets allows for near real-time generation of insights on price impacts on diet costs. The temporal richness of this data allows for immediate analytics of current food system events. This research provides an analysis of district-level price movements of healthy diet compositions, as well as food prices that compose the diet. We use this prototype to demonstrate how eSoko data could be used for monitoring an economic shock and how to evaluate the effects in near real time. The general goal is to demonstrate a potential early warning system that could improve the menu of policy choices for enhanced resilience.
A network-driven data collection approach for agri-food value chains
Ambler, Kate; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Wagner, Julia. 2024
Ambler, Kate; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Wagner, Julia. 2024
Abstract | View
A key challenge in systematically collecting data on intermediary agri-food value chain actors is that value chains take the form of a network, with actors linked by a series of transactions. Moreover, we have limited ex ante knowledge about the structure or scale of these networks, which complicates the construction of valid sampling frames and limits traditional random sampling approaches to collect data. To address these challenges, we adapt the respondent-driven sampling approach to collect data on intermediary agri-food value chain actors within their transaction-linked network and implement this approach in the arabica coffee and soybean value chains in Uganda and the rice and potato value chains in Bangladesh. We observe meaningful heterogeneity in the structure and scale of agri-food value chains across commodities and countries. Focusing on traders, we show that the respondent-driven sampling approach generates a larger sample of traders who differ in observable characteristics (i.e., value added, enterprise scale, and financial access) compared to a sub-sample of traders generated in a way that mimics traditional random sampling approaches used to study traders. We conclude by discussing how this respondent-driven sampling approach, applied within transaction-linked networks, can provide a useful data collection method for studying intermediary agri-food value chain actors.
Measuring land rental market participation in smallholder agriculture can survey design innovations improve land market participation statistics?
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Sebsibie, Samuel. 2024
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Sebsibie, Samuel. 2024
Abstract | View
The emergence of rural land rental markets in Sub-Saharan Africa is recognized as a key component of the region’s ongoing economic transformation. However, the evidence base on land market participation relies on survey-derived measures, which do not always cohere when compared and triangulated, suggesting the possibility of non-trivial measurement error. We report the results of a priming and list experiments designed to shed light on a persistent mystery in rural household survey data from Africa: why there are so many fewer self-reported landlords (renters-out) than tenants (renters-in)? Our design addresses two hypotheses using experimental data from Ethiopia. First, rented-out and rented-in land may be systematically underreported because enumerators and respondents are typically primed to emphasize parcels that are actively managed/cultivated by the household. Second, rented or sharecropped-out land may be systematically underreported because of respondents’ reluctance to acknowledge an activity for which public disclosure may have negative repercussions. We address the first hypothesis with a priming experiment by exposing a random subset of respondents to a nudge that explicitly reminded them to fully account for all land, including rented/sharecropped-in and rented/sharecropped-out. We address the second hypothesis with a double-list experiment, designed to elicit true rates of land renting and sharecropping-out. We find that nudging induces about 4 percentage points increase (or 13% in relative terms) in the share of households participating in renting in or sharecropping-in practices but has negligible effects on reported rates of renting and sharecropping-out. Interestingly, our list experiment indicates much higher revealed rates of renting-out (14-15%) than is reflected in the nominal parcel-roster responses (3%). The magnitude of the latter finding fully explains the apparent difference in renting in versus renting-out rates derived from the regular parcel roster responses. These results indicate that efforts to document land market participation rate and associated impacts must overcome large systematic reporting biases.
Impacts of Africa RISING in Tanzania
Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Tzintzun, Ivan; Vitellozzi, Sveva. 2024
Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Tzintzun, Ivan; Vitellozzi, Sveva. 2024
Abstract | View
Sustainable intensification (SI) of the smallholder sector in Africa south of the Sahara is among the approaches pursued to build resilient food systems that can supply nutritionally adequate food in the face of rapid population growth and climatic changes. This study assesses the impact of an SI program in Tanzania implemented in the poorest and most food insecure areas of the country since 2012. The program first validated and then scaled up a wide range of SI interventions focused on improved agronomic management and crop cultivars; improved livestock feed, housing conditions, and species; crop-livestock integration; integrated natural resource management; vegetable production and nutritional education; and small-scale mechanization. Impact is estimated on several SI indicators and domains using two rounds of quasi-experimental panel data (conducted in 2014 and 2022), propensity score matching, and difference-in-differences techniques. The study design allows us to estimate the impact of Africa RISING by comparing outcomes among program beneficiaries with two different counterfactual groups—one located inside program villages (within-village comparison) and another in non-program (control) villages (out-of-village comparison)—on several indicators across five SI domains environment, productivity, economic, human, and social. We also conduct a placebo test comparing non-beneficiaries in the two counterfactual groups. Results from panel data analyses show improvements in several indicators in the environmental and productivity domains. We also find positive impact of participation in Africa RISING on several indicators under all the considered domains: beneficiaries were less likely to experience soil erosion, used more inputs (fertilizers, pesticides, and seeds) per hectare, obtained higher legume yields, were more likely to produce meat and dairy, reported higher net livestock income, and experienced fewer months of food insecurity. Estimates based on within-village, out-of-village, overall, and placebo comparisons suggest important insights about the challenges in assessing the impact of agricultural programs in general and, specifically, participatory multi-intervention programs in the presence of sample (self-)selection and spillovers. Our study highlights useful empirical lessons learned for informing future program design and impact assessments.
Africa RISING in Tanzania: Impact brief
Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva. 2024
Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva. 2024
Abstract | View
Africa RISING project in Tanzania was implemented in Babati, Kongwa, and Kiteto districts. The project aimed at improving cropping systems through the promotion of stress resilient and high-yielding crop varieties (groundnut, sorghum, maize, and pigeon pea), support of cereal-legume intercropping, and fostering of good agricultural practices in vegetable production through reduction in pesticide use. The project also supported the adoption of a series of natural resource management practices such as rainwater harvesting, planting of fodder crops, use of mineral fertilizers, and balanced application of farmyard manure. In addition, the livestock system arm of the project introduced improved animal feeding to boost egg and milk production and reduce feed costs. Other program interventions included mechanization for postharvest handling and introduction of an integrated nutrition package for nutrition and health gains, especially for children.
Gender and age gaps in voice & agency in community governance: The value of female local political representation in India and Africa South of the Sahara under intensifying conflicts and climate uncertainty
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Kyle, Jordan; Kosec, Katrina; Raghunathan, Kalyani. 2024
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Kyle, Jordan; Kosec, Katrina; Raghunathan, Kalyani. 2024
Abstract | View
Expanding women’s voice and agency (VA) within governance and decision-making has increasingly been recognized as necessary for promoting women’s welfare, community development, and inclusive food systems. VA are critical components of gender equality, in addition to access to resources and economic opportunities. While agency relates to an individual’s ability to make meaningful choices (our specific focus is on choices made beyond the household), voice within community governance and decision-making relates to an individual’s ability to play a public role in decision-making processes that affect one’s life. Exercising VA within community governance and decision-making involves having a meaningful say in the public sphere. Women’s VA within communities may strengthen resilience, increase women’s access to essential resources, improve women’s decision-making power in various domains including the household, and facilitate broader social networks for women. Sustainable Development Goal five on gender equality specifically targets the full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership for women at all levels of political life. However, gender gaps in VA are persistent. These gaps can be further aggravated by adverse external shocks, such as climate uncertainty and conflicts, which can impact resources, capital, and economic opportunities and which are often disproportionately harmful to women.
Sustainable livestock development in Sudan: Challenges, opportunities, and policy priorities
Alfadul, Hanan; Siddig, Khalid; Ahmed, Mosab; Abushama, Hala; Kirui, Oliver. 2024
Alfadul, Hanan; Siddig, Khalid; Ahmed, Mosab; Abushama, Hala; Kirui, Oliver. 2024
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Livestock in Sudan plays a crucial role in the national economy, particularly in alleviating poverty and enhancing food security. Despite its significance, the last comprehensive livestock census for the country was conducted in 1975, resulting in now outdated and often unreliable data. Recent estimates by USAID indicate that Sudan ranks among the top three African countries in terms of livestock numbers, with an estimated 105.6 million animals. The livestock population in Sudan is predominantly composed of camels, goats, sheep, and cattle. The spatial distribution of livestock is variable and influenced by local factors such as feed resources, land use, and ecological conditions. The Greater Kordofan and Greater Darfur regions have the largest livestock numbers. However, discrepancies between official statistics and field data show the need for updated and accurate livestock data. The livestock sector provides 40 percent of employment and 34 percent of Sudan’s agricultural gross domestic product (GDP). The livestock sector is a vital source of foreign exchange for the Sudanese economy through exports of livestock and livestock products. Besides its economic contributions, the livestock sector provides essential food products, including meat, eggs, and milk, and draught power for agricultural operations and transportation, particularly in rural areas. However, relative to irrigated agriculture, the sector faces challenges due to underinvestment and minimal government attention.
Fruit and vegetable value chains in Africa
Aboushady, Nora; Kornher, Lukas; Zaki, Chahir. 2024
Aboushady, Nora; Kornher, Lukas; Zaki, Chahir. 2024
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The patterns of Africa’s participation in fruit and vegetable value chains (FVVCs) clearly reflect the continent’s colonial past. The restructuring of African exports around a few commodities to serve European markets during the colonial period largely undermined the farming of local food crops, including indigenous fruits and vegetables. Postcolonial governments focused on cash crops as the main source of foreign exchange earnings, reinforcing the status quo. However, the mid-1980s witnessed a major shift in global demand away from traditional cash crops and toward high-value products, including fruits and vegetables. This shift was an opportunity for developing countries, including those in Africa, to diversify their exports and reduce their vulnerability to global commodity price fluctuations. Participation in FVVCs can also have positive impacts on employment creation, income mobility, and poverty reduction. Yet, Africa’s participation in FVVCs is undermined by a number of structural challenges, some of which are typical of FVVCs, and some related to long-standing issues facing African economies in general, and the agriculture sector in particular.
Overview and Recent Challenges
Odjo, Sunday; Traoré, Fousseini; Zaki, Chahir; and Hebebrand, Charlotte. 2024
Odjo, Sunday; Traoré, Fousseini; Zaki, Chahir; and Hebebrand, Charlotte. 2024
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The Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor (AATM) is an annual flagship publication of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and AKADEMIYA2063. This seventh edition provides an overview of short- and long-term trends and drivers behind Africa’s global trade, intra-African trade, and trade within Africa’s regional economic communities (RECs), with a focus on the nexus of trade and climate change. The six chapters of this 2024 AATM report are as follows. This first chapter offers an overview of the food security concerns in African countries in the wake of the global crisis related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Russia–Ukraine war, and the global resurgence of protectionist policies. It examines trade through a food security lens, including availability, utilization, accessibility, and stability of food supplies, as well as the effects of tariffs, nontariff measures (NTMs), and deep trade agreements on food security in Africa. Special attention is paid to fertilizers, given the importance of these inputs for agricultural productivity and food security. As a result of Africa’s heavy dependence on fertilizer imports, farmers, and particularly smallholders, were severely challenged in the recent crisis when spikes in international fertilizer prices were compounded by high rates of domestic inflation.
Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor 2024
Odjo, Sunday, ed.; Traoré, Fousseini, ed.; Zaki, Chahir, ed.. 2024
Odjo, Sunday, ed.; Traoré, Fousseini, ed.; Zaki, Chahir, ed.. 2024
Abstract | View
The 2024 AATM investigates critical issues related to African agricultural trade. As in previous editions of the report, we have developed a database that corrects discrepancies in trade flow values, as reported by importing and exporting countries, as the basis for analyzing Africa’s international, domestic, and regional economic community (REC) trade. Given the pressing need to address climate change and curb greenhouse gas emissions, this year’s AATM takes an in-depth look at the relationship between climate change, water use, and emissions and African agricultural trade.
Impact of climate change on trade in Africa
Mamboundou, Pierre; Traoré, Fousseini; Zaki, Chahir. 2024
Mamboundou, Pierre; Traoré, Fousseini; Zaki, Chahir. 2024
Abstract | View
The literature on the complex relationship between trade and climate change is rich. While trade can affect climate change through dirty production techniques or carbon emissions due to transport (Brenton and Chemutai 2021), climate change can affect trade through its effect on agricultural productivity (Ben Zaied and Cheikh 2015; Chandio et al. 2020), production, and thus countries’ specialization (Gouel and Laborde 2021), primarily due to high temperatures and water stress (Hamududu and Ngoma 2020). As Africa is a net importer of agricultural products, the consequence is that climate change will likely affect food security in the medium and long term. Against this background, the objective of this chapter is twofold. First, we examine the extent to which African countries are exposed to climate change relative to other regions of the world. Second, we show how Africa’s comparative advantages can be altered with rising temperatures and water stress. Our main findings show that climate change effects in Africa are more pronounced than in other regions, reflected in the increase in extreme weather events associated with rising temperatures and greater variability in precipitation. These developments are likely to increase the number of food insecure people. Furthermore, we identify how climate change can affect African countries’ specialization based on products’ sensitivity to changes in temperature and their dependence on water. We show that several crops (such as leguminous vegetables, edible nuts and coconuts, groundnuts, oilseeds, and oleaginous fruits) will be affected by climate change. Other crops’ production may be less affected, but their future expansion may be limited by climate change–related factors.
Agricultural trade integration in ECOWAS
Bouët, Antoine; Diallo, Souleymane Sadio; Traoré, Fousseini. 2024
Bouët, Antoine; Diallo, Souleymane Sadio; Traoré, Fousseini. 2024
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The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) is a regional economic community (REC) composed of 15 member states and an associate country. Created in 1975 in Abuja, ECOWAS was established to pursue stability and regional integration in Africa and, over time, has expanded its mandate to include political dimensions. It is one of the largest RECs in Africa, covering a physical area of 5.1 million square kilometers with an estimated population of 424.3 million people as of 2022. The region’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022 was estimated at US$758 billion, which represents a quarter of Africa’s GDP (World Bank 2024). As the ECOWAS region pursues a process of structural transformation, the region’s economy has shifted toward industry and services, and the share of agriculture in GDP in ECOWAS countries has been declining, as in many developing countries (Laborde et al. 2018). However, the agriculture sector still represents 26 percent of GDP2 on average across the region, although with a high degree of heterogeneity: the share of agriculture in total GDP ranges from 5 percent in Cabo Verde to 60 percent in Sierra Leone. The REC is a heterogenous bloc that encompasses economic and demographic giants like Nigeria and small states like Cabo Verde and Gambia. It also includes landlocked countries (Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger), members with access to the sea (Guinea-Bissau and Sierra Leone), and island states (Cabo Verde). ECOWAS is often cited as a successful example of regional integration in Africa. Indeed, since its beginning, the integration process has moved forward continuously with key successes such as the free movement of people, which has been in effect since 1979. Among the eight RECs recognized by the African Union, ECOWAS ranks fifth for trade integration and first in terms of the free movement of people, according to the Regional Integration Index built by the United Nations’ Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). However, when it comes to movement of goods, results are mixed, and serious challenges remain despite the formal processes of liberalization adopted by member states. The frictions affecting the free movement of goods are problematic, particularly for agricultural products, given that, in an environment marked by global crisis (notably the pandemic of COVID-19 in 2020 and the ongoing Russia–Ukraine war), regional trade could mitigate the negative impacts and stabilize domestic markets. Furthermore, recent political tensions, marked by the intention of three member states (Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger) to withdraw from the organization, raise questions about the REC’s sustainability. This chapter assesses the level of agricultural trade integration in the ECOWAS area, progress made, and the challenges ahead. In the next section, we provide the historical background, reviewing early regional integration initiatives in Africa and the main steps in the construction of ECOWAS. The following section assesses trade costs within ECOWAS, including tariffs, nontariff measures, and logistics performance, with a special focus on costs arising from currency diversity as an impediment to trade. We then examine intraregional trade flows, including informal cross-border trade, which represents the bulk of these flows. Before concluding, the chapter presents key achievements and main challenges to greater integration.
Africa in world agricultural trade: Recent trends and carbon footprint
Odjo, Sunday; Berthe, Abdrahmane; Diallo, Mouhamadou Hady. 2024
Odjo, Sunday; Berthe, Abdrahmane; Diallo, Mouhamadou Hady. 2024
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Agriculture, deeply embedded within the cultural and economic fabric of African societies, is a linchpin for the continent’s socioeconomic advancement. With its diverse array of climatic conditions, Africa hosts a spectrum of agricultural practices, ranging from traditional subsistence farming to modern commercial enterprises. However, alongside agriculture’s pivotal role in livelihoods and economic growth, the sector poses a challenge as a significant contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Against this backdrop, a nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship among agricultural activities, emissions, and international trade emerges as crucial for balancing sustainable development within Africa and global climate change mitigation efforts. In an era marked by the urgent imperative to address climate change and curb GHG emissions, the role of agriculture has come under intense scrutiny (Smith et al. 2014). The global agriculture sector, intricately interwoven with international trade, underscores the multifaceted environmental complexities inherent in agricultural production and distribution. Climate change significantly impacts global agrifood trade dynamics, influencing production patterns, market accessibility, and economic resilience (Bozzola, Lamonaca, and Santeramo 2023; Gouel and Laborde 2021; Lamonaca, Bozzola, and Santeramo 2024). These effects are compounded by climate-induced shifts in crop yields, water availability, and temperature regimes, altering both supply and demand dynamics across international markets. Notably, agricultural goods traded across borders “carry” the emissions generated during their production and transportation. This notion of emissions embodied in exports and imports has garnered increasing attention in contemporary literature (Davis and Caldeira 2010). Recent studies emphasize the significant interlinkages between climate change and emissions embedded in trade within the agrifood sector. For example, Santeramo, Ferrari, and Toteti (2024) explore the intricate balance required to achieve climate change and environmental goals without resorting to protectionist measures, emphasizing the complexities of international trade policies in mitigating emissions. Li et al. (2023) highlight that despite efficiency gains along global supply chains, changes in global food consumption patterns have contributed to increased GHG emissions, underscoring the need for sustainable trade practices to mitigate environmental impacts.
Intra-African trade in virtual water: Trends and drivers
Matchaya, Greenwell; Odjo, Sunday; Collins, Julia. 2024
Matchaya, Greenwell; Odjo, Sunday; Collins, Julia. 2024
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Increasing intra-African trade is expected to have a wide range of benefits, including contributing to increased economic growth, employment, and food security. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), launched in 2021, will have potentially significant impacts on economic output and incomes when fully implemented. A recent study suggests that AfCFTA implementation will drive substantial employment growth, generating more than 7 million new jobs in manufacturing, public services, trade, and other services (World Bank 2020). Bouët, Laborde, and Traoré (2022) estimate that an ambitious implementation of the AfCFTA, which eliminates tariffs and significantly reduces nontariff measures, would increase Africa’s gross domestic product (GDP) by 0.2 percent compared to baseline trends in the absence of the AfCFTA by 2035. Increased intra-African trade in agriculture could also contribute significantly to improving food security and nutrition, including by increasing dietary diversity, promoting food price stability, and boosting the availability of key micronutrients (Bonuedi, Kamasa, and Opeku 2020; Makochekanwa and Matchaya 2019; Odjo and Badiane 2018; Olivetti et al. 2023). A further potential benefit of increased intra-African trade is its contribution to environmental sustainability and efficient use of scarce natural resources. The impacts of trade on the environment are complex. Although trade expends resources and contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, it could also contribute to sustainable resource use if it allows countries to specialize in production patterns according to their resource endowments and comparative advantage (Odjo, Traoré, and Zaki 2023). In the context of climate variability and water scarcity, trade could potentially help to minimize the negative impacts by moving commodities from areas with high water availability to water-scarce areas (Matchaya, Garcia, and Traoré 2023). This chapter reviews overall trends in intra-African agricultural trade and, to assess the contribution of this trade to sustainability, takes a close look at its potential to address issues of water scarcity and contribute to efficient use of water resources. The chapter examines intra African agricultural trade in virtual water—that is, the water content embedded in trade flows of agricultural products. Trade is most commonly measured in value terms, but the monetary value of a product does not always reflect the resources used to produce it. Trade flows expressed as virtual water trade (VWT) reflect both the specific water requirements of different crops and the varying crop yields obtained in different countries. Examining intra-African trade in virtual water terms and identifying the impact of countries’ resource endowments and water productivity levels on VWT helps us to assess the contribution of intra-African trade to addressing water stress and scarcity in African countries and contributing to more efficient water use.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, August 2024
International Food Policy Research Institute. 2024
International Food Policy Research Institute. 2024
Impact of farmer-managed natural regeneration on resilience and welfare in Mali
Nkonya, Ephraim; Kato, Edward; Kabore, Carolyn. 2024
Nkonya, Ephraim; Kato, Edward; Kabore, Carolyn. 2024
DOI : 10.47852/bonviewGLCE3202698
Abstract | View
Climate change, poverty, and low environmental education have contributed to increasing vulnerability of poor farmers in Mali. This study was done to determine the impact of low-cost adaptation strategies on resilience and welfare. We analyzed the impact of a World Vision project which promoted climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices in Mali from 2016-2019. We identified the impact using a two-stage weighted regression (2SWR). Results show that the World Vision Project significantly increased the adoption of Farmer-Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR) practice and eventually crop yield. These intermediate impacts were translated into a significant reduction in food and nutrition insecurity and an increase in household income. The impacts of the project on child health were especially greater for farmers who participated in the project for a longer time. However, the project did not have a significant impact on the adoption of a combination of CSA practices – which could have enhanced the effectiveness of the FMNR practice. The results suggest the need for future interventions to emphasize the promotion of complementary CSA practices, which significantly increases returns to farmer investments.
Gender dynamics in seed systems: An integrative review of seed promotion interventions in Africa
Kramer, Berber; Trachtman, Carly. 2024
Kramer, Berber; Trachtman, Carly. 2024
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-023-01403-2
Variation in women’s attitudes toward intimate partner violence across the rural–urban continuum in Ethiopia
Amare, Mulubrhan; Arndt, Channing; Guo, Zhe; Seymour, Greg. 2024
Amare, Mulubrhan; Arndt, Channing; Guo, Zhe; Seymour, Greg. 2024
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106451
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Little is known about the effects of urbanization on women’s attitudes toward intimate partner violence (IPV). The scarcity of empirical studies on this relationship can be partly attributed to the lack of an objective measure of urbanization levels. In this study, we investigate the effects of urbanization on Ethiopian women’s attitudes toward IPV using four continuous measures of urbanization: nightlight intensity, distance to urban areas, total urban area within a 10-km radius, and an urbanization index. These measures are defined from satellite-based nighttime light intensity and multispectral sensor data. We find that despite a generally strong positive association between urbanization and progressive attitudes among women toward IPV, some stages of urbanization show a more significant association than others. The heterogeneities in the effect of all urbanization measures on women’s attitudes toward intimate partner violence further show that the effects of urbanization measures are sharply heterogeneous across wealth indicator terciles. While we find that urbanization measures are associated with an overall decrease in the justification of IPV, the effects are higher and stronger for women in the upper and middle wealth terciles compared to the lowest wealth tercile. Initially less-privileged women gain little from urbanization in the attitudes toward IPV, resulting in increased inequality in women’s empowerment in the short and medium term.
Spatial market integration during a pandemic: Evidence from food markets in Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Hatzenbuehler, Patrick L.. 2024
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Hatzenbuehler, Patrick L.. 2024
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12809
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This paper uses comprehensive and long time series monthly food price data and a panel dyadic regression framework to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated policy responses on spatial market integration across a diverse set of food items in Nigeria. The empirical results reveal several important insights. First, we show that a significant slowdown in the speed of adjustment and price transmission occurred during the pandemic. For some food items, the speed of adjustment and, by implication, spatial market integration weakened by two- to-threefold after the outbreak of the pandemic. The effect was especially pronounced for perishable food items. Second, lockdown measures and the spread of the pandemic triggered additional dispersion in market prices across markets. For example, lockdown measures were associated with a 5%–10% reduction in the speed of readjustment toward long-term equilibrium. Third, additional underlying attributes of markets, including lack of access to digital infrastructure and distance between markets, exacerbated impacts associated with the pandemic. For instance, access to Internet service reduced the slowdown in the speed of adjustment caused by the pandemic, but longer distances between market pairs induced greater slowdown in the speed of price transmission. Our findings offer important insights for revitalizing the efficiency of food markets affected by the pandemic. The heterogenous impacts of the pandemic across value chains and markets reinforce the need to properly target post-pandemic recovery interventions and investments. Finally, we offer some insights to reduce the vulnerability of food and market systems to disruptions in future pandemics or similar phenomena that inhibit food marketing and trade.
Water insecurity is associated with greater food insecurity and lower dietary diversity: panel data from sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic
Miller, Joshua D.; Young, Sera L.; Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia. 2024
Miller, Joshua D.; Young, Sera L.; Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia. 2024
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-023-01412-1
Abstract | View
There is growing recognition that water insecurity – the inability to reliably access sufficient water for all household uses – is commonly experienced globally and has myriad adverse consequences for human well-being. The role of water insecurity in food insecurity and diet quality, however, has received minimal attention. Data are from panel surveys conducted during 2020–21 among adults involved in smallholder agriculture in Niger (n = 364, 3 rounds), Nigeria (n = 501, 5 rounds), Senegal (n = 501, 5 rounds), and Ghana (n = 543, 5 rounds). We hypothesized that household water insecurity (measured using the brief Household Water Insecurity Experiences Scale) would be associated with greater individual food insecurity (using 5 of the 8 Food Insecurity Experiences Scale items) and lower dietary diversity (using the Minimum Dietary Diversity Score for Women). At baseline, 37.1% of individuals were living in water-insecure households and of these, 90.6% had some experience of food insecurity. In multilevel mixed-effects regressions, individuals living in water-insecure households had 1.67 (95% CI: 1.47, 1.89) times higher odds of reporting any food insecurity experience and were estimated to consume 0.38-fewer food groups (95% CI: -0.50, -0.27) than those living in water-secure households. Experiences with suboptimal water access and use are associated with poor nutrition. The pathways by which water insecurity impacts nutrition should be identified. Global and national food and nutrition security policies could be strengthened by monitoring and developing strategies to address household water insecurity.
Barriers to appropriate complementary feeding and the use of ultra‐processed foods: A formative qualitative study from rural Oromia, Ethiopia
Tadesse, Elazar; Abdirahman, Ibrahim; Letta, Shiferaw; Kirby, Miles; Mamo, Tigist; Metaferia, Henok; Oranga, Beryl; Leight, Jessica. 2024
Tadesse, Elazar; Abdirahman, Ibrahim; Letta, Shiferaw; Kirby, Miles; Mamo, Tigist; Metaferia, Henok; Oranga, Beryl; Leight, Jessica. 2024
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13576
Abstract | View
Children's consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is increasing in Ethiopia, but relatively little is known about the specific feeding practices that underlie this pattern. The objective of this study was to explore patterns of consumption of UPF by infants and young children within a broader context of inappropriate complementary feeding practices in extremely poor households in rural Oromia, Eastern Ethiopia. A formative qualitative study was conducted using semistructured interview questionnaires developed drawing on a socioecological model. A total of 16 focus group discussions with mothers (45 respondents), fathers (21 respondents) and grandmothers (23 respondents) of children aged 6–23 months in households that were beneficiaries of the Productive Safety Net Program were conducted, along with four key informant interviews with health workers. Qualitative transcripts were complemented with field notes before qualitative content analysis was applied. The key findings suggest that UPF were widely provided to infants and young children as part of a pattern of suboptimal complementary feeding, including both early and late initiation of complementary foods. In particular, UPF (including juice, biscuits and lipid-based nutrient supplements) were diluted with or dissolved in water and fed to infants via bottle, often before the recommended age of initiation of 6 months. Mothers and caregivers reported that they perceived the products to be affordably priced and packaged, ready to use and convenient given their time constraints. The level of consumption of UPF and its effects on infant and young child feeding feeding practices and children's nutritional status in rural Ethiopia should be further explored.
Potential effectiveness of integrating human milk banking and lactation support on neonatal outcomes at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya
Wilunda, Calistus; Israel-Ballard, Kiersten; Wanjohi, Milka; Lang'at, Nelson; Mansen, Kimberly; Waiyego, Mary; Kibore, Minnie; Kamande, Eva; Zerfu, Taddese; Kithua, Angela; Muganda, Rosemarie; Muiruri, Juliana; Maina, Beth; Njuguna, Emily; Njeru, Faith; Kiige, Laura W.; Codjia, Patrick; Samburu, Betty; Mogusu, Esther; Ngwiri, Thomas; Mirie, Waithera; Kimani-Murage, Elizabeth W. . 2024
Wilunda, Calistus; Israel-Ballard, Kiersten; Wanjohi, Milka; Lang'at, Nelson; Mansen, Kimberly; Waiyego, Mary; Kibore, Minnie; Kamande, Eva; Zerfu, Taddese; Kithua, Angela; Muganda, Rosemarie; Muiruri, Juliana; Maina, Beth; Njuguna, Emily; Njeru, Faith; Kiige, Laura W.; Codjia, Patrick; Samburu, Betty; Mogusu, Esther; Ngwiri, Thomas; Mirie, Waithera; Kimani-Murage, Elizabeth W. . 2024
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13594
Abstract | View
We assessed the potential effectiveness of human milk banking and lactation support on provision of human milk to neonates admitted in the newborn unit (NBU) at Pumwani Maternity Hospital, Kenya. This pre–post intervention study collected data from mothers/caregivers and their vulnerable neonates or term babies who lacked sufficient mother's milk for several reasons admitted in the NBU. The intervention included establishing a human milk bank and strengthening lactation support. Preintervention data were collected between 5 October 2018 and 11 November 2018, whereas postintervention data were collected between 4 September 2019 and 6 October 2019. Propensity score-matched analysis was performed to assess the effect of the intervention on exclusive use of human milk, use of human milk as the first feed, feeding intolerance and duration of NBU stay. The surveys included 123 and 116 newborns at preintervention and postintervention, respectively, with 160 newborns (80 in each group) being included in propensity score matched analysis. The proportion of neonates who exclusively used human milk during NBU stay increased from 41.3% preintervention to 63.8% postintervention (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.31, 5.53) and those whose first feed was human milk increased from 55.0% preintervention to 83.3% postintervention (adjusted OR: 5.09; 95% CI: 2.18, 11.88). The mean duration of NBU stay was 27% (95% CI: 5.8%, 44.0%) lower in the postintervention group than in the preintervention group. The intervention did not affect feeding intolerance. Integrating human milk banking and lactation support may improve exclusive use of human milk among vulnerable neonates in a resource limited setting.
The effect of price support policies under productivity shocks: Evidence from an economywide model
Aragie, Emerta; Balié, Jean. 2024
Aragie, Emerta; Balié, Jean. 2024
DOI : 10.1007/s10368-023-00576-7
Dairy consumption and household diet quality in East Africa: Evidence from survey-based simulation models
Ecker, Olivier; Pauw, Karl. 2024
Ecker, Olivier; Pauw, Karl. 2024
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102562
Abstract | View
Dairy foods are an important source of essential macro- and micronutrients in household diets, and their consumption is associated with reduced malnutrition, especially among young children. Low dairy consumption in many developing countries is a justification for programs that promote dairy livestock ownership, help develop dairy value chains, or stimulate dairy demand. While several studies confirm the beneficial effects of such dairy-specific interventions on nutritional outcomes, the purpose in this study is to consider more broadly the contribution of dairy to overall diet quality. Our assessment of consumer preferences for dairy, coupled with simulations of consumption responses to dairy price and household income changes, provide quantitative evidence that can inform policymakers about the possible effects of public policies on dairy consumption and diet quality. While our analysis is based on data from Kenya and Uganda, both countries with established dairy sectors, our findings are relevant for other East African countries with similar dietary patterns and emergent dairy sectors.
Basis risk, social comparison, perceptions of fairness and demand for insurance: A field experiment in Ethiopia
Kramer, Berber; Porter, Maria; Wassie Bizuayehu, Solomon. 2024
Kramer, Berber; Porter, Maria; Wassie Bizuayehu, Solomon. 2024
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.339075
Abstract | View
Index insurance is considered an important strategy to reduce agricultural risk and increase smallholder farmers’ investments. However, insured farmers may develop mistrust of insurance if they experience crop losses and do not receive a payout, for instance because index insurance covers only a subset of covariate risks. At the same time, insurance for idiosyncratic risks would introduce differences in payouts within social networks, which might be considered unfair, introduce jealousy, and further depress demand for insurance. We conduct lab-in-the-field experiments with farmers in Ethiopia to examine the effects of a novel insurance approach that ensures insurance payouts for farmers with crop losses due to idiosyncratic events. We also examine the effects of informing farmers about their neighbors’ experiences alongside their own. We find that such social comparison increases perceived fairness of weather index insurance. In addition, providing complete insurance coverage for crop losses increases farmers’ perceived fairness of outcomes and willingness to pay, without introducing jealousy over neighbors receiving different payouts. Finally, we find that the increase in willingness to pay for complete insurance is concentrated among men and risk averse respondents.
Food systems interventions for nutrition: Lessons from six program evaluations in Africa and South Asia
Neufeld, Lynnette M.; Nordhagen, Stella; Leroy, Jef L.; Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Barnett, Inka; Wouabe, Eric Djimeu. 2024
Neufeld, Lynnette M.; Nordhagen, Stella; Leroy, Jef L.; Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Barnett, Inka; Wouabe, Eric Djimeu. 2024
Abstract | View
While there is growing global momentum behind food systems strategies to improve planetary and human health—including nutrition—there is limited evidence of what types of food systems interventions work. Evaluating these types of interventions is challenging due to their complex and dynamic nature and lack of fit with standard evaluation methods. In this paper, we draw on a portfolio of six evaluations of food systems interventions in Africa and South Asia that were intended to improve nutrition. We identify key methodological challenges and formulate recommendations to improve the quality of such studies. We highlight five challenges: a lack of evidence base to justify the intervention; the dynamic and multifaceted nature of the interventions; addressing attribution; collecting or accessing accurate and timely data; and defining and measuring appropriate outcomes. In addition to more specific guidance, we identify six cross-cutting recommendations, including a need to use multiple and diverse methods and flexible designs. We also note that these evaluation challenges present opportunities to develop new methods and highlight several specific needs in this space.
Can participation in agricultural programmes improve youth agribusiness performance? Insights from the Enable Programme in East Africa
Adeyanju, Dolapo; Ejima, Joseph; Balana, Bedru; Mburu, John. 2024
Adeyanju, Dolapo; Ejima, Joseph; Balana, Bedru; Mburu, John. 2024
Abstract | View
This study addresses the gap in understanding the impact of agribusiness empowerment programmes on youth business performance in developing countries, taking the case of the ENABLE-TAAT programme in Kenya and Uganda. A multistage sampling technique was used in obtaining primary agribusiness-level data from a sample of 1003 young agripreneurs from the study countries. An Endogenous Treatment Effect Regression (ETER) model was used to identify factors influencing programme participation and impact on youth agribusiness performance. Results show that marital status, agribusiness experience, asset value, credit access, residence, prior programme awareness, and perception were the key determinants of participation. The ETER results chow that participation in the programme significantly increased youth’s agribusiness income by 7 percent and food security by 76 percent, with participants having higher asset value than non-participants. Based on these findings, we suggest policy interventions or programmes focusing on youth agribusiness empowerment, particularly those that target young actors along different agricultural value chains. We also suggest interventions geared towards mitigating constraints to credit access by young agripreneurs to ease barriers to working capital and business innovation. To increase access and participation, we recommend strategies to improve youth perception and raise awareness of these programmes.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, December 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Smallholder farmers’ participation in profitable value chains and contract farming: Evidence from irrigated agriculture in Egypt
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Abay, Kibrom A.. Washington, DC 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Abay, Kibrom A.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136548
Abstract | View
The participation of smallholder farmers in high-value and profitable value chains as well as contract farming remains low in Africa. This paper aims to identify observable and unobservable constraints that explain joint participation in profitable value chains and contract farming. We use a multivariate probit model to estimate potential complementarities between the cultivation of these various value chains (vegetables, fruits, spices, herbs, and cereals), and participation in contract farming. We identify several important observable factors that reinforce and hence limit smallholders’ participation in both low and highvalue chains as well as contract farming. For example, we find suggestive evidence that mallholders in Egypt face a trade-off between ensuring food security to their households and maximizing profit, and land plays a major factor in moderating this trade-off. We find that farmers with limited land resources are more likely to devote a larger share of their land to low-value crops such as cereals while this pattern weakens with increasing land size and slightly reverses for high-value crops such as spices and herbs. This suggests until some level of land resources, food security goals may dominate profit motives while this reverses after ensuring that food security goals are achieved. Younger and wealthier farmers are more likely to participate in the cultivation of high-value crops such as spices and herbs as well as contract farming. We also document strong complementarities between participation in high-value value chains and contract farming. Particularly, farmers who cultivate high-value crops are more likely to be engaged in contract farming. Intuitively, this implies that addressing smallholders’ binding constraints, including risk and access to land, can encourage participation in profitable value chains and contract farming. Our findings offer suggestive evidence that may serve in targeting smallholders to join profitable value chains in Egypt and other comparable contexts.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, January 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Bulletin on food price dynamics, inflation and the food security situation in Sudan: November-December 2022
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136568
Abstract | View
Highlights:
• The decline in international prices, especially for food commodities, helped to limit overall price inflation in Sudan in November and December 2022. Consequently, the annual inflation rates in these months were lower than the inflation rate in October 2022.
• Local prices of some food commodities noticeably decreased in November 2022 compared to October 2022, especially for cereals (wheat, millet, and sorghum). This decline continued in December 2022.
• Local prices of internationally traded food commodities were affected by the fluctuations in the exchange rate during December 2021 to December 2022.
• Higher inflation rates are observed in relatively unstable states (in urban and rural areas) compared to the national average.
• The monthly inflation rate of food and beverages decreased to 59 percent in November from 70 percent in October 2022 driven by the declining CPI for the bread and cereals group.
• The decline in international prices, especially for food commodities, helped to limit overall price inflation in Sudan in November and December 2022. Consequently, the annual inflation rates in these months were lower than the inflation rate in October 2022.
• Local prices of some food commodities noticeably decreased in November 2022 compared to October 2022, especially for cereals (wheat, millet, and sorghum). This decline continued in December 2022.
• Local prices of internationally traded food commodities were affected by the fluctuations in the exchange rate during December 2021 to December 2022.
• Higher inflation rates are observed in relatively unstable states (in urban and rural areas) compared to the national average.
• The monthly inflation rate of food and beverages decreased to 59 percent in November from 70 percent in October 2022 driven by the declining CPI for the bread and cereals group.
Bulletin on food price dynamics, inflation and the food security situation in Sudan: November-December 2022 [in Arabic]
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136569
Abstract | View
Highlights:
• The decline in international prices, especially for food commodities, helped to limit overall price inflation in Sudan in November and December 2022. Consequently, the annual inflation rates in these months were lower than the inflation rate in October 2022.
• Local prices of some food commodities noticeably decreased in November 2022 compared to October 2022, especially for cereals (wheat, millet, and sorghum). This decline continued in December 2022.
• Local prices of internationally traded food commodities were affected by the fluctuations in the exchange rate during December 2021 to December 2022.
• Higher inflation rates are observed in relatively unstable states (in urban and rural areas) compared to the national average.
• The monthly inflation rate of food and beverages decreased to 59 percent in November from 70 percent in October 2022 driven by the declining CPI for the bread and cereals group.
• The decline in international prices, especially for food commodities, helped to limit overall price inflation in Sudan in November and December 2022. Consequently, the annual inflation rates in these months were lower than the inflation rate in October 2022.
• Local prices of some food commodities noticeably decreased in November 2022 compared to October 2022, especially for cereals (wheat, millet, and sorghum). This decline continued in December 2022.
• Local prices of internationally traded food commodities were affected by the fluctuations in the exchange rate during December 2021 to December 2022.
• Higher inflation rates are observed in relatively unstable states (in urban and rural areas) compared to the national average.
• The monthly inflation rate of food and beverages decreased to 59 percent in November from 70 percent in October 2022 driven by the declining CPI for the bread and cereals group.
When will civil society sanction the state? Evidence from Mali
Bleck, Jaimie; Gottlieb, Jessica; Kosec, Katrina. Washington, DC 2023
Bleck, Jaimie; Gottlieb, Jessica; Kosec, Katrina. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136571
Abstract | View
Under what conditions will civil society organizations (CSOs) sanction corruption (the private use of public funds)? CSOs have overcome coordination problems, but could either use this capacity to hold government accountable for public goods provision or to extract rents from politicians. We develop a model and test its predictions using a face-to-face survey with 1,014 CSO leaders from 48 communes in Mali. We describe a forthcoming performance-based funding program (PBF) providing a formal channel for civil society monitors to sanction mayoral corruption: they influence whether or not mayors receive a performance bonus. We ask CSO leaders their likelihood of sanctioning known corruption under the program and their expected transfer price if they instead enter into a collusive bargain. We find that CSOs most embedded in the community are best able to extract informal transfers from the mayor and least likely to sanction. By contrast, CSOs with high technical and informational capacity are most likely to sanction.
A process guide for the development of a mixed-methods research tool for measuring and understanding intra-household decision making
Mwakanyamale, Devis; Cole, Steven; Heckert, Jessica; John, Innocensia; Fischer, Gundua; Seymour, Greg; Feleke, Shiferaw. Washington, DC 2023
Mwakanyamale, Devis; Cole, Steven; Heckert, Jessica; John, Innocensia; Fischer, Gundua; Seymour, Greg; Feleke, Shiferaw. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136594
Abstract | View
Numerous approaches have been developed by researchers for measuring intra-household decisionmaking. Most use quantitative surveys that often rely on a standard set of questions that inquire about who contributes to key household decisions or women’s abilities to participate in these decisions. Such questions have been criticized for focusing too much on the identity of the decision maker and less on understanding why and how decisions get made within the household and on the multiple facets of women’s roles in decision-making processes1. To address the shortcomings of current approaches, we (an interdisciplinary group of applied gender and agriculture researchers) developed a transdisciplinary and mixed-methods approach that can be adapted across livelihoods and geographies to measure intra-household decision making and shed light on the “who,” “why,” and “how” of important household decisions.
This guide describes the transdisciplinary process that was used to develop the mixed-methods research tool for understanding and measuring intra-household decision making. In our approach, we focus on measuring who makes which decisions, how, and why and how this influences food, nutrition, and economic security outcomes. This guide, therefore, provides a base for other researchers and development practitioners to develop a context-specific mixed-methods tool for understanding and measuring intra-household decision making.
This guide describes the transdisciplinary process that was used to develop the mixed-methods research tool for understanding and measuring intra-household decision making. In our approach, we focus on measuring who makes which decisions, how, and why and how this influences food, nutrition, and economic security outcomes. This guide, therefore, provides a base for other researchers and development practitioners to develop a context-specific mixed-methods tool for understanding and measuring intra-household decision making.
Interactive typology tool for spatial targeting of FNS interventions
Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.. Washington, DC 2023
Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
In this interactive we develop a typology to help design and improve spatial targeting of food and nutrition security (FNS) interventions. Based on the efficiency estimation within a four-indicator diagram which represent the core segments of a food system, the proposed approach allows for the broad identification and location of major FNS bottlenecks. After discussing the basic concepts, we illustrate the core typology using a real-world example and propose a series of extensions to further refine its approach for improved policymaking.
Analyse des flux physiques, performances économiques et relations au sein des filières de manioc, de riz, de lait et de poisson au Sud-Kivu et Tanganyika (RDC 2021)
Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Cissé, Abdallah. Washington, DC 2023
Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Cissé, Abdallah. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136602
Abstract | View
Ce document présente une analyse des chaînes de valeur agroalimentaires de manioc, de riz, de lait et de poisson le long du corridor économique entre les capitales provinciales de Bukavu (Sud-Kivu) et Kalemie (Tanganyika) situées dans la partie orientale de la République démocratique du Congo (RDC). Les principales données utilisées pour cette étude proviennent d’enquêtes menées en 2021 auprès d’environ 3000 acteurs conomiques familiaux, y compris des agriculteurs, des transformateurs et des intermédiaires, actifs dans une ou plusieurs des quatre filières ciblées. Les questionnaires ont été conçus pour recueillir des données clés sur les principales opérations entrepreneuriales (telles que les recettes, les coûts et les valeurs ajoutées) ventilées par activités de production, de transformation et de commercialisation au sein de chacune des chaînes. En utilisant des outils de comptabilité économique, cette approche a permis de quantifier les flux physiques des aliments frais/non transformés et transformés et d’estimer la valeur ajoutée et la viabilité économique des différentes activités réalisées. En outre, des techniques descriptives et de réseaux sociaux ont été utilisées pour caractériser les relations entre les différents acteurs de chaque filière.
Digital farmer registry and tailored extension and advisory services in Ethiopia: A process evaluation
Sebsibie, Samuel; Ketema, Dessalegn Molla; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse. Washington, DC 2023
Sebsibie, Samuel; Ketema, Dessalegn Molla; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136603
Abstract | View
Ethiopia hosts one of the largest extension systems in Africa, with approximately 43 development agents (DAs) per 10,000 farmers, more than 15,000 farmers training centers (FTCs) that serve as a focal point for agricultural development activities at the local level, and 25 Agricultural Technical Voca tional Education and Training (ATVET) institutes that prepare and update extension staff in both general and specialized fields of expertise (Berhane et al. 2018; ATA 2014; Davis et al. 2010). DAs report edly reach more than 75% of farm households in the country (CSA 2017), and every kebele hosts an average of three DAs, each with his or her own specialization.
However, there are concerns about the quality of extension and advisory services DAs provide mainly because DAs are overburdened and under-resourced. DAs actively engage in activities that do not typically fall under the mandate of agricultural extension services, including the collection of taxes, loan repayments and mobilization of labor for public works. A related concern is the simple “technology-push” approach to agricultural intensification followed by most DAs since they do not have the time to closely know the farmers and provide a more “tailored and knowledge-driven” advisory that puts farmers’ priorities and technical capabilities at the center of DA’s effort (Berhane et al. 2018; Bachewe et al. 2017).
However, there are concerns about the quality of extension and advisory services DAs provide mainly because DAs are overburdened and under-resourced. DAs actively engage in activities that do not typically fall under the mandate of agricultural extension services, including the collection of taxes, loan repayments and mobilization of labor for public works. A related concern is the simple “technology-push” approach to agricultural intensification followed by most DAs since they do not have the time to closely know the farmers and provide a more “tailored and knowledge-driven” advisory that puts farmers’ priorities and technical capabilities at the center of DA’s effort (Berhane et al. 2018; Bachewe et al. 2017).
Kenya's agrifood system: Structure and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136604
Abstract | View
This analysis is composed of two parts. The evolving structure of Kenya’s agrifood system (AFS) and its contribution to national development is assessed using a series of Social Accounting Matrixes (SAMs) for Kenya for the period 2009–2019. Economic performance is also assessed at subsector level to better understand the contributions of different agrifood value chains to Kenya’s development and economic transformation in recent years. The analysis reveals that the effects of AFS transformation stretches well beyond primary agriculture, creating jobs and income opportunities throughout the economy. In fact, the off-farm components of the AFS have grown more rapidly than primary agriculture, although differences in market structure and internationally tradable status contributed to varied patterns of growth across value chains. The analysis further reveals that it is the domestic market, not exports, that has driven the recent growth in Kenya’s AFS. Rapid urbanization and increased incomegenerating opportunities in the rural nonfarm sector are causing dietary patterns to shift, which will continue to shape the transformation of the AFS in Kenya. A forward-looking analysis using IFPRI’s Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) model – an economywide modeling framework – assesses the potential impacts of future value chain growth on development outcome indicators. The findings reveal that value chains differ considerably in their effectiveness in achieving various development outcomes. Promoting only one value chain may also result in trade-offs across these development goals. For example, the coffee and tea value chains are highly effective at raising off-farm employment in the AFS, but they have weak impacts on diet quality. Likewise, cattle and dairy have strong off-farm GDP effects within the AFS, but are relatively ineffective at reducing poverty. By promoting and investing in several value chains simultaneously, policymakers can leverage synergies and mitigate trade-offs across development outcomes associated with specific value chains. The RIAPA analysis here suggests that joint promotion of the pulses and oilseeds, fruits and nuts, and cattle and dairy value chains will be most effective at impacting the full spectrum of development outcomes tracked in the model, including poverty, growth, jobs, and diets. However, the final value chain selection may change depending on the importance policymakers attach to the respective development outcomes.
The economywide effects of reducing food loss and waste in developing countries
Aragie, Emerta; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Aragie, Emerta; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136605
Abstract | View
One of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is reducing food loss and waste (FLW) across all stages of food value chains, including the on-farm production, the off-farm postharvest, processing, and distribution, and the household consumption stages. We employ general equilibrium models for Bangladesh, Kenya, and Nigeria to assess the economywide implications of reducing FLW at different stages of value chains. Halving FLW results in GDP increases of between 1.1 and 2 percent, with up to 13 million people lifted out of poverty across the three countries. Diets also improve – especially in Kenya and Nigeria – due to greater availability and lower prices of healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables. Although most of the gains originate from reducing FLW in the on-farm production stage, strong intersectoral linkages mean around 30 percent of measured GDP gains are realized in non-agricultural sectors. Reducing waste at the final consumption stage has small negative impacts on GDP as households purchase less food without reducing their food intake. We conclude that the significant economywide gains provide a justification for adopting FLW reduction strategies, although costing the policy and investment options needed to reduce FLW is an important area for future research.
Measuring empowerment across the value chain: The evolution of the project-level Women’s Empowerment Index for Market Inclusion (pro-WEAI+MI)
Malapit, Hazel J.; Heckert, Jessica; Adegbola, Patrice Ygué; Crinot, Geraud Fabrice; Eissler, Sarah; Faas, Simone; Gantoli, Geoffroy; Kalagho, Kenan; Martinez, Elena; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Mswero, Grace; Myers, Emily; Mzungu, Diston; Pereira, Audrey; Pinkstaff, Crossley; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Ragasa, Catherine; Rubin, Deborah; Seymour, Greg; Tauseef, Salauddin; GAAP2 Market Inclusion Study Team. Washington, DC 2023
Malapit, Hazel J.; Heckert, Jessica; Adegbola, Patrice Ygué; Crinot, Geraud Fabrice; Eissler, Sarah; Faas, Simone; Gantoli, Geoffroy; Kalagho, Kenan; Martinez, Elena; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Mswero, Grace; Myers, Emily; Mzungu, Diston; Pereira, Audrey; Pinkstaff, Crossley; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Ragasa, Catherine; Rubin, Deborah; Seymour, Greg; Tauseef, Salauddin; GAAP2 Market Inclusion Study Team. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136606
Abstract | View
Many development agencies design and implement interventions that aim to reach, benefit, and empower rural women across the value chain in activities ranging from production, to processing, to marketing. Determining whether and how such interventions empower women, as well as the constraints faced by different value chain actors, requires quantitative and qualitative tools. We describe how we adapted the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Index (pro-WEAI), a mixed-methods tool for studying empowerment in development projects, to include aspects of agency relevant for multiple types of value chain actors. The resulting pro-WEAI for market inclusion (pro-WEAI+MI) includes quantitative and qualitative instruments developed over the course of four studies. Studies in the Philippines (2017), Bangladesh (2017), and Malawi (2019) were intended to diagnose areas of disempowerment to inform programming, whereas the Benin (2019) study was an impact assessment of an agricultural training program. The pro-WEAI+MI includes all indicators included in pro-WEAI, plus a dashboard of complementary indicators and recommended qualitative instruments. These tools investigate the empowerment of women in different value chains and nodes and identify barriers to market access and inclusion that may restrict empowerment for different value chain actors. Our findings highlight three lessons. First, the sampling strategy needs to be designed to capture the key actors in a value chain. Second, the market inclusion indicators cannot stand alone; they must be interpreted alongside the core pro-WEAI indicators. Third, not all market inclusion indicators will be relevant for all value chains and contexts. Users should research the experiences of women and men in the target value chains in the context of the programto select priority market inclusion indicators.
Employment options and challenges for rural households in Malawi: An agriculture and rural employment analysis of the fifth Malawi Integrated Household Survey, 2019/20
Benson, Todd; De Weerdt, Joachim. Washington, DC 2023
Benson, Todd; De Weerdt, Joachim. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136607
Abstract | View
Malawi has suffered from weak economic growth since its independence in 1964. Over 50 percentof the population live below the poverty line, unable to produce enough or to otherwise obtain sufficient income to meet all of their basic needs. Poverty is concentrated in rural areas. Smallholder agriculture dominates employment in rural Malawi. However, with continuing population growth, the average landholding size for smallholder farming households is declining, resulting in many being unable to produce sufficient food to meet their own needs. To escape poverty, rural households increasingly must diversify their sources of income, but many lack the human and financial capital to do so. In this report, a detailed examination is provided of the agricultural production, non-farm employment patterns, and overall incomes obtained by farming households across Malawi using data from the fifth Malawi Integrated Household Survey (IHS5), conducted in 2019/20. The analysis demonstrates that most poor farming households will never be able to escape poverty through their farming alone, even with substantially higher crop productivity. Rainfed cropping remains the primary form of agricultural production for farming households in Malawi. While increasing numbers are engaging in irrigated farming during the dry season, the returns from such farming are inconsistent and low. More importantly, off-farm income sources, particularly temporary ganyu wage employment, are now critical to the livelihoods of most rural households, particularly those with small cropland holdings. The common assumption that agriculture is at the center of the livelihoods of rural households across Malawi no longer holds. Of equal importance is their ability to obtain sufficiently remunerative off-farm employment. In developing strategies for rural economic and human development in Malawi, accelerating agricultural production growth, particularly through increased productivity, and increasing the returns to farming are necessary, but incomplete solutions. Equal attention must now be paid to how workers in farming households can also qualify for and obtain good off-farm jobs. Without increases in such employment opportunities, the economies of most rural communities across Malawi are likely to stagnate and poverty will deepen among households living in them.
IFPRI Malawi Monthly Maize Market Report, February 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Addressing Lake Beseka's challenges: Potential solutions
Hettiarachchi, Upeksha. Washington, DC 2023
Hettiarachchi, Upeksha. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136611
Abstract | View
Lake Beseka, a shallow saline lake in the East African Rift Valley of Ethiopia, has expanded considerably since the 1960s, inundating a large land area. The lake’s expansion is a result of groundwater discharge, inflow from hot springs, and excess irrigation water entering the lake through subsurface flows
Bulletin on food price dynamics, inflation, and the food security situation in Sudan: January 2023
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136613
Abstract | View
International prices of food commodities continued to decrease in January 2023 especially for vegetable oils, sugar, dairy, and meat. Resulting in further sluggish overall price inflation in January 2023 of 83.6 compared to 87.3 percent in December 2022.
The national retail prices of food commodities in January 2023 increased slightly compared to December 2022.
Fluctuations in the exchange rate were associated with the change in local prices of imported commodities such as wheat and sugar.
Food prices in relatively unstable states were higher than the national average.
The monthly inflation rate of food and beverages decreased by 0.2 percent in January 2023 compared to December 2022 driven by the declining CPI for the vegetables and fruits.
The national retail prices of food commodities in January 2023 increased slightly compared to December 2022.
Fluctuations in the exchange rate were associated with the change in local prices of imported commodities such as wheat and sugar.
Food prices in relatively unstable states were higher than the national average.
The monthly inflation rate of food and beverages decreased by 0.2 percent in January 2023 compared to December 2022 driven by the declining CPI for the vegetables and fruits.
Food prices and the wages of the poor: A low-cost, high-value approach to high-frequency food security monitoring
Headey, Derek D.; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Marshall, Quinn; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Mahrt, Kristi. 2023
Headey, Derek D.; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Marshall, Quinn; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Mahrt, Kristi. 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136614
Abstract | View
International food prices have become increasingly volatile in recent decades, with “global food crises” in 2008, 2011 and most recently in 2022. The 2008 crisis prompted international agencies to ambitiously extend their monitoring of domestic food prices in developing countries to strengthen early warning systems and food and nutrition surveillance. However, food inflation by itself is not sufficient for measuring disposable income or food affordability; for that, one must measure either changes in income or changes in an income proxy. Here we propose the use of a low-cost income proxy that can be monitored at the same high frequency and spatial granularity as food prices: the wages of poor unskilled workers. While not all poor people are unskilled wage earners, changes in the real “reservation wages” of low skilled activities are likely to be highly predictive of changes in disposable income for poorer segments of society (Deaton and Dreze 2002). We demonstrate this by estimating changes in “food wages” – wages deflated food price indices – during well-documented food price crises in Ethiopia (2008, 2011 and 2022), Sri Lanka (2022) and Myanmar (2022). In all these instances, food wages declined by 20-30%, often in the space of a few months. Moreover, in Myanmar we use a household panel survey data to show that the decline in food wages over the course of 2022 closely matches estimate declines in household disposable income and proportional increases in income-based poverty. We argue that the affordability of nutritious food for “all people, at all times” is a critically important dimension of food security, and we advocate for monitoring the wages of the poor as a cheap and accurate means of capturing that dimension.
Bulletin on food price dynamics, inflation, and the food security situation in Sudan: January 2023 [in Arabic]
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136615
Regional developments [in 2023 Global Food Policy Report]
Benin, Samuel; Marivoet, Wim; Mawia, Harriet; Ulimwengu, John M.; Abay, Kibrom A.; Diao, Xinshen; Laborde Debucquet, David; Raouf, Mariam; Akramov, Kamiljon T.; Kumar, Anjani; Rashid, Shahidur; Chen, Kevin Z.; Zhou, Yunyi; Mao, Rui; Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio; Piñeiro, Valeria. Washington, DC 2023
Benin, Samuel; Marivoet, Wim; Mawia, Harriet; Ulimwengu, John M.; Abay, Kibrom A.; Diao, Xinshen; Laborde Debucquet, David; Raouf, Mariam; Akramov, Kamiljon T.; Kumar, Anjani; Rashid, Shahidur; Chen, Kevin Z.; Zhou, Yunyi; Mao, Rui; Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio; Piñeiro, Valeria. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294417_08
Abstract | View
Recent global crises have led to diverse impacts across the world’s low- and middle-income regions, reflecting local conditions and differing policy responses. These effects are often compounded by more local shocks and crises, including prolonged conflict and violence, natural disasters, and fragile economic and governance systems. This section examines the impacts of recent food crises to identify both future risks and promising policy options that could improve early warning, immediate response, and resilience building in each region.
Political constraints and opportunities for agricultural investment in Sudan
D'Silva, Brian; Hassan, Rashid; Hutur, Abdelrahman; Ibrahim, Sami; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2023
D'Silva, Brian; Hassan, Rashid; Hutur, Abdelrahman; Ibrahim, Sami; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136628
Abstract | View
This note reviews Sudan’s contemporary political landscape and how it affects the viability of much needed investments central to the country’s agricultural transformation. It specifically focuses on livestock and horticulture value chains in Greater Khartoum and natural resource management in the Blue Nile and South Kordofan States. Successive governments have largely neglected the agriculture sector even though it is the largest employment sector in Sudan and contributes about 56 percent to total exports (CBoS, 2020). Moreover, the sector has a high potential for tackling the twin challenges of food insecurity and improving the livelihoods of smallholder farmers. These two are critical priorities given high food price inflation and restricted access to agricultural inputs exacerbated by the Ukraine war.
An enabling political and governance environment is essential for adopting and implementing the policies required for agricultural transformation, especially in fragile states like Sudan. This Political Economy Assessment (PEA) exercise has highlighted that the military and paramilitary structures occupy a large market share of the State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), private company partnerships, and land leases to foreign companies in the agriculture sector. Thus, this study forms a basis for deeper PEA and an opportunity for the exploration of the role of intermediaries and the rent seeking activities at the subsequent levels of agricultural value chains, and the extent to which they are linked to both formal and informal economic structures. We have highlighted how smallholder farmers are largely disadvantaged given the current distribution of economic rents.
An enabling political and governance environment is essential for adopting and implementing the policies required for agricultural transformation, especially in fragile states like Sudan. This Political Economy Assessment (PEA) exercise has highlighted that the military and paramilitary structures occupy a large market share of the State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), private company partnerships, and land leases to foreign companies in the agriculture sector. Thus, this study forms a basis for deeper PEA and an opportunity for the exploration of the role of intermediaries and the rent seeking activities at the subsequent levels of agricultural value chains, and the extent to which they are linked to both formal and informal economic structures. We have highlighted how smallholder farmers are largely disadvantaged given the current distribution of economic rents.
IFPRI key facts series: Key facts sheet on education
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
This is the first Education Key Facts Sheet in a series of Key Facts sheets that IFPRI produces based on the Integrated Household Surveys (IHS). The purpose of the series is to present data relevant to key policy issues on agriculture, food systems, and development topics in Malawi. Other Key Facts Sheets are available on our website at massp.ifpri.info.
Impact of information on demand for safe food
Hoffmann, Vivian; Kariuki, Sarah; Murphy, Mike; Ndisio, Boaz; Ochenje, Ibrahim; Okoth, Sheila. Washington, DC 2023
Hoffmann, Vivian; Kariuki, Sarah; Murphy, Mike; Ndisio, Boaz; Ochenje, Ibrahim; Okoth, Sheila. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136638
Abstract | View
Problems caused by eating unsafe food are a major health issue in many countries. Contamination by bacteria or toxins can cause these health risks, particularly for young children whose bodies are still developing. It can be difficult to know which foods are risky because you usually cannot tell by looking if food is contaminated. The goal of this research was to see whether giving consumers in Kenya infor-mation about one of these contamination risks would make them choose to purchase different products.
Quarterly bulletin on food price dynamics, inflation, and the food security situation in Sudan: 2021Q1- 2022Q4
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136643
Abstract | View
- Average international prices of wheat, sorghum, rice, and sugar slightly increased in Q4 of 2022 compared to Q3. Import parity prices decreased during the same period because of the reduction in the freight cost to Port Sudan.
- Annual inflation2 decreased from three-digit inflation (260.6 percent) in 2022Q1 to 92.6 percent in 2022Q4.
- Quarterly changes in the price of non-volatile commodities (core inflation) 3 increased slightly in Q4 compared to Q3 of 2022 due to the increase in the housing rents, education, communication, and processed food prices.
- Retail prices of food commodities were relatively stable during the last two quarters of 2022 com pared to the previous quarters of 2021 and 2022.
- Nominal wholesale prices of grains in Khartoum State increased gradually from 2021Q2 to reach a peak in 2022Q3, before dropping in real and nominal terms in 2022Q4.
- Although the national average of causal labor daily wage was increasing over time nominally (2021Q2–2022Q4), it was decreasing in real terms in 2022Q4.
- Poorer urban and rural households (bottom 40 percent) were more affected by the changes in the prices of food and beverage commodities during 2022Q4 than richer households (top 60 percent).
- Blue Nile, Darfur, and Eastern regions have the highest food insecure population classified in crisis or emergency.
- Annual inflation2 decreased from three-digit inflation (260.6 percent) in 2022Q1 to 92.6 percent in 2022Q4.
- Quarterly changes in the price of non-volatile commodities (core inflation) 3 increased slightly in Q4 compared to Q3 of 2022 due to the increase in the housing rents, education, communication, and processed food prices.
- Retail prices of food commodities were relatively stable during the last two quarters of 2022 com pared to the previous quarters of 2021 and 2022.
- Nominal wholesale prices of grains in Khartoum State increased gradually from 2021Q2 to reach a peak in 2022Q3, before dropping in real and nominal terms in 2022Q4.
- Although the national average of causal labor daily wage was increasing over time nominally (2021Q2–2022Q4), it was decreasing in real terms in 2022Q4.
- Poorer urban and rural households (bottom 40 percent) were more affected by the changes in the prices of food and beverage commodities during 2022Q4 than richer households (top 60 percent).
- Blue Nile, Darfur, and Eastern regions have the highest food insecure population classified in crisis or emergency.
IFPRI monthly maize market report, March 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
Fluctuations in the price of maize—Malawi’s most important staple crop—are a huge contributor to the country’s overall food security. Providing maize price information in markets throughout the country is a critical first step to understanding and improving food security in Malawi. The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of daily maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, sellers, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Is irrigation fit for purpose? A review of the relationships between scheme size and performance of irrigation systems
McCarthy, Nancy; Ringler, Claudia; Agbonlahor, Mure Uhunamure; Pandya, A. B.; Iyob, Biniam; Perez, Nicostrato. Washington, DC 2023
McCarthy, Nancy; Ringler, Claudia; Agbonlahor, Mure Uhunamure; Pandya, A. B.; Iyob, Biniam; Perez, Nicostrato. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136651
Abstract | View
Irrigation is increasingly being called upon to help stabilize and grow food and water security in the face of multiple crises; these crises include climate change, but also recent global food and energy price crises, including the 2007/08 food and energy price crises, and the more recent crises triggered by the COVID 19 pandemic and the war on Ukraine. While irrigation development used to focus on public, large-scale, surface- and reservoir-fed systems, over the last several decades, private small-scale investments in groundwater irrigation have grown in importance and are expected to see rapid future growth, particularly in connection with solar-powered pumping systems. But is irrigation ‘fit-for-purpose’ to support population growth, economic development, and multiple food, energy and climate crises? This paper reviews how fit-for-purpose irrigation is with a focus on economies of scale of surface and groundwater systems, and a particular examination of systems in Sub-Saharan Africa where the need for expansion is largest. The review finds challenges for both larger surface and smaller groundwater systems in the face of growing demand for irrigated agriculture and dwindling and less reliable water supplies. To support resilience of the sector, we propose both a holistic design and management improvement agenda for larger surface systems, and a series of suggestions to improve sustainability concerns of groundwater systems
Measuring changes in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136652
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Ghana’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136653
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Ethiopia’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136656
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Political constraints and opportunities for agricultural investment in Sudan [in Arabic]
D'Silva, Brian; Hassan, Rashid; Hutur, Abdelrahman; Ibrahim, Sami; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2023
D'Silva, Brian; Hassan, Rashid; Hutur, Abdelrahman; Ibrahim, Sami; Abushama, Hala; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136659
Quarterly bulletin on food price dynamics, inflation, and the food security situation in Sudan: 2021Q1- 2022Q4 [in Arabic]
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136660
Impact evaluation of the SHARPE Programme in Ethiopia: Academic report
de Brauw, Alan; Gilligan, Daniel; Leavens, Laura; Moges, Fekadu; Roy, Shalini; Tefera, Mulugeta. London, England 2023
de Brauw, Alan; Gilligan, Daniel; Leavens, Laura; Moges, Fekadu; Roy, Shalini; Tefera, Mulugeta. London, England 2023
DOI : 10.51744/CRPP6
Abstract | View
The Strengthening Host and Refugee Populations in Ethiopia (SHARPE) programme uses a market systems development approach to promote increased self-reliance and economic opportunities for refugees and host communities through the piloting and scaling of interventions across different sectors. This approach is based upon understanding the economic barriers that refugee and host communities face, and working with key stakeholders – including businesses, government, and service providers - to improve market function for people in these regions. This report focuses on evaluating the impacts of investments SHARPE has made in the financial market system, which have focused on developing markets for digital financial services in refugee hosting areas. A highlight of the evaluation are two co-developed randomized control trials, designed to help SHARPE and its partners overcome constraints found while implementing the programme.
The report finds evidence that robust markets for digital financial services are emerging in refugee hosting areas near Jijiga and are a little farther behind in Dollo Ado. Enrolment in the mobile money product, HelloCash, has been quite robust, though lower among women and refugees. HelloCash users are more likely to report financial inclusion (beyond inclusion through Hello Cash); they are 8.8 percentage points more likely to report being self-employed; they are 6.1 percentage points more likely to report typically having enough income; and they appear less food insecure than non-users. To try to enrol more women and refugees and catalyse HelloCash use among those groups, we conducted two randomized trials, one which allowed high volume customers to refer customers and receive a small bonus for doing so, and one which provided inactive customers with small incentives to start using the system. The former trial led to increased enrolment, but the share of women and refugees enrolling did not change; the latter led to increased use among women, but not refugees. We conclude with some ideas about further experiments to catalyse more use among refugees.
The report finds evidence that robust markets for digital financial services are emerging in refugee hosting areas near Jijiga and are a little farther behind in Dollo Ado. Enrolment in the mobile money product, HelloCash, has been quite robust, though lower among women and refugees. HelloCash users are more likely to report financial inclusion (beyond inclusion through Hello Cash); they are 8.8 percentage points more likely to report being self-employed; they are 6.1 percentage points more likely to report typically having enough income; and they appear less food insecure than non-users. To try to enrol more women and refugees and catalyse HelloCash use among those groups, we conducted two randomized trials, one which allowed high volume customers to refer customers and receive a small bonus for doing so, and one which provided inactive customers with small incentives to start using the system. The former trial led to increased enrolment, but the share of women and refugees enrolling did not change; the latter led to increased use among women, but not refugees. We conclude with some ideas about further experiments to catalyse more use among refugees.
Measuring changes in the Niger’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136664
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Kenya’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136665
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Malawi’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136666
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Madagascar’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136667
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Nigeria’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136668
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Mozambique’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136670
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Mali’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136671
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Rwanda’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136672
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Uganda’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136674
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Zambia’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136676
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Senegal’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136677
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Measuring changes in the Tanzania’s agri-food system
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136679
Abstract | View
Transformation of the agri-food system (AFS) is a leading pathway to achieve the USG Global Food Security Strategy Objective 1 of “Inclusive agriculture-led growth”. The AFS encompasses the primary agricultural sector, as well as all upstream and downstream agriculture-related activities. An expansion of the AFS’s off-farm components is central to the process of agricultural transformation and is strongly associated with economic development. The Percent change in value-added in the agri-food system (AgGDP+) and Employment in the agri-food system (AgEMP+) indicators are useful to track this process.
Assessing investment priorities for driving inclusive agricultural transformation in Tanzania
Aragie, Emerta; Benfica, Rui; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Aragie, Emerta; Benfica, Rui; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136687
Abstract | View
This study utilizes a recursive dynamic general equilibrium model calibrated with data for Tanzania to explore the link between agricultural and rural development spending and four development outcomes: economic growth, job creation, poverty reduction, and diet quality. Results show that no single expenditure option is the most effective in achieving all four desired development outcomes for Tanzania. Productivity-enhancing agricultural interventions in horticulture are effective at generating growth in the agri-food system (AFS) and improving diets, but have a limited effect on employment. Supporting cereal producers has large effects on growth and poverty reduction, with relatively high returns per dollar invested, but its effect on diet quality is weak. Providing livestock services to milk and poultry farmers consistently ranks high across the outcome indicators, with strong employment effects on downstream AFS. Crop research and development and feeder roads generate moderate impacts on all four outcomes. Partially reallocating the budget towards the most cost-effective spending options can substantially increase the development effectiveness for Tanzania of agriculture sector support expenditures. The approach adopted in this study can help policymakers design and prioritize agricultural interventions and expenditure portfolios that better reflect the country’s broad food system.
Foresight partnership forum: Forum report
CGIAR Initiative on Foresight. Montpellier, France 2023
CGIAR Initiative on Foresight. Montpellier, France 2023
Abstract | View
Background | The challenges facing food, land, and water systems are numerous and complex. In addressing these interlinked challenges, the choices facing governments and their development partners have also become increasingly complicated. Synergies are possible, but trade-offs are often unavoidable. Decision-makers need better evidence to help them choose actions that minimize trade-offs and advance progress towards collective goals. The CGIAR Foresight Initiative aims to inform these choices and enhance decision-making about the future by combining advanced analytics and close engagement with national, regional, and global partners. The Initiative forms part of CGIAR’s new research portfolio, delivering science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis.
Objectives | The Foresight Partnership Forum brought together key partners from across Sub-Saharan Africa to explore challenges facing food, land, and water systems at national, regional, and global scales; identify opportunities to share and strengthen capacity for foresight; and examine ways to use foresight tools and analysis to inform policy making. The Forum on 24-25 January was followed by a training session on country development and policy modeling for partners on 26-27 January.
Objectives | The Foresight Partnership Forum brought together key partners from across Sub-Saharan Africa to explore challenges facing food, land, and water systems at national, regional, and global scales; identify opportunities to share and strengthen capacity for foresight; and examine ways to use foresight tools and analysis to inform policy making. The Forum on 24-25 January was followed by a training session on country development and policy modeling for partners on 26-27 January.
Egypt’s Takaful Cash Transfer Program: Impacts and recommendations from the second round evaluation
El-Enbaby, Hoda; Elsabbagh, Dalia; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Kolt, Bastien; Kurdi, Sikandra. Washington, DC 2023
El-Enbaby, Hoda; Elsabbagh, Dalia; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Kolt, Bastien; Kurdi, Sikandra. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294387
Abstract | View
Egypt’s national cash transfer program, Takaful, and its sister program Karama covered 17 million poor beneficiaries as of 2022, about 16 percent of the Egyptian population. Takaful was designed in 2015 as a conditional cash transfer program providing income support targeted to the most vulnerable, namely poor families with children under age 18. As one of the largest programs — both in absolute terms and in terms of share of the population covered — in the wave of national cash transfer programs spreading across Africa, as well as an innovator among countries in the Middle East, Egypt’s experience has the potential to serve as a model for these regions. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), in collaboration with the Ministry of Social Solidarity, conducted a first-round evaluation of the program in 2017 to estimate its effects on household well-being (Breisinger et al. 2018). That evaluation found large positive impacts on several outcomes, most notably, household consumption. The second-round evaluation, conducted in 2022, found a shift toward greater investment in physical and human capital among program beneficiaries. This brief summarizes the main findings from that second-round evaluation, noting differences from the first evaluation results and providing key recommendations.
Can markets be developed to promote economic self-reliance of refugees? An evaluation of the promotion of digital financial services in Ethiopia by SHARPE
de Brauw, Alan; Tefera, Mulugeta. Washington, DC 2023
de Brauw, Alan; Tefera, Mulugeta. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136694
Abstract | View
The Strengthening Host and Refugee Populations in Ethiopia (SHARPE) programme uses a market systems development approach to promote increased self-reliance and economic opportunities for refugees and host communities in three areas in Ethiopia: Jijiga, Dollo Ado, and Gambella. SHARPE aims to generate economic opportunities for refugee hosting communities through the piloting and scaling of interventions across different sectors. This approach is based upon understanding the economic barriers that refugee and host communities face, and working with key stakeholders – including businesses, government, and service providers - to improve market function for both host community members and refugees residing in target communities.
SHARPE identified the financial market as a strong target for market systems interventions, based on reforms to the Refugee Proclamation in Ethiopia in 2019 allowing refugees to access telecommunications and banking services. As a result, nascent mobile money platforms aligned with banks could begin to market digital financial services to refugees. As digital financial services had already been growing in Somali region, we focused impact evaluation work around the investments SHARPE was making in the financial market system in the two areas of Somali region (Jijiga and Dollo Ado).
SHARPE identified the financial market as a strong target for market systems interventions, based on reforms to the Refugee Proclamation in Ethiopia in 2019 allowing refugees to access telecommunications and banking services. As a result, nascent mobile money platforms aligned with banks could begin to market digital financial services to refugees. As digital financial services had already been growing in Somali region, we focused impact evaluation work around the investments SHARPE was making in the financial market system in the two areas of Somali region (Jijiga and Dollo Ado).
Sahel social cohesion research in Burkina Faso and Niger: Working paper
Pul, Hippolyt; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Konde, Bernard B.; Zogho, Donatus; Kuuchille, Emmanuel V.; McCarthy, Nancy; Marivoet, Wim. Washington, DC 2023
Pul, Hippolyt; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Konde, Bernard B.; Zogho, Donatus; Kuuchille, Emmanuel V.; McCarthy, Nancy; Marivoet, Wim. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136695
Abstract | View
Intervention Context: WFP’s activities in Burkina Faso and Niger focus on fragile agrarian communities in the Sahel, where cyclical floods and droughts combine with decreasing soil fertility and increasing desertification, among other challenges, to aggravate food and livelihood insecurity. Increased competition for land for food crops and pastures as well as water for domestic, productive, and livestock use, intensify conflicts over ownership and usage rights for land and the commons such as forests. in particular, this competition has heightened conflicts between farmers and herders. Layered on these localized conflicts are recent increases in human safety and security concerns related to the spread of attacks by violent extremist groups across the eastern flanks of both countries. The increasing frequency and intensity of these attacks have led to the loss of lives, property, and the displacement of large groups of people. The attendant deepening of food, livelihood, and human insecurities has contributed to a rural exodus of men and women to cities and other economic enclaves in search of alternate sources of food and income. The arrival of displaced persons fleeing the attacks has increased pressure on already limited food stocks and other assets of host communities. COVID-19 added another layer of vulnerability. In addition to the disease burden, lockdowns and restrictions on the movement of persons affected the ability of communities to travel to engage in nonfarm economic activities for supplementary income and food. This greatly affected the food and livelihood security systems of the populations in these already impoverished and fragile communities.
Sahel social cohesion research in Burkina Faso and Niger: Research brief
Pul, Hippolyt; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Konde, Bernard B.; Zogho, Donatus; Kuuchille, Emmanuel V.; McCarthy, Nancy; Marivoet, Wim. Washington, DC 2023
Pul, Hippolyt; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Konde, Bernard B.; Zogho, Donatus; Kuuchille, Emmanuel V.; McCarthy, Nancy; Marivoet, Wim. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136696
Abstract | View
The World Food Programme (WFP) supports communities to mitigate the impact of and build resilience to natural and human-made shocks and stressors that contribute to food insecurity and destabilize people’s livelihoods. WFP’s interventions, therefore, aim to equip communities with the knowledge, skills, and tools to avert or mitigate the impact of cyclical natural events such as droughts and floods through asset and capacity building in affected communities. In the Sahelian areas of Burkina Faso and Niger (as part of a broader regional program also covering Chad, Mali, and Mauritania), WFP promotes climate-resilient agricultural infrastructure and systems to help address issues of land degradation, deforestation, dwindling pasturelands, and depletion of water sources, which all trigger competition for productive resources and migration of people and livestock into better-resourced areas. The interventions also aim to address the impacts of violent conflict from within and outside communities in the Sahelian belt of the two countries, especially those related to extremist groups operating in the area.
Though primarily designed to increase community assets for productive purposes, WFP’s support for the rehabilitation of lands, construction of water-harvesting and retention structures, reforestation and protection of farmlands and pastures, and soil fertility improvement interventions also aims to increase the availability of, reduce intergroup competition for, and ensure equitable access to these resources. In this way, WFP hopes to reduce conflicts over community resources. The use of participatory and collaborative processes for mobilizing and engaging communities should also contribute to increased dialogue within and between different communities and promote peaceful coexistence among the different groups. In particular, the requirement of collaborative approaches to development of communal assets is intended to create spaces of encounter and dialogue that could ease tensions, promote equity in the distribution and use of the created assets, and build relationships among various stakeholders and community groups to ensure that actions for resilience building have the support of government, development partners, and other decision-makers at several administrative levels.
Though primarily designed to increase community assets for productive purposes, WFP’s support for the rehabilitation of lands, construction of water-harvesting and retention structures, reforestation and protection of farmlands and pastures, and soil fertility improvement interventions also aims to increase the availability of, reduce intergroup competition for, and ensure equitable access to these resources. In this way, WFP hopes to reduce conflicts over community resources. The use of participatory and collaborative processes for mobilizing and engaging communities should also contribute to increased dialogue within and between different communities and promote peaceful coexistence among the different groups. In particular, the requirement of collaborative approaches to development of communal assets is intended to create spaces of encounter and dialogue that could ease tensions, promote equity in the distribution and use of the created assets, and build relationships among various stakeholders and community groups to ensure that actions for resilience building have the support of government, development partners, and other decision-makers at several administrative levels.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, April 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Miracle seeds: Biased expectations, complementary input use, and the dynamics of smallholder technology adoption
Miehe, Caroline; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Nabwire, Leocardia; Sparrow, Robert; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2023
Miehe, Caroline; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Nabwire, Leocardia; Sparrow, Robert; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136700
Abstract | View
To fully benefit from new agricultural technologies like improved seed varieties, significant investment in complementary inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides, and practices such as systematic planting, irrigation, and weeding are also required. Farmers may fail to recognize the importance of these complements, leading to unsatisfactory crop yields and outputs and, eventually, dis-adoption of the variety. We provide a simple model of biased expectations, complementary input use and technology adoption and test its predictions using a field experiment among smallholder maize farmers in eastern Uganda. We find that pointing out the importance of complementary investments using a short, engaging video effectively deters some farmers from using commercial improved varieties. Consistent with the theoretical model, we find some evidence that this behavior change emanates from increased knowledge and expectations that are more in line with realized outcomes.
A 2019 nexus social accounting matrix for Sudan
Randriamamonjy, Josée; Raouf, Mariam; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
Randriamamonjy, Josée; Raouf, Mariam; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136701
Abstract | View
Nexus SAMs aims to improve the quality and standardize the construction process of SAMs using a standard toolkit that enables tracing data sources and assumptions. The unified structure of nexus SAMs allows for more robust cross-country comparisons of economies, especially the sectoral composition, allocation of government spending and trade orientation. The 2019 SAM for Sudan is a snapshot capturing the structure of the Sudanese Economy and depicting the different transactions between the production activities, factors of production and other income generating and consuming entities in the economy besides the good and services (produced and consumed). The circular flow of income is completed by including the accounts for enterprises, government, and rest of the world. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) relied on both international and local data sources to develop the first Nexus SAM for Sudan for the year 2019. The leading domestic data sources are the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the Central Bank of Sudan (CBoS), the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MFEP) and the Ministry of Human Resources Development and Labor (MHRDL). Like other Nexus SAMs, the Sudan SAM puts a strong emphasis on the household accounts by providing details on both income and expenditure sides as well as savings. We used a household income and expenditure survey to disaggregate the household account into income deciles both in rural and urban areas. The SAM also provides disaggregated representation of production activities including 77 activities producing 79 commodities. Production factors included in the Nexus SAM for Sudan are labor, capital, and land. Labor is further classified by location to rural and urban, by gender to male and female, and by the level education to unskilled, semi-skilled and skilled labor. Land and capital factors are left without further disaggregation.
Changing farm sizes and farmers’ demographics in Ethiopia
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Minten, Bart. Washington, DC 2023
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Minten, Bart. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136703
Abstract | View
Important changes in farms and farm demographics are noted in Ethiopia since 2004/05. These changes have important implications on discussions of the future of Ethiopian agriculture. Comparing the national agricultural sample survey of the Ethiopian Statistical Services (ESS) data between 2004/05 and 2016/17, we find that:
(1) Average farm sizes of smallholders declined by more than 10 percent over the decade, from 1.2 to 0.9 hectares; the decline in farm sizes of female headed households is more pronounced at over 21 percent,
(2) Farmers are becoming older: the share of Ethiopian farmers under 35 declined from 36 to 30 percent,
(3) The youth have smaller and declining farm sizes, declining from 0.9 to 0.8 hectares,
(4) Rental markets are becoming more important, with 12 percent of crop land being rented in at the end of the period; especially the youth rely more on rental markets to access land, with 20 percent of their land rented in, and
(5) Education levels are rapidly increasing, with the share of illiterate youth farmers declining from 56 to 30 percent.
This has important implications for the future of Ethiopian agriculture and the overall economy.
(1) Average farm sizes of smallholders declined by more than 10 percent over the decade, from 1.2 to 0.9 hectares; the decline in farm sizes of female headed households is more pronounced at over 21 percent,
(2) Farmers are becoming older: the share of Ethiopian farmers under 35 declined from 36 to 30 percent,
(3) The youth have smaller and declining farm sizes, declining from 0.9 to 0.8 hectares,
(4) Rental markets are becoming more important, with 12 percent of crop land being rented in at the end of the period; especially the youth rely more on rental markets to access land, with 20 percent of their land rented in, and
(5) Education levels are rapidly increasing, with the share of illiterate youth farmers declining from 56 to 30 percent.
This has important implications for the future of Ethiopian agriculture and the overall economy.
Smallholder farmers’ participation in profitable value chains and contract farming
: Evidence from irrigated agriculture in Egypt
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Abay, Kibrom A.. Washington, DC 2023
: Evidence from irrigated agriculture in Egypt
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Abay, Kibrom A.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136707
Abstract | View
Key messages The participation of smallholder farmers in high-value and profitable value chains as well as contract farming remains low in Africa.
Farmers with limited land resources are more likely to devote a larger share of their land to low-value crops such as cereals while this pattern weakens with increasing land size and slightly reverses for high-value crops such as spices and herbs.
Smallholders in Egypt face a trade-off between ensuring food security to their house holds and maximizing profit, and land plays a major factor in moderating this trade-off.
Younger and wealthier farmers are more likely to participate in the cultivation of high value crops such as spices and herbs as well as contract farming.
There exist strong complementarities between participation in high-value value chains and contract farming.
Farmers with limited land resources are more likely to devote a larger share of their land to low-value crops such as cereals while this pattern weakens with increasing land size and slightly reverses for high-value crops such as spices and herbs.
Smallholders in Egypt face a trade-off between ensuring food security to their house holds and maximizing profit, and land plays a major factor in moderating this trade-off.
Younger and wealthier farmers are more likely to participate in the cultivation of high value crops such as spices and herbs as well as contract farming.
There exist strong complementarities between participation in high-value value chains and contract farming.
Short-term and long-term effects of cash for work: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in Tunisia
Leight, Jessica; Mvukiyehe, Eric. Washington, DC 2023
Leight, Jessica; Mvukiyehe, Eric. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136708
Abstract | View
While a growing literature analyzes the economic effects of cash for work programs in developing countries, there remains little evidence about the longer-term effects of these interventions. This paper presents findings from a randomized controlled trial evaluating a three month intervention providing public works em ployment in rural Tunisia. The evaluation design incorporates two dimensions of randomization — community-level randomization to treatment and control, and individual-level randomization among eligible individuals — and a sample of 2,718 individuals was tracked over five years. The findings suggest that cash for work leads to significant increases in labor market engagement, assets, consumption, financial inclusion, civic engagement, psychological well being, and women’s em powerment one-year post-treatment; however, these effects have largely attenuated to zero five years post-treatment, with the exception of a positive effect on assets. There is also evidence of positive spillover effects within treatment communities, but these effects similarly attenuate over time.
Primary agricultural cooperatives in Malawi: Structure, conduct, and performance
Davis, Kristin; Kazembe, Cynthia; Benson, Todd; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Lilongwe, Malawi 2023
Davis, Kristin; Kazembe, Cynthia; Benson, Todd; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Lilongwe, Malawi 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136709
Abstract | View
Primary agricultural cooperatives in Malawi, in contrast to other farmer-level organizations, have legal status and can own assets, borrow money for their operations, and sign contracts, making it easier for them to do business for the profit of their members. Conceptually, such cooperatives enable their member-farmers to achieve economies of scale for their commercial activities. By joining together in a cooperative, members can obtain commercial inputs at lower prices closer to wholesale prices than if they purchased the inputs as individuals. In selling their output, by aggregating their crops and other products into larger lots that the cooperative then negotiates to sell on their behalf, buyers can achieve greater efficiency in buying from them and can be expected to offer a premium over the prices that they would offer farmers selling those products individually. Cooperatives can also serve farmers in providing an important channel for obtaining information and advice to increase their productivity and the profitability of their farming. Moreover, by joining together to achieve common objectives in primary agricultural cooperatives, member-farmers can exercise greater influence on local and national policy issues of concern to them, while also building social cohesion, solidarity, and trust within their communities.
Can cooperatives commercialize farming in Malawi?
Davis, Kristin; Kazembe, Cynthia; Benson, Todd; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Lilongwe, Malawi 2023
Davis, Kristin; Kazembe, Cynthia; Benson, Todd; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Lilongwe, Malawi 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136710
Abstract | View
Smallholder farmers constitute the largest group of economic actors in Malawi and there is increasing recognition that the small scale at which they operate does not offer for most a pathway out of poverty, let alone to prosperity.
Increasingly the idea is gaining traction that by joining forces through primary agricultural cooperatives, smallholder farmers across Malawi can reap many of the benefits that larger farmers on commercial estates have been able to realize, such as
negotiating better price for agricultural inputs through bulk purchases;
negotiating better prices for agricultural outputs through aggregation and storage;
adding value to raw agricultural products;
accessing professional equipment, such as tractors or irrigation;
hiring professional services, such as a farm or business manager; or
pooling contiguous pieces of land for more efficient farming.
In this brief we summarize the findings of a detailed report (Davis et al., 2022) on research conducted to assess the current status of cooperatives in the country and what project implementers and policymakers can do to enable cooperatives to contribute to increased commercialization and professionalization of smallholder farming in Malawi.
Increasingly the idea is gaining traction that by joining forces through primary agricultural cooperatives, smallholder farmers across Malawi can reap many of the benefits that larger farmers on commercial estates have been able to realize, such as
negotiating better price for agricultural inputs through bulk purchases;
negotiating better prices for agricultural outputs through aggregation and storage;
adding value to raw agricultural products;
accessing professional equipment, such as tractors or irrigation;
hiring professional services, such as a farm or business manager; or
pooling contiguous pieces of land for more efficient farming.
In this brief we summarize the findings of a detailed report (Davis et al., 2022) on research conducted to assess the current status of cooperatives in the country and what project implementers and policymakers can do to enable cooperatives to contribute to increased commercialization and professionalization of smallholder farming in Malawi.
IFPRI key facts series: Agricultural cooperatives
Banda, Chimwemwe; Duchoslav, Jan. Lilongwe, Malawi 2023
Banda, Chimwemwe; Duchoslav, Jan. Lilongwe, Malawi 2023
Abstract | View
Highlights
• There is an operational agricultural cooperative in every tenth community in Malawi, but they are not well utilized to access markets or services.
• Almost no farmers (0.6 percent in 2019/20) receive extension advice through cooperatives.
• Although an increasing share of farmers engage in input and output markets, few do so through cooperatives.
• Few farmers buy inputs on credit in general, and almost none receive credit from cooperatives.
• Farmers who buy inputs from cooperatives do not pay less than farmers who buy inputs elsewhere.
• Farmers who sell their produce to cooperatives also do not obtain better prices than farmers who sell to other buyers.
• There is an operational agricultural cooperative in every tenth community in Malawi, but they are not well utilized to access markets or services.
• Almost no farmers (0.6 percent in 2019/20) receive extension advice through cooperatives.
• Although an increasing share of farmers engage in input and output markets, few do so through cooperatives.
• Few farmers buy inputs on credit in general, and almost none receive credit from cooperatives.
• Farmers who buy inputs from cooperatives do not pay less than farmers who buy inputs elsewhere.
• Farmers who sell their produce to cooperatives also do not obtain better prices than farmers who sell to other buyers.
Climate change, income sources, crop mix, and input use decisions: Evidence from Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Balana, Bedru. Washington, DC 2023
Amare, Mulubrhan; Balana, Bedru. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136717
Abstract | View
This paper combines panel data from nationally representative household-level surveys in Nigeria with long-term satellite-based spatial data on temperature and precipitation using geo-referenced information related to households. It aims to quantify the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity, income shares, crop mix, and input use decisions. We measure climate change in harmful degree days, growing degree days, and changes in precipitation using long-term (30 year) changes in temperature and precipitation anomalies during the crop calendars. We find that, controlling for other factors, a 15 percent (one standard deviation) increase in change in harmful degree days leads to a decrease in agricultural productivity of 5.22 percent on average. Similarly, precipitation change has resulted in a significant and negative impact on agricultural productivity. Our results further show that the change in harmful degree days decreases the income share from crops and nonfarm self-employment, while it increases the income share from livestock and wage employment. Examining possible transmission channels for this effect, we find that farmers change their crop mix and input use to respond to climate changes, for instance reducing fertilizer use and seed purchases as a response to increases in extreme heat. Based on our findings, we suggest policy interventions that incentivize adoption of climate-resilient agriculture, such as small-scale irrigation and livelihood diversification. We also propose targeted pro-poor interventions, such as low-cost financing options for improving smallholders’ access to climate-proof agricultural inputs and technologies, and policy measures to reduce the inequality of access to livelihood capital such as land and other productive assets.
Baseline survey report of the Strengthen PSNP Institutions and Resilience phase II (SPIR II) resilience food security activity in Ethiopia
Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hirvonen, Kalle; Leight, Jessica; Tambet, Heleene; Tesfaye, Haleluya. Washington, DC 2023
Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hirvonen, Kalle; Leight, Jessica; Tambet, Heleene; Tesfaye, Haleluya. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The objective of this report is to present results from the baseline survey conducted as part of the Implementer-Led Evaluation and Learning (IMPEL) evaluation of SPIR II, a randomized controlled trial launched in 2022. The second phase of the Strengthen PSNP Institutions and Resilience (SPIR) Resilience Food Security Activity (RFSA) aims to enhance livelihoods, increase resilience to shocks, and improve food security and nutrition for rural households vulnerable to food insecurity in Ethiopia. The RFSA is situated within Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), one of the largest safety net programs in Africa. Funded by USAID’s Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (BHA), SPIR II is implemented by World Vision International (lead), CARE, and ORDA in the Amhara and Oromia regions of Ethiopia. The IMPEL SPIR II impact evaluation employs an experimental design with three arms, comparing two treatment combinations of livelihood and nutrition graduation model programming provided to PSNP beneficiaries relative to a control group receiving only PSNP transfers. The treatment assignment is randomized at kebele level in 234 kebeles. In the first arm (the control group), PSNP is implemented by the government with SPIR II support for the provision of cash and food transfers only (no supplemental programming). In the second arm, SPIR II programming is rolled out to PSNP beneficiary households in conjunction with nurturing care groups (NCGs) targeting enhanced infant and young child nutritional practices. In the third arm, PSNP beneficiary households receive SPIR II programming and NCGs, supplemented with additional targeted cash grants to pregnant and lactating women.
Community-led resource mobilization and early warning systems process assessment: Full report
Kayamba-Phiri, Fundi; Khulumbo, Burnnet. Washington, DC 2023
Kayamba-Phiri, Fundi; Khulumbo, Burnnet. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
This report examines the motivation and willingness of Village Civil Protection Committees (VCPCs) and communities to mobilize resources at community level for Disaster Risk Management (DRM). To do this, a participatory action research (PAR) approach was utilized, facilitated by SWOT analyses, in combination with focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). The findings revealed that communities had prepositioned resources to prepare for disaster response as part of risk reduction. Participants identified their ability to mobilize themselves as a community; to mobilize funds and food; well trained and knowledgeable structures, good agricultural practices, and good governance as major strengths. Opportunities for resource mobilization included enterprise, piece work (ganyu), irrigation farming, access to safety net programs, and youth participation. Weaknesses included the disorganization of some community structures, lack of support or political will from community leaders and the government, lack of accountability from VCPC members, and reluctance to adopt improved agricultural practices. Community-based early warning systems, although available, are insufficient to provide effective risk reduction for natural disasters. There is a lack of documentation concerning indigenous early warning systems, which impedes the development of effective and contextual strategies for risk reduction. The recommendations include increasing awareness among traditional leaders, defining resource mobilization structures, documenting guidelines and transactions for transparency, investing in early warning infrastructure and capacity building, documenting indigenous early warning signs, and intensifying watershed restoration and conservation to increase disaster preparedness.
Getting ahead of the game: Experiential learning for groundwater governance in Ethiopia
ElDidi, Hagar; Zhang, Wei; Gelaw, Fekadu; De Petris, Caterina; Blackmore, Ivy; Teka, Natnael; Yimam, Seid; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Ringler, Claudia; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Washington, DC 2023
ElDidi, Hagar; Zhang, Wei; Gelaw, Fekadu; De Petris, Caterina; Blackmore, Ivy; Teka, Natnael; Yimam, Seid; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Ringler, Claudia; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136723
Abstract | View
The goal of this study is to assess the potential of game-based experiential learning in raising awareness and stimulating discussions about groundwater resource systems, the social dilemma in groundwater management, and the need for institutional arrangements (rules) governing this shared resource, as well as whether such awareness and community discussions lead to actual change in groundwater governance in Ethiopia. Groundwater management is highly complex, with many users sharing the same resource often without realizing their interconnectedness. Behavioral experiments (games) that simulate real-life common-pool resource use have shown promise as an experiential learning tool for improving resource governance. This study pilots an experiential learning intervention in Ethiopia using a groundwater gameto help raise awareness of groundwater over-extraction and improve understanding of the importance of collective action in governance. The Meki River catchment in rural Ethiopia is a unique context where small-scale irrigation is expanding, but overextraction and competition over groundwater have not yet reached alarming levels. The groundwater game, adapted from Meinzen-Dick et al. (2016 and 2018), was played in 15 villages, accompanied by community-wide debriefing discussions in each village after the game to reflect on the process and lessons learned, and to stimulate discussions around groundwater governance. We carried out participant surveys to capture individual mental models regarding groundwater use and management, as well as any immediate learning effects. Focus group discussions were held in each village prior to the intervention to establish a baseline and again six months after the intervention to assess possible lasting effects. The findings indicate cognitive, normative and relational learning, including increased understanding of groundwater dynamics (such as the joint effect of diverse water uses and users), the importance of collective action in resource management, and the benefits of communication. We find gendered differences in decision-making about resource extraction in the game and evolvement of group-level resource management across no-communication, communication, and rule-making rounds of the game. We discuss community-wide learning and institutions-building, and considerations for future intervention designs. We recommend embedding experiential learning, facilitated by local extension officers or other community engagement practitioners, in intervention packages that include both technical assistance on water-conserving technologies and management approaches and support in building communities’ institutional capacity.
Monitoring indicators of economic activity in Sudan amidst ongoing conflict using satellite data
Abushama, Hala; Guo, Zhe; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Abay, Kibrom A.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Abushama, Hala; Guo, Zhe; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Abay, Kibrom A.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136724
Abstract | View
The confrontation in Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) had persisted for months before escalating into an armed conflict on April 15th, 2023. Besides the severe humanitarian catastrophe, the war has disrupted access to power, water, health services, and banking services while also disrupting access to markets triggering considerable scarcity of goods and services. The conflict has destroyed key infrastructure, constraining domestic and international trade and disrupting production activities and supply chains. In this paper, we utilize satellite data to provide a swift analysis of how the conflict has changed patterns of economic activity, which are bound to have severe implications on food security in Sudan. We also describe how remote sensing and data collection methods can be deployed to monitor economic activities amidst armed conflicts.
The architecture of the Sudanese agricultural sector and its contribution to the economy between 1990 and 2021
Alhelo, Alzaki; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2023
Alhelo, Alzaki; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136725
Abstract | View
The paper reviews the performance of the Sudanese agricultural sector over the last three decades (1990 through 2021) and examines the drivers of that performance. Key findings show that the sector’s contribution to gross domestic product was greater during the 1990–1999 period than during the other two decades; agricultural productivity as well was higher in that decade than in the subsequent two decades. The sector has remained a major source of employment and livelihood. During the last decade reviewed (2010–2021), the sector regained its leading position as a generator of foreign currency. Public investment in agriculture and government spending allocated to the sector were lower than in other countries in the region. Political elites have generally lacked commitment to development plans in the sector. Political developments in Sudan have disrupted more recent efforts to revitalize the sector. Climate change, as manifested in rising temperature, declining rainfall, and drought, is a substantial determinant currently affecting the sector. The paper discusses some broad recommendations for improving the performance of the Sudanese agricultural sector.
What are you talking about? Applying cognitive interviewing to improve survey questions on women’s economic empowerment for market inclusion
Myers, Emily; Heckert, Jessica; Salazar, Elizabeth; Kalagho, Kenan; Salamba, Flora; Mzungu, Diston; Mswero, Grace; Adegbola, Ygue Patrice; Crinot, Geraud Fabrice; Kouton-Bognon, Baudelaire; Pereira, Audrey; Rubin, Deborah; Malapit, Hazel J.; Seymour, Greg. Washington, DC 2023
Myers, Emily; Heckert, Jessica; Salazar, Elizabeth; Kalagho, Kenan; Salamba, Flora; Mzungu, Diston; Mswero, Grace; Adegbola, Ygue Patrice; Crinot, Geraud Fabrice; Kouton-Bognon, Baudelaire; Pereira, Audrey; Rubin, Deborah; Malapit, Hazel J.; Seymour, Greg. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136726
Abstract | View
Monitoring progress toward women’s empowerment requires tools that reflect its underlying concepts. Cognitive interviewing is a qualitative approach for identifying sources of error in how respondents respond to survey items. This study identifies cognitive errors in survey modules included in the project level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index for Market Inclusion (pro-WEAI+MI) in Benin and Malawi. Comprehension, retrieval, judgment, and response errors were all found to different degrees in the nine modules comprising the survey instrument. There are variations in findings by country context and, to a lesser extent, gender. The findings of this study informed revisions to the pro-WEAI+MI survey instrument and offer insights into how best to design survey modules used for monitoring progress toward gender equality in agricultural value chains and development efforts.
2021 Social Accounting Matrix for Kenya: A Nexus Project SAM
The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA); Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KBS); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
. Washington, DC 2023
The Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA); Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KBS); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI)
. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136728
Abstract | View
The 2021 Kenya Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
Monitoring indicators of economic activity in Sudan amidst ongoing conflict using satellite data [in Arabic]
Abushama, Hala; Guo, Zhe; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Abay, Kibrom A.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Abushama, Hala; Guo, Zhe; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.; Abay, Kibrom A.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136730
Abstract | View
The confrontation in Sudan between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) had persisted for months before escalating into an armed conflict on April 15th, 2023. Besides the severe humanitarian catastrophe, the war has disrupted access to power, water, health services, and banking services while also disrupting access to markets triggering considerable scarcity of goods and services. The conflict has destroyed key infrastructure, constraining domestic and international trade and disrupting production activities and supply chains. In this paper, we utilize satellite data to provide a swift analysis of how the conflict has changed patterns of economic activity, which are bound to have severe implications on food security in Sudan. We also describe how remote sensing and data collection methods can be deployed to monitor economic activities amidst armed conflicts.
The Russia-Ukraine conflict is likely to compound Sudan’s existing food security problems
Breisinger, Clemens; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.; Glauber, Joseph W.; Laborde Debucquet, David. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens; Kirui, Oliver K.; Dorosh, Paul A.; Glauber, Joseph W.; Laborde Debucquet, David. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294394_30
Abstract | View
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has disrupted agricultural production and trade from one of the world’s major food exporting regions. The war threatens to drive rising food prices still higher and create scarcity, especially for regions most dependent on wheat and other exports from Russia and Ukraine — particularly the Middle East and North Africa.
Sudan faces a uniquely difficult set of circumstances as these disruptions loom. As with other countries in the region, wheat is a key food item for Sudan, second only to sorghum as a source of calories and accounting for 530 calories/person/day — a fifth of the estimated 2,576 total calories consumed daily. Only about 15% of the wheat consumed is grown in Sudan — a share that might shrink due to rising fertilizer and energy prices; the rest is imported, with a majority sourced from Russia and Ukraine in recent years (Figure 1). Adding to these vulnerabilities, prices for wheat and fuel were already spiking before the war began, compounding the risk of rising food insecurity.
Sudan faces a uniquely difficult set of circumstances as these disruptions loom. As with other countries in the region, wheat is a key food item for Sudan, second only to sorghum as a source of calories and accounting for 530 calories/person/day — a fifth of the estimated 2,576 total calories consumed daily. Only about 15% of the wheat consumed is grown in Sudan — a share that might shrink due to rising fertilizer and energy prices; the rest is imported, with a majority sourced from Russia and Ukraine in recent years (Figure 1). Adding to these vulnerabilities, prices for wheat and fuel were already spiking before the war began, compounding the risk of rising food insecurity.
Food price shocks and diets among poor households in Egypt
Abay, Kibrom A.; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Kurdi, Sikandra; Salama, Yousra . Washington, DC 2023
Abay, Kibrom A.; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Kurdi, Sikandra; Salama, Yousra . Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294394_25
Abstract | View
Because of its dependence on food imports, Egypt is particularly vulnerable to the high world food prices and trade shocks triggered by Russia’s February 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Imports account for more than 40% of Egypt’s calorie consumption, and the country is the world’s largest importer of wheat, with about 85% coming from Russia and Ukraine before the war began. Since then, supply disruptions, high global market prices, and other factors have led to sharp rises in domestic food inflation, which reached 31% in November. This in turn is a major driver of rising overall annual inflation, which soared from 6% to 19% between January and November 2022 — the highest rate in five years.
In this post, based on a recent survey, we assess how Egypt’s poor households are responding to these economic stresses, and how the Egyptian government’s social protection efforts have affected consumption since the conflict began. In general, the survey indicates that many poor households cut back on consumption of some unsubsidized nutritious foods while consumption of subsidized foods remained unaffected, suggesting the national food subsidy program plays an important role.
In this post, based on a recent survey, we assess how Egypt’s poor households are responding to these economic stresses, and how the Egyptian government’s social protection efforts have affected consumption since the conflict began. In general, the survey indicates that many poor households cut back on consumption of some unsubsidized nutritious foods while consumption of subsidized foods remained unaffected, suggesting the national food subsidy program plays an important role.
Rising commodities prices driven by the Russia-Ukraine crisis threaten to undermine Kenya’s economy, increase poverty
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Oseko, Edwin Ombui; Pradesha, Angga; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Oseko, Edwin Ombui; Pradesha, Angga; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294394_33
Abstract | View
Much of the early attention to the Russia-Ukraine conflict’s food security impacts has been concentrated on countries highly dependent on wheat imports from the Black Sea region. Given the important role that wheat products play in the diets of people in Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, Lebanon, and other countries, the interruption in Black Sea wheat trade and high prices have raised serious concerns about rising levels of food insecurity, poverty, and instability around the world.
But many countries are affected by price increases across a range of commodities (some predating the war), including in fertilizers, edible oils, and maize, as well as oil, natural gas, and other energy products. How are these sharp international price increases impacting countries and people, and how can countries respond? Our recent modeling study focusing on Kenya suggests higher prices, particularly for fertilizer, will reduce GDP growth and increase poverty rates in the country, putting an estimated 1.4 million additional people below the poverty line.
But many countries are affected by price increases across a range of commodities (some predating the war), including in fertilizers, edible oils, and maize, as well as oil, natural gas, and other energy products. How are these sharp international price increases impacting countries and people, and how can countries respond? Our recent modeling study focusing on Kenya suggests higher prices, particularly for fertilizer, will reduce GDP growth and increase poverty rates in the country, putting an estimated 1.4 million additional people below the poverty line.
West Africa faces mixed food security impacts from the Russia-Ukraine conflict
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traoré, Fousseini. Washington, DC 2023
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traoré, Fousseini. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294394_29
Abstract | View
Food security in West Africa has been deteriorating since 2015: The proportion of the population affected by undernutrition rose from 11.5% in 2015 to 18.7% in 2020, a total of 75.2 million people. Now, like the rest of the world, the region faces rapidly growing impacts from Russia’s war in Ukraine, including spiking food prices and disruptions in markets for cereals and other commodities, including fertilizers and fuels. What are some of the war’s likely effects on West Africa?
Overall, the greatest risk is from rising global prices. The region imports relatively little food or fertilizer (with some exceptions) from Russia and Ukraine, insulating it from many of the current market disruptions, and has capacity to substitute some lost fertilizer imports.
Overall, the greatest risk is from rising global prices. The region imports relatively little food or fertilizer (with some exceptions) from Russia and Ukraine, insulating it from many of the current market disruptions, and has capacity to substitute some lost fertilizer imports.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, May 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
The Russia-Ukraine crisis poses a serious food security threat for Egypt
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina; Breisinger, Clemens; Glauber, Joseph W.; Laborde Debucquet, David. Washington, DC 2023
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina; Breisinger, Clemens; Glauber, Joseph W.; Laborde Debucquet, David. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294394_24
Abstract | View
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has imperiled global food security — creating suffering within Ukraine and displacing millions while disrupting agricultural production and trade from one of the world’s major exporting regions. The latter threatens to drive rising food prices still higher and create scarcity, especially for regions most dependent on exports from Russia and Ukraine — particularly the Middle East and North Africa.
In this post, we consider the impacts of the war on the wheat market, focusing on Egypt. Wheat is a key food item for this country, representing between 35% and 39% of caloric intake per person in the past few years. Wheat imports usually account for about 62% of total wheat use in the country. We conclude by listing a number of key policy actions aimed at diversifying imports in the short term and helping Egypt’s agrifood system transformation become fairer and more resilient. The latter is an absolute necessity in the context of looming threats from climate change and water scarcity.
In this post, we consider the impacts of the war on the wheat market, focusing on Egypt. Wheat is a key food item for this country, representing between 35% and 39% of caloric intake per person in the past few years. Wheat imports usually account for about 62% of total wheat use in the country. We conclude by listing a number of key policy actions aimed at diversifying imports in the short term and helping Egypt’s agrifood system transformation become fairer and more resilient. The latter is an absolute necessity in the context of looming threats from climate change and water scarcity.
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine threatens food security in Malawi: How can the country respond?
De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Washington, DC 2023
De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294394_31
Abstract | View
Food insecurity is endemic in Malawi, affecting up to 38% of the population every year in the run-up to the harvest in April. Although geographically distant, there are multiple channels through which Russia’s invasion of Ukraine can make matters worse this year.
The conflict has disrupted global supplies of key cereals, vegetable oils, and fertilizers, pushing already-high prices higher, and putting particular pressure on low-income countries with vulnerable poor populations. In this post we discuss how rising wheat, maize, cooking oil, and fertilizer prices are likely to impact Malawi and how the government can respond.
The conflict has disrupted global supplies of key cereals, vegetable oils, and fertilizers, pushing already-high prices higher, and putting particular pressure on low-income countries with vulnerable poor populations. In this post we discuss how rising wheat, maize, cooking oil, and fertilizer prices are likely to impact Malawi and how the government can respond.
The Russia-Ukraine crisis presents threats to Nigeria’s food security, but potential opportunities for the fertilizer, energy sectors
Balana, Bedru; Andam, Kwaw; Amare, Mulubrhan; Adeyanju, Dolapo; Laborde, David. Washington, DC 2023
Balana, Bedru; Andam, Kwaw; Amare, Mulubrhan; Adeyanju, Dolapo; Laborde, David. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294394_32
Abstract | View
The current rise in global market prices for major food commodities almost mirrors that of the 2008 food crisis, presenting a worldwide threat to food security. The situation is particularly severe in Africa, where the COVID-19 pandemic and now the Russia-Ukraine crisis have exposed the vulnerability of food systems to major shocks, particularly in countries like Nigeria that rely heavily on imports of major staple foods such as rice and wheat.
With global food prices spiking and supplies of wheat, oils, and other items disrupted due to the Russia-Ukraine war, Nigeria faces a number of threats to its already precarious food security. Since over 50% of the foods consumed by Nigerian households come from purchased sources, food price inflation threatens to place many people in a worsening food insecurity situation. In particular, Nigeria’s dependence on wheat imports may lead to high prices and supply problems. At the same time, however, Nigeria’s capacity to produce other key items — in particular, fertilizer and natural gas — may allow it to take advantage of global market disruptions from the crisis.
In this post, we examine how wheat supply disruptions and spiking prices caused by the Russia-Ukraine conflict may exacerbate food insecurity in Nigeria, and also explore the country’s potential opportunities in the emerging fertilizer sector and energy industries.
With global food prices spiking and supplies of wheat, oils, and other items disrupted due to the Russia-Ukraine war, Nigeria faces a number of threats to its already precarious food security. Since over 50% of the foods consumed by Nigerian households come from purchased sources, food price inflation threatens to place many people in a worsening food insecurity situation. In particular, Nigeria’s dependence on wheat imports may lead to high prices and supply problems. At the same time, however, Nigeria’s capacity to produce other key items — in particular, fertilizer and natural gas — may allow it to take advantage of global market disruptions from the crisis.
In this post, we examine how wheat supply disruptions and spiking prices caused by the Russia-Ukraine conflict may exacerbate food insecurity in Nigeria, and also explore the country’s potential opportunities in the emerging fertilizer sector and energy industries.
Leveraging urbanization for inclusive development in Malawi: Anchoring the secondary city development of Salima and Chipoka in a modernizing fruit value chain
De Weerdt, Joachim; Pienaar, Louw; Hami, Emmanuel; Durand, Wiltrud. Washington, DC 2023
De Weerdt, Joachim; Pienaar, Louw; Hami, Emmanuel; Durand, Wiltrud. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136769
Abstract | View
Agricultural development in Malawi faces an important conundrum. While agriculture is the backbone of the economy, many smallholders will not be able to farm their way out of poverty. Shrinking farmland size severely limits the total income that can be earned from farming, even at much higher levels of productivity per area farmed than are now achieved. Urbanization embedded in the modernization of locally relevant value chains provides a promising pathway to inclusive development as it serves to simultaneously raise farm incomes, create income-earning opportunities off the farm, and create specialized urban hubs that can boost urban economic growth through agglomeration economies. After laying out these concepts conceptually, we apply them to a specific example of a modernizing mango value chain in Salima/Chipoka. Salima and Chipoka form an urban cluster about 100 km from the capital Lilongwe, located on the lakeshore of Lake Malawi. The Malawi Secondary Cities Plan has identified this cluster as one of eight that are to form an interconnected network of secondary cities, geographically spread across the country, with productive activities in each anchored in the economy of their rural hinterlands
Accounting for dietary deprivations in rural Africa: Poor households, poor farms or poor food environments?
Block, Steven; Ecker, Olivier; Headey, Derek D.; Comstock, Andrew R.. Washington, DC 2023
Block, Steven; Ecker, Olivier; Headey, Derek D.; Comstock, Andrew R.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136770
Abstract | View
Agricultural and food policies are increasingly asked to do more to improve the dietary quality of populations in lower and middle income countries (LMICs), especially severely malnourished rural populations. However, the appropriate strategy for improving diet quality remains an open question. Agriculture has traditionally focused on food security and poverty reduction, mostly through investments in staple crops, while social protection programs have also sought to improve diets through poverty reduction. Nutrition-sensitive agriculture programs traditionally emphasize farm-level diversification into nutrient-dense crops and/or livestock, combined with nutrition education. More recently, some researchers have moved beyond the farm to assessthe role of market access and local food environments more generally, though little research has focused on food environments in rural Africa. In this study we explore the determinants of a new and improved measure of household diet deprivation(s) that measure consumption gaps for diets as a whole as well as gaps for individual food groups. Using national datasets for rural Nigeria, Ethiopia and Tanzania, we conduct a “racehorse” regression analysis that reveals strong support for the role of wealth in reducing dietary deprivation, evidence that livestock diversification is important but not crop diversification, and indications that local farming systems are also strongly associated with dietary outcomes, but market access indicators are not. While more research is needed, we conclude that the evidence supports strategies that combine income/wealth enhancement objectives with livestock diversification where possible. Evidence on the linkages between food environments and diet quality in rural areas of LMICs is currently too limited and warrants further research of the observational and experimental variety.
A healthy diet is costly, but even with limited income Kenyans can eat better
Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2023
Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294547
Abstract | View
Four important implications for policy to promote and guide a transformation toward healthy diets for all Kenyans can be drawn from this research: First, Kenya’s diet problem — the underconsumption of nutritious foods and increasingly high consumption of calorie-rich but micronutrient-sparse foods — is primarily a poverty problem. Most Kenyans simply cannot afford a healthy diet. Accelerated poverty reduction will have important nutritional benefits. Second, there are large differences between the costs of meeting dietary guidelines for highly nutritious foods and the costs of obtaining adequate amounts of calorie-dense staple foods. These cost gaps have a strong effect on household diets because the food choices of many Kenyan households are primarily driven by a need to satisfy calorie requirements. This points to a problem of relative food prices, which interacts with the poverty problem. It is most apparent for animal-source protein foods and, to a lesser degree, for vegetables. Thus, policy interventions and technological innovations that address this relative food price problem are needed to narrow the consumption gaps for nutritious food groups, particularly animal-source foods and vegetables. Third, the food preferences of Kenyans show that the poor-quality diets consumed by many households are not solely due to insufficient purchasing power and high prices for nutritious foods. This is most obvious for plant-based protein foods — pulses and nuts — which have low prices per calorie, but which few households consume in sufficient amounts to meet the recommended healthy intake. This weak consumer preference for such foods suggests a lack of knowledge of their nutritional value and their importance for healthy diets. Nutrition education may aid in changing consumer behavior to increase the consumption of pulses and nuts, as well as other nutritious foods that are now underconsumed relative to the healthy reference diet. Kenyans can consume more healthy diets with their current incomes. While healthy diets are costly for many Kenyan households, changes can be made in the current typical diet to achieve better and more balanced nutrient intake at the same cost. Finally, policies aimed at promoting food systems transformation in Kenya should factor in the dietary needs of Kenyans. As agriculture is the dominant sector in Kenya’s food systems, a balance must be found between traditional objectives including productivity growth, export stimulation, and farmer support, on the one hand, and the new responsibility of improving the availability of nutrient-dense foods for better nutrition and health for all Kenyans, on the other.
Updated social accounting matrices for Kenya: An instrument for policy analysis and simulation
Breisinger, Clemens; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Laichena, Joshua; Omanyo, Daniel; Kiriga, Benson; Malot, Kenneth; Mwatu, Shadrack; Muchiri, Benjamin; Mbatia, Hiram; Abuga, James; Rutto, Justin. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Laichena, Joshua; Omanyo, Daniel; Kiriga, Benson; Malot, Kenneth; Mwatu, Shadrack; Muchiri, Benjamin; Mbatia, Hiram; Abuga, James; Rutto, Justin. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136774
Abstract | View
The policy brief provides an overview of the updated Kenya Social Accounting Matrices (SAMs). The current Kenya SAM which incorporates latest rebased national accounts data, supply and use tables and household budget survey, is an update of the previous SAM compiled for 2009 transactions. SAMs are used in conjunction with analytical techniques to strengthen the evidence underlying policies. The updated Kenya SAM 2021 identifies 90 production activities and commodities (products) across agriculture, industry, and services sectors. As an economy-wide data framework, SAM best captures priority production sectors outlined in the government’s new development plan (Bottom-up Economic Transformation Agenda (BETA)). For instance, priority sub-sectors highlighted in the plan include maize, dairy, cattle, tea value addition, expanding and revamping export cash crops such as coffee, cashew nuts, avocado, macadamia nuts and pyrethrum, revamping leather, cotton, pharmaceutical, and textile and clothing industries. Using this SAM data framework, analysis can be done to assess the likely impacts of implementing BETA on jobs, poverty and food security in Kenya. The SAM also in cludes 3 broad categories of production factors (land, capital and labour), and 15 household groups by quintiles. Highlight from Kenya SAM 2021 suggests that services sector contributed the largest share to GDP (57.8%), followed by Agriculture (23.4%), and Industry (18.7%). The brief also presents the share of ex ternal trade to total output and domestic demand, showing that Kenya exports more agriculture-related products while it imports more industrial products. In 2021, Kenya exported 7.1 per cent of its output while import share to domestic demand was 11 per cent, and in the agriculture sector, export to output share was 16.3 per cent. The Kenya SAM 2021 provides policymakers with the necessary data and analytical tools to design and implement effective policies to promote sustainable economic growth and reduce poverty and inequality.
Disclosure of violence against women and girls in Senegal
Peterman, Amber; Dione, Malick; Le Port, Agnès; Briaux, Justine; Lamesse, Fatma; Hidrobo, Melissa. Washington, DC 2023
Peterman, Amber; Dione, Malick; Le Port, Agnès; Briaux, Justine; Lamesse, Fatma; Hidrobo, Melissa. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136775
Abstract | View
Measures of violence against women and girls (VAWG) are widely collected in surveys, yet estimates are acknowledged to be lower-bounds of the true prevalence. Disclosure may be affected by numerous factors, including shame and stigma, fear of retaliation, distrust of interviewers or desire to keep the perpetrator's identity confidential. We conduct a survey experiment randomly assigning approximately 3,400 women and girls aged 15 to 35 to either face-to-face interviews or audio computer-assisted self interviews (ACASI). Results show participants in the ACASI group report higher prevalence of lifetime intimate partner violence by 4 to 7 percentage points compared to face-to-face interviews. Differences in reporting for non-partner VAWG are even larger, ranging from 6 to 12 percentage points for physical violence and sexual harassment, respectively. We test for correlates of characteristics which might lead toincreased disclosure, however, we find few notable patterns. Our results suggest that ACASI surveys are a promising way to encourage disclosure, but acknowledge trade-offs that include limits in the complexity of questions that can be asked and higher time costs associated with development and implementation of surveys.
Women’s empowerment in Rwandan agriculture: A baseline assessment in the context of Rwanda’s gender and youth mainstreaming strategy and the fourth strategic plan for agricultural transformation
Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe; Ingabire, Chantal; Spielman, David J.; Tumukunde, Ritha. Washington, DC 2023
Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe; Ingabire, Chantal; Spielman, David J.; Tumukunde, Ritha. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136776
Abstract | View
Rwanda is a recognized leader in the region and in the world in terms of women’s empowerment. However, no country has yet achieved full gender equality, resulting in untapped potential. The findings from the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) baseline survey conducted in 2019 for the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), indicated that women and men in Rwanda both have relatively high levels of empowerment across different agricultural do mains, and most women are as empowered as men in their households. This working paper dis cusses the findings further and in the context of MINAGRI’s Gender and Youth Mainstreaming Strategy that was also launched in 2019, as well as the Fourth Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation (PSTA 4). Key findings include the following.
• Compared to other countries in the region, women in Rwanda have relatively greater access to financial services and a relatively lower time burden in agriculture.
• However, when compared to men in Rwanda, inequalities persist. Women are significantly less likely than men to access financial services, participate in the marketing of agricultural commodities, access extension services, and spend their time on productive (rather than reproductive) work.
By adapting and promoting innovative and gender-inclusive financial products, shifting gendered cultural norms, providing extension to both the household head and the spouse, and investing in time-saving technologies and innovations, there are opportunities to reduce the gender gap in agriculture and increase agricultural productivity. Realization of these outcomes will depend partly on the implementation of the Gender and Youth Mainstreaming Strategy and PSTA 4, and partly on coordination with other gender-transformative programs in Rwanda.
• Compared to other countries in the region, women in Rwanda have relatively greater access to financial services and a relatively lower time burden in agriculture.
• However, when compared to men in Rwanda, inequalities persist. Women are significantly less likely than men to access financial services, participate in the marketing of agricultural commodities, access extension services, and spend their time on productive (rather than reproductive) work.
By adapting and promoting innovative and gender-inclusive financial products, shifting gendered cultural norms, providing extension to both the household head and the spouse, and investing in time-saving technologies and innovations, there are opportunities to reduce the gender gap in agriculture and increase agricultural productivity. Realization of these outcomes will depend partly on the implementation of the Gender and Youth Mainstreaming Strategy and PSTA 4, and partly on coordination with other gender-transformative programs in Rwanda.
Financial feasibility of developing solar irrigation in Mali
Xie, Hua; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2023
Xie, Hua; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136778
Abstract | View
Mali is home to 22 million people, 12 million of whom live in rural areas and work mostly in agriculture. Although remarkable progress has been made, food insecurity still affects a large share of the population; during 2019-2021, the prevalence of undernourishment in the population was 10%, and in 2020 26% of children below the age of five were stunted.
Financial feasibility of developing solar groundwater irrigation in Ghana
Xie, Hua; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2023
Xie, Hua; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136781
Abstract | View
Ghana is home to 32 million people, 13 million of whom live in rural areas and work mostly in agriculture. Although substantial progress has been made, food insecurity still affects a large share of the population; during 2019–2021 more than one third of the population experienced moderate or severe food insecurity, and in 2020 14% of children below the age of five were stunted.
Tanzania’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Benfica, Rui; Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Benfica, Rui; Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136787
Abstract | View
Tanzania experienced strong annual economic growth of 6.2 percent between 2009 and 2019 (NBS 2020). Despite the country’s relatively less restrictive domestic COVID-19 measures, the adverse effects of the global commodity market disruptions during the pandemic led to a slowdown in GDP growth to 4.8 percent in 2020 and 4.9 percent in 2021 (NBS 2021). Growth is expected to reach 5.3 percent in 2023 and 6.1 percent in 2024 (World Bank 2023), suggesting that Tanzania is returning to its pre-pandemic growth trajectory. While the economy has been going through a process of structural transformation with rapid growth, agriculture continues to play an important role in both output and employment, accounting for about 30 percent of total GDP and 70 percent of employment in 2019. The agriculture sector performed well over the pre-pandemic decade, with agricultural growth accelerating from 3.8 percent per year in the 2009–2014 period to 5 percent in the 2014–2019 period (NBS 2020). The agriculture sector has also been playing an important role in weathering the global commodity market shocks in 2022 and 2023, thanks to some export crops that benefit from the negative terms of trade shock (Diao and Thurlow 2023). In this brief, we unpack the historical and projected economic growth trajectory further to better understand the role of agriculture as well as the broader agrifood system (AFS) in the performance and transformation of the economy of Tanzania.
Ghana’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136788
Abstract | View
Ghana experienced rapid economic growth with an annual GDP growth rate of 6.6 percent between 2009 and 2019 (GSS 2023). Restrictive COVID-19 policy measures in 2020 caused a slowdown in growth (Amewu et al. 2020), with the rate falling to just 0.5 percent in that year (World Bank 2023a). Economic growth rebounded to 5.4 percent in 2021, but this growth was fueled by excessive government borrowing to finance an ambitious public infrastructure campaign and ushered in a severe financial crisis in Ghana. By 2022, the fiscal deficit had reached almost 10 percent of GDP and the total debt-to-GDP ratio had skyrocketed to 90 percent, resulting in rampant inflation (32 percent year-on year), a doubling of interest rates (from 14 to 28 percent), and a sharp currency depreciation (40 percent) (World Bank 2023b; Naadi 2023). Economic growth slowed to 3.2 percent in 2022 and is projected to decline further to 1.6 percent in 2023 (World Bank 2023a). Although President Akuffo-Addo blamed “malevolent forces” (Financial Times 2023)—including the global commodity market shock caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, which by some accounts had only a minimal effect on Ghana’s economy (Arndt et al. 2023; Diao and Thurlow 2023)—the economic situation eventually forced the government to agree to an IMF bailout of US$3 billion in 2023. This will be in force for three years.
Mozambique’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Benfica, Rui; Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Benfica, Rui; Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136789
Abstract | View
Mozambique was one of the fastest-growing countries in sub-Saharan Africa between 2009 and 2014, with annual growth averaging about 7 percent (INE 2020; World Bank 2023a). However, adverse economic circumstances resulted in a significant weakening of economic growth, which averaged only 4.6 percent over the period 2014 to 2019 (INE 2020; World Bank 2023a). Restrictive COVID-19 policymeasures introduced in 2020 further stifled the economy, resulting in negative growth in 2020 and low growth in 2021. Like many other countries, Mozambique was adversely affected by global commodity market disruptions resulting from the onset of Russia-Ukraine war in 2022 and the global recession in 2023 (Arndt et al. 2023; Diao and Thurlow 2023). Mozambique’s growth is expected to recover in the coming years, with projections of 5.0 percent growth in 2023 and 8.0 percent in 2024 (World Bank 2023b), suggesting the economy is inching back toward its pre-pandemic growth trajectory.
Senegal’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136790
Abstract | View
Senegal experienced annual economic growth of 4.8 percent during the 2009 to 2019 period (World Bank 2023a). With an annual population growth rate of 2.7 percent over the same period, the living standards of Senegalese improved modestly. In 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant slowdown in economic growth, but growth rebounded in 2021. While the country was adversely affected by the global commodity market disruptions related to the Russia-Ukraine war that started in 2022 (Arndt et al. 2023; Diao and Thurlow 2023), its growth is projected to reach 8.0 percent in 2023 and 10.5 percent in 2024 (World Bank 2023b). This suggests a much-improved short-term outlook and a future growth trajectory well above its pre-pandemic growth trajectory. Agriculture is a relatively small sector in Senegal, accounting for less than one-fifth of GDP. However, the broader agrifood system (AFS), which includes processing, trade and transport of agrifood products, and food services, makes up about one-third of GDP. In this brief, we examine the performance of Senegal’s broader AFS and its
contribution to growth and transformation.
contribution to growth and transformation.
Transformation of Rwanda’s agrifood system structure and drivers
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Rosenbach, Gracie; Mugabo, Serge; Pauw, Karl; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Rosenbach, Gracie; Mugabo, Serge; Pauw, Karl; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136792
Abstract | View
Rwanda has made remarkable economic progress during the past two decades, and its annual GDP growth rate reached more than 7 percent during the 2009 to 2019 period (NISR 2021). The rapid economic growth has been pro-poor, and the poverty rate fell from 58.9 percent in 2000/01 to 38.2 percent in 2016/17 (NISR 2018). The country has also emerged as a leader among sub-Saharan African countries in promoting innovation, gender equality, and an enabling business environment for development. The government remains strongly committed to a set of ambitious development goals, as set forth in the 2017–2024 National Strategy for Transformation (NST 1) and the corresponding sector-level strategic plans. While the global COVID-19 pandemic had a severe adverse effect on the economy, causing negative GDP growth in 2020, the country rebounded quickly and registered more than 10 percent growth in 2021 (NISR 2022). The country was only minimally affected by global commodity market disruptions resulting from the Russia-Ukraine war that started in 2022 and the global recession in 2023 (Arndt et al. 2023; Diao and Thurlow 2023). Looking forward, Rwanda’s GDP growth is projected to reach 6.7 percent in 2023 and 7.0 percent in 2024 (World Bank 2023), suggesting the economy is returning to its pre-pandemic high-growth trajectory.
Uganda’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136794
Abstract | View
Uganda experienced annual economic growth of 5.8 percent between 2009 and 2019 (UBOS 2020). While restrictive COVID-19 policy measures in 2020 and 2021 caused a slowdown in the economy, the country has largely been spared the adverse effects of the global commodity market disruptions arising from the Russia-Ukraine war that started in 2022 and from the 2023 global recession (Arndt et al. 2023; Diao and Thurlow 2023). Uganda’s GDP growth is projected to reach 5.5 percent in 2023 and 6.1 percent in 2024 (World Bank 2023), suggesting that the economy is resuming its pre-pandemic growth trajectory. Agriculture remains an important sector, accounting for one-quarter of GDP and two-thirds of Uganda’s jobs. The agriculture sector also performed well in the 2009 to 2019 period, growing at 5.0 percent annually (UBOS 2020). Thanks to a positive terms of trade shock and an established trade surplus in agrifood products, this sector played an important role in weathering the 2022 and 2023 global commodity market shocks (Diao and Thurlow 2023). In this brief, we examine Uganda’s economic growth and transformation trajectory, both historically and going forward. Rather than focusing on the role of primary agriculture, we examine how the country’s broader agrifood system (AFS) is contributing to that transformation process.
Transformation of Sudan's agrifood system structure and drivers
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Raouf, Mariam; Siddig, Khalid; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Raouf, Mariam; Siddig, Khalid; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136795
Abstract | View
Since the secession of South Sudan in 2011, the Sudanese economy has faced an unprecedented economic downturn caused by the loss of around 75 percent of oil revenue, civil strife, and political instability (Alhelo, Siddig, and Kirui 2023), and more recently, by the impacts of the global COVID-19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war (Abay et al. 2023). The political conflict between the civilians and military entities after the fall of the Inghaz regime and the ongoing conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) are driving further deterioration of the economy (Abushama et al. 2023).
Democratic Republic of Congo’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Ulimwengu, John M.; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Ulimwengu, John M.; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136796
Abstract | View
Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is dominated by subsistence farming. Households grow food mainly for their own consumption and sell only when they have a surplus. The main crops are cassava, maize, yams, plantains, and rice (FAO 2019). Commercial farming of cash crops such as coffee, palm oil, rubber, and sugar is done on a smaller scale. With constant political instability, infrastructure deficiencies, and lack of investment in DRC, the expansion and productivity of commercial farming have been constrained (World Bank 2020). Livestock and fisheries are also important agrifood subsectors and face constraints similar to the crop subsectors. Despite these challenges, DRC possesses robust agricultural potential due to its vast arable land resources, abundant water resources, and its diverse climatic conditions, which are suitable for a wide variety of crops. There is also potential for further development of the fisheries sector due to the country’s extensive river system and large lakes. In this brief, we look beyond primary agriculture to understand the recent performance of DRC’s broader agrifood system (AFS) and how it is contributing to growth and transformation in the country.
Zambia’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136797
Abstract | View
Zambia experienced modest economic growth of 4.8 percent per year between 2010 and 2019 (ZamStats 2020). Most growth occurred in the earlier part of the decade. After world commodity prices fell in 2014, the GDP growth rate slowed to an annual rate of 3.1 percent (for 2014–2019), which is below the country’s population growth rate. The global COVID-19 pandemic further damaged the economy and GDP declined by 2.8 percent in 2020. The global commodity market disruptions related to the Russia Ukraine war that started in 2022 and the global recession in 2023 are expected to further harm Zambia’s economy (Arndt et al. 2023; Diao and Thurlow 2023). Zambia’s projected GDP growth rate is 3.9 percent for 2023 and 4.1 percent for 2024 (World Bank 2023). Its economy relies heavily on exports of copper and other minerals. While mining is a large sector in total GDP, it creates few jobs in the country. Agriculture remains important in employment, accounting for near 40 percent of jobs. In this brief, we unpack the historical and projected economic growth trajectory further to better understand the role of agriculture as well as the broader agrifood system (AFS) in the performance and transformation of the economy of Zambia.
Niger’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Ulimwengu, John M.; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Ulimwengu, John M.; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136798
Abstract | View
Niger is a landlocked country in West Africa, and most of the population relies on subsistence farming. The country faces considerable food security challenges due to a combination of recurring droughts, desertification, population growth, and political instability. The World Food Program estimates that around 1.5 million people in Niger—roughly 6 percent of the population—are food insecure (WFP 2020). Agriculture plays a pivotal role in Niger’s economy, employing more than 80 percent of workers and contributing around 40 percent of GDP. The agricultural system is largely rainfed and productive activities are concentrated in the southern part of the country, particularly in the regions along the Niger River. Only 15 percent of the country’s land is arable, and rainfall is seasonal and highly variable. Millet, sorghum, cowpeas, and groundnuts are the major food crops, while pastoralism is a key component of the agricultural system, particularly in the arid regions in the north of the country. Despite the dominance of agriculture, Niger is a net food importer as agricultural production falls short of domestic food needs (FAO 2018). The government implemented the 3N Initiative (Nigeriens Nourishing Nigeriens) to address the root causes of food insecurity. This initiative aims to promote sustainable agricultural practices, enhance the resilience of farmers to climate change, and improve access to food (IFAD 2020). While rural households produce a significant amount of their own food, the importance of market purchases as a determinant of food security cannot be overstated. Market purchases are the primary food access strategy for Nigeriens for 8–9 months of the year. This highlights the importance not only of primary agricultural production, but also the broader agrifood system (AFS) in ensuring year-round access and availability of nutritious foods. Hence, in this brief we look beyond primary agriculture to understand the performance of Niger’s broader AFS and how it is contributing to growth and transformation in the country.
Madagascar’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136800
Abstract | View
Madagascar’s economy showed little progress during the decade from 2009 to 2019, growing at an average rate of just 2.9 percent per year, which is only marginally higher than the population growth rate of 2.7 percent (World Bank 2023). The global COVID-19 pandemic pushed the economy into negative growth in 2020, while drought, flooding, and storm damages in 2021 and 2022 had further adverse impacts on the economy. Current projections suggest the economy will achieve growth of 4.2 percent in 2023 and 4.6 percent in 2024, which are well above pre-pandemic growth rates (World Bank 2023). Agriculture is a relatively important sector in Madagascar, accounting for nearly 30 percent of GDP and more than 60 percent of employment. The poor performance of the agriculture sector in the 2009 to 2019 period—the sector grew at only 0.5 percent per year—was an important reason for weak growth overall (INSTAT 2020). In this brief, we unpack the historical and projected economic growth trajectory further to better understand the role of agriculture as well as the broader agrifood system (AFS) in the performance and transformation of the economy of Madagascar.
Malawi’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136801
Abstract | View
Malawi experienced modest growth from 2009 to 2019, with average annual GDP growth of 4.7 percent. The global COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant slowdown in 2020 and 2021, and the economy has not yet rebounded to pre-pandemic levels (World Bank 2023). At the time of writing, GDP is projected to grow at 2.4 percent in 2023, which in combination with population growth of 2.7 percent would result in a 0.3 percent contraction of GDP per capita (IMF 2023). At the core of the failure to resume pre-pandemic economic growth rates are a worsening debt crisis, a balance of payment crisis, an acute shortage of foreign exchange reserves, and several external shocks (World Bank 2022). The latter include the effects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict and the devastation caused by cyclone Freddy in 2023 (De Weerdt and Duchoslav 2022; Diao et al. 2022).
Transformation of Kenya’s agrifood system structure and drivers
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136802
Abstract | View
Kenya experienced significant economic development in the 2009 to 2019 period. Gross domestic product (GDP)—an indicator of the economy’s size—expanded by an annual average of 5 percent (KNBS 2022). This exceeded population growth and helped raise household incomes, leading to a decline in poverty rates; more importantly, for the first time in at least three decades, the country experienced a decline in the absolute number of poor people (World Bank 2022). While the global COVID-19 pandemic caused negative economic growth in 2020, the economy recovered quickly in 2021. Kenya was also largely spared the adverse effects of the global commodity market disruptions arising from the Russia-Ukraine war that started in 2022 and from the global recession in 2023 (Arndt et al. 2023; Diao and Thurlow 2023). Kenya’s GDP growth is projected to reach 5.0 percent in 2023 and 5.3 percent in 2024 (World Bank 2023), suggesting that the economy is resuming its pre-pandemic growth trajectory. Agriculture remains an important sector, accounting for about one-quarter of GDP and nearly half of Kenya’s employment. It has thus played an important role in economic development. The sector has grown alongside the rest of the economy despite many challenges including climate variability (Ochieng et al. 2020), weak rural infrastructure (Benin and Odjo 2018), declines in farm size (Jayne et al. 2016), and limited access to farm inputs combined with poor agronomic management (Worku et al. 2020). In this brief, we look beyond primary agriculture to understand how Kenya’s broader agrifood system (AFS) is contributing to growth and transformation in the country.
Burkina Faso’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136803
Abstract | View
Burkina Faso experienced strong annual economic growth of 6.0 percent between 2009 and 2019 (NISD 2021). However, the global COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant slowdown in economic growth in 2020, while an increase in armed insurgencies by domestic terrorist groups also had an adverse effect on the economy. Burkina Faso’s GDP growth is projected to reach 5.0 percent in 2023 and 5.3 percent in 2024 (World Bank 2023), suggesting the economy is unlikely to return to its pre-pandemic growth trajectory. Agriculture remains an important sector, accounting for one-fifth of GDP and nearly half of employment in Burkina Faso. The agriculture sector also performed well, growing at around 5 percent annually in the 2009 to 2019 period (NISD 2021). In this brief, we look beyond primary agriculture to understand how Burkina Faso’s broader agrifood system (AFS) is contributing to growth and transformation in the country.
Mali’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James; Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136804
Abstract | View
Mali experienced modest annual economic growth of 4.4 percent between 2009 and 2019 (INSTAT 2020; World Bank 2023a). With annual population growth of 3.0 percent during that period, the living standards of Malian people improved only modestly. In 2020, the global COVID-19 pandemic caused a significant slowdown in economic growth, while an increase in armed insurgencies by domestic terrorist groups also had an adverse effect on the economy. Mali’s GDP growth is projected to reach 4.0 percent in 2023 and 2024 (World Bank 2023b), suggesting the economy is inching back toward its prepandemic growth trajectory. Agriculture remains an important sector, accounting for 40 percent of GDP and more than 60 percent of employment in Mali. In this brief, we unpack the historical and projected economic growth trajectory further to better understand the role of agriculture as well as the broader agrifood system (AFS) in the performance and transformation of the economy of Mali.
Nigeria’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Andam, Kwaw S.; Diao, Xinshen; Ecker, Olivier; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Andam, Kwaw S.; Diao, Xinshen; Ecker, Olivier; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136805
Abstract | View
Nigeria experienced a rise and fall in economic growth over the past two decades. The economy experienced strong growth, averaging 7 percent per year, from 2000 to 2014. Then falling world oil prices caused an abrupt decline in Nigeria’s GDP in 2015 and 2016 and the country entered its first recession in nearly 20 years. Since then, the economic growth rate has remained below the population growth rate, complicating efforts to reduce poverty in a country with the world’s second-largest number of poor people (80 million) (World Bank 2022a). Various other factors contributed to sluggish economic growth, including the spread of insecurity and conflict across almost all areas of the country; policies related to COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021 (Andam et al. 2020); the effects of the Russia-Ukraine war (Diao and Thurlow 2023); and general macroeconomic instability (World Bank 2022b). Nigeria’s GDP growth is projected to remain low at 2.9 percent in 2023 and 2024, barely exceeding the population growth rate (World Bank 2022c). First quarter growth in 2023 was only 2.3 percent, reflecting the impact of cash restrictions imposed by monetary authorities during the election campaign period (NBS 2023).
Ethiopia’s agrifood system structure and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Thurlow, James; Ellis, Mia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136808
Abstract | View
Ethiopia stands out as one of the fastest growing African countries between 2009 and 2019, with an average annual GDP growth rate close to 10 percent (ESS 2020). The global COVID-19 pandemic coupled with an armed civil conflict that started in November 2020 and continued for two years caused a significant slowdown in economic growth during the 2020–2022 period. Ethiopia’s GDP growth is now projected to recover to 5.3 percent in 2023 and 6.1 percent in 2024 (World Bank 2023), remaining well below the growth rates achieved in the pre-pandemic era. Agriculture remains an important sector in Ethiopia, accounting for one-third of GDP and two-thirds of jobs. The agriculture sector, like the broader economy, performed well prior to the pandemic and civil conflict, averaging 5.5 percent growth from 2009 to 2019 (ESS 2020), and played an important role in weathering the global commodity market shocks during 2022–2023 (Diao and Thurlow 2023). In this brief, we look beyond primary agriculture to understand how Ethiopia’s broader agrifood system (AFS) is contributing to growth and transformation in the country.
Sudan’s agrifood system: Structure and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Raouf, Mariam; Siddig, Khalid; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Raouf, Mariam; Siddig, Khalid; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136809
Abstract | View
Based on a set of economywide databases for Sudan that have detailed content on agricultural production and processing, this study diagnoses the transformation of Sudan’s agrifood system against a background of broad economic growth and transformation. Sudan’s agrifood system registered only modest GDP growth between 2011 and 2019. Moreover, little change was seen in the structure of the system over this period. The share of total employment in agriculture fell significantly, contributing to some structural change in the broad economy. However, agriculture continues to absorb almost half of Sudan’s total employment, while having the lowest labor productivity across the main economic sectors. The growth in Sudan’s agrifood system between 2011 and 2019 was mainly driven by expansion in domestic market-oriented value chains. Agrifood value chains that are focused on exportable or imported commodities remain small with below average growth. Comparing sources of future growth in Sudan’s agrifood system across ten different agrifood value chains shows that fruits, root crops, and cereals rank highest in their potential to contribute to a range of development outcomes, including reductions in poverty, improvement in diet quality, job creation, and growth in national GDP. Although the livestock ranks lower per unit of growth, it is distinct from the higher-ranked value chains in that it has a sizable impact on all four development outcomes, while as a large and established sector in Sudan even small gains in productivity can have significant impacts in absolute terms.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, June 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Risk-Contingent Credit (RCC): Assessing smallholders' agricultural credit needs and the feasibility of implementing RCC in Ethiopia
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; Yilma, Marta; Bellisa, Temesgen; Kebede, Temesgen; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; Yilma, Marta; Bellisa, Temesgen; Kebede, Temesgen; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294554
Abstract | View
Agricultural credit is an important instrument for improving farm productivity, the welfare of farm households, and their resilience to weather-related shocks. However, small-scale farmers’ access to credit is limited by demand- and supply-side constraints. Risk-contingent credit, which bundles credit with insurance against climate risks, is one promising solution. This study, conducted in three woredas in Ethiopia, implemented a game designed to increased farmers’ understanding of the product and finds that farmers recognize the potential of RCC.
Addressing irregular migration through principled programmatic approaches: Examining the West Africa route and WFP operations
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Maruyama, Eduardo; Moussavi, Sara. Rome, Italy; Washington, DC 2023
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Maruyama, Eduardo; Moussavi, Sara. Rome, Italy; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
This is a joint IFPRI-WFP study on the drivers, profile, and risks of irregular migration in the West Africa context. By taking a route-based approach to irregular migration in West Africa, the study examined migrants’ origins, their transit experience, and the situation where their journey stalls or ends.
Drawing on a mixed methods approach the study includes case studies in Mali and Libya, representing an analysis of the migration route of the Ténéré desert crossing of the south-central Sahara.
The overall analysis features the profiles of irregular migrants and the primary factors influencing their migration decisions. It also examines links between food insecurity and irregular migration to understand the risks and address the needs of this increasingly vulnerable population.
Drawing on a mixed methods approach the study includes case studies in Mali and Libya, representing an analysis of the migration route of the Ténéré desert crossing of the south-central Sahara.
The overall analysis features the profiles of irregular migrants and the primary factors influencing their migration decisions. It also examines links between food insecurity and irregular migration to understand the risks and address the needs of this increasingly vulnerable population.
El Niño impacts in the Inkomati catchment
Montes, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
Montes, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136817
Abstract | View
Near normal temperatures are predicted for the Inkomati catchment from July to December 2023. Near normal rainfall amounts are predicted for the Inkomati catchment from July to December 2023. A reduction in rainfall, higher than usual temperatures and evaporative demand. Drought conditions induced by the 2023 strong El Niño event are expected for the Inkomati catchment from January to March 2024 and likely until the next wet season.
Lessons from developing district-level M&E plans to implement the National Resilience Strategy
Kayamba-Phiri, Fundi. Washington, DC 2023
Kayamba-Phiri, Fundi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136821
Abstract | View
The National Resilience Strategy (NRS) aims to build resilience against economic and environmental shocks, promoting inclusive growth, food security, and well-being for all Malawians. The NRS consists of four pillars: (1) Resilient Agricultural Growth; (2) Risk Reduction, Flood Control and Early Warning and Response Systems; (3) Human Capacity, Livelihoods, and Social Protection; and (4) Catchment Protection and Management. Titukulane RFSA is piloting the NRS in Zomba and Mangochi districts, working with District Councils to coordinate implementation with various stakeholders.
This learning brief highlights the lessons learned from developing the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plans in Zomba and Mangochi districts and offers recommendations for other districts planning to implement the National Resilience Strategy (NRS). The brief also discusses the Opportunities for Collaboration between National and District Pillar Leads and Aligning the NRS with Key Government Strategies, particularly the Malawi 2063 (MW 2063), to foster synergy and impact.
This learning brief highlights the lessons learned from developing the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) plans in Zomba and Mangochi districts and offers recommendations for other districts planning to implement the National Resilience Strategy (NRS). The brief also discusses the Opportunities for Collaboration between National and District Pillar Leads and Aligning the NRS with Key Government Strategies, particularly the Malawi 2063 (MW 2063), to foster synergy and impact.
Synthesizing resilience: Key insights from a technical working group meeting
Kayamba-Phiri, Fundi. Washington, DC 2023
Kayamba-Phiri, Fundi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136822
Abstract | View
Titukulane was designed to reduce the number of chronically food insecure households by enhancing the capacities of local and national governance structures to implement resilience-focused policies. To achieve this Titukulane is implementing interventions that buildresilience and improve food security and nutrition outcomes for communities. Specifically, under Purpose area 3, these interventions are aimed at building institutional and local capacities to reduce risk and increase resilience among ultra-poor and chronically vulnerable households.Specific interventions implemented under Purpose 3 are disaster risk management, natural resource management and overall coordination of the National Resilience Strategy especially at district level.
From response to preparedness: Enhancing community-led disaster risk management in Malawi: Key findings and policy implications
Kayamba-Phiri, Fundi; Khulumbo, Burnnet; Nkhulembe, Maziko. Washington, DC 2023
Kayamba-Phiri, Fundi; Khulumbo, Burnnet; Nkhulembe, Maziko. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136823
Abstract | View
Key Messages:
Directing resources towards early warning systems and community sensitization mitigates the impact of natural disasters on vulnerable communities, prioritizing proactive measures over reactive responses.
To ensure effective and sustainable disaster risk management (DRM) initiatives, allocating resources to bolster district-level DRM structures in alignment with community-led resource mobilization efforts is crucial.
Recognizing the pivotal role of youth increases community anticipatory capacity through comprehensive disaster risk management training. Innovative approaches such as theatre for development foster civic engagement, community dialogue, and resource mobilization.
Inclusive participatory planning processes should embrace indigenous early warning information. In-vesting in automated community-based early warning systems, particularly focusing on agriculture and nutrition, facilitates timely decision-making and harnesses local wisdom.
To reduce vulnerability among low-income communities, forging partnerships with the private sector is crucial. Micro-insurance and asset options can be explored, empowering communities to enhance their resilience without imposing undue burdens.
Directing resources towards early warning systems and community sensitization mitigates the impact of natural disasters on vulnerable communities, prioritizing proactive measures over reactive responses.
To ensure effective and sustainable disaster risk management (DRM) initiatives, allocating resources to bolster district-level DRM structures in alignment with community-led resource mobilization efforts is crucial.
Recognizing the pivotal role of youth increases community anticipatory capacity through comprehensive disaster risk management training. Innovative approaches such as theatre for development foster civic engagement, community dialogue, and resource mobilization.
Inclusive participatory planning processes should embrace indigenous early warning information. In-vesting in automated community-based early warning systems, particularly focusing on agriculture and nutrition, facilitates timely decision-making and harnesses local wisdom.
To reduce vulnerability among low-income communities, forging partnerships with the private sector is crucial. Micro-insurance and asset options can be explored, empowering communities to enhance their resilience without imposing undue burdens.
Bridging perspectives: Key insights from a gender & youth integration learning event
Kayamba-Phiri, Fundi. Washington, DC 2023
Kayamba-Phiri, Fundi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136824
Abstract | View
In light of the need to learn from and collaborate with other USAID implementing partners on effectively addressing the issues that affect women and youth in their programming, Titukulane organized a focused event in September 2022. Prioritizing the engagement of women and youth in all development activities has immense importance and needs more emphasis. This is particularly true for projects that aim to create lasting impact and positive change in communities. Titukulane, through USAID's Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance, organized a collaborative meeting with USAID Implementing Partners in Malawi. Through this effort, the implementing partners identified potential areas for integration and collaboration that can further enhance the impact of development programs.
Synopsis: Women’s empowerment in Rwandan agriculture: A baseline assessment in the context of Rwanda’s gender and youth mainstreaming strategy and the fourth strategic plan for agricultural transformation
Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe; Ingabire, Chantal; Spielman, David J.; Tumukunde, Ritha. Washington, DC 2023
Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe; Ingabire, Chantal; Spielman, David J.; Tumukunde, Ritha. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136825
Abstract | View
Rwanda is a recognized leader in the region and the world in terms of women’s empowerment. However, no country has yet achieved full gender equality, resulting in untapped potential for improvement. The findings from the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) baseline survey conducted in 2019 for the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI) indicate that women and men in Rwanda have both relatively high levels of empowerment across different agricultural domains, while many women are as empowered as men in their households, some gender disparities remain.
Synopsis: Prioritizing value chains for achieving Rwanda’s agrifood system transformation: A diagnostic of the agrifood system
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Rosenbach, Gracie; Mugabo, Serge; Pauw, Karl; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Rosenbach, Gracie; Mugabo, Serge; Pauw, Karl; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136828
Abstract | View
Rwanda’s impressive economic growth over the past two decades has been accompanied by significant structural change in the broad economy and the agrifood system in particular. This note summarizes key results from a recent diagnostic of Rwanda’s agrifood system transformation, examining the effectiveness of productivity-led growth in different agricultural value chains for promoting development outcomes related to poverty, growth, employment, diet quality, and hunger.
The findings show that value chains differ in their effectiveness in promoting these different development outcomes. The wheat and sorghum value chain, for example, has strong anti-poverty effects and is effective at reducing hunger, but is less effective at increasing jobs. Trade-offs will emerge as no single value chain is most effective at achieving every desired outcome; therefore, promoting a few value chains jointly will diversify agrifood system growth and help achieve multiple development outcomes simultaneously.
The findings show that value chains differ in their effectiveness in promoting these different development outcomes. The wheat and sorghum value chain, for example, has strong anti-poverty effects and is effective at reducing hunger, but is less effective at increasing jobs. Trade-offs will emerge as no single value chain is most effective at achieving every desired outcome; therefore, promoting a few value chains jointly will diversify agrifood system growth and help achieve multiple development outcomes simultaneously.
Armed conflict and business operations in Sudan: Survey evidence from agri-food processing firms
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Abushama, Hala; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Abushama, Hala; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136835
Abstract | View
This study assesses how agri-food processing enterprises have been affected during the first 3 months of the on-going conflict in Sudan between the Sudan Armed Force (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). The food processing and beverage manufacturing sector plays a significant role as a source of food, employment, and value addition in Sudan. Thus, the ensuing conflict will have both direct and indirect negative consequences to livelihoods and food security. We collected data from representatives of food processing and beverage manufacturing companies throughout Sudan via web-based interviews. The findings highlight the immediate implications of the conflict on the agri-food processing and manufacturing sector. The impact of the conflict has immediately extended beyond direct destruction of the infrastructure and equipment of the firms to cause serious negative employment effects. Furthermore, it led to a growing scarcity of the key material inputs/raw materials and an associated spike in the price of these key ingredients to the production processes. We discuss the implications of these findings vis-à-vis the fluid nature of the continuing conflict and propose some options in preparations to rebuilding the agri-food enterprises once the cessation of hostilities and the end of conflict is achieved.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, July 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
The rapid rise in domestic value chains of nutrient-dense foods (fruits, vegetables, and animal products) in Sub-Saharan Africa: Policy implications
Reardon, Thomas; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Belton, Ben; Dolislager, Michael; Minten, Bart; Popkin, Barry M.; Vos, Rob. Washington, DC 2023
Reardon, Thomas; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Belton, Ben; Dolislager, Michael; Minten, Bart; Popkin, Barry M.; Vos, Rob. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136841
Abstract | View
Despite African consumers under-consuming nutrient dense fruits and vegetables (FV) and animal products (AP), and the farm production and supply chains of these products are fraught with constraints that keep them from operating optimally, we find abundant recent evidence of dynamism in these sectors. To wit: (1) consumption of these products in levels and shares is already substantial and growing rapidly; (2) supply of these products is growing rapidly, just not yet much faster than population growth; (3) supply growth is manifested in a number of countries by dynamic “meso booms” with diffusion of farming and growth in midstream ("Hidden Middle") value chain segments; these booms are “grassroots” driven, without subsidy or management by government or NGOs or large companies. We reviewed recent survey-based evidence of these booms and discussed the drivers. The policy implications are the need for governments to invest in the conditions we found to be enabling these booms, that is, roads and wholesale markets and electrification and other infrastructure hard and soft.
Unlocking the potential of farmer-led irrigation development in central and northern Nigeria: What does it take?
Xie, Hua; Schmitter, Petra; Obayelu, A. E.; Kato, Edward; Balana, Bedru; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2023
Xie, Hua; Schmitter, Petra; Obayelu, A. E.; Kato, Edward; Balana, Bedru; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136842
Abstract | View
The potential for profitable groundwater irrigated area development in Nigeria is 5.04 million hectares (ha), almost all of it located in the country’s central and northern states. To develop this vast area, granular water budgets, financial service provision and support to grow sustainability of production will be needed. Increasing temperature, erratic rainfall, and other extreme events, such as floods and droughts, pose severe threats to development in Nigeria, and particularly in central and northern Nigeria where rainfall is limited, natural resources are threatened by degradation and agriculture, including livestock production, is the major economic driver. Climate change has significant adverse impacts on agricultural production and livelihoods, making the regions’ poor and disadvantaged people even more vulnerable. Agricultural productivity is already affected by climate extreme events and further land expansion would increase degradation and deforestation. At the same time, the central and northern regions of the country are blessed with substantial underground water resources that have been barely tapped.
At this point, the potential of farmer-led irrigation, a system where farmers acquire the irrigation technology and access to a water source themselves, is barely exploited. What role could farmer-led, small-scale irrigation play in growing agricultural productivity, rural employment and incomes, and reducing climate stress? And what mechanisms are needed to make this happen?
At this point, the potential of farmer-led irrigation, a system where farmers acquire the irrigation technology and access to a water source themselves, is barely exploited. What role could farmer-led, small-scale irrigation play in growing agricultural productivity, rural employment and incomes, and reducing climate stress? And what mechanisms are needed to make this happen?
The economy-wide impact of Sudan’s ongoing conflict: Implications on economic activity, agrifood system and poverty
Siddig, Khalid; Raouf, Mariam; Ahmed, Mosab O. M.. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
Siddig, Khalid; Raouf, Mariam; Ahmed, Mosab O. M.. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136843
Abstract | View
The armed conflict between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Sudan entered its sixth month since it erupted on April 15th, 2023, with no signs of ending soon. The war has caused severe humanitarian catastrophe, destroyed key infrastructure, and constrained trade and production activities. Moreover, it disrupted access to public utilities, financial services, and markets, hence, triggering considerable scarcity of goods and services. In this paper, we utilize a Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) Multiplier modeling framework to assess the economywide implications of these disruptions of economic activity, productive resources, and livelihoods. Results reveal that the economy would shrink to nearly half its size before the war, household incomes decline by more than 40 percent in urban and rural areas, and the number of poor people increase by 1.8 million if the war continues until the end of the year. The impact would have been two thirds less should the war have ended before July 2023 and would be one third less if it would end before October 2023. This study therefore calls for rapid interventions from all relevant parties to help reach an end to the fighting.
Sudan’s agrifood system: Structure and drivers of transformation [in Arabic]
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Raouf, Mariam; Siddig, Khalid; Thurlow, James. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Raouf, Mariam; Siddig, Khalid; Thurlow, James. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136845
The architecture of the Sudanese agricultural sector and its contribution to the economy between 1990 and 2021 [in Arabic]
Alhelo, Alzaki; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2023
Alhelo, Alzaki; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136846
Characteristics of fruit and vegetable MSMEs in Ethiopia: Case of Addis Ababa and Ziway/Batu
Mekonnen, Daniel Ayalew; Galema, Sophie; Nguyen, Trang; Berkhout, Ezra D.. Washington, DC 2023
Mekonnen, Daniel Ayalew; Galema, Sophie; Nguyen, Trang; Berkhout, Ezra D.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136847
Abstract | View
This study documents the characteristics and functioning of fruit and vegetable (FV) value chains in select places in Ethiopia. The case study employed a mixed methods approach, including a survey of 340 FV traders, six focus group discussions (FGDs), and analysis of the policy environment with respect to food and nutrition, the business climate, and the role of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in delivering safe, affordable, and nutritious foods to consumers. Among the nine types of actors that participate in the FV market and were interviewed, the majority (more than 73 percent) were retailers operating either within or outside of wet markets.
El Niño impacts in the Inkomati-Usuthu catchment
Montes, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
Montes, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136848
Abstract | View
Near normal but increasing temperature anomalies are predicted for the Inkomati-Usuthu catchment from August 2023 to January 2024. Predicted near-normal rainfall anomalies turn negative as summer 2023/34 approaches in the catchment. A reduction in rainfall, higher than normal temperatures and evaporative demand, along with drought conditions induced by the 2023 El Niño event can be expected for the Inkomati-Usuthu catchment from January to March 2024 and likely until the next wet season.
Food systems governance e-course – SHiFT work package 5 evaluation report
De Groote, Bram; Olaerts, Astrid; Herens, Marion; Dengerink, Just; Namugumya Shenute, Brenda; ten Hove, Hermine. Washington, DC 2023
De Groote, Bram; Olaerts, Astrid; Herens, Marion; Dengerink, Just; Namugumya Shenute, Brenda; ten Hove, Hermine. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136849
Abstract | View
The food systems approach is increasingly being used to understand the dynamics of how food is produced and consumed, with an optimal outcome for human health, social justice, economic endeavors, and the preservation of planetary resources. Since the United Nations Food Systems Summit (UNFSS) in September 2021, the food systems approach has become central to policy and practice of many international development and research organizations, multilateral organizations, and in (national) programs and policies aiming at improving food and nutrition security.
Poverty impacts of food price increases in Niger
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136850
Abstract | View
The prices of staple grains began rising in mid-2020, reflecting higher fertilizer prices and the supply chain bottlenecks caused by the outbreak of Covid-19, and increased sharply following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in early 2022. How have these dramatic increases in world prices of cereals affected poverty in low-income countries? This brief estimates the impact of higher world grain prices on poverty in Niger. Other briefs in this series examine the impact of higher food prices on poverty in Kenya, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Burkina Faso, and Mali (see Minot and Martin, 2023a and 2023b; Martin and Minot, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c).
All six studies use a similar approach. First, we examine the effect of the rise in international cereal prices on the real price of key grains in the domestic markets of the country. Second, we estimate the impact of the changes in domestic grain prices on the real income of each household using nationally-representative survey data, taking into account the importance of the commodities in consumption and as a source of income for each household. Finally, we estimate the changes in headcount poverty (the share of people living below the poverty line) based on the changes in real income for each household in the sample. We focus on the prices of maize, wheat, and sorghum for reasons discussed below.
All six studies use a similar approach. First, we examine the effect of the rise in international cereal prices on the real price of key grains in the domestic markets of the country. Second, we estimate the impact of the changes in domestic grain prices on the real income of each household using nationally-representative survey data, taking into account the importance of the commodities in consumption and as a source of income for each household. Finally, we estimate the changes in headcount poverty (the share of people living below the poverty line) based on the changes in real income for each household in the sample. We focus on the prices of maize, wheat, and sorghum for reasons discussed below.
Poverty impacts of food price increases in Mali
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136851
Abstract | View
Because of low incomes and associated large shares of expenditure on food, Mali is potentially very vulnerable to sharp increases in the prices of key grain staples such as maize and wheat. A first step in understanding the impacts of changes in the prices of these products is to examine develop ments in their prices on world markets. After a long period of relatively stable prices on world mar kets, the prices of key food staples began to rise during 2020. This period of price increases, span ning the COVID-19 pandemic and then the price shocks following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine raised serious concerns about the welfare of poor people in countries such as Mali.
Poverty impacts of food price increases in Burkina Faso
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136852
Abstract | View
The prices of many agricultural commodities, including many staple grains, started to increase in mid-2020 partly due to supply chain bottlenecks associated with the outbreak of Covid-19. The invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022 caused an additional spike in commodity prices, particularly wheat and maize. This brief estimates the impact of these price increases on poverty in Burkina Faso. It is part of a series of six such briefs that estimate the poverty impact of higher world prices for staple grains. The other briefs cover Kenya, Ethiopia, Niger, Nigeria, and Mali (see Minot and Martin, 2023a and 2023b; Martin and Minot, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c).
We use the same approach in all six country studies. The analysis starts by exploring the effect of the rise in international grain prices on the real price of selected grains in the domestic markets of the country. Next, we estimate the impact of the changes in domestic grain prices on the real income of each household in a nationally representative survey, taking into account the importance of the commodities in consumption and as a source of income for each household. Finally, changes in headcount poverty (the share of people living below the poverty line) are estimated based on the changes in real income for each household in the sample. We focus on the prices of maize, wheat, and sorghum for reasons discussed below. The methods are described in more detail in a method brief.
We use the same approach in all six country studies. The analysis starts by exploring the effect of the rise in international grain prices on the real price of selected grains in the domestic markets of the country. Next, we estimate the impact of the changes in domestic grain prices on the real income of each household in a nationally representative survey, taking into account the importance of the commodities in consumption and as a source of income for each household. Finally, changes in headcount poverty (the share of people living below the poverty line) are estimated based on the changes in real income for each household in the sample. We focus on the prices of maize, wheat, and sorghum for reasons discussed below. The methods are described in more detail in a method brief.
Poverty impacts of food price increases in Kenya
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136853
Abstract | View
Kenya is potentially very vulnerable to sharp increases in the prices of key staple grains such as maize and wheat, both because these are important in diets and because Kenya depends on im ports of these products. A first step in understanding the impacts of changes in the prices of these products is to examine developments in their prices on world markets. After a long period of rela tively stable prices on world markets, the prices of key food staples began to rise from around the beginning of 2020. This period of price increases, spanning the COVID-19 pandemic and then the price shocks following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine raised serious concerns about the welfare of poor people in countries such as Kenya. Figure 1 shows the movements in the prices of four key grain staples—maize, rice, sorghum and wheat—from the beginning of 2020.
Poverty impacts of food price increases in Ethiopia
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136854
Abstract | View
After a long period of relatively stable prices on world markets, the prices of key food staples began to rise from around the beginning of 2020. This period of price increases, spanning the Covid-19 pandemic and then the price shocks following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine raised serious concerns about the welfare of poor people in countries such as Ethiopia.
Poverty impacts of food price increases in Nigeria
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136855
Abstract | View
The prices of staple grains on international markets began to rise in mid-2020 in response to higher fertilizer prices and supply constraints associated with the Covid-19 pandemic. They further spiked in early 2022 following the invasion of Ukraine by Russia. This brief examines the impact of these events on poverty in Nigeria. It is part of a series of six such briefs that estimate the poverty impact of higher world prices for staple grains. The other briefs cover Kenya, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Niger and Mali (see Minot and Martin, 2023a and 2023b; Martin and Minot, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c).
The methodological approach is similar in all six country studies. First, we examine the effect of the increases in international cereal prices on the real price of key grains in the domestic markets of the country. Second, we estimate the impact of the changes in domestic grain prices on the real income of each household using nationally-representative survey data, taking into account the importance of the commodities in consumption and as a source of income for each household. Finally, we estimate the changes in headcount poverty (the share of people living below the poverty line) based on the changes in real income for each household in the sample. We focus on the prices of maize, wheat, and sorghum for reasons discussed below.
The methodological approach is similar in all six country studies. First, we examine the effect of the increases in international cereal prices on the real price of key grains in the domestic markets of the country. Second, we estimate the impact of the changes in domestic grain prices on the real income of each household using nationally-representative survey data, taking into account the importance of the commodities in consumption and as a source of income for each household. Finally, we estimate the changes in headcount poverty (the share of people living below the poverty line) based on the changes in real income for each household in the sample. We focus on the prices of maize, wheat, and sorghum for reasons discussed below.
Acting before disaster strikes: The impacts of anticipatory cash transfers on climate resilience in Northeast Nigeria
Burke, Laura. New York, NY 2023
Burke, Laura. New York, NY 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136857
Abstract | View
In flood-prone communities in Northeast Nigeria, we used a randomized evaluation to measure the impacts of providing cash transfers to households before the onset of a shock (“anticipatory cash”) compared to the standard practice of providing cash transfers after a shock occurs.
Results indicate that providing anticipatory cash to households in flood-prone areas reduced negative coping strategies, increased pre-emptive climate adaptive actions, and enhanced investment in productive assets compared to households that received cash after peak flooding occurred.
The findings suggest that large, one-time anticipatory cash transfers can build households’ climate adaptive and resilience capacity, making them a promising intervention to reduce household vulnerability to future climate shocks.
Results indicate that providing anticipatory cash to households in flood-prone areas reduced negative coping strategies, increased pre-emptive climate adaptive actions, and enhanced investment in productive assets compared to households that received cash after peak flooding occurred.
The findings suggest that large, one-time anticipatory cash transfers can build households’ climate adaptive and resilience capacity, making them a promising intervention to reduce household vulnerability to future climate shocks.
Competetiveness of the cotton value chain in Africa
Sall, Leysa M.; Odjo, Sunday; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Sall, Leysa M.; Odjo, Sunday; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
Cotton production and trade have a long history and important role in Africa, dating back centuries before the colonial period. While the sector saw several developments in the post colonial period, cotton trade remained primarily in unprocessed cotton because of several structural challenges affecting its production. Moreover, African exports of cotton have decreased in recent years from a total annual average of US$55 billion1 in the 2006–2010 period to $48 billion in the 2017–2021 period. At the same time, cotton imports increased by 37 percent, up from $37 billion to $51 billion, making Africa a net importer in the later period. At the value chain level, unprocessed cotton products have the lion’s share in the export market, accounting for about 12 percent of global exports of raw cotton during the 2017–2021 period. Africa’s semi-processed and processed cotton product exports account for 2 percent and 3 percent, respectively, for the same period. In addition, African imports of processed cotton increased as a share of world cotton trade (from 3 percent to 4 percent) over the two periods.
Africa agriculture trade monitor 2023
Odjo, Sunday P., ed.; Traoré, Fousseini, ed.; Zaki, Chahir, ed.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Odjo, Sunday P., ed.; Traoré, Fousseini, ed.; Zaki, Chahir, ed.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916475
Abstract | View
The 2023 Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor, a flagship publication of AKADEMIYA2063 and the International Food Policy Research Institute, provides an overview of trade in agriculture in Africa, including analysis of short- and long-term trends and drivers behind Africa’s global trade, intra-African trade, and trade within Africa’s regional economic communities. The 2023 report highlights the growing treat of climate change to trade; looks closely at the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on food security and poverty; draws on the report’s robust trade database to analyze African agrifood trade and nutrition; examines the types of trade agreements that successfully boost trade, and the implications for the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement; and includes focused chapters on the competitiveness of cotton value chains in Africa and world trade and on trade integration in Economic Community of Central African States.
Overview and recent challenges
Odjo, Sunday P.; Traoré, Fousseini; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Odjo, Sunday P.; Traoré, Fousseini; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
This is the sixth Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor (AATM), an annual flagship publication of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and AKADEMIYA2063. The AATM provides an overview of trade in agriculture in Africa, including analysis of short- and long-term trends and drivers behind Africa’s global trade, intra-African trade, and trade within Africa’s regional economic communities. The AATM is supported by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). The six chapters of this 2023 AATM report are as follows.
Which agreements boost agricultural trade in Africa?
Aboushady, Nora; Ramzy, Myriam; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Aboushady, Nora; Ramzy, Myriam; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
One of the main features of today’s global trade system is the proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs). Over the past four decades, the number of agreements increased from just 15 in 1980 to 583 in 2023 (WTO 2023). Most of the 583 agreements are free trade agreements (FTAs) (317), followed by economic integration agreements (190), partial scope agreements (27), and customs unions (18). The proliferation of RTAs in recent years has been coupled with broader and deeper coverage under these agreements. Broader coverage increasingly includes more policy areas that may be trade-related (tariffs and nontariff measures) or non trade-related (behind-the-border policies, intellectual property rights, movement of capital and people, competition policy, and others). In this regard, the scope of RTAs has been expanded by WTO members and signatories of RTAs from just 8 policy areas in the 1950s to 17 policy areas today. Deeper agreements include an increasing number of commitments within each policy area (Fernandes et al. 2021). They are also increasingly accompanied by legal requirements, such as stronger transparency and enforcement mechanisms (Abman et al. 2021, Fernandes et al. 2021). Thus, RTAs are increasingly being converted to deep trade agreements.
Intra-African agricultural trade: Recent trends and nutritional content
Olivetti, Elsa; Collins, Julia; Odjo, Sunday; Laborde Debucquet, David. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Olivetti, Elsa; Collins, Julia; Odjo, Sunday; Laborde Debucquet, David. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
Increasing intra-African trade has long been an important development objective. The free movement of goods, services, factors of production, and people is seen as a key outcome of the African Union’s Agenda 2063, which expresses broad goals and aspirations for development and political and economic integration on the continent. The 2014 Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods includes tripling intra-African agricultural trade by 2025 as one of seven major commitments. The African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), launched in January 2021, seeks to increase intra-African trade in order to boost industrial and socioeconomic development. With several important areas of the AfCFTA Agreement, including rules of origin, still under negotiation as of early 2023, the African Union adopted “Year of AfCFTA: Acceleration of the African Continental Free Trade Area Implementation” as its theme for 2023 in an effort to increase attention and commitment to the AfCFTA.
Summary and conclusions
Odjo, Sunday P.; Traoré, Fousseini; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Odjo, Sunday P.; Traoré, Fousseini; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
Against the background of worldwide trade disruptions and climate change impacts, the 2023 Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor explores recent trends and patterns in Africa’s global and regional agricultural trade. Like the preceding editions, the report uses a database that corrects for discrepancies in trade flow values as reported by importing and exporting countries. This section summarizes the key findings discussed in the report’s six chapters and related policy implications for successful implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement.
Agricultural trade and trade integration in the East African community
Bouët, Antoine; Nimenya, Nicodème. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Bouët, Antoine; Nimenya, Nicodème. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The East African Community (EAC) is a regional intergovernmental organization of seven partner states, comprising Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Uganda, with its headquarters in Arusha, Tanzania. Like other regional trade agreements (RTAs), the EAC pursues economic and political objectives through regional integration.
As Eken (1979) explains, there are two main justifications for regional integration, especially for developing countries. First, for economic reasons, regional integration may provide an important instrument of economic growth. Removing barriers to the free movement of goods, labor, and capital between countries leads to the expansion of trade, and therefore of incomes and employment. Large economic entities with their larger markets (people and space) should permit economies of scale in production, leading to an efficient allocation of resources (capital and labor) and attracting substantial foreign direct investment. Second, for political purposes, establishing regional economic communities (RECs) strengthens collective self-reliance and is therefore expected to reinforce the political independence of groups of countries and enlarge their economic and political role in international relations, a point especially important for developing countries.
This chapter addresses five main issues concerning the EAC. It first presents the EAC’s origin and main achievements, and then highlights the EAC’s agricultural trade performance relative to other RECs in Africa by comparing agricultural trade indicators, assessing the composition of trade, and identifying the main destinations/origins of agricultural exports/imports across RECs. This section also compares the level of trade integration in the EAC to that of other African RECs to determine its main agricultural comparative advantages. The same analysis is then repeated at the country level. The following section assesses the magnitude of formal (registered) and informal cross-border agricultural trade within the EAC, discusses the factors of trade integration, and highlights the role of tariff and nontariff measures (NTMs), logistic performance, and exchange rates. The final section offers conclusions.
As Eken (1979) explains, there are two main justifications for regional integration, especially for developing countries. First, for economic reasons, regional integration may provide an important instrument of economic growth. Removing barriers to the free movement of goods, labor, and capital between countries leads to the expansion of trade, and therefore of incomes and employment. Large economic entities with their larger markets (people and space) should permit economies of scale in production, leading to an efficient allocation of resources (capital and labor) and attracting substantial foreign direct investment. Second, for political purposes, establishing regional economic communities (RECs) strengthens collective self-reliance and is therefore expected to reinforce the political independence of groups of countries and enlarge their economic and political role in international relations, a point especially important for developing countries.
This chapter addresses five main issues concerning the EAC. It first presents the EAC’s origin and main achievements, and then highlights the EAC’s agricultural trade performance relative to other RECs in Africa by comparing agricultural trade indicators, assessing the composition of trade, and identifying the main destinations/origins of agricultural exports/imports across RECs. This section also compares the level of trade integration in the EAC to that of other African RECs to determine its main agricultural comparative advantages. The same analysis is then repeated at the country level. The following section assesses the magnitude of formal (registered) and informal cross-border agricultural trade within the EAC, discusses the factors of trade integration, and highlights the role of tariff and nontariff measures (NTMs), logistic performance, and exchange rates. The final section offers conclusions.
Impact of the Russia-Ukraine War on African agriculture, trade, poverty, and food systems
Laborde Debucquet, David; Matchaya, Greenwell; Traoré, Fousseini. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Laborde Debucquet, David; Matchaya, Greenwell; Traoré, Fousseini. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
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On February 24, 2022, Russian troops entered Ukraine, sparking one of the most intense conflicts in recent years. As of September 2023, the conflict is still active and continues to raise concerns. Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus (which has been indirectly involved in the conflict) are key actors in world markets for two product groups critical for African countries: food (mainly cereals and vegetable oils) and fertilizers. With world markets already severely disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the new crisis in the Black Sea region, combined with climate shocks around the world, has further disrupted supply chains and increased prices. Since African countries are net food and fertilizer importers, the situation continues to raise serious concerns. This chapter offers an in-depth analysis of the conflict’s impact on Africa’s agricultural and food systems, with particular attention to the food and fertilizer sectors, the two main channels through which the shock has been transmitted. It is important to understand the extent of Africa’s exposure and vulnerability to the conflict’s impacts, including the impact on the ground in Africa in terms of lost or delayed agricultural production and increased food security risks. Moreover, this is an opportunity for policymakers not only to develop solutions that will mitigate the impact of the present crisis at the national, regional, and continental levels, but also to learn from the experience for future crises. As countries respond, it is also important to respect and improve the trade rules at the global level to avoid measures that may exacerbate the effects of the crisis.
Rethinking food crisis responses: The Nigeria presentation of IFPRI's 2023 Global Food Policy Report & the launch of the CGIAR Research Initiative on Fragility, Conflict & Migration (FCM)
Carrillo, Lucia; Kosec, Katrina; Onilogbo, Omobolanle; Smart, Jenny; Ambler, Kate; Andam, Kwaw S.; Anisimova, Evgeniya; Edeh, Hyacinth; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Mugisho, Aline. Abuja, Nigeria 2023
Carrillo, Lucia; Kosec, Katrina; Onilogbo, Omobolanle; Smart, Jenny; Ambler, Kate; Andam, Kwaw S.; Anisimova, Evgeniya; Edeh, Hyacinth; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Mugisho, Aline. Abuja, Nigeria 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136867
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The purpose of this report is to describe work presented and discussions resulting from an event jointly convened by the CGIAR Research Initiative on Fragility, Conflict, and Migration (FCM) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in Abuja, Nigeria on May 11, 2023. The event, titled “Rethinking food Crisis Responses,” drew many participants from Nigerian civil society, government, and the private sector, in addition to representatives of international organizations, local and international NGOs, and the donor community. This report was prepared by researchers from CGIAR, FCM, and IFPRI, reflecting on the insights shared, lessons learned, and collective discussions of the optimal next steps.
The digital divide in rural Ethiopia: Determinants and implications of sex-disaggregated mobile phone ownership and use
Warner, James; Mekonnen, Yalew; Habte, Yetimwork. Washington, DC 2023
Warner, James; Mekonnen, Yalew; Habte, Yetimwork. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136868
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Mobile phones are rapidly being adopted in less developed countries, with widely acknowledged commensurate socio-economic benefits, including United Nations SDGs advocating for increased ownership of mobile phones to promote women’s empowerment. While overall mobile phone ownership is rising quickly in Ethiopia, it is lagging for rural women, particularly married rural women. Overall, we find that married men are approximately five times more likely to own a phone than their wives even though married women with phones are more active in agricultural decision making. This lack of female mobile phone ownership should be considered within the broader context of several recent Ethiopian digital initiatives, including mobile banking and mobile payments. These initiatives are likely to provide greater benefits to those individuals that own a mobile phone. By applying gender analysis to phone ownership, we believe that we can anticipate some potentially unexpected negative consequences for women created by these mobile phone initiatives. This paper outlines current rural sex-disaggregated phone ownership trends, determinants of phone ownership, and related impacts on intrahousehold decision making. We believe that by identifying these gender differences in mobile phone ownership, policymakers can better target their digital economy initiatives.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, August 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
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The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in Kenya's food system: Economic interdependencies and policy opportunities
Nin-Pratt, Alejandro. Washington, DC 2023
Nin-Pratt, Alejandro. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136873
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Low- and middle-income countries worldwide share the common challenge of achieving sustainable economic development while reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This challenge is complex due to the interconnectedness of economic activities, where policies targeting one industry can have ripple effects on others. Therefore, it is crucial to understand integrated GHG emissions and their relationships across industries within an economy to inform effective policy formulation. Kenya, as a middle-income country experiencing rapid economic growth, faces an urgent need to address this challenge. This study analyzes the economic relationships between agricultural production, the food industry, and other sectors of the economy in Kenya to identify key drivers of national GHG emissions from the food system. To accomplish this, an environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) table is employed to calculate both direct and indirect emissions for 38 activities of Kenya’s economy, as well as emissions embodied in final goods. Direct emissions refer to those generated during the production process of an activity, while indirect emissions are produced by other activities that provide inputs to the activity of interest. The findings reveal that agriculture is the largest contributor to GHG emissions in Kenya, with the majority of emissions stemming from direct sources such as enteric fermentation and manure management in livestock production. Additionally, the study finds that total emission intensity in the manufacturing sector is considerably higher than in most agricultural activities, except for livestock production, primarily due to the significant level of indirect emissions associated with manufacturing processes. Within the agricultural sector, cereals and livestock production exhibit high levels of direct emissions, while export crops like coffee and tea, as well as vegetable cultivation, show relatively higher indirect emissions. Addressing GHG emissions from the livestock sector emerges as a crucial step in significantly reducing agricultural emissions in Kenya. The dairy sub-sector presents an opportunity for intensification and technological advancements, as climate-smart technologies have already demonstrated their potential to enhance productivity while reducing emissions. Conversely, mitigating GHG emissions in beef production, which is primarily concentrated in ecologically fragile areas, will require institutional innovations focusing on rangeland management, disease control, and scaling up livestock marketing efforts. While the intensification of dairy production can contribute to agricultural growth and development in Kenya, its impact on mitigating GHG emissions is expected to be limited at the national scale.
The gendered impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya, Niger, Rwanda, and Uganda: Evidence from phone surveys
Bryan, Elizabeth; Mawia, Harriet; Ringler, Claudia; Mane, Erdgin; Costa, Valentina; Ndoro, Rumbidzai. Rome, Italy; Washington, DC 2023
Bryan, Elizabeth; Mawia, Harriet; Ringler, Claudia; Mane, Erdgin; Costa, Valentina; Ndoro, Rumbidzai. Rome, Italy; Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.4060/cc7322en
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The COVID-19 pandemic has had far-reaching impacts in every part of the world, including on vulnerable populations in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries. This report explores the ways in which men and women in rural areas of four countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)—Kenya, Niger, Rwanda, and Uganda—experienced the COVID-19 pandemic and associated income losses, as well as their responses to the crisis. To identify and monitor the differential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women and men in rural households, IFPRI conducted phone surveys in selected regions of the four focal countries, with financial and technical support from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The surveys traced gender differences in responses to the pandemic and associated restrictions, such as choice of coping strategies, access to public assistance, and changes in the care burden for men and women.
Youth engagement in agriculture and food systems transformation in Kenya
Mugo, Victor; Kinyua, Ivy. Washington, DC 2023
Mugo, Victor; Kinyua, Ivy. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_14
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Food systems incorporate many actors at different intersecting levels and spaces. Young people1 constitute one of the most significant groups of these actors and contribute significantly to food systems in a variety of ways, from agricultural production and processing to food-related retail services, through formal and informal employment, paid and unpaid labor, and self employment. In addition to engaging through work and livelihoods, young people are involved in research, conservation, and knowledge acquisition and transmission. They also participate in consumer pressure groups and social movements raising awareness on the need for food system transformation and demanding climate change action. Through all these contributions, young people support achievement of the Sustainable Development Goal targets such as those on food security, economic growth, poverty reduction, and environ mental sustainability (HLPE 2021; FAO and AUC 2022)
Agricultural productivity in Kenya: 2000-2020
Nin-Pratt, Alejandro. Washington, DC 2023
Nin-Pratt, Alejandro. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_06
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Agriculture is key to economic growth and poverty reduction in Kenya as it plays a pivotal role in employment creation, food security, exports, and sustainable development. In 2019, it directly contributed 22.7 percent of GDP, accounted for 20.9 percent of total exports, and generated 43.3 percent of employment (Chapter 2). The sector is thus not only an important driver of Kenya’s economy but also the means of livelihood for many Kenyan people. Given the economic and social importance of agriculture in Kenya, policies have revolved around the main goal of increasing productivity and incomes, especially for smallholders, to enhance food security and equity, with an emphasis on production intensification, commercialization, and environmental sustainability (Alila and Atieno 2006). In this context, the declining perfor mance of the sector measured in terms of its growth has been a major concern for policymakers.
An enabling environment for the national flour blending policy: A food systems analysis
Melesse, Mequanint B.; Tessema, Yohannis Mulu; Manyasa, Eric; Hall, Andrew. Washington, DC 2023
Melesse, Mequanint B.; Tessema, Yohannis Mulu; Manyasa, Eric; Hall, Andrew. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_16
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A national flour blending policy is about to be implemented in Kenya. This requires maize flour (the country’s main staple) to be blended with at least 10 percent of either one or a composite of traditional crops, such as sorghum and millet.1 The blending ratio is expected to increase gradually, with the goal of ultimately reaching 30 percent. The policy envisages achieving several goals. The first is to improve the nutritional quality of maize flour: sorghum and millet (and other candidate blending crops) have micronutrient characteristics that are absent in maize. The second is to promote more climate-tolerant crops and technologies: sorghum and millet can be grown in less favorable arid and semiarid lands (ASALs), in the very conditions that many farmers face in Kenya. This is particularly important given that maize is more susceptible than other staple crops to climate change. The third is to reduce the country’s overreliance on imported maize and concerns about its food sovereignty.
Assessing the resilience of Kenya's food system: A production approach
Ulimwengu, John M.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa. Washington, DC 2023
Ulimwengu, John M.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_10
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A food system includes all elements (environment, people, inputs, processes, infrastructures, institutions, etc.) and activities that relate to the production, processing, distribution, preparation, and consumption of food, and the outputs of these activities, including socioeconomic and environmental outcomes (HLPE 2017). Thus, a food system links society and nature (Blesh and Wittman 2015). Resilience is “the ability of people, households, communities, countries and systems to mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shocks and stresses in a manner that reduces chronic vulnerability and facilitates inclusive growth” (USAID 2018). Applied to food systems, resilience is defined by the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) as the ability to withstand major shocks and stressors emanating from climate/weather, conflict, disease, external economic shocks, and other sources, which, if not prevented or mitigated, would delay, or limit economic progress, transformation, prosperity, and self-reliance (AGRA 2021). In this sense, resilience of a food system may be considered a system property that plays a critical role in its sustainability (Jacobi et al. 2018), thus ensuring sustained food security. This chapter adopts this definition with the objective of assessing the resilience of Kenya’s food system and its components using systemwide metrics. Specifically, we use a production approach based on input–output linkages.
Kenya's agrifood system: Overview and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Diao, Xinshen; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_02
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The 2010s were a decade of strong economic development in Kenya. Gross domestic product (GDP)—an indicator of the economy’s size—expanded by an average of 5 percent per year (KNBS 2022). This exceeded popula tion growth and helped raise household incomes, leading to a decline in poverty rates and, more importantly, in the number of poor people, for the first time in at least three decades (World Bank 2022). Agriculture played an important role in this. The sector grew alongside the rest of the economy, despite facing many challenges, including climate variability (Ochieng et al. 2020), weak rural infrastructure (Benin and Odjo 2018), shrinking farm sizes (Jayne et al. 2016), and inaccessibility of farm inputs combined with poor agronomic management (Worku et al. 2020). Agriculture, as part of the broader food system, also contributed to growth in downstream or off-farm sectors and helped cushion the economic damage resulting from COVID-19 in 2020 (Pauw, Smart, and Thurlow 2021).
Agricultural inputs in Kenya: Demand, supply, and the policy environment
Kirimi, Lilian; Olwande, John; Langat, Jackson; Njagi, Timothy; Kamau, Mercy; Obare, Gideon. Washington, DC 2023
Kirimi, Lilian; Olwande, John; Langat, Jackson; Njagi, Timothy; Kamau, Mercy; Obare, Gideon. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_08
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Agricultural inputs, including fertilizers, seeds, breeding stock, crop protection chemicals, machinery, irrigation, and knowledge, are key to innovation and productivity improvement, and are the backbone of any agricultural revolution. They are an integral part of the food supply chain, which comprises the production and distribution of food, and as such a key component of the food system (HLPE 2017). The food supply chain involves various actors at different stages of the chain but this chapter focuses only on agricultural inputs, including both farm inputs and agricultural advisory services.
Food safety in Kenya: Status, challenges, and proposed solutions
Hoffman, Vivian; Alonso, Silvia; Kang'ethe, Erastus. Washington, DC 2023
Hoffman, Vivian; Alonso, Silvia; Kang'ethe, Erastus. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_05
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Foodborne disease—that is, disease caused by consuming foods contaminated with biological or chemical hazards—is an important and often underrecognized public health concern in low- and middle-income countries around the world, including Kenya. While comprehensive national statistics on the foodborne disease burden are not available, the best available evidence from the region indicates that diseases transmitted via contaminated food have a greater impact on public health in Africa than either tuberculosis or diabetes (Havelaar et al. 2015; GBDCN 2016). Beyond its contribution to illness and death, foodborne disease also plays a role in child stunting, which remains a persistent problem in Kenya, affecting 16 percent of children (KNBS and ICF 2023). One study based on 20 years of data from 5 countries attributed 25 percent of stunting to repeated diarrheal episodes (Checkley et al. 2008), many of which can be traced to microbial contamination of food.
Kenyan diets: Quality, affordability, and preferences
Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2023
Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_04
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Dysfunctions in food systems in developing countries prevent many people from consuming a healthy diet (FAO et al. 2021), and Kenya is no exception. Globally, poor-quality diets are the leading cause of all forms of malnutrition (Afshin et al. 2019; Willet et al. 2019). In Kenya in 2020, an estimated 19 percent of children under five years of age were stunted (UNICEF, WHO, and World Bank 2021); in 2014, 33 percent of women aged 15–49 years were overweight or obese (KNBS et al. 2015), while recent regional trends in adults’ body mass index suggest a rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity (Abarca-Gomez et al. 2017). The number of deaths resulting from noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as coronary disease, type 2 diabetes, and cancer, is projected to surpass malaria and tuberculosis by 2030 (Mkuu et al. 2021). Malnutrition and NCDs can have lifelong health consequences and high social and economic costs for individuals and societies alike, including from impaired human capital formation, reduced labor productivity, and high healthcare costs (Popkin et al. 2006; Shekar, Heaver, and Lee 2006; Victora et al. 2008; Black et al. 2013)
Digital innovations and agricultural transformation in Africa: Lessons from Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Abay, Kibrom A.; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Abay, Kibrom A.; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_18
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Digital innovation is a key feature in the global and national discourse on food systems transformation. Efforts to better integrate food systems—defined here as the constellation of actors and their activities originating from agriculture, livestock, forestry, or fisheries, as well as the broader economic, societal, and natural environments in which they operate, including the production, aggregation, processing, distribution, consumption, and disposal of food products (Dwivedi et al. 2017; FAO 2018; Njuki et al. 2021)—will depend partly on how digital technologies can be used to bolster engagement, coordination, and innovation among a wider and more inclusive set of actors, including marginalized and vulnerable groups (Benfica et al. 2021).
Livestock sector transformation in Kenya: Current state and projections for the future
Bahta, Sirak; Wanyoike, Francis; Kirui, Leonard; Mensah, Charles; Enahoro, Dolapo; Karugia, Joseph; Baltenweck, Isabelle . Washington, DC 2023
Bahta, Sirak; Wanyoike, Francis; Kirui, Leonard; Mensah, Charles; Enahoro, Dolapo; Karugia, Joseph; Baltenweck, Isabelle . Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_03
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The livestock sector plays a major role in the Kenyan food system, contributing about 12 percent of the country’s overall GDP and 40 percent of agricultural GDP, and employing about half of the agricultural labor force (Kenya Markets Trust 2019a). The livestock sector also contributes 22 percent of food system GDP. Projections from the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) indicate that the country’s population will continue to grow, and may reach around 96 million by 2050, with nearly 50 percent residing in urban areas by then compared with 27 percent in 2019 (FAO 2019; MacMillan 2019). Demand for animal-source foods is expected to grow substantially with this population growth and as higher numbers of affluent and more urban consumers seek nutrient-rich foods and more diversified diets (FAO 2019). This change in demand could potentially drive exponential growth in the livestock sector, generating new business opportunities along various livestock value chains. Realizing such growth will require concerted investments to support increased productivity and enhanced natural resource management, including enhanced water availability and management, to ensure sustainable growth of the sector (ILRI 2019; Bosire et al. 2022).
Food systems transformation in Kenya: Lessons from the past and policy options for the future
Breisinger, Clemens, ed.; Keenan, Michael, ed.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex, ed.; Njuki, Jemimah, ed.. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens, ed.; Keenan, Michael, ed.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex, ed.; Njuki, Jemimah, ed.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561
Toward sustainable transformation through postharvest managment: Lessons from Kenya's mango value chain
Ambuko, Jane; Owino, Willis. Washington, DC 2023
Ambuko, Jane; Owino, Willis. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_17
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Management of postharvest food loss and waste (FLW) is an important strategy in efforts to sustainably meet the food and nutrition needs of the world’s growing population. Sustainable food systems are critical to achieving food security and nutrition for all, now and in the future. Food systems cannot be sustainable when a large proportion of the food produced using limited resources is lost or wasted in the supply chain. At the global level, it is estimated that poor postharvest management means this is the case for 30 percent of the food produced for human consumption (FAO 2011, 2019).
The figure for Kenya is similar (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives 2018). The 2021 Food Waste Index Report (UNEP 2021) indicates that every Kenyan wastes about 100 kg of food every year, which adds up to 5.2 million metric tons1 per year, excluding food loss that happens upstream, from production to retail. In monetary terms, wasteful consumption accounts for slightly over US$500 million annually (Mbatia 2021). FLW exac erbates food insecurity and has negative impacts on the environment through waste of precious land, water, farm inputs, and energy used in producing food that is not consumed. In addition, postharvest losses, caused by poor storage conditions, reduce income to farmers and contribute to higher food prices.
The figure for Kenya is similar (Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives 2018). The 2021 Food Waste Index Report (UNEP 2021) indicates that every Kenyan wastes about 100 kg of food every year, which adds up to 5.2 million metric tons1 per year, excluding food loss that happens upstream, from production to retail. In monetary terms, wasteful consumption accounts for slightly over US$500 million annually (Mbatia 2021). FLW exac erbates food insecurity and has negative impacts on the environment through waste of precious land, water, farm inputs, and energy used in producing food that is not consumed. In addition, postharvest losses, caused by poor storage conditions, reduce income to farmers and contribute to higher food prices.
A way forward: Policy-driven transformation
Breisinger, Clemens; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_19
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This book has adopted a food systems framework as a new way of conceptualizing and designing food policies and research. Looking beyond agriculture and value chains makes it possible not only to turn food systems into a driver of economic transformation but also to better include health, productivity, resilience, inclusivity, and sustainability as integral parts of system transformation.
Such a fresh approach is urgently needed in light of limited development progress over the past years in Kenya and other countries. The share of manu facturing—traditionally a driver of economic transformation—in total output remains low; maize yields have been stagnating for the past 20 years; and poverty and food insecurity are on the rise again (Nafula et al. 2020; FAOSTAT 2022). In addition to structural challenges, growing challenges and vulnerabil ities such as the threat of pandemics, commodity price crises, climate change, and conflicts, call for a new development and food policy paradigm (Breisinger et al. 2022; UNICEF 2022). At the same time, such a fresh approach can also help in harnessing the new opportunities that come with digitalization and with (policy) lessons from other countries that can be adapted to the Kenyan context.
Such a fresh approach is urgently needed in light of limited development progress over the past years in Kenya and other countries. The share of manu facturing—traditionally a driver of economic transformation—in total output remains low; maize yields have been stagnating for the past 20 years; and poverty and food insecurity are on the rise again (Nafula et al. 2020; FAOSTAT 2022). In addition to structural challenges, growing challenges and vulnerabil ities such as the threat of pandemics, commodity price crises, climate change, and conflicts, call for a new development and food policy paradigm (Breisinger et al. 2022; UNICEF 2022). At the same time, such a fresh approach can also help in harnessing the new opportunities that come with digitalization and with (policy) lessons from other countries that can be adapted to the Kenyan context.
Introduction [in Food systems transformation in Kenya: Lessons from the past and policy options for the future]
Breisinger, Clemens; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Njuki, Jemimah. Washington, DC 2023
Breisinger, Clemens; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Njuki, Jemimah. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_01
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The whole world has experienced a series of global and local crises since 2019, and Kenya has been no exception. Before the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine, poverty and food poverty rates in the country had been declining steadily, falling from 52.3 percent to 36.1 percent and from 38.3 percent to 26.7 percent, respectively, between 1997 and 2016 (KNBS 2007, 2018). Income inequality also declined in the period from 1994 to 2015/16 (KNBS 2020).1 Estimates suggest that, since then, progress in poverty reduction has reversed, as a result of COVID-19 (Nafula et al. 2020), and that the impacts of the Ukraine and global crises have further increased poverty levels and the number of people unable to afford a healthy diet (Breisinger et al. 2022). In addition, ongoing droughts in the arid and semiarid areas of Kenya meant that an estimated 3.5 million people were in need of assistance in May 2022 (UNICEF 2022).
Mechanization of agricultural production in Kenya: Current state and future outlook
Kaumbutho, Pascal; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Washington, DC 2023
Kaumbutho, Pascal; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_09
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Agricultural mechanization is the use of machinery, equipment, and imple ments—rather than human or animal power—to carry out agricultural practices. When the use of mechanization is sufficiently high, it can help improve the overall efficiency of food systems, reduce the costs of producing outputs and providing services, enhance economies of scale, and raise labor productivity and incomes (FAO and AUC 2018; Diao, Takeshima, and Zhang 2020). While mechanized practices are traditionally thought of in terms of tilling, seed drilling, and spraying, in recent years mechanization has been con sidered to include broader applications along the food system, such as irrigation, postharvest cleaning of harvests, cold storage, value addition, and processing.
Gender and food systems in Kenya: A case study of the poultry value chain in eastern Kenya
Bukashi, Salome A.; Ngutu, Mariah; Omia, Dalmas O.; Musyoka, Mercy M.; Chemuliti, Judith K.; Nyamongo, Isaac K.. Washington, DC 2023
Bukashi, Salome A.; Ngutu, Mariah; Omia, Dalmas O.; Musyoka, Mercy M.; Chemuliti, Judith K.; Nyamongo, Isaac K.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_13
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Women are key stakeholders in sustainable and resilient food systems, given their roles as primary food producers and household caretakers (Visser and Wangu 2021). Understanding how gendered roles affect food security and women’s well-being is essential for pursuing sustainable development (Angel-Urdinola and Wodon 2010; Doss, Meinzen-Dick, and Quisumbing 2018; Meinzen-Dick et al. 2019). Their participation in agriculture is documented widely, but there is a need for more gendered data on the roles of men and women in different contexts and agricultural value chains, including livestock value chains (Micere Njuki et al. 2016; Richardson 2018; Doss and Rubin 2021; Njuki et al. 2021).
Intensification of the maize-based farming: What happened to the maize green revolution?
De Groote, Hugo. Washington, DC 2023
De Groote, Hugo. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_07
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Maize is the major food crop in eastern and southern Africa, including Kenya. Maize-based farming systems make up the largest proportion of agricultural land, and maize is central to the food system, in both rural and urban areas. Because of its importance, maize has received wide attention from the government, including in policy and research. As a result, Kenya has been at the forefront of the “maize green revolution” in Africa (Hassan and Karanja 1997; Hassan, Njoroge et al. 1998c). It was one of the first countries in Africa (with South Africa and Zimbabwe) to develop its own maize hybrids and combine them with fertilizer in demonstration trials, demonstrations, and dis semination (Hassan and Karanja 1997). In both South Africa and Zimbabwe, the settler communities continued to dominate commercial maize production (Eicher 1995), but in Kenya, indigenous African farmers took over most of the maize production right after independence.
Fresh produce value chains in Kenya: Challenges and prospects for enhanced market access and inclusion of smallholders
Amare, Mulubrhan; Shiferaw, Bekele; Adeyanju, Dolapo; Andam, Kwaw S.; Mariara, Jane. Washington, DC 2023
Amare, Mulubrhan; Shiferaw, Bekele; Adeyanju, Dolapo; Andam, Kwaw S.; Mariara, Jane. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_15
Abstract | View
Production and marketing of fresh produce provides opportunities for small holder farmers in low- and middle-income economies to engage and benefit from high-value markets and value chains. Fresh produce markets can be valuable for transforming the food sector in many low-income countries but perishability and difficulties in organizing supply chain logistics mean access remains challenging for smallholders.
Contract farming is one potential mechanism that smallholder farmers in developing countries can use to participate in and benefit from domestic and global value chains (Okello and Swinton 2007; Barrett et al. 2012; Minot and Sawyer 2016; Ruben 2017; Ton et al. 2017). Linking smallholder farmers more directly with national and global consumers should increase both the demand and producer prices for their fresh produce. Increased access to and participation in such value chains increases farm income earned by smallholders. Improvements in inclusion and efficiency of value chains are vital to enhance the effectiveness of contracting models, and to enhance the market access and integration of smallholders. Inclusion is important because large buyers, including processors, modern retailers, and exporters, are often hesitant to engage with small and marginal farmers and may prefer working through brokers, which reduces benefits to farmers. Also, market integration is becoming increasingly important for smallholders in order to avoid marginalization of the less organized sector in the more organized, growing global fresh produce market (Ruben 2017; Ton et al. 2017).
Contract farming is one potential mechanism that smallholder farmers in developing countries can use to participate in and benefit from domestic and global value chains (Okello and Swinton 2007; Barrett et al. 2012; Minot and Sawyer 2016; Ruben 2017; Ton et al. 2017). Linking smallholder farmers more directly with national and global consumers should increase both the demand and producer prices for their fresh produce. Increased access to and participation in such value chains increases farm income earned by smallholders. Improvements in inclusion and efficiency of value chains are vital to enhance the effectiveness of contracting models, and to enhance the market access and integration of smallholders. Inclusion is important because large buyers, including processors, modern retailers, and exporters, are often hesitant to engage with small and marginal farmers and may prefer working through brokers, which reduces benefits to farmers. Also, market integration is becoming increasingly important for smallholders in order to avoid marginalization of the less organized sector in the more organized, growing global fresh produce market (Ruben 2017; Ton et al. 2017).
Climate insurance: Opportunities for improving agricultural risk management in Kenya
Kramer, Berber. Washington, DC 2023
Kramer, Berber. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_11
Abstract | View
Climate change represents a major challenge to food systems. It is associated not only with rising average temperatures but also with less predictable weather and changes in humidity, with severe consequences for agricul tural production, input markets, aggregation, processing, distribution, and consumption. Negative impacts on food production can raise consumer prices, potentially leading to social unrest and conflict; increased temperatures and changes in humidity require stronger cold chains and improved storage facilities to avoid postharvest damage (de Brauw and Pacillo 2022).
This chapter highlights several innovations in climate insurance that were developed and tested in Kenya with the aim of improving smallholder farmers’ ability to manage the production risks associated with climate change.
This chapter highlights several innovations in climate insurance that were developed and tested in Kenya with the aim of improving smallholder farmers’ ability to manage the production risks associated with climate change.
Transforming food systems through risk-contingent credit in rural Africa: Development, experimentation, and evaluation
Shee, Apurba; Ndegwa, Michael; Turvey, Calum G.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Shee, Apurba; Ndegwa, Michael; Turvey, Calum G.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294561_12
Abstract | View
Throughout Africa, climate change is posing severe challenges to agricultural production and food security. Agricultural risks—particularly those associated with drought—are a major cause of low agricultural productivity in most African countries, including Kenya. According to the Government of Kenya, four consecutive years (2008–2011) of drought caused US$12.1 billion in losses, accounting for about 8 percent of GDP, including losses in assets and disruptions to the economy across sectors (Kenya, Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries 2014). Currently, Kenya is in the middle of an acute drought following three consecutive poor rainy seasons. This has led to a drop in crop production nationally of about 70 percent, which has disproportionately exposed the communities of arid and semi-arid lands to hunger and malnutrition.
2019 social accounting matrix for Ghana: A Nexus project SAM
Ghana Statistical Services; Institute for Statistical, Social, and Economic Research; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Ghana Statistical Services; Institute for Statistical, Social, and Economic Research; International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The 2019 Ghana Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2019 social accounting matrix for Malawi: A Nexus project SAM
Kankwamba, Henry; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Kankwamba, Henry; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The 2019 Malawi Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
Can urban growth reduce rural underemployment?
De Weerdt, Joachim; Van Cappellen, Hanne. Washington, DC 2023
De Weerdt, Joachim; Van Cappellen, Hanne. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136899
Abstract | View
In a recent IFPRI working paper, Van Cappellen and De Weerdt (2023), we show how urban growth reduces underemployment in the rural hinterlands of towns and cities. But leveraging these labor market linkages between urban and rural areas for inclusive growth and poverty reduction will depend on overcoming two barriers. The first is that the jobs created are primarily low-skill, low productivity, and often casual (ganyu). Raising the human capital and productivity of the continually growing pool of rural workers, while simultaneously raising rural incomes to increase demand for the kind of off-farm goods and services they can provide, will be critical. Secondly, the labor market linkages between urban and rural areas operate primarily through the longer-established urban areas. Growth in Malawi’s newer emerging urban centers, while substantial, has not spilled over to rural labor markets yet. This is a missed opportunity and highlights the need for a geographically expansive urban investment strategy that includes fostering growth, agglomeration economies, and strong urban-rural linkages in Malawi’s smaller urban areas. Anchoring the development of smaller urban agglomerations in modernizing value chains, particularly in the agri-food sector, is one practical pathway for leveraging urbanization for inclusive development.
Rural underemployment and urbanization: Insights from a nine year household panel survey from Malawi
Van Cappellen, Hanne; De Weerdt, Joachim. Washington, DC 2023
Van Cappellen, Hanne; De Weerdt, Joachim. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136900
Abstract | View
Rural labor markets in Africa are frequently characterized by underemployment, with farmers unable to fully deploy throughout the year one of their most important assets—their labor. Using a nine-year panel data set on 1,407 working-age adults from rural Malawi, we document changes in rural underemployment over this period and how they are associated with urbanization. Nearby urban growth results in increased hours worked in casual labor (ganyu) and in non-agricultural sectors, at the expense of work on the household farm. Improved urban access is also associated with a small increase in wage labor and, at the intensive margin, with hours supplied in household enterprises. We draw lessons from these results for policies, investments, and interventions to leverage urban growth for rural development.
Drivers and consequences of tenure insecurity and mechanisms for enhancing tenure security: A synthesis of CGIAR research on tenure security (2013–2020)
McLain, Rebecca. Washington, DC 2023
McLain, Rebecca. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294509
Abstract | View
Research since the 1990s highlights the importance of tenure rights for sustainable natural resource management, and for alleviating poverty and enhancing nutrition and food security for the 3.14 billion rural inhabitants of less-developed countries who rely on forests and agriculture for their livelihoods. The specific rights or combination of rights held by an individual, household, or community affects whether they have access to land and resources, as well as how those can be used and for how long. Equally important is the degree to which landholders perceive their tenure to be secure. Landowners are more likely to engage in land and resource conservation if they perceive that the likelihood of losing their land or resource rights is low. Between 2013 and 2021, the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) supported researchers to explore the drivers of tenure insecurity and their consequences, as well as mechanisms that can enhance tenure security. Their work focused on rights held by individuals and households, as well as collectively held rights. Studies found that tenure insecurity has a variety of negative consequences for natural resource management, agricultural productivity, and poverty reduction, but the sources of tenure insecurity differ for men and women, and for individual, household, and collective lands. Statutory recognition of customary rights, multistakeholder processes (MSPs) such as for land use planning, and organized social alliances such as Indigenous peoples’ groups have emerged as important mechanisms for securing rights or enhancing access to collectively held lands. Long-term partnerships, ongoing engagement, and training for actors at multiple scales increase the likelihood of successful implementation of tenure reforms. Further research on tenure security can contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, especially by clarifying how customary tenure can provide security and how tenure affects decision-making in multistakeholder platforms.
The (perceived) quality of agricultural technology and its adoption: Experimental evidence from Uganda
Miehe, Caroline; Sparrow, Robert; Spielman, David; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. Washington, DC 2023
Miehe, Caroline; Sparrow, Robert; Spielman, David; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136903
Abstract | View
Recently, issues related to the (perceived) quality of inputs and technologies have been proposed as an important constraint to their adoption by smallholder farmers in low income countries. Taking maize seed embodying genetic gain as a case, we train random agro-dealers to test whether under-adoption by farmers is caused by low quality due to sellers' lack of knowledge about proper storage and handling. In a second hypothesis, we randomly introduce an information clearinghouse similar to popular crowd-sourced review platforms such as yelp.com or trustpilot.com to test whether information asymmetries crowd out quality seed. We find that the information clearinghouse treatment improves outcomes for both agro-dealers and farmers, with agro-dealers receiving more customers and reporting higher revenues from maize seed sales, and farmers reporting significantly higher use of improved maize seed varieties obtained from agro-dealers, leading to higher maize productivity after two seasons. The primary mechanisms behind this impact appear to be an increased effort to signal quality by agro-dealers and a general restoration of trust in the market for improved seed. The agro-dealer training does not have a clear impact on agro-dealers, nor on farmers in associated catchment areas. However, we do find that the information clearinghouse increases agro-dealer knowledge about proper seed storage and handling. Upon exploring interaction effects between the training and the clearinghouse treatment, we also find that the training becomes effective for agro-dealers that are also in the clearinghouse treatment group. This underscores the importance of incentives to make supply side interventions such as trainings effective.
Results report on a stakeholder workshop reflecting on a theory of change for low-emission food system transformation in Nandi county, Kenya: A contribution to the establishment of A Living Lab 4 People on Food System Innovations for Climate Change Mitigation under the CGIAR Research Initiative on Low-Emission Food Systems (MITIGATE+)
Falk, Thomas; Walter, Kibet. Washington, DC; Nairobi, Kenya 2023
Falk, Thomas; Walter, Kibet. Washington, DC; Nairobi, Kenya 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136905
Abstract | View
The workshop was organized by the CGIAR Research Initiative on Low-Emission Food Systems (MITIGATE+), which is implemented by a large consortium of partners. The Initiative aims to reduce annual global food systems emissions by working closely with key actors in target countries to co-create knowledge that enables them to make evidence-based decisions and address challenges in food systems discourse, policy development, and implementation to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The Initiative’s partners support the establishment of a multistakeholder platform and a “living lab for people” (LL4P) that will support bottom-up innovation cases to help transform food systems in Nandi county, Kenya, while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The workshop was part of a series of stakeholder workshops that aims to help clarify development opportunities, the role of different actors in Nandi county, and their interests. The intention was to bring actors together, invite them to think about a joint vision for food systems in the county, and share perspectives on entry points for initiating system change.
Rwanda smallholder agriculture commercialization survey: Overview using selected categorical variables
Warner, James; Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe; Mugabo, Serge; Niyonsingiza, Josue; Mukangabo, Emerence; Dushimayezu, Bertrand; Nshimiyimana, Octave; Ingabire, Chantal; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2023
Warner, James; Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe; Mugabo, Serge; Niyonsingiza, Josue; Mukangabo, Emerence; Dushimayezu, Bertrand; Nshimiyimana, Octave; Ingabire, Chantal; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136914
Abstract | View
This report provides a comprehensive statistical overview of agricultural household data collected by IFPRI from a smallholder commercialization survey in late 2022. Sampled to be representative to the provincial level, ten households were surveyed in 202 villages for a total of 2,020 households interviewed. The survey covers a wide range of topics including household demographics, agricultural farm holdings, input use, crop choice, levels of commercialization and other non-farm sources of income. The statistical tables are generally presented by principal categorical variables of interest which include provinces, gender and age of household head (youth/mature), as well as size of land holdings. These designations are meant to provide general insights into the current state of agricultural households in Rwanda. Building on this report, future research, on more specific topics of interest, will be performed to build a more comprehensive understanding of agricultural household economic behavior for broader understanding as well as potential policy engagement.
The economy-wide impact of Sudan’s ongoing conflict: Implications on economic activity, agrifood system and poverty [in Arabic]
Siddig, Khalid; Raouf, Mariam; Ahmed, Mosab O. M.. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
Siddig, Khalid; Raouf, Mariam; Ahmed, Mosab O. M.. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136915
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, September 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Methods used to estimate the poverty impact of increases in international food prices
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
Minot, Nicholas; Martin, Will. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136917
Abstract | View
The prices of agricultural commodities have increased on international markets since the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020 and spiked after the invasion of Ukraine by Russia in February 2022. The price increases were particularly notable in the case of wheat, maize, and sorghum, which are staple foods in many developing countries. This prompted a wave of research to better understand the effect of these price changes on income and poverty in low-income countries.
IFPRI carried out a set of country studies to explore the poverty impact of higher staple grain prices on six countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia (see Martin and Minot, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c and Minot and Martin, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c). This brief describes the methods and data used in those studies.
IFPRI carried out a set of country studies to explore the poverty impact of higher staple grain prices on six countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia (see Martin and Minot, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c and Minot and Martin, 2023a, 2023b, and 2023c). This brief describes the methods and data used in those studies.
Examining the gender digital divide: A case study from rural Nigeria
Sufian, Farha D.; Nico, Gianluigi; Azzarri, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
Sufian, Farha D.; Nico, Gianluigi; Azzarri, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136918
Abstract | View
Rural Nigeria, with its diverse cultural and socio economic landscapes, presents unique challenges when it comes to digital inclusion. Traditional gender roles, limited educational opportunities, inadequate infrastructure, and sociocultural norms often combine to create barriers that disproportionately affect women’s access to digital technologies. As a result, women in rural areas face significant challenges in acquiring digital skills, accessing online information and services, and participating in digital platforms, thus perpetuating the gender gap and further marginalizing women from the benefits of the digital revolution.
This policy note summarizes research designed to highlight the barriers female farmers in Nigeria face in accessing technology and information so that stakeholders can work together to ensure that Nigeria’s rural women are equipped with the necessary tools and resources to thrive in the digital age and contribute meaningfully to their communities.
This policy note summarizes research designed to highlight the barriers female farmers in Nigeria face in accessing technology and information so that stakeholders can work together to ensure that Nigeria’s rural women are equipped with the necessary tools and resources to thrive in the digital age and contribute meaningfully to their communities.
Ultra-processed food environments: Aligning policy beliefs from the state, market, and civil society
Mockshell, Jonathan; Ritter, Thea Nielsen. Washington, DC; Oxford, UK 2023
Mockshell, Jonathan; Ritter, Thea Nielsen. Washington, DC; Oxford, UK 2023
DOI : 10.1093/oso/9780198882121.003.0007
Abstract | View
Why is finding solutions to combat the increasing access to affordable ultra-processed foods so controversial and what strategies are necessary for policy change? To address this question, this chapter applies a political economy analysis of coalitions and policy beliefs in the ultra-processed food environment in Ghana. By combining the Advocacy Coalition Framework with the discourse analysis approach and factor analysis, the chapter reveals a trichotomy of coalitions in the food environment, consisting of state, market, and civil society actors. The discourses reveal shared policy beliefs among these coalitions on the need for more regulation, independent beliefs on production incentives, and divergent beliefs on public awareness. The evidence highlights entry points for policy-oriented learning and policy change, including subsidies to support access to healthy foods, a prohibitive tax on ultra-processed foods, voluntary regulations, labeling and advertisement bans, and regulatory instruments.
Government response to ultra-processed and sugar beverages industries in developing nations: The need to build coalitions across policy sectors
Gómez, Eduardo J.. Washington, DC; Oxford, UK 2023
Gómez, Eduardo J.. Washington, DC; Oxford, UK 2023
DOI : 10.1093/oso/9780198882121.003.0006
Abstract | View
How were the governments of three middle-income countries with high levels of non-communicable diseases (NCDs)—India, Mexico, and South Africa—able to implement sugar-sweetened beverage taxes (SSBs) despite intense opposition from powerful corporations? Employing a multiple streams analytical framework to explain the agenda-setting process, this chapter highlights several factors that generated supportive coalitions for SSBs, including the importance of transnational advocacy in each country as well as governments’ interest in generating more revenue from the tax. By contrast, regulatory measures to regulate the soda and snack food industries, such as limits on advertising, sales, and food labeling, have been less accepted by the same governments. To explain why, the chapter argues that coalitions around these policies are weaker, regulation generates lower levels of public contestation and visibility, and the prospect for generating government revenue is less pronounced.
Asymmetric power in global food system advocacy
Harris, Jody. Washington, DC; Oxford, UK 2023
Harris, Jody. Washington, DC; Oxford, UK 2023
DOI : 10.1093/oso/9780198882121.003.0008
Abstract | View
Food systems policy has multiple legitimate aims, and different policy actors hold different values, beliefs, and interests around these issues. In low-income countries, global narratives and non-national coalitions regularly intervene in food policy processes, and they exert influence due to historical and current power relations. There are significant questions, however, about the implications and legitimacy of this international intervention into national food policies. Focusing on Zambia, this chapter finds that internationally formulated ideas are increasingly evident over time in food policy, transferred to national policy through the normative promotion of certain ways of understanding the issue of malnutrition. With its focus on multi-sectoral action to reduce stunting, the recent nutrition policy narrative impinges directly on an existing food security narrative by attempting to alter agriculture policy away from maize reliance. The nutrition policy sub-system in Zambia is therefore split, with implications for both sides on progressing a coherent policy agenda.
Armed conflict and business operations in Sudan: Survey evidence from agri-food processing firms [in Arabic]
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Abushama, Hala; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Abushama, Hala; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136941
Enhancing climate resilience in Nigerian agriculture: Implications for sustainable adaptation and livelihood diversification
Amare, Mulubrhan; Balana, Bedru; Onilogbo, Omobolanle. Washington, DC 2023
Amare, Mulubrhan; Balana, Bedru; Onilogbo, Omobolanle. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136942
Abstract | View
Key Highlights:
Changes in temperature, measured in harmful degree days (HDDs), and precipitation have a significant negative impact on agricultural productivity in Nigeria, which highlights the adverse effects of extreme weather on crop yields.
Climate changes affect income sources for farming households. We found that an increase in HDDs reduces households’ income share from crops and nonfarm self-employment, implying threats to household food security for smallholders whose livelihoods depend on subsistence farming and food consumption from own sources.
In response to the risks posed by climate change, farmers adopt changes in crop mixes (for example, reducing the share of land allocated to cereals) and input use decisions (for example, reducing fertilizer use and purchased seeds) as an adaptation strategy. Adaption strategies that lead to low use of yield-enhancing modern inputs could worsen agricultural productivity and household food insecurity. However, we found that farmers in Nigeria respond to extreme climate by switching to drought tolerant root or tuber crops. Such strategies could partially offset the adverse effects of climatic shocks on households’ welfare.
Climate changes negatively impact agricultural productivity for both poor and non-poor households, but the effects are more pronounced among poorer households, according to our heterogenous effects analysis on household’s initial endowments (based on wealth indicators measured in asset and livestock holdings). This implies low adaptive capacity on the part of poor households and thus their high vulnerability to climate-related shocks.
Suggested policy recommendations include interventions to incentivize adoption of climate-resilient agriculture, targeted pro-poor interventions such as low-cost financing options for improving smallholders’ access to climate-proof agricultural inputs and technologies, and policy measures to reduce the inequality of access to livelihood capital, such as land and other productive assets.
Changes in temperature, measured in harmful degree days (HDDs), and precipitation have a significant negative impact on agricultural productivity in Nigeria, which highlights the adverse effects of extreme weather on crop yields.
Climate changes affect income sources for farming households. We found that an increase in HDDs reduces households’ income share from crops and nonfarm self-employment, implying threats to household food security for smallholders whose livelihoods depend on subsistence farming and food consumption from own sources.
In response to the risks posed by climate change, farmers adopt changes in crop mixes (for example, reducing the share of land allocated to cereals) and input use decisions (for example, reducing fertilizer use and purchased seeds) as an adaptation strategy. Adaption strategies that lead to low use of yield-enhancing modern inputs could worsen agricultural productivity and household food insecurity. However, we found that farmers in Nigeria respond to extreme climate by switching to drought tolerant root or tuber crops. Such strategies could partially offset the adverse effects of climatic shocks on households’ welfare.
Climate changes negatively impact agricultural productivity for both poor and non-poor households, but the effects are more pronounced among poorer households, according to our heterogenous effects analysis on household’s initial endowments (based on wealth indicators measured in asset and livestock holdings). This implies low adaptive capacity on the part of poor households and thus their high vulnerability to climate-related shocks.
Suggested policy recommendations include interventions to incentivize adoption of climate-resilient agriculture, targeted pro-poor interventions such as low-cost financing options for improving smallholders’ access to climate-proof agricultural inputs and technologies, and policy measures to reduce the inequality of access to livelihood capital, such as land and other productive assets.
Financial access and digital services within agri-food value chains in Uganda
Adong, Annet; Ambler, Kate; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; de Brauw, Alan; Wagner, Julia. Washington, DC 2023
Adong, Annet; Ambler, Kate; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; de Brauw, Alan; Wagner, Julia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136944
Abstract | View
Agri-food value chains represent an important element of food systems and economies around the world. For example, intermediary agri-food value chain actors—those operating enterprises that transport and transform food from the farmgate to retailers—account for a substantial share, often between 60 and 75 percent, of value-added produced by the entire agricultural sector of an economy.
Political and economic drivers of Sudan's armed conflict: Implications for the agri-food system
Abushama, Hala; Resnick, Danielle; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K. . Washington, DC 2023
Abushama, Hala; Resnick, Danielle; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K. . Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136946
Abstract | View
This study assesses the political economy of the conflict between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) that brought out in April 2023, resulting in massive violence, displacement, and threats to food security. Based on a series of key informant interviews and other secondary materials, this study identifies that the primary underlying driver of the conflict relates to the rise of competition between the SAF and RSF over productive resources, including within the agri-food system. This scenario has been facilitated by a longstanding lack of scrutiny, accountability, and transparency over the distribution of economic rents and commercial holdings between the two factions. Additionally, the capture of rents from different industries and resources has been a key contributor to the geographic expansion of the conflict. As the conflict continues to rage between the two groups and their associates, it continues to impose considerable impacts on different actors within the agri-food system, posing significant challenges to the planting season and crop production, introducing blockades of trade routes, and a near cessation of agro-processing. We discuss these aspects of the ensuing conflict in view of the uncertainty about political and economic developments and propose policy recommendations for rebuilding Sudan’s agri-food system holistically under different scenarios.
Feasibility of implementing a Risk-Contingent Credit (RCC) program in Zambia: Stakeholder engagement
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136947
Abstract | View
Changes in frequency and intensity of climate and weather events are a key challenge to agricultural production among farmers in Zambia. Climate variability reduces farm productivity, which in turn contributes to household food insecurity, income variability, and reduced overall economic growth. Using improved technologies such as mechanization, improved seed varieties, irrigation, and fertilizer can improve climate resilience and farm production among smallholder farmers. However, in Zambia, as in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, most famers lack sufficient access to credit to purchase these technologies. Limited access to credit is mainly attributed to lack of collateral, fear of losing collateral in case of a default, and low financial literacy among smallholder famers (Balana et al. 2022). Information asymmetry also makes it risky and expensive for lenders to serve smallholder farmers, thus they ration the quantity of credit offered and/or raise the interest rates making credit too expensive and inaccessible for millions of smallholder farmers. Bundling agricultural credit with insurance, commonly referred to as risk-contingent credit (RCC), provides a mechanism for addressing some of the credit access constraints faced by smallholder farmers in developing countries. RCC is a loan product that is bundled with an insurance component. RCC seeks to enhance long-term resilience to climate uncertainties by promoting optimal farm investment and productivity among smallholders through sustainable access to credit markets. Under RCC, qualifying smallholder farmers borrow funds for agricultural production from formal financial institutions such as banks and microfinance institutions with minimum collateral requirements. The borrower’s ability to repay the loan is linked to climate outcomes, which are highly correlated with farm productivity. An insurance company underwrites the climate risks (either in the form of drought or flood), such that if that underlying risk passes a certain threshold, the insurance is triggered and part or all of the borrower’s liability is transferred to the insurer. If the underlying risk remains below the threshold, the borrower repays the loan at the agreed upon interest rates and is also obligated to pay the insurance premium, as part of the loan repayment. Linking farmers’ loan repayment obligations to an underlying risk, as opposed to stringent collateral requirements, is expected to reduce the borrowing constraints faced by many poor farmers. At the same time, de-risking the lender by transferring a portion of risks to the insurance market is expected to promote credit supply, hence expanding the rural credit market (Shee et al. 2019).
Mapping the design and implementation of seed sector regulation: The case of Uganda
Kuhlmann, Katrin; Nalinya, Adron Naggayi; Francis, Tara; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2023
Kuhlmann, Katrin; Nalinya, Adron Naggayi; Francis, Tara; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136948
Abstract | View
An enabling environment with clear, inclusive, and transparent seed laws, policies, regulations, and guidelines is the foundation for an efficient and effective seed sector. If well designed and implemented, the legal and regulatory framework can facilitate market diversification, supervision and quality control of seed and other forms of planting material, promotion of private sector participation, farmer access to improved seed varieties, reduced barriers for the movement of seeds across borders, and food security.
This study uses Regulatory Systems Maps (RSMs), a mapping tool for legal and regulatory processes and procedures, as a primary comparative method to assess the progress and dynamics in Uganda’s seed system along four key dimensions of the seed systems regulatory value chain: (i) early generation seed (EGS) production and distribution, (ii) varietal registration and release processes, (iii) seed quality assurance systems, and (iv) seed trade. The RSMs document and illustrate the processes and procedures contained in Uganda’s seed legal and regulatory systems, analytically isolating intervention points, proposed legal and regulatory changes, good practices and legal innovations, and systemic shifts over time, while also integrating important dimensions such as gender, inclusion, and flexibility that can address farmers’ needs, reduce costs, and increase participation in seed systems. The data and information used to compile the Uganda RSMs were developed and validated through a series of consultations with an array of stakeholders spanning both the public and private sectors.
The findings of the RSMs showed that, despite the comprehensive nature of Uganda’s seed rules and regulations and some notable innovations, implementation is a persistent challenge, and regulatory gaps and inconsistencies continue to exist. The RSMs indicate the need to take various measures to improve the enabling environment for seed trade in Uganda, including reviewing the current seed law, which is largely outdated; updating the existing seed regulations; adopting plant variety protection (PVP) regulations to implement the PVP Act; developing guidelines on agricultural research; and building capacity in both the public and private sectors.
This study uses Regulatory Systems Maps (RSMs), a mapping tool for legal and regulatory processes and procedures, as a primary comparative method to assess the progress and dynamics in Uganda’s seed system along four key dimensions of the seed systems regulatory value chain: (i) early generation seed (EGS) production and distribution, (ii) varietal registration and release processes, (iii) seed quality assurance systems, and (iv) seed trade. The RSMs document and illustrate the processes and procedures contained in Uganda’s seed legal and regulatory systems, analytically isolating intervention points, proposed legal and regulatory changes, good practices and legal innovations, and systemic shifts over time, while also integrating important dimensions such as gender, inclusion, and flexibility that can address farmers’ needs, reduce costs, and increase participation in seed systems. The data and information used to compile the Uganda RSMs were developed and validated through a series of consultations with an array of stakeholders spanning both the public and private sectors.
The findings of the RSMs showed that, despite the comprehensive nature of Uganda’s seed rules and regulations and some notable innovations, implementation is a persistent challenge, and regulatory gaps and inconsistencies continue to exist. The RSMs indicate the need to take various measures to improve the enabling environment for seed trade in Uganda, including reviewing the current seed law, which is largely outdated; updating the existing seed regulations; adopting plant variety protection (PVP) regulations to implement the PVP Act; developing guidelines on agricultural research; and building capacity in both the public and private sectors.
Can participatory video-based extension increase awareness and knowledge of climate adaptation practices? Insights from rural Kenya
Ndegwa, Michael K.; Ringler, Claudia; Muteti, Francisca N.; Kato, Edward; Bryan, Elizabeth. Washington, DC 2023
Ndegwa, Michael K.; Ringler, Claudia; Muteti, Francisca N.; Kato, Edward; Bryan, Elizabeth. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136949
Abstract | View
Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has been promoted as a framework to identify a set of solutions that simultaneously sustain agricultural productivity and incomes, increase the resilience of agriculture, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, it has proven to be challenging to reach women farmers with information on CSA practices. This note summarizes results from a study that assessed whether participatory video-based extension approaches tailored to women’s preferred CSA approaches could reduce the gender gap in awareness and adoption of CSA practices in Kenya. The findings suggest that watching the videos increased awareness of the CSA practices promoted in the videos as well as other practices. However, watching the videos did not increase the adoption of the CSA practices. We propose strategies to strengthen the uptake of CSA practices alongside participatory video-based extension.
The role of photovoice and cellphilms to support women farmers’ climate-resilience strategies
Kawerau, Laura; Welk, Lukas; Birkenberg, Athena; Daum, Thomas; Butele, Cosmas Alfred; Birner, Regina. Washington, DC 2023
Kawerau, Laura; Welk, Lukas; Birkenberg, Athena; Daum, Thomas; Butele, Cosmas Alfred; Birner, Regina. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136950
Abstract | View
Information and communication technologies (ICTs) can support the collection of agricultural data. While most such data collection efforts have focused on phone surveys, ICT can also facilitate the collection of visual data through photovoice or cellphilms. ICT for visual data has not been widely used nor assessed in the context of agriculture. This note summarizes findings from a qualitative field study on the use of ICT tools for the collection of information on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices by women and men farmers in the central region of Uganda. The findings suggest that these visual research tools can increase insights on women’s perceptions, needs, and strategies for agricultural development and climate resilience.
Men's political participation training curriculum in southwest Nigeria
Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan. Abuja, Nigeria; Washington, DC 2023
Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan. Abuja, Nigeria; Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136952
Abstract | View
The Metaketa Initiative is a study across 5 countries to improve women's empowerment beyond the household-including in governance at different levels. Specifically, it proposes to test whether a training intervention designed to strengthen women's sense of collective efficacy and leadership skills will improve their voice and agency in local political engagement. One of these countries is Nigeria, where the following women's training curriculum will be implemented in 3 southwestern states (Ogun, Osun, and Oyo}. ActionAid Nigeria (AAN} is partnering with Researchers from the International Food Policy Research Institute, UC Berkeley, and UC San Diego to develop and test a women's training curriculum that will help women to overcome some of the barriers to increasing their participation.
Specifically, this women's training curriculum will focus on at least five different skills areas that include:
(1} Civic education;
(2) Making common grievances over gender inequality salient;
(3) Increasing a sense of women1 s group identity;
(4) Understanding how men can support women; and
(5) Increasing perceived efficacy.
For some women, their training will be complemented by their partners receiving a men's training curriculum. The durations of all of these program elements are listed below. In all cases, the listed duration of the training session is time spent in actual activities, and is exclusive of time required to gather all participants, welcome them, provide breaks, and distribute sign-in sheets, etc. One hour will be allocated in all sessions for such administrative matters.
The men's training curriculum, like the women's curriculum, is focused on key pertinent skills areas that include: How the world is changing and how women's empowerment is beneficial; different domains of women's empowerment-from the home to the community, to the political system; the importance and benefits of women's voice and agency in public spaces; how men and boys can support women's voice and agency in public spaces; and the value of male champions/allies.
Specifically, this women's training curriculum will focus on at least five different skills areas that include:
(1} Civic education;
(2) Making common grievances over gender inequality salient;
(3) Increasing a sense of women1 s group identity;
(4) Understanding how men can support women; and
(5) Increasing perceived efficacy.
For some women, their training will be complemented by their partners receiving a men's training curriculum. The durations of all of these program elements are listed below. In all cases, the listed duration of the training session is time spent in actual activities, and is exclusive of time required to gather all participants, welcome them, provide breaks, and distribute sign-in sheets, etc. One hour will be allocated in all sessions for such administrative matters.
The men's training curriculum, like the women's curriculum, is focused on key pertinent skills areas that include: How the world is changing and how women's empowerment is beneficial; different domains of women's empowerment-from the home to the community, to the political system; the importance and benefits of women's voice and agency in public spaces; how men and boys can support women's voice and agency in public spaces; and the value of male champions/allies.
From climate risk to resilience: Unpacking the economic impacts of climate change in Kenya
Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing; Hartley, Faaiqa. Washington, DC 2023
Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing; Hartley, Faaiqa. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136953
Abstract | View
Substantial model variability exists regarding the likely meteorological impact of climate change on Kenya, particularly with respect to future precipitation levels. Significant regional differences are expected, largely due to Kenya’s diverse climate profile. Overall, temperatures are projected to increase while future precipitation levels are highly uncertain. Climate change is expected to significantly affect coastal areas, including because of sea level rise risks, stronger winds, and an overall warmer and drier climate. This will likely harm important ecosystems, including wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs. Some models project that arid and semi-arid areas may become drier and hotter, which would exacerbate preexisting water scarcity and agricultural challenges for the already vulnerable communities living there. That said, these projections are not corroborated by all models. The climate change impact on other areas, particularly south and west of Mount Kenya, could generally be positive, as it would provide even better conditions for agriculture.
The key climate change risk for Kenya is from extreme events, in particular droughts and floods. The frequency and intensity of such events is likely to increase because of climate change. They also often lead to adverse knock-on effects, such as soil erosion, land degradation, and pest breakouts. Overall, Kenya’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (2020) estimates that between 2010 and 2020, adverse climate change-related events led to annual socioeconomic losses of 3–5 percent of total gross domestic product (GDP).
The key climate change risk for Kenya is from extreme events, in particular droughts and floods. The frequency and intensity of such events is likely to increase because of climate change. They also often lead to adverse knock-on effects, such as soil erosion, land degradation, and pest breakouts. Overall, Kenya’s updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) (2020) estimates that between 2010 and 2020, adverse climate change-related events led to annual socioeconomic losses of 3–5 percent of total gross domestic product (GDP).
From climate risk to resilience: Unpacking the economic impacts of climate change in Malawi
Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing; Mukashov, Askar. Washington, DC 2023
Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing; Mukashov, Askar. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136955
Abstract | View
Climate change is not projected to materially alter Malawi’s climate profile. Instead, it is likely to exacerbate existing climate vulnerabilities by increasing the frequency and intensity of cyclones, floods, and droughts. This is largely due to increased uncertainty around future precipitation levels. These adverse effects have already started to materialize and are expected to increase substantially over the next decades, particularly if efforts to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by high emitting countries are insufficient. Climate change is also projected to increase average annual temperatures across the country.
Climate change is expected to significantly affect Malawi’s economy, mainly because of its dependence on climate-sensitive economic sectors and its low capacity to take adaptation measures due to preexisting macroeconomic vulnerabilities. Malawi’s sensitivity to climate shocks is underpinned by significant environmental degradation, in particular deforestation, watershed degradation, and poor soil management.
The two main impact channels are likely to be agriculture and road infrastructure. In agriculture, the increased uncertainty around future precipitation levels in Malawi will likely result in higher variability in crop yields. Climate change is projected to exacerbate preexisting environmental degradation challenges, including soil erosion. These effects are particularly problematic due to Malawi’s high poverty rate, lack of economic diversification (the agriculture sector represents one-third of the economy and employs over 70 percent of the workforce), and significant dependence on rainfed production (about 80 percent of the population). Climate change is likely to significantly impact Malawi’s road infrastructure, mainly due to increased risk of flooding, which would have broader economic and social knock-on impacts.
Climate change is expected to significantly affect Malawi’s economy, mainly because of its dependence on climate-sensitive economic sectors and its low capacity to take adaptation measures due to preexisting macroeconomic vulnerabilities. Malawi’s sensitivity to climate shocks is underpinned by significant environmental degradation, in particular deforestation, watershed degradation, and poor soil management.
The two main impact channels are likely to be agriculture and road infrastructure. In agriculture, the increased uncertainty around future precipitation levels in Malawi will likely result in higher variability in crop yields. Climate change is projected to exacerbate preexisting environmental degradation challenges, including soil erosion. These effects are particularly problematic due to Malawi’s high poverty rate, lack of economic diversification (the agriculture sector represents one-third of the economy and employs over 70 percent of the workforce), and significant dependence on rainfed production (about 80 percent of the population). Climate change is likely to significantly impact Malawi’s road infrastructure, mainly due to increased risk of flooding, which would have broader economic and social knock-on impacts.
From climate risk to resilience: Unpacking the economic impacts of climate change in Zambia
Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Tian, Junyan; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing. Washington, DC 2023
Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Tian, Junyan; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136956
Abstract | View
Climate change is projected to cause an increase in average temperatures in Zambia and a decline in rainfall, particularly in the southern and western regions. The country experiences high rainfall variability, which climate change is expected to exacerbate, resulting in likely higher frequency and intensity of already reoccurring extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. The combined effect of the temperature and precipitation projections is anticipated to cause a decrease in water availability at national level and to adversely affect the Zambezi, Kafue, and Luangwa River Basins. Overall, these trends will exacerbate existing vulnerabilities in southwestern Zambia, as the region is already prone to droughts (as well as floods in some parts). On the other hand, the northern parts of the country are projected to experience a slight increase in rainfall and to be overall relatively positively affected by climate change.
The key sectors most likely to be significantly affected by climate change in Zambia include agriculture, road infrastructure, and energy. In agriculture, the key risk stemming from climate change is the projected lower maize yields, as this is the country’s staple crop. Other crops are also expected to be adversely affected by higher temperatures, reduced rainfall, and increased occurrence of extreme events, particularly in southern and western Zambia. That said, changing climate conditions could create new agricultural opportunities in the north. Climate change is projected to negatively affect the livestock subsector, which will increase food security risks, particularly for subsistence farmers. In road infrastructure, the projected higher occurrence of flooding, especially in Lusaka Province, could have a knock-on effect for the rest of the economy, particularly if it damages key international corridors passing through this region and/or affects domestic supply chains. Zambia is significantly reliant on hydropower and is already experiencing severe power cuts due to drought. The risks in the sector are exacerbated by the location of key hydropower plants in the southern parts of the country and the projected drying up of main river basins. The electricity shortages have spillover effects on the rest of the economy, including the copper industry, Zambia’s key export. This has international implications, as Zambia is a top copper producer worldwide, and demand for copper is expected to increase significantly due to its crucial role in various green technologies. Thus, absent adaptation measures, the adverse impact of climate change in Zambia could affect global mitigation efforts and strategies.
The key sectors most likely to be significantly affected by climate change in Zambia include agriculture, road infrastructure, and energy. In agriculture, the key risk stemming from climate change is the projected lower maize yields, as this is the country’s staple crop. Other crops are also expected to be adversely affected by higher temperatures, reduced rainfall, and increased occurrence of extreme events, particularly in southern and western Zambia. That said, changing climate conditions could create new agricultural opportunities in the north. Climate change is projected to negatively affect the livestock subsector, which will increase food security risks, particularly for subsistence farmers. In road infrastructure, the projected higher occurrence of flooding, especially in Lusaka Province, could have a knock-on effect for the rest of the economy, particularly if it damages key international corridors passing through this region and/or affects domestic supply chains. Zambia is significantly reliant on hydropower and is already experiencing severe power cuts due to drought. The risks in the sector are exacerbated by the location of key hydropower plants in the southern parts of the country and the projected drying up of main river basins. The electricity shortages have spillover effects on the rest of the economy, including the copper industry, Zambia’s key export. This has international implications, as Zambia is a top copper producer worldwide, and demand for copper is expected to increase significantly due to its crucial role in various green technologies. Thus, absent adaptation measures, the adverse impact of climate change in Zambia could affect global mitigation efforts and strategies.
MAZIKO - Malawi integrated maternal and child grant project
Roschnick, Natalie. London, UK 2023
Roschnick, Natalie. London, UK 2023
Abstract | View
MAZIKO (meaning “Foundation” in Chichewa), is a 5-year project that integrates maternal and child grants (cash transfers) with a package of government recommended social and behaviour change and capacity strengthening interventions to improve child nutrition and development. The project was launched in November 2021 and is reaching nearly 42,000 households with pregnant women and children under 5 years, in Ntcheu and Balaka districts in Malawi. It includes a large research component, including a cluster randomized trial to evaluate the impact, cost effectiveness, and scalability of maternal and child grants, delivered alongside an integrated multi-sector social and behaviour change intervention package to address the main drivers of malnutrition. The evidence generated will inform Malawi’s National Social Protection system, and guide improvements to the delivery of Malawi’s multi-sector nutrition strategy.
Women's political participation training curriculum in southwest Nigeria [in Yoruba]
Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan. Abuja, Nigeria; Washington, DC 2023
Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan. Abuja, Nigeria; Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136958
Abstract | View
The Metaketa Initiative is a study across 5 countries to improve women's empowerment beyond the household-including in governance at different levels. Specifically, it proposes to test whether a training intervention designed to strengthen women's sense of collective efficacy and leadership skills will improve their voice and agency in local political engagement. One of these countries is Nigeria, where the following women's training curriculum will be implemented in 3 southwestern states (Ogun, Osun, and Oyo}. ActionAid Nigeria (AAN} is partnering with Researchers from the International Food Policy Research Institute, UC Berkeley, and UC San Diego to develop and test a women's training
curriculum that will help women to overcome some of the barriers to increasing their participation.
Specifically, this women's training curriculum will focus on at least five different skills areas that include:
(1} Civic education;
(2) Making common grievances over gender inequality salient;
(3) Increasing a sense of women1 s group identity;
(4) Understanding how men can support women; and
(5) Increasing perceived efficacy.
For some women, their training will be complemented by their partners receiving a men1 s training curriculum. The durations of all of these program elements are listed below. In all cases, the listed duration of the training session is time spent in actual activities, and is exclusive of time required to gather all participants, welcome them, provide breaks, and distribute sign-in sheets, etc. One hour will be allocated in all sessions for such administrative matters.
curriculum that will help women to overcome some of the barriers to increasing their participation.
Specifically, this women's training curriculum will focus on at least five different skills areas that include:
(1} Civic education;
(2) Making common grievances over gender inequality salient;
(3) Increasing a sense of women1 s group identity;
(4) Understanding how men can support women; and
(5) Increasing perceived efficacy.
For some women, their training will be complemented by their partners receiving a men1 s training curriculum. The durations of all of these program elements are listed below. In all cases, the listed duration of the training session is time spent in actual activities, and is exclusive of time required to gather all participants, welcome them, provide breaks, and distribute sign-in sheets, etc. One hour will be allocated in all sessions for such administrative matters.
Men's political participation training curriculum in southwest Nigeria [in Yoruba]
Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan. Abuja, Nigeria; Washington, DC 2023
Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan. Abuja, Nigeria; Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136959
Abstract | View
The Metaketa Initiative is a study across 5 countries to improve women's empowerment beyond the household-including in governance at different levels. Specifically, it proposes to test whether a training intervention designed to strengthen women's sense of collective efficacy and leadership skills will improve their voice and agency in local political engagement. One of these countries is Nigeria, where the following women's training curriculum will be implemented in 3 southwestern states (Ogun, Osun, and Oyo}. ActionAid Nigeria (AAN} is partnering with Researchers from the International Food Policy Research Institute, UC Berkeley, and UC San Diego to develop and test a women's training curriculum that will help women to overcome some of the barriers to increasing their participation.
Specifically, this women's training curriculum will focus on at least five different skills areas that include:
(1} Civic education;
(2) Making common grievances over gender inequality salient;
(3) Increasing a sense of women1 s group identity;
(4) Understanding how men can support women; and
(5) Increasing perceived efficacy.
For some women, their training will be complemented by their partners receiving a men's training curriculum. The durations of all of these program elements are listed below. In all cases, the listed duration of the training session is time spent in actual activities, and is exclusive of time required to gather all participants, welcome them, provide breaks, and distribute sign-in sheets, etc. One hour will be allocated in all sessions for such administrative matters.
The men's training curriculum, like the women's curriculum, is focused on key pertinent skills areas that include: How the world is changing and how women's empowerment is beneficial; different domains of women's empowerment-from the home to the community, to the political system; the importance and benefits of women's voice and agency in public spaces; how men and boys can support women's voice and agency in public spaces; and the value of male champions/allies.
Specifically, this women's training curriculum will focus on at least five different skills areas that include:
(1} Civic education;
(2) Making common grievances over gender inequality salient;
(3) Increasing a sense of women1 s group identity;
(4) Understanding how men can support women; and
(5) Increasing perceived efficacy.
For some women, their training will be complemented by their partners receiving a men's training curriculum. The durations of all of these program elements are listed below. In all cases, the listed duration of the training session is time spent in actual activities, and is exclusive of time required to gather all participants, welcome them, provide breaks, and distribute sign-in sheets, etc. One hour will be allocated in all sessions for such administrative matters.
The men's training curriculum, like the women's curriculum, is focused on key pertinent skills areas that include: How the world is changing and how women's empowerment is beneficial; different domains of women's empowerment-from the home to the community, to the political system; the importance and benefits of women's voice and agency in public spaces; how men and boys can support women's voice and agency in public spaces; and the value of male champions/allies.
Maternal and child nutrition and development in Balaka and Ntcheu districts: Findings from MAZIKO inception studies
Save the Children. London, UK 2023
Save the Children. London, UK 2023
Abstract | View
MAZIKO is a five-year integrated Maternal and Child Grant pilot project targeting mothers and children under five years in eight Traditional Authorities in Balaka and Ntcheu districts. The aim of the project is to improve child growth and development by combining government recommended multi-sectoral social and behaviour change, and capacity strengthening interventions, with monthly cash transfers to improve maternal and child nutrition and development outcomes.
In the first year of the programme, several qualitative and quantitative studies were conducted to inform the design of the project. These included a) a baseline quantitative survey targeting 2,686 households with a pregnant woman or child under 2 years in 262 villages; b) a qualitative study, using immersion research and people centered design approaches in 12 households with a pregnant woman or child under 2 years; c) a district capacity assessment to identify bottlenecks in service provision for nutrition and early child development; and d) a Cost of the Diet study to estimate the cost and affordability of a nutritious diet and the role that cash transfers can play to reduce the affordability gap. All studies were done in Ntcheu and Balaka, while the Cost of Diet study used national data. Key findings across the studies are summarised below, followed by more detailed findings for each study.
In the first year of the programme, several qualitative and quantitative studies were conducted to inform the design of the project. These included a) a baseline quantitative survey targeting 2,686 households with a pregnant woman or child under 2 years in 262 villages; b) a qualitative study, using immersion research and people centered design approaches in 12 households with a pregnant woman or child under 2 years; c) a district capacity assessment to identify bottlenecks in service provision for nutrition and early child development; and d) a Cost of the Diet study to estimate the cost and affordability of a nutritious diet and the role that cash transfers can play to reduce the affordability gap. All studies were done in Ntcheu and Balaka, while the Cost of Diet study used national data. Key findings across the studies are summarised below, followed by more detailed findings for each study.
From climate risk to resilience: Unpacking the economic impacts of climate change in Mozambique
Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Tian, Junyan; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing. Washington, DC 2023
Detelinova, Iva; Thomas, Timothy S.; Tian, Junyan; Hammond, Wole; Arndt, Channing. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136961
Abstract | View
Mozambique is already vulnerable to extreme weather events and climate change is projected to exacerbate their frequency and intensity. The occurrence of cyclones and flooding has increased in recent years and the trend is expected to continue. The country’s coast—where 60 percent of the population, the three biggest cities, and critical infrastructure are situated—is most exposed to climate change-related risks, including damage from cyclones and projected sea level rise. Densely populated and low-lying regions, such as Zambezia, Nampula, Sofala, and Maputo Provinces, are particularly exposed to risks from flooding. More broadly, climate change is projected to increase average temperatures across the country and to result in higher variability in precipitation, especially in the south.
The most critical economic sectors vulnerable to climate change in Mozambique are agriculture,
transport, and potentially energy. In agriculture, maize is likely to be the most affected key crop. This can pose risks to food security (alongside expected higher food inflation because of climate change), given maize’s widespread cultivation and role in nutrition. The impact on other crops is likely to be more limited, and to a large extent driven by damages from increased frequency of extreme weather events. This could exacerbate challenges in the sector, which is already constrained by low productivity and limited arable areas. That said, climate change could create some opportunities; for example, rice yields are projected to improve. Most studies project agricultural production in the central region to be most adversely affected by climate change, albeit the impact varies by crop and within regions. Mozambique’s transport infrastructure is highly vulnerable to climate change due to the projected increase in flooding, the low proportion of paved roads, their limited interconnectivity, and the vulnerability of ports to cyclones and storm surges. Damages to Mozambique’s transport sector are likely to have knock-on effects to other sectors and can have significant regional implications, as the country serves as a conduit for landlocked neighboring countries. Infrastructure damages, alongside the projected coastal erosion, may severely affect the tourism sector. Furthermore, Mozambique’s high dependence on hydropower exposes it to losses from rainfall variability, which is expected to increase. The country’s largest hydropower plant is located downstream on the Zambezi River, which various studies project to dry up due to climate change. Increased water use in upstream countries (such as because of greater irrigation needs and in response to growing populations) could also pose risks to Mozambique’s hydropower sector.
The most critical economic sectors vulnerable to climate change in Mozambique are agriculture,
transport, and potentially energy. In agriculture, maize is likely to be the most affected key crop. This can pose risks to food security (alongside expected higher food inflation because of climate change), given maize’s widespread cultivation and role in nutrition. The impact on other crops is likely to be more limited, and to a large extent driven by damages from increased frequency of extreme weather events. This could exacerbate challenges in the sector, which is already constrained by low productivity and limited arable areas. That said, climate change could create some opportunities; for example, rice yields are projected to improve. Most studies project agricultural production in the central region to be most adversely affected by climate change, albeit the impact varies by crop and within regions. Mozambique’s transport infrastructure is highly vulnerable to climate change due to the projected increase in flooding, the low proportion of paved roads, their limited interconnectivity, and the vulnerability of ports to cyclones and storm surges. Damages to Mozambique’s transport sector are likely to have knock-on effects to other sectors and can have significant regional implications, as the country serves as a conduit for landlocked neighboring countries. Infrastructure damages, alongside the projected coastal erosion, may severely affect the tourism sector. Furthermore, Mozambique’s high dependence on hydropower exposes it to losses from rainfall variability, which is expected to increase. The country’s largest hydropower plant is located downstream on the Zambezi River, which various studies project to dry up due to climate change. Increased water use in upstream countries (such as because of greater irrigation needs and in response to growing populations) could also pose risks to Mozambique’s hydropower sector.
Women's political participation training curriculum in southwest Nigeria
Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan. Abuja, Nigeria; Washington, DC 2023
Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan. Abuja, Nigeria; Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136962
Abstract | View
The Metaketa Initiative is a study across 5 countries to improve women's empowerment beyond the household-including in governance at different levels. Specifically, it proposes to test whether a training intervention designed to strengthen women's sense of collective efficacy and leadership skills will improve their voice and agency in local political engagement. One of these countries is Nigeria, where the following women's training curriculum will be implemented in 3 southwestern states (Ogun, Osun, and Oyo}. ActionAid Nigeria (AAN} is partnering with Researchers from the International Food Policy Research Institute, UC Berkeley, and UC San Diego to develop and test a women's training
curriculum that will help women to overcome some of the barriers to increasing their participation.
Specifically, this women's training curriculum will focus on at least five different skills areas that include:
(1} Civic education;
(2) Making common grievances over gender inequality salient;
(3) Increasing a sense of women1 s group identity;
(4) Understanding how men can support women; and
(5) Increasing perceived efficacy.
For some women, their training will be complemented by their partners receiving a men1 s training curriculum. The durations of all of these program elements are listed below. In all cases, the listed duration of the training session is time spent in actual activities, and is exclusive of time required to gather all participants, welcome them, provide breaks, and distribute sign-in sheets, etc. One hour will be allocated in all sessions for such administrative matters.
curriculum that will help women to overcome some of the barriers to increasing their participation.
Specifically, this women's training curriculum will focus on at least five different skills areas that include:
(1} Civic education;
(2) Making common grievances over gender inequality salient;
(3) Increasing a sense of women1 s group identity;
(4) Understanding how men can support women; and
(5) Increasing perceived efficacy.
For some women, their training will be complemented by their partners receiving a men1 s training curriculum. The durations of all of these program elements are listed below. In all cases, the listed duration of the training session is time spent in actual activities, and is exclusive of time required to gather all participants, welcome them, provide breaks, and distribute sign-in sheets, etc. One hour will be allocated in all sessions for such administrative matters.
Spatial market integration during a pandemic: Evidence from food markets in Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Hatzenbuehler, Patrick L.. Washington, DC 2023
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Hatzenbuehler, Patrick L.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136963
Abstract | View
This paper uses comprehensive and long time series monthly food price data and a panel dyadic regression framework to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated policy responses on spatial market integration across a diverse set of food items in Nigeria. The empirical results reveal several important insights. First, we show that a significant slowdown in the speed of adjustment and price transmission occurred during the pandemic. For some food items, the speed of adjustment and, by implication, spatial market integration weakened by two- to-threefold after the pandemic outbreak. The effect was especially pronounced for perishable food items. Second, lockdown measures and the spread of the pandemic triggered additional dispersion in market prices across markets. For example, lockdown measures were associated with a 5–10 percent reduction in the speed of readjustment toward long-term equilibrium. Third, additional underlying attributes of markets, including lack of access to digital infrastructure and distance between markets, exacerbated impacts associated with the pandemic. For instance, access to Internet service reduced the slowdown in the speed of adjustment caused by the pandemic, but longer distances between market pairs induced greater slowdown in the speed of price transmission. Our findings offer important insights for revitalizing the efficiency of food markets affected by the pandemic. The heterogenous impacts of the pandemic across value chains and markets reinforce the need to properly target post-pandemic recovery interventions and investments. Finally, we offer some insights to reduce the vulnerability of food and market systems to disruptions in future pandemics or similar phenomena that inhibit food marketing and trade.
Qualitative fieldwork to identify CSA practices preferred by women farmers in India, Kenya, and Uganda
Magalhaes, Marilia; Kawerau, Laura; Kweyu, Janerose; Pathak, Vishak. Washington, DC 2023
Magalhaes, Marilia; Kawerau, Laura; Kweyu, Janerose; Pathak, Vishak. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136965
Abstract | View
Promoting the adoption of climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices is an important step toward enhancing farmer resilience to climate change. Given the differences in the resilience capacities, operating space, and response options of men and women farmers, it is imperative to understand the gendered preferences for and constraints to their adoption of CSA practices. This policy brief summarizes qualitative research conducted in rural India, Kenya, and Uganda to identify CSA practices preferred by women and men farmers. The findings highlight the need for gender-responsive finance models and information channels to ensure that support to climate change adaptation does not further widen the gender gap in agricultural resources, agency, and achievement.
Gendered information channels for climate-smart agriculture practices: Evidence from India, Kenya, and Uganda
Welk, Lukas; Barooah, Prapti; Kato, Edward; Ndegwa, Michael K.. Washington, DC 2023
Welk, Lukas; Barooah, Prapti; Kato, Edward; Ndegwa, Michael K.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136966
Abstract | View
Lack of access to information is an important barrier affecting women farmers’ adoption of climate-smart agri culture (CSA) practices and technologies. To overcome this barrier, the use of information and communication technologies is increasingly being promoted. However, digital tools might widen, rather than reduce, gendered information gaps given women’s lower use of mobile phones and mobile Internet as compared to men in sub Saharan African and South Asia. This policy note summarizes data on information channels that women and men farmers use for CSA practices in Gujarat, India, parts of Kenya, and central Uganda. The results can be used by governments, nongovernmental organizations, and other actor groups interested in ensuring equity in access to information on CSA practices in low- and middle-income countries.
Do climate-smart agricultural practices support adaptation, mitigation and productivity? A review of CSA practices used in participatory video interventions in India, Kenya, and Uganda
Welk, Lukas. Washington, DC 2023
Welk, Lukas. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136967
Abstract | View
Climate change poses a threat to smallholder farmers worldwide, impacting livelihoods and agricultural pro duction. At the same time, agrifood systems account for about one-third of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) offers synergistic practices that boost productivity, aid farmers in adapting to cli mate change, and have the potential to mitigate GHG emissions. This note reviews the extent to which a set of practices identified by smallholder farmers in India, Kenya, and Uganda for inclusion in a participatory video-based extension intervention meet the CSA criteria. The findings suggest that the practices hold triple-win potential but often several need to be applied as a package; they also need to be adapted to local conditions.
Innovations for inclusive and sustainable growth of domestic food value chains: Fruits and vegetables value chains in Nigeria scoping report
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Yamauchi, Futoshi; Balana, Bedru; Adeyanju, Dolapo; Edeh, Hyacinth; Kadjo, Didier; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Yegbemey, Rosaine Nerice; Ayenan, Mathieu; Olanipekun, Caleb I.. Washington, DC 2023
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Yamauchi, Futoshi; Balana, Bedru; Adeyanju, Dolapo; Edeh, Hyacinth; Kadjo, Didier; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Yegbemey, Rosaine Nerice; Ayenan, Mathieu; Olanipekun, Caleb I.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136969
Abstract | View
Fruits & vegetable value chains (F&V VC) in Nigeria hold significant potential to continue toward sustainable, inclusive food system transformation. Domestic food system growth, including that of F&V, remains crucial in achieving a healthy food environment and serving as a source of various micronutrients. There is a need for bundles of innovations to address multiple challenges along F&V VC in Nigeria, characterized by a set of challenges that are unique to developing countries and F&V.
V&F VC consists of many small actors, farmers, and traders, whereby limited vertical coordination can lead to significant efficiency loss along the value chain. Seasonal and temporal variations in supply-demand gaps for F&V commodities are substantial, and considerable scope exists for reducing losses and enhancing the overall efficiency of the domestic F&V sector. Policy environments are also favorable for such efforts, as the latest Agricultural Policy documents highlight the Nigerian government’s interest in modernizing F&V VC. Given the significant involvement of women and youths in the sector, F&V VC development has substantial potential to contribute to Nigeria's inclusive development of agrifood systems.
The current domestic F&V VC in Nigeria suffers from various sets of problems. Access to quality seeds is limited due to the significant use of recycled seeds, limited supply, and high costs of certified seeds. Cooling practices are inefficient due to insufficient access to the grid and off-grid electricity, limited knowledge of intermediate cooling methods applicable at the farm gate, and constraining quality preservations at farm gate storage, during transportation, and storage at market premises. Processing is insufficient due to the high costs of processing equipment and limited knowledge of the construction and operation of simpler, less resource-dependent processing facilities, including drying of F&V commodities. Inappropriate packing, such as the use of Rafia baskets instead of Reusable Plastic Crates, which are commonly recognized, is still prevalent, potentially due to limited market coordination.
Based on the stakeholder consultations, desk reviews, validation workshops, and availability of external resources, we identified the following as critical interventions to pilot various innovation bundles. Intervention #1 provides improved varieties and quality seeds, combined with agronomy training and certification, in northern Nigeria through the collaboration with East West Seeds and Wageningen University & Research. Intervention #2 provides off-grid cooling and cool transportation, including forced-air evaporative cooling units at farm clusters and the combination of small and large refrigerated trucks for local and longer-distance transportation, through the collaboration with ColdHubs and MIT-Lab. Intervention #3 introduces improved solar dryers and provides training on appropriate, hygienic processing methods, building, and utilization of these driers (possibly combined with the introduction of a business model), through the collaboration with World Vegetable Center and Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute. Intervention #4 provides plastic crates using various rental arrangements and improves market access for farmers through collaboration with private companies, including Bunkasa. Intervention #5 supplements interventions #1, #2, and #3 and provides improved information through certification and labeling. Lastly, Intervention #6 strengthens linkages between existing solar powered cold storages to supplement other interventions.
V&F VC consists of many small actors, farmers, and traders, whereby limited vertical coordination can lead to significant efficiency loss along the value chain. Seasonal and temporal variations in supply-demand gaps for F&V commodities are substantial, and considerable scope exists for reducing losses and enhancing the overall efficiency of the domestic F&V sector. Policy environments are also favorable for such efforts, as the latest Agricultural Policy documents highlight the Nigerian government’s interest in modernizing F&V VC. Given the significant involvement of women and youths in the sector, F&V VC development has substantial potential to contribute to Nigeria's inclusive development of agrifood systems.
The current domestic F&V VC in Nigeria suffers from various sets of problems. Access to quality seeds is limited due to the significant use of recycled seeds, limited supply, and high costs of certified seeds. Cooling practices are inefficient due to insufficient access to the grid and off-grid electricity, limited knowledge of intermediate cooling methods applicable at the farm gate, and constraining quality preservations at farm gate storage, during transportation, and storage at market premises. Processing is insufficient due to the high costs of processing equipment and limited knowledge of the construction and operation of simpler, less resource-dependent processing facilities, including drying of F&V commodities. Inappropriate packing, such as the use of Rafia baskets instead of Reusable Plastic Crates, which are commonly recognized, is still prevalent, potentially due to limited market coordination.
Based on the stakeholder consultations, desk reviews, validation workshops, and availability of external resources, we identified the following as critical interventions to pilot various innovation bundles. Intervention #1 provides improved varieties and quality seeds, combined with agronomy training and certification, in northern Nigeria through the collaboration with East West Seeds and Wageningen University & Research. Intervention #2 provides off-grid cooling and cool transportation, including forced-air evaporative cooling units at farm clusters and the combination of small and large refrigerated trucks for local and longer-distance transportation, through the collaboration with ColdHubs and MIT-Lab. Intervention #3 introduces improved solar dryers and provides training on appropriate, hygienic processing methods, building, and utilization of these driers (possibly combined with the introduction of a business model), through the collaboration with World Vegetable Center and Nigerian Stored Products Research Institute. Intervention #4 provides plastic crates using various rental arrangements and improves market access for farmers through collaboration with private companies, including Bunkasa. Intervention #5 supplements interventions #1, #2, and #3 and provides improved information through certification and labeling. Lastly, Intervention #6 strengthens linkages between existing solar powered cold storages to supplement other interventions.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, October 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Mitigating the impact of El Niño on hunger in Malawi
Anderson, Weston; Chiduwa, Mazvita; De Weerdt, Joachim; Diao, Xinshen; Duchoslav, Jan; Guo, Zhe; Kankwamba, Henry; Jamali, Andrew; Nagoli, Joseph; Thurlow, James; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Anderson, Weston; Chiduwa, Mazvita; De Weerdt, Joachim; Diao, Xinshen; Duchoslav, Jan; Guo, Zhe; Kankwamba, Henry; Jamali, Andrew; Nagoli, Joseph; Thurlow, James; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136971
Abstract | View
El Niño is a phase in an irregular periodic variation in winds and sea surface temperatures over the Pacific Ocean. It occurs on average every 2 to 7 years and typically lasts between 9 months and 2 years. El Niño affects the global weather patterns, resulting in above-average precipitation in some places and droughts in others. Malawi and its neighbors typically experience drier than usual weather during El Niño, which often leads to poor growing conditions and below-average harvests.
Can a light-touch graduation model enhance livelihood outcomes? Evidence from Ethiopia
Leight, Jessica; Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel; Hidrobo, Melissa; Mulford, Michael. Washington, DC 2023
Leight, Jessica; Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel; Hidrobo, Melissa; Mulford, Michael. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136972
Abstract | View
In recent years, a growing literature has examined the potential of multifaceted, intensive “graduation model” interventions that simultaneously address multiple barriers constraining households’ exit from poverty. In this paper, we present new evidence from a randomized trial of a lighter-touch graduation model implemented in rural Ethiopia. The primary experimental arms are a bundled intervention including a productive transfer valued at $374 (randomly assigned to be cash or an equivalent value in poultry), training, and savings groups; a simpler intervention including training and savings groups only; and a control arm. We find that three years post-baseline, the intervention inclusive of the transfer leads to some increases in assets, savings, and cash income from livestock, though there is no shift in consumption or household food security; these effects are consistent regardless of the modality of the transfer (cash versus poultry). The effects of training and savings groups alone are minimal.
A multi-country validation and sensitivity analysis of the project level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (Pro-WEAI)
Seymour, Greg; Faas, Simone; Ferguson, Nathaniel; Heckert, Jessica; Malapit, Hazel J.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; van Biljon, Chloe; Gender Agriculture Assets Project Phase 2 Study Team. Washington, DC 2023
Seymour, Greg; Faas, Simone; Ferguson, Nathaniel; Heckert, Jessica; Malapit, Hazel J.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; van Biljon, Chloe; Gender Agriculture Assets Project Phase 2 Study Team. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136974
Abstract | View
We discuss the evolution of the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) from its initial launch in 2018 until early 2023. We explain the reasons motivating changes to the composition of pro-WEAI and the adequacy thresholds of several indicators and discuss the implications of both for the overall measurement of project impacts on women’s empowerment. We present supporting empirical results comparing projects’ impacts calculated using the abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI) (the predecessor to pro-WEAI with fewer indicators and less stringent indicator cut-offs), the pilot 12-indicator version of pro-WEAI, and the final, revised 10-indicator version of pro-WEAI, based on longitudinal data from six agricultural development projects in East and West Africa and South Asia as part of the Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project, Phase 2 (GAAP2). In addition, we assess the sensitivity of the revised pro-WEAI to an alternative weighting scheme, namely inverse covariance weighting (ICW). Overall, we find that the revised pro-WEAI performs well: In comparison to A-WEAI, pro-WEAI—regardless of version—identifies larger and more frequently significant impact estimates, indicating that pro-WEAI is more sensitive to detecting project impacts on women’s empowerment than A-WEAI. And we find only minor differences in impact estimates produced using the 12-indicator, 10-indicator, or alternate weighting scheme versions of pro-WEAI. We conclude with reflections on six years of work on pro-WEAI during GAAP2.
Statistics from space: Next-generation agricultural production information for enhanced monitoring of food security in Mozambique - project inception workshop report [in Korean]
Koo, Jawoo; Manuel, Lourenco. Washington, DC 2023
Koo, Jawoo; Manuel, Lourenco. Washington, DC 2023
Examining the gender digital divide: A case study from rural Kenya
Ferguson, Nathaniel; Seymour, Greg; Azzarri, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
Ferguson, Nathaniel; Seymour, Greg; Azzarri, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136978
Abstract | View
Worldwide, cell phones are used by 5.4 billion people. They are becoming increasingly prevalent in the rural areas of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), providing smallholder farmers with access to agricultural markets. If they reduce information asymmetries between women and men farmers, they can also contribute to closing the gender gap in agricultural productivity. So far, however, digital innovations have had limited success in transforming agricultural systems. This may be due, in part, to the gender gap in cell-phone use. Rural women in LMICs—particularly those with low incomes, low literacy levels, or disabilities—are less likely than rural men to have access to cell phones, the Internet, digital currency, or other digital services. This policy note summarizes research intended to shed light on the impact of cell-phone ownership and use on the gender gap in agricultural productivity in LMICs.
Climate risks and damage abatement effects of pesticides: Evidence based on four-wave panel data in Nigeria
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Edeh, Hyacinth; Lawal, Akeem; Oniybe, Johnson E.; Daudu, Christogonus K.; Andam, Kwaw S.. Washington, DC 2023
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Edeh, Hyacinth; Lawal, Akeem; Oniybe, Johnson E.; Daudu, Christogonus K.; Andam, Kwaw S.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136983
Abstract | View
Managing biotic stress, such as pests, diseases, and weeds, remain critical in enhancing the productivity of agrifood systems in developing countries, including Nigeria. The public sector continues to seek solutions for efficient and effective measures for addressing these biotic stresses, ranging from varietal technologies, improved crop husbandry, and the application of agrochemicals. The field-level evidence remains scarce regarding the effectiveness of these measures in developing countries like Nigeria. Furthermore, increasing climate uncertainty poses further challenges in identifying effective measures. This study assesses the damage abatement effects of agrochemicals in Nigeria and how these effects are affected by weather shocks. We extend the standard damage abatement framework to 4 waves of farm panel data to minimize the potential bias due to the endogeneity in agrochemical use decisions. Our results indicate that weather shocks have significant effects. In particular, rising nighttime minimum temperatures above 20 ℃ have significantly increased damage abatement effects of pesticides in Nigeria. This is possibly because of increased pest activities induced by the warmer nighttime temperatures, which, in the absence of pesticide uses, would cause more significant damage to crops. These results hold for all crops combined, as well as individual crops, including cowpea and maize, for which Nigeria has intensified its effort in pest control through both agrochemicals and Bt varieties in recent years.
Seven years of implementation of the Malabo Declaration: Making sense of the Malabo theory of change
Ulimwengu, John M.; Tefera, Wondwosen; Yamdjeu, Augustin Wambo. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Ulimwengu, John M.; Tefera, Wondwosen; Yamdjeu, Augustin Wambo. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Bioeconomy: A path to African food system transformation
Aidoo, Raphael; Kwofie, Ebenezer M.; Glatzel, Katrin; Ecuru, Julius. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Aidoo, Raphael; Kwofie, Ebenezer M.; Glatzel, Katrin; Ecuru, Julius. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Economics of climate adaptation for resilient food systems in Africa
Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie; Fofana, Ismaël; Ly, Racine; Zongo, Amara. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie; Fofana, Ismaël; Ly, Racine; Zongo, Amara. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Investing in science, technology, and innovation for sustainable, productivity-led agricultural growth
Fuglie, Keith O.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Fuglie, Keith O.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
African food systems transformation and the post-Malabo agenda
Ulimwengu, John M., ed.; Kwofie, Ebenezer M., ed.; Collins, Julia, ed.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Ulimwengu, John M., ed.; Kwofie, Ebenezer M., ed.; Collins, Julia, ed.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916482
Abstract | View
This year marks 20 years of implementing the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), which was broadened under the 2014 Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods. The 2023 Annual Trends and Outlook Report generates evidence on the implementation of the CAADP/Malabo agenda and thus contributes to the design of the post-Malabo phase of CAADP implementation. The report assesses the current state of Africa's food systems, explores strategic issues related to food systems transformation, and reflects on necessary methodologies and approaches to provide a better understanding of key challenges and necessary actions to accelerate transformation.
Conclusion: Toward resilient and sustainable African food systems
Ulimwengu, John M.; Kwofie, Ebenezer M.; Collins, Julia. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Ulimwengu, John M.; Kwofie, Ebenezer M.; Collins, Julia. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
The 2023 ATOR aims to inform the design of the post-Malabo phase of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP). The comprehensive discussions provided in this report offer a multifaceted blueprint to transform Africa’s food systems in the post-Malabo era. From the in-depth analysis of the implementation challenges and successes of the Malabo Declaration to the exploration of cutting-edge approaches in bioeconomy and technology, this volume paves the way for a holistic and inclusive approach to food systems transformation in Africa. The findings underscore that while significant progress has been made in certain areas, such as the implementation of the CAADP/Malabo agenda, considerable challenges remain. These challenges are multidimensional, involving policy, institutional, and infrastructural barriers, and will need to be addressed with evidence-based, sustainable, and inclusive policies and practices.
A forensic framework and decision support system for harmonized and holistic food system resilience and sustainability analysis
Agyemang, Prince; Kwofie, Ebenezer M.; Dessureault, Marie-Anne; Ulimwengu, John M.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Agyemang, Prince; Kwofie, Ebenezer M.; Dessureault, Marie-Anne; Ulimwengu, John M.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
Today, many innovative food system transformation programs are taking place in several parts of the world, including developing, and low-income countries as well as those in Africa south of the Sahara (Benfica et al. 2023). Notably, in Africa, food systems are at a crossroads, facing several endogenous and exogenous shocks and stressors. Approximately 282 million people in Africa are undernourished, with a prevalence of 22.8 percent as measured by the prevalence of undernourishment, a Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator (FAO et al. 2017; Agyemang and Kwofie 2021). Furthermore, continuous floods and droughts in many parts of the continent have reduced food security and calorie intake, respectively, by 5–20 percent and 1.4 percent below 2019 levels (Balgah et al. 2023). By 2050, climate change is anticipated to slow the fight against hunger, with an estimated 78 million people in Africa projected to experience chronic hunger in addition to the current numbers (Hasegawa et al. 2018). The individual and combined effects of external shocks and stressors on the African food system, including climate change, soil degradation, price fluctuations, political conflict, and widespread fragility, have created a complex risk environment that threatens food security and the overall well-being of many Africans. Against the above background, there is a consensus within the scientific and policy advocacy community that the African food system is flawed.
A paradigm shift in food safety for Africa
Ayalew, Amare; Kareem, Fatima Olanike; Grace, Delia. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Ayalew, Amare; Kareem, Fatima Olanike; Grace, Delia. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
Food safety systems globally, and more so in Africa, have not kept pace with the complexity of food safety challenges. In Africa, these challenges include, inter alia, fragmented food safety management and mandate, and poor investment and budgetary finances on sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS)related quality infrastructures (Jaffee and Henson 2004; Czubala, Shepherd, and Wilson 2009; PAQI 2020). The challenges are further aggravated by the poor food safety culture in the continent. These challenges of unsafe food have undermined the pace and state of food system transformation in the continent. This is because unsafe foods adversely impact public health but also thwart efforts at boosting trade in food and agricultural commodities and reduce agricultural trade (Jaffee et al. 2019; Kareem, Martínez-Zarzoso, and Brümmer 2022), thereby leading to loss of earnings and income (Kareem, Martínez-Zarzoso, and Brümmer 2022; Kareem and Martínez-Zarzoso 2020). In addition, unsafe food undermines the potential and actual gains in improving food security and nutrition.
Committing to transform food systems: Responsiveness of food systems transformation pledges by African governments to the WHO priority food systems policies and food-related CAADP biennial review performance categories
Nanema, Silver; Amevinya, Gideon Senyo; Laar, Amos. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Nanema, Silver; Amevinya, Gideon Senyo; Laar, Amos. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
For several decades, Africa’s food security situation has been dire. However, that dire state has recently been complicated by rising rates of overweight and obesity and other diet-related noncommunicable diseases. By 2030, noncommunicable diseases are predicted to become the leading cause of death on the continent amid other pandemic and economic challenges. Several interventions have been deployed to address the emerging challenges. African heads of state and government have been committing, declaring, pledging, and developing national and regional nutrition strategies, and they have envisioned the Africa they would want by 2063—the African Union’s Agenda 2063. Other actions include commitments made as part of the 2021 United Nations Food Systems Summit. With less than a decade to go to meet the 2030 agenda for transforming food systems in a sustainable way, we must ask whether these new commitments and recommitments can fulfill that promise. In this chapter, we assess the responsiveness of some African nations’ commitments to (1) the World Health Organization’s food priority policy actions, and (2) select Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme Biennial Review performance categories. Both actions are touted as game changers—actions that have the potential to pave the way for the needed changes in Africa’s food systems.
Introduction [in African food systems transformation and the post-Malabo agenda]
Ulimwengu, John M.; Kwofie, Ebenezer M.; Collins, Julia; Yamdjeu, Augustin Wambo. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Ulimwengu, John M.; Kwofie, Ebenezer M.; Collins, Julia; Yamdjeu, Augustin Wambo. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
This year marks 20 years of implementing the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), which was launched with the Maputo Declaration in 2003. With CAADP, African leaders committed to promoting agricultural growth as a key catalyst of broader economic development. After the first decade of CAADP implementation, characterized by strong agricultural and economic growth across the continent, the CAADP agenda was broadened under the 2014 Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods. The Malabo Declaration reaffirmed the commitments of African heads of state to the original CAADP targets of achieving a 6 percent agricultural growth rate and a 10 percent agricultural expenditure share, while adding further commitments to be achieved by 2025 in areas including nutrition, poverty, resilience, and trade.
Gender and food systems: Avenues for transformation?
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Heckert, Jessica; Malapit, Hazel Jean L.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Seymour, Greg; Faas, Simone; Myers, Emily. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Heckert, Jessica; Malapit, Hazel Jean L.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Seymour, Greg; Faas, Simone; Myers, Emily. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
Worldwide, approximately 1.23 billion people are employed in agrifood systems, and 3.83 billion live in households that are linked to or reliant on these systems in some way (Davis et al. 2023). In Africa, experts estimate that between two-thirds and four-fifths of all jobs are in agrifood systems; nonagricultural agrifood system jobs account for only a small portion of this employment and are mainly concentrated in urban areas (Davis et al. 2023). Population growth and rapid urbanization, the growing risks of climate change, and persistent problems of malnutrition all mean that rural and urban African agrifood systems need to transform both substantially and rapidly to achieve the goals of sustainable, equitable, and healthy food systems.
Data challenges and opportunities for food systems transformation in Africa
Matchaya, Greenwell Collins; Makombe, Tsitsi; Mihaylova, Neli Georgieva. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Matchaya, Greenwell Collins; Makombe, Tsitsi; Mihaylova, Neli Georgieva. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
African food systems began to transform during the last decade in response to higher agricultural productivity growth, rising per capita incomes, a growing middle class, and rapid urbanization. Africa’s emerging food systems transformation was also driven by changes in food consumption patterns (dietary transformation) and the growth of small and medium enterprises operating in downstream and midstream segments of food supply chains such as processing and distribution (Tschirley, Haggblade, and Reardon 2014; Reardon et al. 2015). These changes have contributed to greater availability and consumption of highly processed and high-calorie foods, which have been significant drivers of the growth in overweight and obesity and related noncommunicable diseases on the continent (Ecker and Fang 2016), as well as having far-reaching implications for nutrition and the sustainability of African food systems as a whole.
Tracking key CAADP indicators and implementation processes
Collins, Julia; Tefera, Wondwosen; Yamdjeu, Augustin Wambo. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Collins, Julia; Tefera, Wondwosen; Yamdjeu, Augustin Wambo. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
2023 marks two decades since the 2003 launch of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP), a continentwide framework for agriculture-led development. The implementation of CAADP has coincided with a period of strong agricultural and economic growth across Africa. CAADP has been credited with galvanizing increased recognition by the international community of the key role agriculture plays in broader economic development on the continent (Benin et al. 2018). After the first decade of implementation, the CAADP agenda was deepened through the 2014 Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods (AUC 2014). Through the Malabo Declaration, African leaders recommitted to the principles and values of CAADP, including evidence-based planning, dialogue, and review, and reaffirmed the original CAADP targets of achieving 6 percent annual agricultural growth and 10 percent of public expenditures being directed to agriculture. The 2014 Declaration further expanded the CAADP commitments to include sharply reducing hunger and poverty, expanding intra-continental trade, building resilience to the adverse effects of climate change, and strengthening mutual accountability for CAADP-focused actions and results to advance agricultural transformation in Africa. The CAADP Biennial Review was designated as the operational tool to monitor the progress of African countries toward achieving these commitments.
2023 ATOR: The call for nutrition-smart food systems
Ulimwengu, John M.; Magne Domgho, Léa Vicky; Collins, Julia. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Ulimwengu, John M.; Magne Domgho, Léa Vicky; Collins, Julia. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
A shift from agriculture to manufacturing was one of the hallmarks of job creation, poverty reduction, and rapid growth in low-income countries during the latter half of the 20th century. This experience in earlier decades of structural transformation was characterized by labor-absorbing, productivity-increasing manufacturing. Recent structural change in African countries has been markedly different—productivity gains are realized through reallocation of economic activity away from agriculture without the accompanying within-sector productivity growth in nonagriculture, and manufacturing in particular (Diao, McMillan, and Rodrik 2019; Diao et al., 2021; McMillan and Zeufack 2022). This chapter examines the extent to which agrifood processing follows these trends.
Food system diagnostics and policy implications: The Malawi case
Matchaya, Greenwell Collins; Guthiga, Paul. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Matchaya, Greenwell Collins; Guthiga, Paul. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
Food systems are at the heart of Africa’s economic growth and development plan, Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want. Without ending hunger and improving the food and nutrition status of Africa’s population, the agenda’s first aspiration for a “prosperous Africa based on inclusive growth and sustainable development” cannot be effectively reached. To realize this aspiration, African countries need to progressively implement the seven Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) Malabo commitments while having strategies to address wider food system challenges (AU 2023). The concept of a food system has various definitions, but for the purposes of this chapter, a food system is considered as a network of actors or players and their activities along the entire food value chain from inputs to production, distribution, and consumption. This aligns with the definition espoused by the Scientific Group of the UN Food Systems Summit (UNFSS), that food systems are constitutive of food actors and their interlinked activities from production all the way to consumption or utilization (von Braun et al. 2020).
Do ultra-poor graduation programs build resilience against droughts? Evidence from rural Ethiopia
Hirvonen, Kalle; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Leight, Jessica; Tambet, Heleene; Villa, Victor. Washington, DC 2023
Hirvonen, Kalle; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Leight, Jessica; Tambet, Heleene; Villa, Victor. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137000
Abstract | View
We study the role of a multifaceted ultra-poor graduation program in protecting household wellbeing and women’s welfare from the effects of localized droughts in Ethiopia. We use data from a large experimental trial of an integrated livelihood and nutrition intervention that supplemented the consumption support provided by Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), conducted within a sample in which all households were beneficiaries of the PSNP. We match three rounds of household survey data to detailed satellite weather data to identify community-level exposure to droughts. We then exploit random assignment to the graduation program to evaluate whether exposed households show heterogeneous effects of drought on household food security and livestock holdings, women’s diets and nutritional status, and prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV). We find that droughts have substantial negative effects on these outcomes, but the intervention serves to consistently moderate these effects, and for some outcomes (particularly diets and nutrition and IPV), the intervention fully protects households from any adverse drought affects. A further analysis exploits variation across treatment arms that received different program elements and suggests that the primary mechanism is enhanced household savings.
Impacts of Africa RISING in Mali
Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Tzintzun, Ivan; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva. Washington, DC 2023
Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Tzintzun, Ivan; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137003
Abstract | View
This study evaluates the impact of Africa RISING, a sustainable intensification (SI) program, implemented in Bougouni, Yanfolila, and Koutiala cercles in southern Mali beginning in 2012. Using a participatory action research framework, the program validated and promoted alternative SI options including fertilized groundnut and sorghum, crop-legume intercropping, intercropping of two compatible legumes, access to extension services, and fertilizer microdosing, while preserving ecosystem services in the face of projected population growth and climatic changes. Impact is estimated on several SI indicators and domains using two rounds of quasi-experimental panel data (surveys conducted in 2014 and 2022) and difference-in-differences techniques. The unique study design allows us to estimate the impact of Africa RISINg by comparing outcomes among program beneficiaries with two different counterfactual groups—one located inside program villages (within-village comparison) and another in non-program (control) villages (out-of-village comparison) on several indicators across five SI domains— environment, productivity, economic, human, and social. We also conduct a placebo test comparing non-beneficiaries in the two counterfactual groups. We find no statistically significant differences among households in the within-village and out-of-village comparisons, most likely because of misreporting of program participation. Overall comparisons between households in target and non-target villages show a positive impact of AR on environmental variables such as access to extension services, implementation of intercropping techniques, and adoption of improved crops; on productivity variables such as green bean yield; and on economic variables such as an increase in the non-agricultural wealth index; but no statistically significant effect on human and social indicators, namely household dietary diversity, food consumption scores, and nutritional indicators for children 0–59 months old and women 15–49 years old. Estimates based on within-village, out-of-village, and placebo comparisons suggest important insights about the challenges in assessing the impact of agricultural programs in general and, specifically, participatory multi-intervention programs in the presence of sample (self-)selection and spillovers. Our study highlights useful empirical lessons learned to inform future program design and impact assessments.
Impacts of Africa RISING in Malawi
Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva; Chikowo, Regis. Washington, DC 2023
Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva; Chikowo, Regis. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137004
Abstract | View
This study evaluates the impact of Africa RISING, a large-scale sustainable intensification (SI) program that has been implemented in Central Malawi’s Dedza and Ntcheu districts beginning in 2012. Using a participatory action research framework, the program validated and promoted alternative SI options including fertilized maize, maize-legume intercropping, intercropping of two compatible legumes, cereal-legume rotation, and double-row planting of legumes. Impact is estimated on several SI indicators and domains using two rounds of panel data and difference-in-differences techniques. The unique study design allowed us to estimate impact by comparing outcomes among program beneficiaries with two different counterfactual groups—one located inside program villages (within village comparison) and another in non-program (control) villages (out-of-village comparison). We also conduct a placebo test comparing non-beneficiaries in the two counterfactual groups. The within-village comparison shows positive impact on several agricultural and economic indicators including access to agricultural information, value of harvest, on-farm diversity, labor productivity, annual net household income, per capita household consumption expenditure, household wealth, commercial orientation, and household dietary diversity score. We do not find a statistically significant impact on human indicators such as child and maternal nutrition. Estimates based on within-village, out-of-village, and placebo comparisons suggest important insights about the challenges in assessing the impact of agricultural programs in general and, specifically, participatory multi-intervention programs in the presence of sample (self-)selection and spillovers. Our study highlights important lessons learned to inform future program design and impact assessments.
Africa RISING in Mali – impact brief
Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva. Washington, DC 2023
Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137005
Abstract | View
Interventions/Innovations
Africa RISING (AR) initiatives in Mali were implemented in Bougouni, Yanfolila, and Koutiala cercles (administrative units) in the Sikasso region of the country. The initiatives included an ambitious cropping systems component focused on the adoption of improved crop varieties (sorghum, groundnut, okra, eggplant, and tomato) and farming methods (cereal-legume intercropping, cereal-vegetable intercropping, and fertilizer microdosing). Livestock system interventions aimed at improving small ruminant production through improved feeding and vaccination, while natural resource management activities concentrated on the reduction of soil erosion through contour bunding. Program interventions also included a series of nutrition-oriented trainings directed to extension workers and women as well as the establishment of nutrition support groups.
Africa RISING (AR) initiatives in Mali were implemented in Bougouni, Yanfolila, and Koutiala cercles (administrative units) in the Sikasso region of the country. The initiatives included an ambitious cropping systems component focused on the adoption of improved crop varieties (sorghum, groundnut, okra, eggplant, and tomato) and farming methods (cereal-legume intercropping, cereal-vegetable intercropping, and fertilizer microdosing). Livestock system interventions aimed at improving small ruminant production through improved feeding and vaccination, while natural resource management activities concentrated on the reduction of soil erosion through contour bunding. Program interventions also included a series of nutrition-oriented trainings directed to extension workers and women as well as the establishment of nutrition support groups.
Exploring how land inheritance shapes youth migration and work choices in rural Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Andam, Kwaw S.; Mavrotas, George; Ogunniyi, Adebayo. Washington, DC 2023
Amare, Mulubrhan; Andam, Kwaw S.; Mavrotas, George; Ogunniyi, Adebayo. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294608
Abstract | View
Policymakers in Nigeria and other countries in Africa south of the Sahara (SSA) are relying on agriculture to generate employment for the growing youth population. However, there is concern that youth engagement in agricultural production is declining in favor of other economic activities. “Rural-urban-rural” migra tion occurs mainly during intercrop intervals, as the cyclical nature of crop-related activities prompts African youth to seek more economic stability from nonagricultural employment during the off season (Yeboah and Jayne 2018). While comprehensive data on youth’s departure from Nigeria’s agriculture sector remain elusive, various studies indicate a heightened exit rate, particularly post-discovery of oil resources, and a notable 63 percent reduction in the time Nigerian youth spend in farming activities compared to adults (UNECA 2017). In general, discourse on youth unemployment, with specific pertinence to Africa, underscores the pivotal role of different economic structural transformations that are hindering the formation of “quality” employment opportunities (McMillan, Rodrik, and Verduzco-Gallo 2014).
Africa RISING in Malawi – impact brief
Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva. Washington, DC 2023
Azzarri, Carlo; Boukaka, Sedi-Anne; Vitellozzi, Sveva. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137007
Abstract | View
Interventions/Innovations
The Africa RISING (AR) program in Malawi was implemented in Dedza and Ntcheu districts in the country’s Central region, primarily using an on-farm participatory approach. The program supported cropping system improvements through promotion of improved varieties and quality seeds for beans, soybeans, groundnuts, and pigeon peas. It also aimed to foster the adoption of sustainable and productivity enhancing practices (e.g., legume legume or maize-legume intercropping and consistent grain-legume rotation) and nutrient cycling for soil enrichment (e.g., building soil organic matter, implementing a rainfall responsive nitrogen fertilization strategy). Livestock interventions focused primarily on supplementary feeding of goats to promote animal health and weight gain. Increased agricultural productivity and the processing of more nutritious grain legumes were considered prime channels for improving household income, diet diversity, and overall nutrition.
The Africa RISING (AR) program in Malawi was implemented in Dedza and Ntcheu districts in the country’s Central region, primarily using an on-farm participatory approach. The program supported cropping system improvements through promotion of improved varieties and quality seeds for beans, soybeans, groundnuts, and pigeon peas. It also aimed to foster the adoption of sustainable and productivity enhancing practices (e.g., legume legume or maize-legume intercropping and consistent grain-legume rotation) and nutrient cycling for soil enrichment (e.g., building soil organic matter, implementing a rainfall responsive nitrogen fertilization strategy). Livestock interventions focused primarily on supplementary feeding of goats to promote animal health and weight gain. Increased agricultural productivity and the processing of more nutritious grain legumes were considered prime channels for improving household income, diet diversity, and overall nutrition.
Development of a Women’s Empowerment metric for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WE-WASH)
Heckert, Jessica; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Myers, Emily; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Faas, Simone; Ferguson, Nathaniel; Seymour, Greg; Malapit, Hazel J.; Paz, Flor; Chiwasa, Febbie; Chilalika, Joan; Kamwaba-Mtethiwa, Jean; Chirwa, Gowokani Chijere; Simkoko, Abigail; Chilungo, Abdallah; Upadhyaya, Rachana; Pradhan, Meeta S.; Joshi, Nira; Shrestha, Sanish. Washington, DC 2023
Heckert, Jessica; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Myers, Emily; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Faas, Simone; Ferguson, Nathaniel; Seymour, Greg; Malapit, Hazel J.; Paz, Flor; Chiwasa, Febbie; Chilalika, Joan; Kamwaba-Mtethiwa, Jean; Chirwa, Gowokani Chijere; Simkoko, Abigail; Chilungo, Abdallah; Upadhyaya, Rachana; Pradhan, Meeta S.; Joshi, Nira; Shrestha, Sanish. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137008
Abstract | View
There is a growing focus on gender-sensitive approaches and women’s empowerment in the water, sanitation, and hygiene sectors. At the same time, there is a lack of metrics to measure women’s empowerment in the WASH sector. Such metrics are important for understanding the types of programmatic interventions that are most needed for addressing women’s empowerment, as well as for assessing their impacts on women’s empowerment. In this report, we describe the development of a Women’s Empowerment metrics for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WE-WASH). We collected data from individual women and men in 812 households in Malawi and 826 households in Nepal. Using the data, we develop 14 indicators and establish cutoff thresholds (i.e., whether the individual is empowered) in the areas of intrinsic, instrumental, and collective agency in WASH; instrumental and intrinsic agency in menstrual hygiene management; and the empowerment environment (or resources for empowerment). In each country, we observe differences in empowerment levels between women and men, that favor men on most outcomes. Notably, in both countries, we find that women are much less likely than men to contribute to WASH infrastructure decisions, and most women are spending an undue amount of time contributing to WASH-related labor. In Nepal especially, agency related to menstrual hygiene management is also a substantial area of disempowerment for women.
Including scalable nutrition interventions in a graduation model program: Experimental evidence from Ethiopia
Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel; Leight, Jessica; Mamo, Tigist; Mulford, Michael; Tambet, Heleene. Washington, DC 2023
Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel; Leight, Jessica; Mamo, Tigist; Mulford, Michael; Tambet, Heleene. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137009
Abstract | View
We explore the impact of different models of scalable nutrition services embedded within a light-touch graduation program, implemented at scale in Ethiopia. The graduation program provided poor households enrolled in Ethiopia’s national safety net, the Protective Safety Net Program (PSNP), with additional livelihood programming including savings groups, business skills training and linkages to financial services. In addition, extremely poor households received a one-time livelihood grant on an experimental basis, as cash transfers or in-kind poultry grants, at a value much smaller than lump sum transfers in other graduation model programs in recent literature. The experiment compared a core nutrition model of nutrition information and sanitation and hygiene activities to an enhanced model that added more intensive nutrition messaging, supplementary feeding of malnourished children, mental health services, and a male engagement activity. Results show that interaction with health care workers and participation in community health activities increased significantly under the enhanced nutrition model, as did maternal nutritional knowledge. Nevertheless, neither nutrition model led to significant improvements in child dietary diversity or anthropometric outcomes on average. However, cash livelihood grants combined with the enhanced nutrition model reduced childhood stunting.
Seed certification and maize, rice, and cowpea productivity in Nigeria
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Andam, Kwaw S.; Edeh, Hyacinth; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Haile, Beliyou; Kumar, Lava; Nwagboso, Chibuzo; Ragasa, Catherine; Spielman, David J.; Wossen, Tesfamichael. Washington, DC 2023
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Andam, Kwaw S.; Edeh, Hyacinth; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Haile, Beliyou; Kumar, Lava; Nwagboso, Chibuzo; Ragasa, Catherine; Spielman, David J.; Wossen, Tesfamichael. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137014
Abstract | View
Despite the potential importance of seed quality to agricultural productivity growth, many governments in sub-Saharan Africa lack the capacity to expand quality assurance systems even where there is expressed interest. This brief summarizes the key insights from a recent study in Nigeria. The evidence points toward the benefits of pursuing balanced, flexible seed quality assurance systems rather than focusing singularly on expanding rigorous seed certification systems, as the country has done until recently. These recommendations are based on findings from the 2010–2018 period in Nigeria: Increased supply of certified seeds of maize, rice, and cowpea had positive effects on farm-level use of certified seeds, yields, and output, but these effects diminished as certified seed supply continued to expand. Moreover, yield gains from certified seeds tend to vary considerably across locations. As certified seed becomes more available to farmers, its use spreads from higher-return farms to lower-return farms, diminishing overall productivity benefits. These results are consistent with the view that singularly expanding rigorous seed certification faces diminishing returns. More balanced, pluralistic systems that also allow for moderate quality assurance, such as quality declared seed (QDS), may be worth trying in Nigeria.
Egypt’s Haya Karima Initiative: An assessment of its rural and economywide impacts
Raouf, Mariam; Kurdi, Sikandra; Cicowiez, Martin; Lofgren, Hans; Yassa, Basma; Kamaly, Ahmed; Helmy, Gamel. Washington, DC 2023
Raouf, Mariam; Kurdi, Sikandra; Cicowiez, Martin; Lofgren, Hans; Yassa, Basma; Kamaly, Ahmed; Helmy, Gamel. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137015
Abstract | View
Egypt’s Haya Karima (HK) Initiative aims at improving the quality of life in the country’s rural communities through interventions related to human development, infrastructure, and economic sectors. This presidential initiative, whose name translates to “Decent Life” in English, has four strategic goals, all targeting Egypt’s rural population: building human capital, improving quality of life, improving the standard of living for the most vulnerable, and providing decent and productive job opportunities. The initiative is aligned with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and the objectives of Egypt Vision 2030.
HK aims to not only curb material poverty but also multidimensional poverty by expanding the umbrella of comprehensive social protection, with a focus on education, health, infrastructure, and employment. It also focuses on achieving the goal of geographical equity by addressing regional disparities that affect rural areas such as Upper Egypt. Here, we describe a recently completed study that assesses the economywide effects of the first phase of HK. The analysis was done by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), in collaboration with Egypt’s Ministry of Economic Planning and Development (MPED) under the project Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity (EIBC), funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
HK aims to not only curb material poverty but also multidimensional poverty by expanding the umbrella of comprehensive social protection, with a focus on education, health, infrastructure, and employment. It also focuses on achieving the goal of geographical equity by addressing regional disparities that affect rural areas such as Upper Egypt. Here, we describe a recently completed study that assesses the economywide effects of the first phase of HK. The analysis was done by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), in collaboration with Egypt’s Ministry of Economic Planning and Development (MPED) under the project Evaluating Impact and Building Capacity (EIBC), funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
C’est la vie!: Mixed impacts of an edutainment television series in West Africa
Dione, Malick; Heckert, Jessica; Hidrobo, Melissa; Le Port, Agnès; Peterman, Amber; Seye, Moustapha. Washington, DC 2023
Dione, Malick; Heckert, Jessica; Hidrobo, Melissa; Le Port, Agnès; Peterman, Amber; Seye, Moustapha. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137017
Abstract | View
Edutainment shows promise in changing behavior at scale, yet little is known about how to maximize impacts. We undertake an experimental evaluation of a popular television series, C’est la vie!, delivered through film clubs in rural Senegal, on violence against women and girls, and sexual and reproductive health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. We find C’est la vie! improved knowledge three months after film clubs ended, as well as violence-related attitudes nine months later, however, find no impacts on behaviors. We investigate design components intended to strengthen impacts, generally finding no additional impacts from post-screening discussions, engaging men, and podcasts.
Men can cook: Effectiveness of a light-touch men’s engagement intervention to change attitudes and behaviors in rural Ethiopia
Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; Mulford, Michael; Tambet, Heleene. Washington, DC 2023
Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; Mulford, Michael; Tambet, Heleene. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137021
Abstract | View
Graduation model interventions seek to address multiple barriers constraining households’ exit from poverty, however, few explicitly target unequal gender norms. Using a randomized control trial design, combined with three rounds of data, we investigate the impacts on gender equitable attitudes and behaviors of a graduation program that seeks to simultaneously “push” households out of poverty and improve unequal gender norms in Ethiopia. We find that at midline all treatment arms lead to improvements in men’s gender equitable attitudes and their engagement in household domestic tasks as reported by both men and women; but at endline, impacts are only sustained in the treatment arms that introduced men’s engagement groups after the midline survey to further promote improvements in equitable gender norms.
Insights from farmers and extension agents: Perceptions of a participatory video intervention in India, Kenya, and Uganda
Aladesuru, Damilola; Kasule, James Billy; Joshi, Garima. Washington, DC 2023
Aladesuru, Damilola; Kasule, James Billy; Joshi, Garima. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137024
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, November 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2023
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The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Nutrition-sensitive food distribution amidst inflationary shock: Evidence from a randomized intervention in Egypt
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina; Elkaramany, Mohamed; Elsabbagh, Dalia; Kurdi, Sikandra. Washington, DC 2023
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina; Elkaramany, Mohamed; Elsabbagh, Dalia; Kurdi, Sikandra. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137031
Abstract | View
We evaluate the impacts of a traditional food distribution and a nutrition-sensitive food distribution intervention in the context of a rapidly increasing inflationary pressure in Egypt. Besides evaluating the relative and absolute impacts of these interventions on household food and nutrition security, we also examine their impacts on households’ preferences for in-kind versus cash transfers. We implement a clustered randomized control trial through which we randomly assigned communities into: (i) “nutrition-sensitive” food box, (ii) traditional “staple-heavy” food box, and (iii) control group. We find that the nutrition-sensitive food distribution cushioned falls in dietary quality and food security of targeted households relative to the control group while the impact of the traditional and staple-heavy food distribution appears to be negligible. The nutrition-sensitive food boxes increased beneficiary households’ dietary diversity by about 9 percent while also increasing energy, protein, and iron intake by 12, 13, and 19 percent, respectively. We also find that experience with the food boxes increases households’ preference for in-kind transfers, more so among households experiencing high inflation rates and among those households not covered by other food and cash transfer programs. Receiving food boxes increases preference for in-kind transfer by about 9-11 percentage points. Our findings have important implications for the debate on the efficacy of alternative interventions to support poor households as food prices rise and the relative efficacy of in-kind and cash-transfers. The lack of effectiveness of the staple-heavy food boxes suggests that the design and content of in-kind transfers are crucial when considering this policy option, including compared to cash.
Bundling cash loans with agricultural input loans for farmers in Nigeria: A pilot study
Ambler, Kate; Balana, Bedru; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Maruyama, Eduardo; Olanrewaju, Opeyemi. Washington, DC 2023
Ambler, Kate; Balana, Bedru; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Maruyama, Eduardo; Olanrewaju, Opeyemi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137032
Abstract | View
Credit allows borrowers to access funds required to make an investment before returns materialize. For smallholder farmers, who must invest in agricultural inputs (i.e., seeds, chemicals, equipment, land, and labor) during the planting season before earning income from the sale of agricultural produce after har vest, credit helps alleviate liquidity constraints and promotes the ability of local agricultural production to support nutrition and food security. In rural Nigeria, access to credit—especially formal credit from finan cial institutions—is limited. Data collected in 2020 show that less than a third of households in rural Ni geria report using credit in the previous 12 months and only two percent of rural households borrowed credit from a financial institution. The rest is borrowed informally from friends, family, or local money lenders.
In the absence of credit, smallholder farmers must cover the costs of agricultural production with their own funds that they have available during the planting season. This constrains agricultural production and contributes, in part, to the large gaps in agricultural productivity between high-income and low-in come countries around the world.
In the absence of credit, smallholder farmers must cover the costs of agricultural production with their own funds that they have available during the planting season. This constrains agricultural production and contributes, in part, to the large gaps in agricultural productivity between high-income and low-in come countries around the world.
Aflatoxin contamination of maize flour in Kenya: Results from multi-city, multi-round surveillance
Barasa, Allan; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Ndisio, Boaz; Okoth, Sheila A.. Washington, DC 2023
Barasa, Allan; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Ndisio, Boaz; Okoth, Sheila A.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137033
Abstract | View
This research was undertaken to characterise the level and distribution of aflatoxin contamination of maize flour, a key food safety concern in Kenya. More than 1,200 samples of maize flour were collected and analyzed over the course of one year, allowing a robust characterization of relative risk across geography and product type. Informally milled flour was found to be significantly more contaminated than branded flour, a result attributable to the refining process applied to this flour. The results of this study can be used to inform messaging to consumers about the relative riskiness of informally versus formally milled flour, and for geographical targeting of resources for aflatoxin mitigation.
Impact evaluation report of Egypt’s Forsa Graduation Program
Allen IV, James; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Shokry, Nada; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2023
Allen IV, James; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Shokry, Nada; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137034
Abstract | View
1. Forsa, which means “Opportunity” in Arabic, is a new economic inclusion program of the government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Implemented by the Ministry of Social Solidarity (MoSS), one major goal of the program is to graduate beneficiaries of Takaful to economic self reliance by enabling them to engage in wage employment or small-scale productive enterprises.
2. The Forsa program began in 2023, after significant delays. Obstacles to implementation in cluded the Covid-19 pandemic, nationwide inflation subsequent to the Ukraine-Russia war result ing in funding challenges for asset purchases, and administrative challenges with procurement approvals by the Ministry of Finance. Forsa implementation was conducted under MoSS super vision by local non-governmental organizations (NGOs). While a few NGOs received their first payments in the first quarter of 2022, most NGOs received their first payments in October 2022, delaying program implementation to February 2023. According to the MoSS, in the second half of 2023, households receiving assets through the program increased from around 3,000 (9%) to 10,302 (29%) out of a target of 35,000 households through 49 contracted NGOs and two private hiring firms, and the number of participants receiving a job has increased from 3,324 (23%) in August to 5,392 (38%) by end of November of 2023 out of a target of 14,314 households through 22 NGOs and two private firms.
2. The Forsa program began in 2023, after significant delays. Obstacles to implementation in cluded the Covid-19 pandemic, nationwide inflation subsequent to the Ukraine-Russia war result ing in funding challenges for asset purchases, and administrative challenges with procurement approvals by the Ministry of Finance. Forsa implementation was conducted under MoSS super vision by local non-governmental organizations (NGOs). While a few NGOs received their first payments in the first quarter of 2022, most NGOs received their first payments in October 2022, delaying program implementation to February 2023. According to the MoSS, in the second half of 2023, households receiving assets through the program increased from around 3,000 (9%) to 10,302 (29%) out of a target of 35,000 households through 49 contracted NGOs and two private hiring firms, and the number of participants receiving a job has increased from 3,324 (23%) in August to 5,392 (38%) by end of November of 2023 out of a target of 14,314 households through 22 NGOs and two private firms.
Evaluating the gendered credit constraints and uptake of an insurance-linked credit product
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; Ward, Patrick S.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; Ward, Patrick S.; You, Liangzhi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137037
Abstract | View
Smallholder farmers in low- and medium-income countries lack sufficient access to agricultural production credit that can help them adopt new technologies and improve their farm production. Compared to men, women smallholder farmers face additional social, and economic barriers that further limit their credit access. Bundling agricultural credit with insurance, or risk contingent credit (RCC), provides a mechanism for addressing some of the credit access constraints and reducing credit rationing among smallholder farmers. In this paper, we evaluate the gendered determinants of credit rationing and the gender differences of the effects of RCC innovation on credit uptake decisions. We use three-wave panel data from a randomized control trial (RCT) in Kenya. We find that female-headed households (FHH) are significantly more risk rationed (or demand-side credit constrained) compared to male-headed households (MHH), however, the gender of the household head does not significantly determine the household quantity rationing status (supply-side constrained). We also find that farmers randomly assigned to be offered the RCC are up to four percent more likely to take up credit. RCC’s impacts on credit uptake decisions do not vary with the gender of the household head, however, RCC has a differential positive and significant impact on the credit uptake decisions of farmers that were previously (at baseline) risk rationed. Based on these findings, we suggest that policies should focus on reducing gendered demand-side barriers to credit access, especially among poorer women households. Climate financing innovations such as RCC should also be designed and delivered in a gender-inclusive manner to accommodate women farmers who face time, liquidity, and financial literacy barriers.
Political and economic drivers of Sudan's armed conflict: Implications for the agri-food system [in Arabic]
Abushama, Hala; Resnick, Danielle; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K. . Washington, DC 2023
Abushama, Hala; Resnick, Danielle; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K. . Washington, DC 2023
Promoting a bundle of biofortified seeds and agricultural inputs in northeastern Nigeria
Misra, Rewa; Amare, Mulubrhan; Ambler, Kate; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Wagner, Julia. Washington, DC 2023
Misra, Rewa; Amare, Mulubrhan; Ambler, Kate; Bamiwuye, Temilolu; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Wagner, Julia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137045
Abstract | View
Smallholder farmers in northeastern Nigeria face the triple threat of food insecurity, climate volatility, and conflict. Northeastern Nigeria has some of the highest levels of food insecurity in Nigeria. Additionally, delayed, shorter, and more volatile rainy seasons have led to massive floods, depleted soil quality, and disrupted agricultural growing seasons which ultimately constrain agricultural productivity. Moreover, conflict between pastoralist livestock herders and settled agricultural communities over land use, as well as extremism, has led millions of people to flee from their homes.
These threats are closely interrelated. As in much of sub-Saharan Africa, climate change has extended dry seasons in Nigeria. This change in seasonal rainfall patterns both limits local agricultural production and disrupts long-standing symbiotic relationships between pastoralist livestock herders and settled ag ricultural households, leading to conflict between these groups. Exposure to conflict itself contributes to reduced agricultural production and increased food insecurity. With limited social safety nets available, many households exposed to conflict either turn to informal self-employment while reducing agricultural labor or migrate domestically in search of safety, peace, and security.
These threats are closely interrelated. As in much of sub-Saharan Africa, climate change has extended dry seasons in Nigeria. This change in seasonal rainfall patterns both limits local agricultural production and disrupts long-standing symbiotic relationships between pastoralist livestock herders and settled ag ricultural households, leading to conflict between these groups. Exposure to conflict itself contributes to reduced agricultural production and increased food insecurity. With limited social safety nets available, many households exposed to conflict either turn to informal self-employment while reducing agricultural labor or migrate domestically in search of safety, peace, and security.
Modeling the economywide effects of water and energy interventions in the face of climate change
Aragie, Emerta; Gebretsadik, Yohannes. Washington, DC 2023
Aragie, Emerta; Gebretsadik, Yohannes. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137048
Abstract | View
The Ethiopian economy relies predominantly on rainfed agriculture for income generation, export earnings, and rural livelihoods. However, the frequency and intensity of extreme ago-climatic events projected by climate scenarios suggest considerable and growing risks from climate change to the country’s agri-food systems and the overall economy. This study assesses the economic impacts of recurrent climate shocks on the Ethiopian economy to 2040. The results indicate that recurrent climate shocks will lead to a reduction in Ethiopia's cumulative GDP from 2020 to 2040 compared to a “no climate change” baseline. Specifically, extreme weather events could cumulatively cost Ethiopia up to 17 percent (or US$ 534.3 billion) in GDP between 2020 and 2040 compared to a no-climate change baseline. The weight of the economic loss is concentrated in the agricultural production sector, with rural households and poorer households in urban areas being worst affected. Strategic investments in irrigation infrastructure and in hydroelectricity generation are found to be effective in mitigating some of the damage caused by recurrent climate variability.
Do informational videos impact awareness, knowledge, and adoption of climate-smart agricultural practices? Insights from rural Uganda
Kato, Edward; Rwamigisa, Patience B.; Kamusiime, Herbert; Sufian, Farha; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2023
Kato, Edward; Rwamigisa, Patience B.; Kamusiime, Herbert; Sufian, Farha; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137054
Abstract | View
Uganda is highly vulnerable to adverse impacts from climate change, including erratic rainfall patterns, prolonged droughts, and increased frequency of pests and diseases. While many climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices have been identified, a gender gap in access to and adoption of these practices persists. This study tested par ticipatory video-based extension to reach underserved women and men farmers in parts of central Uganda and assessed its impacts on gendered awareness, knowledge, and adoption of CSA practices as well as women’s empowerment. We find limited impacts on awareness and knowledge and significant impacts for the adoption of several CSA practices. We also find some improvement in women’s decision-making but a decline in their group membership. We propose strategies to strengthen the uptake of CSA practices that can be implemented along side participatory video-based extension.
Women’s empowerment, poverty, and crop productivity: Evidence from Uganda
Welk, Lukas; Seymour, Greg. Washington, DC 2023
Welk, Lukas; Seymour, Greg. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137055
Abstract | View
Evidence suggests that women’s limited access to resources, agency, and associated achievements affect agricul tural productivity in much of Africa and Asia. These relationships are further mediated by poverty, which affects the livelihood strategies that are available to, and pursued by, rural women and men. This policy note provides insights on how the relationship between women’s empowerment and crop productivity differs for households at different levels of poverty. The findings suggest that better-off households with more-empowered women achieve higher agricultural productivity, while the opposite holds for income-poor households with more-empowered women. Thus, to be successful, resilience strategies need to not only be gender-sensitive but also consider addi tional time and other constraints of income-poor women farmers.
Challenges and opportunities in implementing video-based extension approaches targeting women farmers: An implementer’s perspective
Rwamigisa, Patience B.; Namyenya, Angella; Butele, Cosmas Alfred; Shah, Mansi; Githuku, Fridah; Njung’e, Dennis. Washington, DC 2023
Rwamigisa, Patience B.; Namyenya, Angella; Butele, Cosmas Alfred; Shah, Mansi; Githuku, Fridah; Njung’e, Dennis. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137057
Abstract | View
Agricultural extension services play an important role in agricultural development. Timely and reliable information services are key to improving farmers’ knowledge of strategies to increase agricultural productivity, assisting them in accessing inputs and credit, providing early warning against pests and other shocks, and offering them critical advice on climate action. However, equitable access to knowledge, information, and technology remains challeng ing in most countries. This inequity is even more pronounced among farmers from marginalized groups, including women farmers, resulting in their limited access to climate resilience-enhancing technologies and practices. This note summarizes findings from implementers of participatory video-based extension interventions in India, Kenya, and Uganda. The findings suggest that videos targeting women farmers can reach them effectively. Still, participa tory video-based extension should be accompanied by group discussions, providing complementary inputs, and dismantling other barriers that impede women’s agency and achievements in agriculture.
Computer vision-assisted dietary assessment in youth in urban Ghana: Validity against weighed records and comparison with 24-hour recalls
Gelli, Aulo; Folson, Gloria; Nwabuiku, Odiche; Bannerman, Boateng; Ador, Gabriel; Atadze, Vicentia; Asante, Millicent; McCloskey, Peter; Sow, Doulo; Nguyen, Phuong; Hughes, David. Washington, DC 2023
Gelli, Aulo; Folson, Gloria; Nwabuiku, Odiche; Bannerman, Boateng; Ador, Gabriel; Atadze, Vicentia; Asante, Millicent; McCloskey, Peter; Sow, Doulo; Nguyen, Phuong; Hughes, David. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137058
Abstract | View
Recent estimates suggest that diet related risk factors cause 11 million deaths every year, more than any other factor included in the Global Burden of Disease analyses. These risks have been exacerbated by trends associated with the “nutrition transition,” including increased consumption of unhealthy, processed foods and reductions in physical activity, leading to increases in rates of overweight and obesity. Up-to-date dietary intake data are essential for the development of evidence-based nutrition actions. However, dietary data collection and analysis is complex and expensive. Dietary assessment surveys commonly use the multi pass 24-hour recall (24HR) method that has been validated for use in adults self-reporting their intake and/or that of their young children, and in adolescents. The costs of undertaking a 24HR are of the order of $500 per recall.
Women’s Empowerment in Agrifood Governance (WEAGov) assessment framework: A pilot study in Nigeria
Ragasa, Catherine; Kyle, Jordan; Onoja, Anthony Ojonimi; Achika, Anthonia I.; Adejoh, Stella O.; Onyenekwe, Chinasa S; Koledoye, Gbenga; Ujor, Gloria C.; Nwali, Perpetual Nkechi. Washington, DC 2023
Ragasa, Catherine; Kyle, Jordan; Onoja, Anthony Ojonimi; Achika, Anthonia I.; Adejoh, Stella O.; Onyenekwe, Chinasa S; Koledoye, Gbenga; Ujor, Gloria C.; Nwali, Perpetual Nkechi. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137059
Abstract | View
Women’s equal participation and leadership in political and public life can boost a country’s long-run economic growth, foster social inclusion, and help countries reach the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Beyond these important outcomes, women’s inclusion in public life is a basic human right: women deserve a role in making decisions, controlling resources, and shaping policies. Despite the importance of women’s voices and their empowerment in policy and decision-making processes, it is far easier to lament their absence than to define and measure them. We know that political empowerment, measured in terms of the share of women in government ministries and parliament, is low and is the weakest dimension in the Global Gender Gap. Yet such national statistics, while important and informative, risk mismeasuring women’s participation and influence in public life and do not give policymakers and advocacy organizations traction on specific gaps and opportunities for increasing women’s voice in policymaking. With this situation in mind and focusing on agrifood systems, which are crucial for delivering the SDGs, we developed an assessment framework—Women’s Empowerment in Agrifood Governance (WEAGov)— to assess women’s voice and empowerment in national policy processes in agrifood systems. This paper presents the first pilot-testing of WEAGov in Nigeria. In this paper, we present how the WEAGov tool works in the Nigerian context, analyze the data, and provide diagnostic on the status of women’s voice and empowerment in the agrifood policy process. As discussed in this paper, the pilot-testing in Nigeria provides useful lessons toward improving the measurement for future use and provides valuable policy insights on critical entry points for increasing women’s voice and empowerment in the national agrifood policy process.
Integrated simulation framework for the impacts of large dams: Example of the GERD
Basheer, Mohammed; Siddig, Khalid; Elnour, Zuhal; Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2023
Basheer, Mohammed; Siddig, Khalid; Elnour, Zuhal; Ahmed, Mosab O. M.; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137061
Abstract | View
Efficient water resources management is essential for the sustainable development of nations, and large dams are an important tool for achieving this endeavor. Here, we present an integrated approach to simulating the impacts of large dams, integrating river systems infrastructure, hydrodynamic, and economywide models. We apply the framework to examine the biophysical, GDP, and distributional impacts of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on Sudan.
Challenges for private sector job matching in rural Egypt: Results from a survey of forsa employers
Shokry, Nada; Yassa, Basma; Kurdi, Sikandra. Washington, DC 2023
Shokry, Nada; Yassa, Basma; Kurdi, Sikandra. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137062
Abstract | View
Increasing formal employment for youth and women is a key goal of the Forsa pilot graduation intervention and Egyptian government policy in general. As detailed in Forsa evaluation reports, matching Takaful beneficiaries with jobs in the private sector is a major challenge from the perspective of households. In this policy note, we examine the challenges from the perspective of potential employers. We review literature of the market failures that may contribute to difficulties with job matching in rural Egypt and present results from a small telephone survey of Forsa employers.
Key findings from midline evaluation of Egypt’s forsa graduation program
Allen IV, James; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Shokry, Nada; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2023
Allen IV, James; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Shokry, Nada; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137063
Abstract | View
Forsa is a pilot economic inclusion program implemented by the Ministry of Social Solidarity (MoSS) in Egypt. The goal of the program is to graduate beneficiaries of Takaful to economic self-reliance by enabling them to engage in wage employment or small-scale productive enterprises. The Forsa program began in 2023 after significant delays. Obstacles to implementation included the Covid-19 pandemic, Egypt’s economic crisis following the Ukraine-Russia war, and administrative challenges with procurement approvals.
Impact of the ongoing conflict on smallholder farmers in Sudan: Evidence from a nationwide survey
Kirui, Oliver; Siddig, Khalid; Ahmed, Mosab; Abushama, Hala; Seyoum, Taffesse. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
Kirui, Oliver; Siddig, Khalid; Ahmed, Mosab; Abushama, Hala; Seyoum, Taffesse. Khartoum, Sudan 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137064
Abstract | View
This study addresses the impact of the ongoing conflict in Sudan on smallholder farmers' intentions and challenges during the 2023 summer agricultural season. A nationally representative survey of 3,284 smallholder farmers was conducted. Due to the security hazards and connectivity challenges, we used a combination of three interview types, Interactive Voice Recording (IVR), Computer-Assisted-Tele phone-Interviews (CATI) and face-to-face (in-person) interviews. Key findings are that close to a third of the farmers were displaced from their farms’ locations and 40 percent were unable to prepare for plant ing season because of the conflict. Most of the farmers who did not prepare for the summer season at the time of the interview were not intending to plant later in the season. The key challenges that pre vented them from planting were the lack of finance to buy agricultural inputs (such as seeds and fertiliz ers) and/or to hire farm labor. This is compounded by bad weather conditions, poor quality of the local seed varieties, higher cost of improved seeds, and delayed rains (climate challenges). In addition, the ongoing conflict has had direct and indirect impacts that prevented many farmers from planting this season. It disrupted market functionality and reduced the availability of and/or raised the cost of agricul tural inputs and farm labor. The lack of finances has also seen farmers reduce the size of the area they planted this season compared to last year’s season. The compounding challenges of these reduced production are expected to be felt as soon as the harvest season begins. The implications suggest the need for rapid intervention to support farmers during the harvest and winter seasons to mitigate the im pact of the conflict on agricultural activities.
The contributions of Public Works in watershed rehabilitation and irrigation in Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance supported Productive Safety Net Program areas of Ethiopia to resilience and nutrition
Arega, Tiruwork; Balana, Bedru; Bayissa, Yared; Dile, Yihun; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Ringler, Claudia; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Srinivasa, R.; Wondwosen, Abenezer; Worqlul, Abeyou Wale. Washington, DC 2023
Arega, Tiruwork; Balana, Bedru; Bayissa, Yared; Dile, Yihun; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Ringler, Claudia; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Srinivasa, R.; Wondwosen, Abenezer; Worqlul, Abeyou Wale. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137067
Abstract | View
The Ethiopian Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), launched in 2005 and operating in eight regional states, harmonizes the delivery of donor support to vulnerable populations experiencing chronic food insecurity and shocks. PSNP investments aim to improve food consumption and nutrition, while also protecting and developing assets for sustaining stable access to food. PSNP differentiates two types of beneficiaries:
(1) Households with no able-bodied members that receive direct support in the form of cash transfers or in-kind support; and
(2) Public work (PW) beneficiaries, who receive payments in exchange for work on various types of productive investments, such as watershed rehabilitation, irrigation, road and other infrastructure.
This policy note summarizes results from an assessment of the impacts of PSNP investments supported by USAID’s Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (BHA) in watershed rehabilitation and small-scale irrigation (SSI) on food security, nutrition and resilience in Amhara, Oromia, and Tigray regions of Ethiopia and Dire Dawa City administrative area between 2017 and 2021. The interventions assessed include area closures, SSI, other physical soil and water conservation practices, and overall watershed-level activities. Investments in SSI included construction of river-diversion schemes, lined canals, earthen canals, ponds and rainwater harvesting schemes. As watershed rehabilitation interventions take years to decades to show impacts, two time periods were used in the biophysical assessment: long-term changes, covering the period of 1984 to 2020, as well as short-term changes that specifically covered the period prior and during the USAID BHA program.
The assessment combined socioeconomic analysis (quantitative and qualitative), as well as high-resolution remote sensing and biophysical modeling in selected watersheds. Remote sensing and biophysical mod eling provided insights on environmental effects and climate resilience of BHA’s watershed rehabilitation interventions, whereas quantitative and qualitative analyses helped identify the food security, nutrition and resilience impacts of these interventions.
Of note, the assessment was undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic and was also substantially affected by civil conflicts in the northern part of the country. This affected both the study design and data access and the implementation of the BHA-supported PSNP PW investments. The results should be seen in this context.
(1) Households with no able-bodied members that receive direct support in the form of cash transfers or in-kind support; and
(2) Public work (PW) beneficiaries, who receive payments in exchange for work on various types of productive investments, such as watershed rehabilitation, irrigation, road and other infrastructure.
This policy note summarizes results from an assessment of the impacts of PSNP investments supported by USAID’s Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance (BHA) in watershed rehabilitation and small-scale irrigation (SSI) on food security, nutrition and resilience in Amhara, Oromia, and Tigray regions of Ethiopia and Dire Dawa City administrative area between 2017 and 2021. The interventions assessed include area closures, SSI, other physical soil and water conservation practices, and overall watershed-level activities. Investments in SSI included construction of river-diversion schemes, lined canals, earthen canals, ponds and rainwater harvesting schemes. As watershed rehabilitation interventions take years to decades to show impacts, two time periods were used in the biophysical assessment: long-term changes, covering the period of 1984 to 2020, as well as short-term changes that specifically covered the period prior and during the USAID BHA program.
The assessment combined socioeconomic analysis (quantitative and qualitative), as well as high-resolution remote sensing and biophysical modeling in selected watersheds. Remote sensing and biophysical mod eling provided insights on environmental effects and climate resilience of BHA’s watershed rehabilitation interventions, whereas quantitative and qualitative analyses helped identify the food security, nutrition and resilience impacts of these interventions.
Of note, the assessment was undertaken during the COVID-19 pandemic and was also substantially affected by civil conflicts in the northern part of the country. This affected both the study design and data access and the implementation of the BHA-supported PSNP PW investments. The results should be seen in this context.
Local governance in anticipatory action and crisis response: A new study in Mali
Bleck, Jamie; Gottlieb, Jessica; Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan; Soumano, Moumouni. Washington, DC 2023
Bleck, Jamie; Gottlieb, Jessica; Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan; Soumano, Moumouni. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
How best to deliver aid programs in fragile contexts and whether donors can support resilience in these contexts are long-standing questions among development practitioners and scholars. While there is widespread agreement that “local context” matters and should be taken into account when designing and delivering aid programs, it is difficult to know what aspects of local context matter and when, who to involve in locally driven decision-making (when there are myriad social and political forces), and how potential tradeoffs between competing preferences, needs, and priorities of local actors differ across space. Even when local context is beyond the influence of donors, a better understanding of local politi cal economy dynamics can help donors make better decisions and avoid unintended consequences.
Closing the gendered energy technology gap in rural Ethiopia: A qualitative study
Arega, Tiruwork; Yami, Mastewal; Deribe, Rahel; Ringler, Claudia; Jeuland, Marc. Washington, DC 2023
Arega, Tiruwork; Yami, Mastewal; Deribe, Rahel; Ringler, Claudia; Jeuland, Marc. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137070
Abstract | View
Much has been written about energy poverty, but there is relatively limited evidence of what determines the gender gap in energy poverty and how it can be overcome in rural areas. This study used Focus Group Discussions, in-depth interviews with farmers and Key Informant Interviews to analyze gendered information, access, adoption and use of rural energy technologies in the domestic and productive spheres. We find striking differences in how men and women adopt and use energy technologies in both spheres. Substantial asymmetries exist between women and men regarding knowledge of energy technologies, as most information about them is directed to men in the household. Even so, women are typically the primary decision-makers regarding energy technology adoption for domestic use, while men dominate decision-processes in the productive energy technology space. Women remain largely excluded from the adoption and use of agricultural energy technologies, even though they are heavily engaged in agricultural production systems. Our study highlights the need for tailored mechanisms that reach women with information on and means to acquire energy technologies as well as changes in gendered norms to ensure that women benefit equally from their use.
Longa: An automated speech recognition tool for Bantu languages
Mganga, Nelson; Jones-Garcia, Eliot; Monsalue, Andrea Gardeazabal; Koo, Jawoo. Washington, DC 2023
Mganga, Nelson; Jones-Garcia, Eliot; Monsalue, Andrea Gardeazabal; Koo, Jawoo. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
Farm Radio International (FRI) and the CGIAR Research Initiative on Digital Innovation have col laborated on the development of an end-to-end, automatic speech recognition pipeline for the tran scription, translation, and analysis of Swahili and Luganda. This task is particularly challenging due to the number of languages used by FRI's clients and the limited training data available for speech recognition in African languages. The tool is named 'Longa', or 'Let's chat' in Swahili. Longa will be used to answer the surplus of phone calls currently being received from smallholder farmers asking questions about radio programs which FRI does not presently have the capacity to address. When fully implemented, Longa should allow FRI to design their broadcasts more intricately in line with the needs of farmers and better deliver insights to those most in need, such as female and youth farmers. Key results from the collaboration include a series of design principles iteratively and col laboratively developed to reflect the common values and goals of FRI and the CGIAR, a proof of concept for Longa, building on open-source models and open access corpora, to be shared with the developer community upon completion of the final tool, a 10% improvement upon the state-of-the art automatic speech recognition in Luganda radio-speech performance and accuracy, some im provement in performance with audio enhancement processes using real-world data, and proof that fine-tuning is an effective approach to expanding Longa to new languages. The next steps of the collaboration will focus on the analysis and interpretation of an aggregation of farmer phone calls and integration with the existing FRI workflow and software.
The role of gender in bargaining: Evidence for selling seed to smallholders in Uganda
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Nabwire, Leocardia. Washington, DC 2023
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Nabwire, Leocardia. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137074
Abstract | View
In rural societies with strong gender norms and customs, small informal agribusinesses may often be one of the few ways in which women can independently generate revenue. However, previous research has indicated that female run business may be perceived less favorably compared to their male counterparts. In this paper, we examine potential consequences of these biased perceptions on business transactions. In particular, we test whether the gender of the seller has an impact on buyers’ negotiation strategies and eventual outcomes in bilateral price negotiations. We use a lab-in-the-field experiment in eastern Uganda, where a representative sample of smallholder maize farmers are offered the opportunity to bargain over a bag of improved maize seed variety from a male or female seller. We find that buyers confronted with a female seller are less likely to accept the initial offer price and respond with a lower counter-bid price than farmers faced with a male seller. Negotiations take an average of one round longer when the seller is a woman and the transaction price is almost 9 percent lower. For comparison, we also look at the effect of the starting price on the same bargaining outcomes and find that the gender disadvantage is roughly equal to a 20 percent higher starting price.
A conceptual framework of living labs for people for sustainable food systems
Habermann, Birgit; Nehring, Ryan; Zhang, Wei; Hettiarachchi, Upeksha; Leñero, Eva Marina-Valencia; Falk, Thomas; Rietveld, Anne M.; Woltering, Lennart; Kumar, Praveen; Wang, Xinxin; Zhou, Yunyi; Chen, Kevin Z.; Pham, Thuy Thu; Rodríguez, Luz Ángela; Venegas, Martha. Washington, DC 2023
Habermann, Birgit; Nehring, Ryan; Zhang, Wei; Hettiarachchi, Upeksha; Leñero, Eva Marina-Valencia; Falk, Thomas; Rietveld, Anne M.; Woltering, Lennart; Kumar, Praveen; Wang, Xinxin; Zhou, Yunyi; Chen, Kevin Z.; Pham, Thuy Thu; Rodríguez, Luz Ángela; Venegas, Martha. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137077
Abstract | View
Innovation spaces are often dominated by linear, top-down approaches, with the transfer of technology being seen as the solution to many problems rather than trying to understand which innovation processes people are engaging with themselves. In other words, barriers to progress are typically viewed as issues of technology adoption, not as part of the innovation process itself. This study contributes to changing the paradigm by proposing a living lab approach, which considers innovation as an adaptive process where stakeholders co-produce knowledge and collaborate based on inclusivity and empowerment. Our specific concept for this approach is called a Living Lab for People (LL4P). This conceptual paper outlines a framework to guide the development of a LL4P that remains flexible to be adapted for specific sites. While we seek to identify common denominators, we recognize the necessity for such a framework to remain open enough to be adaptable for varied contexts. Consequently, the framework draws on the living lab literature but tailors existing approaches for sustainable food system transformation and puts people (men, women, and marginalized groups among key food system actors) at the center of innovation processes with a clear intention to address power and social inequity. We draw on specific cases in China, Colombia, Kenya and Vietnam as learning grounds for formulating LL4Ps through locally led innovation processes. Based on our learnings and consultations, we define a LL4P as an inclusive and diverse space for people to advance their socio-technical innovation processes and associated modes of governance within a facilitated organizational structure. The principles of LL4Ps include co-production, gender equality and social inclusion, governance and institutional sustainability to advance existing and novel innovation processes. The practical experiences from applying this framework in the four case studies indicate alternative pathways for transforming the food system toward a sustainable and socially equitable trajectory through the establishment of a LL4P.
Associations between women’s empowerment and maternal depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional analysis from Balaka and Ntcheu districts in Malawi
Becker, Karoline; Bliznashka, Lilia; Doss, Cheryl; Gelli, Aulo; Kachinjika, Monice; Munthali, Alister; Mvula, Peter; Nwabuikwu, Odiche; Quisumbing, Agnes R.. Washington, DC 2023
Becker, Karoline; Bliznashka, Lilia; Doss, Cheryl; Gelli, Aulo; Kachinjika, Monice; Munthali, Alister; Mvula, Peter; Nwabuikwu, Odiche; Quisumbing, Agnes R.. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137078
Abstract | View
Enhanced women's empower ment has been linked to im provements in various areas of women's lives, such as in creased access to resources, decision-making power, and a manageable workload. It can also have posi tive effects on child health out comes, including nutritional sta tus and early childhood develop ment. However, there can also be trade-offs for women, such as their own nutritional outcomes. While the relationship between women's empowerment and child health outcomes has been extensively studied, there is limited research on the relationship between women's empowerment and their own mental health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). One aspect of mental health, maternal depressive symptoms is prevalent in these countries and can have a negative impact on both the moth ers and their children. In Malawi, Stewart et al. (2010) find that 30 percent of mothers of young children, attending a child health clinic grapple with depressive epi sodes. In this study, we explore the relationship between women's empowerment, as measured by the pro-WEAI, and maternal depressive symptoms, as measured by the 20 symptom Self-Reported Ques tionnaire (SRQ-20). The Pro-WEAI is particularly useful because it allows us to explore the relationship of various components of women’s empowerment with maternal depressive symptoms.
Ecosystem services may provide large economic values in Kenya and Vietnam: A value transfer application based on results from a systematic literature review
Hettiarachchi, Upeksha; Zhang, Wei; Pham, Thuy Thu; Davis, Kristin; Fadda, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
Hettiarachchi, Upeksha; Zhang, Wei; Pham, Thuy Thu; Davis, Kristin; Fadda, Carlo. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137080
Abstract | View
This study focuses on the valuation of ecosystem services in Kenya and Vietnam, two countries that have received much attention from the international development community for their biodiversity significance, opportunities for scaling, climate and poverty challenges, and political will. Using The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) framework and the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), this study estimates per hectare values of ecosystem services in Kenya and Vietnam based on a systematic literature review of studies on the values of ecosystem services in both countries. Provisioning services, such as medicines, timber, and non-timber forest products were better studied than regulating, supporting and cultural ecosystem services, underscoring the need for further research to better estimate the values of non-tangible services which would improve the estimation of total value of ecosystem services in Kenya and Vietnam. To complement the national level analysis, we selected forest biomes to conduct a value transfer analysis. Forests provide ecosystem service benefits worth $25.78 billion for Kenya and $35.6 billion in Vietnam in 2022 USD. In comparison, the agricultural sector contributed $48.50 billion to Vietnam’s GDP and $24.10 billon to Kenya’s GDP in 2021. The per hectare values for ecosystem services are used in a value transfer analysis to estimate the total value of forest ecosystem services in Vietnam and Kenya. The average per hectare value of ecosystem services provided by forests in Kenya is $5,718.50 ha−1 yr−1 estimated within a range spanning $1,609.44 to $15,606.62 ha−1 yr−1 , while Vietnam's forests demonstrate an average value of $3,650.20 ha−1 yr−1 , with a range of $84.93 to $8,978.16 ha−1 yr−1 . We project the loss of forests into 2050 and estimate the annual economic loss of ecosystem services at $48.08 million for Kenya and $76.29 million for Vietnam, respectively, if deforestation and forest degradation continue at the current rates. Our approach presents a comprehensive overview of diverse ecosystem services, equipping policymakers with a nuanced comprehension of ecosystems’ inherent value. By consolidating values from the literature into a national-level estimate, we provide compelling evidence at a broader scale for informed decision-making. Despite the well-known limitations of value transfer method and with caveats, the values presented in our paper can provide a guiding reference for incorporating these estimations into broader policymaking endeavors.
Political and economic drivers of Sudan's armed conflict: Implications for the agri-food system [in Arabic]
Abushama, Hala; Resnick, Danielle; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K. . Washington, DC 2023
Abushama, Hala; Resnick, Danielle; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K. . Washington, DC 2023
Gender, deliberation, and natural resource governance: Experimental evidence from Malawi
Clayton, Amanda; Dulani, Boniface; Kosec, Katrina; Robinson, Amanda Lea. Washington, DC 2023
Clayton, Amanda; Dulani, Boniface; Kosec, Katrina; Robinson, Amanda Lea. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137083
Abstract | View
Initiatives to combat climate change often strive to include women’s voices, but there is limited evidence on how this feature influences program design or its benefits for women. We examine the causal effect of women’s representation in climate-related deliberations using the case of community-managed forests in rural Malawi. We run a lab-in-the-field experiment that randomly varies the gender composition of six-member groups asked to privately vote, deliberate, then privately vote again on their preferred policy to combat local over-harvesting. We find that any given woman has relatively more influence in group deliberations when women make up a larger share of the group. This result cannot be explained by changes in participants’ talk time. Rather, women’s presence changes the content of deliberations towards topics on which women tend to have greater expertise. Our work suggests that including women in decision-making can shift deliberative processes in ways that amplify women’s voices.
When women hold local office: Women’s representation and political engagement amid conflict and climate shocks across Africa
Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Washington, DC 2023
Kosec, Katrina; Kyle, Jordan; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137086
Abstract | View
One argument in favor of quotas for women’s representation in political office is that female politicians can break down gender barriers more broadly, inspiring individual women to participate politically. In many African countries, where gender gaps in political participation are large, identifying effective strategies to reduce gender imbalances is critical. Recurring climate and conflict shocks are making this task more urgent, to ensure that women’s voices are included when designing responses to those shocks and as it is possible that climate and conflict shocks could widen participation gaps. Using data from 13 African countries on women’s representation in subnational political offices as well as survey data on individual political participation, we find, first, that women’s representation in local office is associated with higher political participation by individual women (but not by men) in this context. Second, using geo-referenced data on shocks, we show that violent conflict shocks in particular lower political participation for everyone, although the effects are stronger for men compared to women in the 12-month frame that we consider here. Third, we find that, when women leaders hold local political office, the negative effects of conflict shocks on political participation are mitigated for women. These analyses offer important new insights into the relationship between women’s political representation and women’s individual political activity within the context of shocks.
Intervening in complex agrifood systems: Assessing outcomes of a multistakeholder approach in central Mozambique
Falk, Thomas; Kee-Tui, Sabine Homann; Hauser, Michael; Sixpence, Claudio; Quembo, Carlos João. Washington, DC 2023
Falk, Thomas; Kee-Tui, Sabine Homann; Hauser, Michael; Sixpence, Claudio; Quembo, Carlos João. Washington, DC 2023
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.137087
Abstract | View
Inclusive co-design of system innovations incorporates diverse perspectives and bodies of knowledge that can generate solutions that fit well in a local context and over time influence the socio-technical regime. In operationalizing system transformation-oriented co-design processes, research and development actors have experimented in recent decades with the role of multistakeholder approaches. A specific application of such approaches in the agrifood system context are Agricultural Innovation Platforms (AIPs). Despite the growing application of AIPs and similar approaches, documentation of AIP achievements and assessment of their outcomes beyond the lifetime of the program are rare. We present an approach for integrating the logic of outcome harvesting into the process of AIP facilitation. We also document the outcomes from an AIP approach implemented in a mixed crop-livestock farming system in central Mozambique, using a mixed-methods approach. Our results indicate likely changes in behavior and behavioral drivers associated with the AIP approach. We also share experiences on methodological challenges in assessing outcomes of AIP processes. We hope that our results increase development actors’ confidence in applying AIPs at a larger scale.
WEAGov Nigeria pilot study: Findings and policy implications
Ragasa, Catherine; Kyle, Jordan. Washington, DC 2023
Ragasa, Catherine; Kyle, Jordan. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
WEAGov assesses the state of women’s voice and agency in national agrifood policymaking. Like IFPRI’s Kaleidoscope Model, it adopts a policy process approach, looking at every stage of the policy cycle — from why certain issues become salient and how policy solutions to address them are designed, to the organizational strategies and budgetary outlays that shape policy implementation, to how policies are assessed against their objectives. Within each of these stages, WEAGov examines whether women are being considered, whether their voices are included, and whether they are influencing actions and decisions.
Food for thought? Experimental evidence on the learning impacts of a large-scale school feeding program
Aurino, Elisabetta; Gelli, Aulo; Adamba, Clement; Osei-Akoto, Isaac; Alderman, Harold. Madison, WI 2023
Aurino, Elisabetta; Gelli, Aulo; Adamba, Clement; Osei-Akoto, Isaac; Alderman, Harold. Madison, WI 2023
DOI : 10.3368/jhr.58.3.1019-10515R1
Abstract | View
There is limited experimental evidence on the effects of large-scale, government-led interventions on human capital in resource-constrained settings. We report results from a randomized trial of the government of Ghana’s school feeding. After two years, the program led to moderate average increases in math and literacy standardized scores among pupils in treatment communities, and to larger achievement gains for girls and disadvantaged children and regions. Improvements in child schooling, cognition, and nutrition constituted suggestive impact mechanisms, especially for educationally-disadvantaged groups. The program combined equitable human capital accumulation with social protection, contributing to the “learning for all” sustainable development agenda.
COVID-19 and food security in Ethiopia: Do social protection programs protect?
Abay, Kibrom A.; Berhane, Guush; Hoddinott, John F.; Tafere, Kibrom. Chicago, IL, USA 2023
Abay, Kibrom A.; Berhane, Guush; Hoddinott, John F.; Tafere, Kibrom. Chicago, IL, USA 2023
DOI : 10.1086/715831
Can urbanisation improve household welfare? Evidence From Ethiopia
Abay, Kibrom A.; Tiberti, Luca; Woldemichael, Andinet; Mezgebo, Tsega G.; Endale, Meron. 2023
Abay, Kibrom A.; Tiberti, Luca; Woldemichael, Andinet; Mezgebo, Tsega G.; Endale, Meron. 2023
DOI : 10.1093/jae/ejac003
Are agro-clusters pro-poor? Evidence from Ethiopia
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Dureti, Guyo Godana. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Dureti, Guyo Godana. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/1477-9552.12497
Abstract | View
Governments and development agencies increasingly promote agro-clusters as a pathway to improving smallholder incomes and ensuring inclusive rural development through mitigating production and market risks. However, there is very limited empirical evidence to support this promise. We use a large farm household survey of about 4000 smallholder farmers in Ethiopia growing cereals like teff, maize, wheat, maltbarley and sesame to examine the relationship between agro-clusters and smallholder welfare and poverty. Using instrumental variable estimators, we establish a positive association between agro-clusters, household income and per capita income. Agro-clusters are also shown to reduce poverty and poverty gaps. Our results are robust over different agro-cluster proxies and alternative estimators, such as the augmented inverse probability weighting estimator. We also show that our findings are unlikely to be driven by omitted variable bias. Moving beyond average effects and in the interest of understanding heterogeneous effects, we use quantile regressions at different income levels. We find that agro-clusters are associated with welfare gains for all households. However, the most significant gains are observed for the wealthier households. Despite this regressive association, our findings suggest that agro-clusters may be useful in making farming more profitable with significant welfare implications.
The paradox of the supply elasticity of cotton in Mali
Diop, Insa; Traoré, Fousseini. 2023
Diop, Insa; Traoré, Fousseini. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/13504851.2022.2083553
COVID‑19, food insecurity and dietary diversity of households: Survey evidence from Nigeria
Balana, Bedru; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Edeh, Hyacinth; Andam, Kwaw S.. 2023
Balana, Bedru; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Edeh, Hyacinth; Andam, Kwaw S.. 2023
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01312-w
Gendered perceptions in maize supply chains: Evidence from Uganda
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; De, Anush. 2023
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; De, Anush. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/dpr.12662
Abstract | View
In situations with imperfect information, the way that value chain actors perceive each other is an important determinant of the value chain's structure and performance. Inaccurate perceptions may result in inefficient value chains, and systematic bias in perceptions may affect inclusiveness. In a case study on perceptions in Ugandan maize supply chains, a random sample of farmers were asked to rate upstream and downstream value chain actors -- agro-input dealers, traders, and processors -- on a set of important attributes that included ease of access, quality of services rendered, price competitiveness, and overall reputation. These value chain actors were then tracked and asked to assess themselves on the same set of attributes. We find that input dealers, traders, and processors assess themselves more favourably than farmers do. We also focus on heterogeneity in perceptions related to gender and find that for self assessments, the gender of the value chain actor does not matter. However, the difference between how actors assess themselves and how farmers perceive them is larger for male than for female farmers, as female farmers appear to rate dealers, traders, and processors signicantly higher in several dimensions. The gender of the actor being rated does not affect the rating they receive, and gender-based homophily among women is not present in rating behaviour.
Hiding or pleasing: Spousal disagreement among Ugandan maize farmers
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Lecoutere, Els; Spielman, David J.. 2023
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Lecoutere, Els; Spielman, David J.. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2022.2113065
Abstract | View
To gain a better understanding of intrahousehold bargaining processes, surveys increasingly collect data from co-heads individually, especially on decision-making, asset ownership and labour contributions. However, answers provided by co-heads to the same set of questions often differ substantially. Recent research suggests that while some of this disagreement is due to random measurement error and cognitive bias, part also reflects non-overlapping information sets. We document differences in answers between male and female co-heads in monogamous smallholder maize-farming households in Uganda. We first confirm that not all disagreement can be explained by measurement error or bias. Using a field experiment, we then test if disagreement is due to information asymmetry between male and female co-heads. We also test an alternative explanation where discord is attributed to co-heads’ tendency to respond in line with prevailing gender norms and social customs. While the interventions did seem to reduce discord in survey response about decision-making, we do not find that information asymmetry nor reporting in line with gender norms and customs are the primary drivers of disagreement.
Community health educators and maternal health: Experimental evidence from northern Nigeria
Nyqvist, Martina Bjorkman; Leight, Jessica; Sharma, Vandana. London 2023
Nyqvist, Martina Bjorkman; Leight, Jessica; Sharma, Vandana. London 2023
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2022.2110489
Policy and performance in Uganda’s seed sector: Opportunities and challenges
Bagamba, Frederick; Ntakyo, Proscovia R.; Otim, Geoffrey; Spielman, David J.; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. 2023
Bagamba, Frederick; Ntakyo, Proscovia R.; Otim, Geoffrey; Spielman, David J.; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/dpr.12665
Abstract | View
Efforts to increase smallholder access to improved varieties and quality seed is often central to agricultural development, economic growth and poverty reduction in low-income countries. Yet many governments and development partners grow impatient with slow progress in their seed sectors. Uganda stands out for its recent policy innovations, regulatory reforms, and market experiments for seed, and for the extensive analysis of its experience. This paper reviews the changing landscape of Uganda’s seed system and assesses recent policy, regulatory, and institutional changes.
Transforming Nigerian food systems through their backbones: Lessons from a decade of staple crop biofortification programing
Birol, Ekin; Foley, Jennifer; Herrington, Caitlin; Misra, Rewa S.; Mudyahoto, Bho; Pfeiffer, Wolfgang; Diressie, Michael Tedla; Ilona, Paul. 2023
Birol, Ekin; Foley, Jennifer; Herrington, Caitlin; Misra, Rewa S.; Mudyahoto, Bho; Pfeiffer, Wolfgang; Diressie, Michael Tedla; Ilona, Paul. 2023
DOI : 10.1177/03795721221117361
Accelerating technical change through ICT: Evidence from a video-mediated extension experiment in Ethiopia
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bernard, Tanguy; Makhija, Simrin; Spielman, David J.. 2023
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bernard, Tanguy; Makhija, Simrin; Spielman, David J.. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106089
Abstract | View
Despite enthusiasm around applications of information and communications technologies (ICTs) to smallholder agriculture in many lower-income countries, there are still many questions on the effectiveness of ICT-based approaches. This study assesses the impacts of video-mediated agricultural extension service provision on farmers’ adoption of improved agricultural technologies and practices in Ethiopia using data from a two-year randomized experiment. Our results show that the video-mediated extension approach significantly increases uptake of recommended technologies and practices by improving extension access and farmer knowledge. Specifically, we find that video-mediated extension reaches a wider audience than the government’s conventional extension approach and leads to higher levels of farmer understanding and uptake of the subject technologies in those locations randomly assigned to the program. While our results also point to greater extension access and greater knowledge among female spouses in locations where both male and female spouses were targeted by the program, we do not find clear evidence that a more inclusive approach translates into higher uptake of the subject technologies. Finally, we find that the video-mediated approach becomes less costly as the scale of operation increases.
Stories of change in nutrition: Lessons from a new generation of studies from Africa, Asia and Europe
Headey, Derek D.; Gillespie, Stuart; Avula, Rasmi; Becquey, Elodie; Nisbett, Nicholas; Harris, Jody. 2023
Headey, Derek D.; Gillespie, Stuart; Avula, Rasmi; Becquey, Elodie; Nisbett, Nicholas; Harris, Jody. 2023
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01314-8
Abstract | View
How does nutrition improve? We need to understand better what drives both positive and negative change in different contexts, and what more can be done to reduce malnutrition. Since 2015, the Stories of Change in Nutrition studies have analysed and documented experiences in many different African and Asian countries, to foster empirically-grounded experiential learning across contexts. This article provides an overview of findings from 14 studies undertaken in nine countries in South Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and Europe between 2017 and 2021. The studies used a combination of methods, including regression-decomposition analyses of national datasets to assess determinants of nutritional change; policy process and food environment analyses; and community-level research assessing attitudes to change. This article takes a narrative synthesis approach to identify key themes across the studies, paying particular attention to multisectoral determinants, changes in the food environment, the role of structural factors (including longstanding social inequities), and changes in political commitment, cross-sectoral coherence and capacity. Given the inherent multisectoral nature of nutrition, many countries are experimenting with different models of ensuring coherence across sectors that are captured in this body of work. The relative immaturity of the policy sector in dealing with issues such as obesity and overweight, and associated influences in the wider food environment, adds a further challenge. To address these interrelated issues, policy must simultaneously tackle nutrition’s upstream (social/economic/equity) and downstream (health and dietary) determinants. Studies synthesised here provide empirically-driven inspiration for action.
Joint forces: The impact of intrahousehold cooperation on welfare in East African agricultural households
Lecoutere, Els; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. 2023
Lecoutere, Els; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/13545701.2022.2120206
Abstract | View
In low- and middle-income countries, poor cooperation between members of smallholder agricultural households may lead to inefficient allocation of productive resources. This study estimates the causal mediating effects of cooperation between spouses on household welfare and public goods provision in Ugandan and Tanzanian monogamous smallholder coffee farming households. The random encouragement to participate in an intensive training program coaching couples in farming as a household enterprise and participatory intrahousehold decision making, which stimulates cooperation and, in turn, household welfare and public goods provision, enables estimating causal mediating effects while avoiding challenges of endogeneity. Spousal cooperation has positive mediating effects on household welfare, measured by total household income per capita and food security, and on household public goods provision, measured by the adoption intensity of agronomic practices and use of improved seed for food crops. Spousal cooperation has larger effects on total household income per capita with longer duration of marriage.
Upside risk, consumption value, and market returns to food safety
Hoffmann, Vivian; Kariuki, Sarah; Pieters, Janneke; Treurniet, Mark. 2023
Hoffmann, Vivian; Kariuki, Sarah; Pieters, Janneke; Treurniet, Mark. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/ajae.12349
Abstract | View
We investigate the effect of a modest food safety premium on semisubsistence farmers' investment in a food safety technology. We demonstrate theoretically that in the face of production uncertainty, a market incentive below the marginal production cost of achieving the safety standard can increase food safety investment among farmers motivated by private health returns. We test this prediction through a randomized controlled trial in Kenya through which members of existing farmer groups were offered an opportunity to purchase a food safety input, and half were offered a 5% market premium for produce that met the associated regulatory standard. Access to the premium more than doubled investment in the food safety technology. In line with the model's prediction, most premium-induced adoption was by farmers motivated by a combination of health and financial rewards.
Do producer organisations promote environmental sustainability through organic soil investments? Evidence from Cameroon
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/19439342.2022.2130961
Abstract | View
This study examines the relationship between cooperative membership and investments in organic soil amendments in Cameroon. We use switching regressions to reduce selection bias and estimate differential equations for both cooperative members and non-members. Cooperative membership exhibits a positive and significant relationship with the use of organic soil amendments such as farmyard manure and compost. Building on this, we further examine actual-counterfactual relationships where we find cooperative membership to be beneficial to both members and non-members should they be members. We also highlight significant heterogeneities and differential associations in the drivers and constraints of organic soil investments.
Action against invasive species: Charcoal production, beekeeping, and Prosopis eradication in Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2022.107614
Abstract | View
Prosopis juliflora is an invasive alien leguminous tree introduced as a way of combating desertification, deforestation, and improving soil fertility. Over time, the tree has reported significant negative externalities to farmers. Different strategies such as management through utilization and complete eradication have been proposed to reduce these externalities. We investigate the various factors associated with adherence to these strategies. In the first place, we assess the correlates of charcoal production, beekeeping, and willingness to completely eradicate Prosopis. We then examine the welfare effects of charcoal production and beekeeping. We use survey data from 530 smallholder households in the Baringo county of Kenya who are currently contending with infestation from the invasive tree. Besides other factors, we show that a positive perception about Prosopis invasion increases the probability of engaging in charcoal production and is adversely related to beekeeping and the willingness to completely eradicate Prosopis. Delving into welfare and poverty effects of these activities, we find charcoal production to be income increasing. We argue that a blend of both management and eradication of Prosopis could offer a win-win solution to both improving the welfare and socio-economic conditions of households while also ensuring environmental and ecological safeguards, with implications for broad-based sustainability.
Organic soil amendments and food security: Evidence from Cameroon
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Fabinin, Akem Nina; Nzie, Jules Rene Minkoua; Molua, Ernest Lytia Molua; Fonkeng, Eltson Eteckji. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Fabinin, Akem Nina; Nzie, Jules Rene Minkoua; Molua, Ernest Lytia Molua; Fonkeng, Eltson Eteckji. 2023
DOI : doi.org/10.1002/ldr.4523
Abstract | View
Food insecurity remains a persistent policy issue in many developing countries. While socio-political, epidemiological, climatic, and productivity-related factors have received attention regarding food insecurity, a rarely considered factor is the changing quality of the soil, a natural resource base that has the potential of increasing or reducing vulnerability to food insecurity. The use of organic soil amendments may be socioeconomically and environmentally advantageous. This study examines the inherent relationship between the use of organic soil amendments and food security among smallholder farming households. Using the seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model and the recursive bivariate probit model on nationally representative household-level data from Cameroon, we find evidence that the use of organic soil amendments is positively associated with household food security. We also find the use of organic soil amendments to be associated with reduced levels of mild, moderate, and severe food insecurity. Empirical evidence is also suggestive of a positive association between crop diversification and food security. The results further show that households with larger farm sizes tend to use more organic soil amendments than households with smaller farms. Taken together, our findings confirm another pathway of improving food security with implications for the broad path towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 2 of ending hunger.
Parameter uncertainty in policy planning models: Using portfolio management methods to choose optimal policies under world market volatility
Mukashov, Askar. 2023
Mukashov, Askar. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.eap.2022.11.007
Price predictors in an extended hedonic regression framework: An application to wholesale cattle markets in Ethiopia
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Headey, Derek D.; Minten, Bart. 2023
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Headey, Derek D.; Minten, Bart. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12751
Abstract | View
Livestock markets influence income generation for producers, but also accessibility and affordability of highly nutritious animal-sourced foods for consumers. Despite their importance, the functioning of livestock markets in lower-income countries is poorly understood and rarely studied compared to more developed countries. This study analyzes wholesale cattle markets in Ethiopia using a uniquely rich large-scale dataset covering both prices and cattle characteristics in 39 markets (in both highland and lowland areas) over a 10-year period, and hedonic regression models structured to understand both cattle price formation and seasonal and secular price dynamics. We show that cattle prices are influenced by a wide range of factors, including proxies for meat quality, religious fasting practices, climate-based seasonality but also climate shocks and availability of grazing land, competition from animal traction services, and rising consumer incomes. However, the implied effects of these factors are often significantly different in highland mixed crop-livestock areas compared to agro-pastoralist lowland areas, emphasizing the dualistic nature of cattle markets in Ethiopia. The analyses help inform the systemic challenges that Ethiopia will need to overcome to meet rising demand for beef products in the face of sustained income and population growth, as well as the adverse effects of climate change.
Poverty, price and preference barriers to improving diets in sub-Saharan Africa
Headey, Derek D.; Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Ruel, Marie T.. 2023
Headey, Derek D.; Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Ruel, Marie T.. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100664
Abstract | View
Suboptimal diets are the most important preventable risk factor for the global burden of non-communicable diseases. The EAT-Lancet reference diet was therefore developed as a benchmark for gauging divergence from healthy eating standards. However, no previous research has comprehensively explored how and why this divergence exists in poorer countries undergoing nutrition transitions. This study therefore analyzes dietary patterns and drivers of the demand for nutritious foods using nationally representative household surveys from Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. We show how barriers to dietary convergence stem from combinations of poverty, high relative food prices and weak preferences for some specific healthy foods. The article concludes by discussing interventions for strengthening consumer demand for healthy diets in Africa.
Chinese and Indian economic relations and development assistance to Zimbabwe: Rationale, controversies and significance
Tinarwo, Joseph; Babu, Suresh Chandra. 2023
Tinarwo, Joseph; Babu, Suresh Chandra. 2023
DOI : 10.1002/jid.3704
Abstract | View
Recent economic relations including foreign assistance scenario in Africa show expansion of China and India as emerging bilateral partners, competing with traditional countries in Europe and North America. The results of this paper found that the relationship of China and India with Zimbabwe has resulted in several challenges including increasing resource-backed debt burden, exploitation of the natural resources, and flouting of constitutional, environmental, and labor provisions. The paper recommends that the Zimbabwean government must demand loans and investments that are contracted under clear terms and conditions, with parliamentary oversight and public scrutiny to avoid abuse by the elites.
Measuring consumption over the phone: Evidence from a survey experiment in urban Ethiopia
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; de Brauw, Alan; Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize. 2023
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; de Brauw, Alan; Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.103026
Abstract | View
The paucity of reliable, timely household consumption data in many low- and middle-income countries have made it difficult to assess how global poverty has evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic. Standard poverty measurement requires collecting household consumption data, which is rarely collected by phone. To test the feasibility of collecting consumption data over the phone, we conducted a survey experiment in urban Ethiopia, randomly assigning households to either phone or in-person interviews. In the phone survey, average per capita consumption is 23 percent lower and the estimated poverty headcount is twice as high than in the in-person survey. We observe evidence of survey fatigue occurring early in phone interviews but not in in-person interviews; the bias is correlated with household characteristics. While the phone survey mode provides comparable estimates when measuring diet-based food security, it is not amenable to measuring consumption using the ‘best practice’ approach originally devised for in-person surveys.
The educational impacts of cash transfers in Tanzania
Evans, David K.; Gale, Charles; Kosec, Katrina. 2023
Evans, David K.; Gale, Charles; Kosec, Katrina. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.econedurev.2022.102332
Abstract | View
Cash transfers boost educational outcomes for poor children on average, but which aspects of educational performance are most responsive and which poor children benefit the most? This study examines the educational impacts of cash transfers, drawing on a randomized, community implemented conditional cash transfer program targeted to poor households in Tanzania. On average, being assigned to receive transfers significantly improves children’s likelihood of having ever attended school (by between 4 and 5 percentage points), with suggestive evidence that this is driven by more age-appropriate enrollment for the youngest children. However, school attendance and primary school completion remain unaffected on average. Girls and boys benefit similarly, and only students with stronger initial educational performance experience increases in primary completion rates.
Cluster-based agricultural development: A comparison between China and Africa
Zhang, Xiaobo. 2023
Zhang, Xiaobo. 2023
DOI : 10.22434/IFAMR2022.0041
Abstract | View
Clusters for high-value crops are ubiquitous in China and in African countries. Drawing from three case studies (potato cluster in China, medicinal and aromatic cluster in Egypt, and dates cluster in Tunisia), this chapter discusses the major challenges facing cluster development and the roles of different agents (e.g. entrepreneurs, business associations, and local governments). Cluster development involves supply-side or demand-side bottlenecks along the way, which are beyond the capacity of individual enterprises. Whether a cluster can develop to the next stage depends crucially upon whether the bottlenecks can be resolved. Because the bottlenecks are context- and temporal-specific, it would be impossible for a planner or outsider donor to prescribe a one-size-fits-all intervention to overcome all the binding constraints. Instead, local elites, such as business leaders and local officials, can play a greater role in identifying the emerging bottlenecks and figuring out indigenous solutions. In China, because local governments have an embedded interest in promoting local economic development, they are keen to provide local public goods or initiate joint actions to address the successive binding constraints and facilitate cluster development. By comparison, the role of the local government is more muted in Africa, limiting the growth potentials of agricultural clusters.
Development and validation of a health and nutrition module for the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI+HN)
Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Seymour, Greg; Pereira, Audrey; Roy, Shalini; Kim, Sunny S.; Malapit, Hazel J.. 2023
Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Seymour, Greg; Pereira, Audrey; Roy, Shalini; Kim, Sunny S.; Malapit, Hazel J.. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13464
Abstract | View
Agricultural development projects increasingly aim to improve health and nutrition outcomes, often by engaging women. Although evidence shows such projects can improve women's and children's health and nutrition and empower women, little is known about their impacts on women's health- and nutrition-related agency and the extent to which impacts emerge through women's empowerment, largely due to a lack of instruments that measure the dimensions of women's agency that are directly relevant to health and nutrition outcomes. We developed an optional, complementary module for the project-level women's empowerment in agriculture index (pro-WEAI) to measure health- and nutrition-related agency (pro-WEAI + HN). Our method for developing related indicators used data collected from six agricultural development programmes implemented across Bangladesh, Burkina Faso and Mali (pooled sample = 12,114) and applied psychometric analysis (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis) and the Alkire−Foster methodology. Results revealed seven indicators covering women's agency in the areas of her own health and diet; her health and diet during pregnancy; her child's diet; breastfeeding and weaning; purchasing food and health products; and acquiring food and health products. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis revealed measurement invariance across contexts and samples. Tests of association (Cramer's V) and redundancy suggest that the pro-WEAI + HN indicators measured aspects of agency that are distinct from the core pro-WEAI. The uptake of these indicators in studies of nutrition-sensitive agricultural development projects may strengthen the evidence on how such programming can enhance women's empowerment to improve health and nutrition outcomes for themselves and their children.
Factors associated with farmers’ use of indigenous and scientific climate forecasts in Rwenzori region, Western Uganda
Nbuka, Michael Robert; Chanda, Raban; Mmopelwa, Gagoitseope; Kato, Edward; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Lesolle, David; Adedoyin, Akintayo; Mujuni, Godfrey. 2023
Nbuka, Michael Robert; Chanda, Raban; Mmopelwa, Gagoitseope; Kato, Edward; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Lesolle, David; Adedoyin, Akintayo; Mujuni, Godfrey. 2023
DOI : 10.1007/s10113-022-01994-0
Abstract | View
Although scientific climate forecast (SF) distribution by national climate services has improved over time, farmers seem not to make good use of climate forecasts, a likely contributing factor to vulnerability to climate change. This study investigated factors associated with farmers’ use of SFs and indigenous forecasts (IFs) for agricultural use in the Rwenzori region, western Uganda. Household survey gathered data on demographic characteristics, climate information use and livelihood choices from 580 farmers. Data was analysed using the probit model. Results showed that significant factors associated with using both IFs and SFs were farm size, education, age, reception of scientific forecasts in local languages, agricultural extension access, short-mature crop access, farmer-to-farmer network and accessing forecasts through radio. This study shows that IFs were used complementarily with SFs. On the other hand, significant factors associated with using IFs only were livelihood choices such as tuber and goat production, access to government interventions on climate change adaptations, agro-ecological zone and social capital. Climate risks and climate risk perceptions negatively influenced the use of scientific forecasts. Co-production of climate information, capacity-building and active engagement of stakeholders in dissemination mechanisms can improve climate forecast use. Investments in more weather stations in various districts will therefore be a key factor in obtaining more accurate scientific forecasts and could lead to increased use of scientific climate forecasts. Governments in developing countries, the private sector, global and regional development partners should support investments in weather stations and capacity building of national meteorological systems.
The burdens of participation: A mixed-methods study of the effects of a nutrition-sensitive agriculture program on women’s time use in Malawi
Margolies, Amy; Colantuoni, Elizabeth; Morgan, Rosemary; Gelli, Aulo; Caulfield, Laura E.. 2023
Margolies, Amy; Colantuoni, Elizabeth; Morgan, Rosemary; Gelli, Aulo; Caulfield, Laura E.. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106122
Abstract | View
Development programs often rely on women’s participation. However, there is little evidence of whether development programs that engage women’s unpaid labor – particularly in care work – add to their time burdens. We tested this hypothesis on a nutrition-sensitive agriculture program delivered through community-based preschools in Malawi. The mixed-methods study was conducted over one year using data from 1,168 female caregivers from a cluster-randomized control trial. A longitudinal binomial logistic regression model was used to estimate the proportion of time spent caregiving in a 24-hour period (expressed as minutes) at baseline and then separately for each treatment group at 6-months and 1-year post-randomization. In addition, two rounds of 38 qualitative in-depth interviews (n = 76) were conducted with women, men and adolescent girls to explore their perceptions of program activities, time use and gender attitudes. We found that the program quantitatively increased daily caregiving time for participating women by approximately 30 min. However, this effect occurred only during the lean season when preschool scale-up investments increased. Qualitatively, program-related tasks were not considered burdensome. Moreover, participants saw contributions as important investments in their children’s development. These findings add to limited evidence of the impacts of nutrition-sensitive agricultural programs and early childhood interventions on women’s time use. Measuring women’s participation through mixed-method evaluations can aid interpretation to avoid harm and to better understand the tradeoffs of women’s time.
Evaluating cereal market (dis)integration in less developed and fragile markets: The case of Sudan
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina Alaaeldin; Breisinger, Clemens; Siddig, Khalid. 2023
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina Alaaeldin; Breisinger, Clemens; Siddig, Khalid. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102399
Abstract | View
This paper evaluates spatial market integration in cereal markets in Sudan, focusing on wheat and sorghum, two major cereal crops. Sudan’s context provides important insights on the functioning of markets in economies marred by sanctions, conflicts, soaring inflation, and macroeconomic imbalances. We use long-ranging monthly cereal price data and a vector of error-correction cointegration model (VECM) to characterize both short-term and long-term spatial price adjustment across cereal markets. Among the 15 wheat and 18 sorghum markets considered, we can only detect significant spatial market integration among 6 wheat and 11 sorghum markets. Despite some strong spatial market integration among a few neighboring markets, there is no spatial market integration between several markets, including between major wheat consumption and production hotspots. For example, cereal markets in Darfur are not integrated with cereal markets in the rest of the country, despite exhibiting some level of spatial integration within the Darfur region. Finally, we also observe relatively stronger spatial market integration in sorghum markets than in wheat markets. These findings have important policy implications for improving the efficiency of cereal markets in Sudan and other comparable settings.
Maternal and paternal employment in agriculture and early childhood development: A cross-sectional analysis of demographic and health survey data
Bliznashka, Lilia; Jeong, Joshua; Jaacks, Lindsay M.. 2023
Bliznashka, Lilia; Jeong, Joshua; Jaacks, Lindsay M.. 2023
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001116
Abstract | View
Considerable literature from low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs) links maternal employment to child nutritional status. However, less is known about the role of parental employment and occupation type in shaping child development outcomes. Additionally, little empirical work has examined the mechanisms through which parental occupation influences child outcomes. Our objective was to investigate the associations between maternal and paternal employment (comparing agricultural and non-agricultural employment) and child development and to examine childcare practices and women’s empowerment as potential mechanisms. We pooled nine Demographic and Health Surveys (Benin, Burundi, Cambodia, Congo, Haiti, Rwanda, Senegal, Togo, and Uganda) with data on 8,516 children aged 36–59 months. We used generalised linear models to estimate associations between parental employment and child development, child stimulation (number of activities provided by the mother, father, and other household members), child supervision (not left alone or with older child for >1 hour), early childhood care and education programme (ECCE) attendance, and women’s empowerment. In our sample, all fathers and 85% of mothers were employed. In 40% of families, both parents were employed in agriculture. After adjusting for child, parental and household confounders, we found that parental agricultural employment, relative to non-agricultural employment, was associated with poorer child development (relative risk (RR) 0.86 (95% CI 0.80, 0.92), more child stimulation provided by other household members (mean difference (MD) 0.26 (95% CI 0.09, 0.42)), less adequate child supervision (RR, 0.83 (95% 0.78, 0.80)), less ECCE attendance (RR 0.46 (95% CI 0.39, 0.54)), and lower women’s empowerment (MD -1.01 (95% CI -1.18, -0.84)). Parental agricultural employment may be an important risk factor for early childhood development. More research using more comprehensive exposure and outcome measures is needed to unpack these complex relationships and to inform interventions and policies to support working parents in the agricultural sector with young children.
Does small-scale irrigation provide a pathway to women's empowerment? Lessons from Northern Ghana
Bryan, Elizabeth; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2023
Bryan, Elizabeth; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.12.035
Abstract | View
Given persistent gender inequalities that influence how the benefits of technologies are distributed, the expansion of small-scale irrigation technologies requires the consideration of important gender dynamics and impacts. Women's lack of agency and access to resources relative to men, and other social constraints, often limit their ability to adopt and benefit from agricultural technologies. At the same time, expanding access to agricultural technology to women may provide a pathway for empowerment. This paper explores the potential for small-scale irrigation technologies to increase women's empowerment by evaluating the impacts of an intervention that distributed motor pumps to small groups of farmers in Northern Ghana. The paper draws on two rounds of survey data that included the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index, before and after the motor pump intervention was implemented. To control for possible selection bias at the baseline, the difference-in-difference method is used to estimate the impact of the program on indicators of women's empowerment. Spillover effects are estimated by comparing outcomes of farmers in treatment villages that did not receive the pumps with farmers in control villages, where no motor pumps were distributed. The results show no significant impact of the program on measures of women's empowerment. However, there are potential negative impacts, including among households that did not benefit from the intervention. The results highlight the need to pair interventions that distribute agricultural technologies with complementary investments in infrastructure that increase access to water for irrigation, as well as other activities and approaches that ensure women can reap the benefits.
Economic analysis of public investment in alternative agricultural water management schemes: A case study from northern Ghana
Balana, Bedru; Akudugu, Mamudu A.. 2023
Balana, Bedru; Akudugu, Mamudu A.. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/02508060.2022.2156224
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This study assesses the institutions and economics of public investments in three agricultural water management infrastructure and technologies: rehabilitation of small reservoirs, fuel-powered motorized small pumps and electricity-powered large pumps. We find that all three technologies yield positive returns on investment, but their applicability varies spatially and across community due to differences in capital costs and environmental feasibilities or conditions. Sensitivity analyses indicate the base decision parameters – net present value, benefit–cost ratio and internal rate of return – remain stable despite potential changes in the flow of future benefits or costs. This provides further evidence about the worthiness of investment in irrigation infrastructure and technologies. However, significant under-utilized infrastructural capacities exist that warrant complementary investment in human and institutional capacities. Based on the findings policy recommendations are provided.
Estimating acid soil effects on selected cereal crop productivities in Ethiopia: Comparing economic cost-effectiveness of lime and fertilizer applications
Warner, James M.; Mann, Michael L.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Tizale, Chilot Y.. 2023
Warner, James M.; Mann, Michael L.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Tizale, Chilot Y.. 2023
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0280230
Abstract | View
Acid soils are a major constraint to agricultural productivity in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. Restoring soil pH to optimal ranges for agriculture can have a significant impact on yields, particularly for acid intolerant crops like wheat and barley. The application of agricultural lime is the standard corrective, although the large application requirements, lack of farmer awareness, and weak or non-existent lime supply chains make this a complex problem to address at scale. To date, no large-scale farmer trials of lime application have been undertaken in Ethiopia. This leaves open the question to local policy makers as to the economic benefits given the enormous capital and logistics investments required. To help address this we leverage existing spatial edaphic data and longitudinal crop surveys to simulate the productivity impact of varying lime and fertilizer applications. Our estimates find the impact of moving pH from 5.5 to 6.5, modeled as a lime soil remediation strategy, increases yields by 22% and 19% for wheat and barley, respectively. In addition, at lower pH levels our models indicate that commonly used nitrogen-based fertilizers are less cost-effective. For wheat in highly acidic soils, we find that fertilizers cost over two times as much as a single application of lime over a five-year period. The cost savings of the use of lime reaches as high as 121% of average one-year agricultural household income for wheat; with barley these savings are lower but still substantial at 24%. In general, we advocate for an integrated soil fertility management strategy that applies appropriate levels of fertilizer on pH balanced soil. If successful, Ethiopia’s acid soil reclamation could become a modest version of Brazil’s successful “cerrado miracle” and serve as an example for Africa.
Targeting hunger or votes? The political economy of humanitarian transfers in Malawi
Duchoslav, Jan; Kenamu, Edwin; Thunde, Jack. 2023
Duchoslav, Jan; Kenamu, Edwin; Thunde, Jack. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106179
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Do electoral considerations play a role in the targeting of humanitarian transfers? We analyze the targeting of direct cash and food transfers distributed in Malawi in response to an exceptionally poor harvest following a late and erratic rainy season of 2015/16. Combining household survey data on transfers with a remotely sensed measure of drought and with the results of the 2014 and 2019 parliamentary elections, we show that transfers were disproportionately targeted at marginal constituencies. Rather than distributing the transfers based solely on need or mobilizing its tribal base, the government attempted to persuade swing voters to support its candidates in the next elections. We find no evidence that this strategy was successful at increasing the vote of ruling party candidates in subsequent elections.
Farmer advisory systems and pesticide use in legume-based systems in West Africa
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Nyam, Yong Sebastien; Lokossou, Jourdain C.; Gebrekidan, Bisrat Haile. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Nyam, Yong Sebastien; Lokossou, Jourdain C.; Gebrekidan, Bisrat Haile. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161282
Abstract | View
Despite the adverse effects of pesticides on the environment and human health, they are a key ingredient in boosting agricultural productivity as a way of meeting global food demand. While global levels of pesticides are towering in high-income countries, pesticide use in many parts of Africa remains low, with significant impacts on agricultural productivity and food production. We use a rich longitudinal dataset to examine the relationship between farmer advisory systems and pesticide use in legume-based production systems in Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria. We find that farmers who are advised by private extension systems are approximately 8 % more likely to use pesticides at an extensive level. They also use pesticides more intensively (41 %). On the other hand, farmers advised by public extension systems are about 5 % more likely to extensively use pesticides. These farmers are observed to reduce the intensive use of pesticides by about 14 %. Furthermore, we also show that farmers advised by joint private-public extension systems are about 4 % more likely to use pesticides as well as reduce their intensity of use by approximately 11 %. At the various country levels, there exists significant heterogeneity in the relationship between advisory systems and pesticide use, suggesting that context matters. Of course, the pesticide regulatory systems and the institutional environments in these countries vary greatly. Given these findings, our study offers key entry and leveraging points for increasing pesticide use at levels that limit their environmental and human effects but may ascertain increased agricultural productivity and food production.
Incorporating seasonality into an agroeconomic model of Ethiopia
Lala, Jonathan; Regassa, Mekdim D.; Zhang, Ying; You, Liangzhi; Block, Paul. 2023
Lala, Jonathan; Regassa, Mekdim D.; Zhang, Ying; You, Liangzhi; Block, Paul. 2023
DOI : 10.1061/JWRMD5.WRENG-5785
Abstract | View
Ethiopia’s agriculture-based economy generates highly seasonal outputs, with most production occurring during the long-rains Meher season and a lesser amount during the short-rains Belg season. Despite numerous studies detailing the economic impacts of Meher precipitation, there is relatively little consideration of other seasonal or subseasonal climate impacts in Ethiopia, with most economic models only considering aggregated annual-scale production to simulate the Ethiopian economy. This paper serves to address both seasonal and subseasonal effects of climate using a partial equilibrium agroeconomic model of Ethiopia. First, an annual-scale model is disaggregated into a seasonal time step, corresponding to the two major cropping seasons in Ethiopia. Second, the effect of yield gains from a subseasonal forecast–based planting strategy is considered in the updated model. We found that crop yields and corresponding economic indicators varied widely by season and location, and that subseasonal forecast–based management strategies can, on average, increase gross domestic product (GDP), per capita calorie consumption, and lead toward reduced poverty, warranting the inclusion of seasonal and subseasonal processes in economic models and agricultural planning.
Strategies for better integrating nutrient supplementation and dietary diversity approaches for stunting reduction and improved nutrition outcomes: A Rwandan case study
Warner, James; Marivoet, Wim; Covic, Namukolo; Umugwaneza, Maryse. 2023
Warner, James; Marivoet, Wim; Covic, Namukolo; Umugwaneza, Maryse. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/dpr.12692
The feasibility of implementing food-based dietary guidelines and food graphics in Ethiopia
Bekele, Tesfaye Hailu; Covic, Namukolo; Alemayehu, Dawit; Trijsburg, Laura E.; Brouwer, Inge D.; Feskens, Edith J.; de Vries, Jeanne. 2023
Bekele, Tesfaye Hailu; Covic, Namukolo; Alemayehu, Dawit; Trijsburg, Laura E.; Brouwer, Inge D.; Feskens, Edith J.; de Vries, Jeanne. 2023
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01335-3
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This study aimed to test the acceptability, cultural appropriateness, consumers' understanding, and practicality of the Ethiopian food-based dietary guideline's messages, tips, and food graphics. A qualitative study design was applied with focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Four different participant groups were included: 40 consumers, 15 high-level nutrition experts, 30 frontline community health extension workers (HEWs), and 15 agriculture extension workers (AEWs) to incorporate different stakeholder perspectives. Data collection was conducted using 7 focus group discussions (FGDs) and 30 key informant interviews (KIIs). Collected data were coded and analyzed using QSR International NVivo V.11 software. Most of the study participants were highly interested in implementing the dietary guidelines once these guidelines are officially released. Based on the participants' views, most of the messages align with the current nutrition education materials implemented in the country except the messages about physical activity and alcohol intake. However, participants suggested defining technical terms such as ultra-processing, whole grain, safe and balanced diet in simpler terms for a better understanding. Practicality, affordability, availability, and access to the market were the major barriers reported for adherence to the guidelines. To be more inclusive of cultural and religious beliefs, findings show that the guideline should address fasting and traditional cooking methods. In conclusion, the dietary guidelines were well received by most stakeholders. They are thought to be feasible once feedback on wording, affordability, availability, and access is considered in the messages, tips, and graphic designs.
Cash transfers, trust, and inter-household transfers: Experimental evidence from Tanzania
Evans, David K.; Kosec, Katrina. 2023
Evans, David K.; Kosec, Katrina. 2023
DOI : 10.1093/wber/lhac030
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Institutionalized conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs may affect pre-existing, informal safety nets such as inter-household transfers and trust among community members. This study reports on a randomized controlled trial used to test the impact of CCTs on various measures of trust and informal safety nets within communities in Tanzania. It provides evidence that the introduction of a CCT program increased program beneficiaries’ trust in other community members and their perceived ability to access support from other households (e.g., childcare). Although CCTs reduced the total size of transfers to beneficiary households in the community in the short run (after 1.75 years of transfers), that reduction had disappeared 2.75 years after transfers began. Taken together, this evidence suggests that formal CCT programs do not necessarily crowd out informal safety nets in the longer term, and they may in fact boost trust and support across households.
Value addition and farmers: Evidence from coffee in Ethiopia
Tamru, Seneshaw; Minten, Bart. 2023
Tamru, Seneshaw; Minten, Bart. 2023
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0273121
Abstract | View
Local value-addition in developing countries is often aimed at for upgrading of agricultural value chains, since it is assumed that doing so will make farmers better off. However, transmission of the added value through the value chain and constraints to adoption of value-adding activities by farmers are not well understood. We look at this issue in the case of coffee in Ethiopia–the country’s most important export product–and value-addition in the coffee value-chain through ‘washing’ coffee, which is done in wet mills. Washed coffee is sold internationally with a significant premium compared to ‘natural’ coffee but the share of washed coffee in Ethiopia’s coffee exports has stagnated. Relying on a unique primary large-scale dataset and a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, we examine the reasons for this puzzle. The reasons seemingly are twofold. First, labor productivity in producing red cherries, which wet mills require, is lower than for natural coffee, reducing incentives for adoption, especially for those farmers with higher opportunity costs of labor. Second, only impatient, often smaller, farmers sell red cherries, as more patient farmers use the storable dried coffee cherries as a rewarding savings instrument, given the negative real deposit rates in formal savings institutions.
Antenatal care is associated with adherence to iron supplementation among pregnant women in selected low-middle-income-countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America & the Caribbean regions: Insights from Demographic and Health Surveys
Karyadi, Elvina; Reddy, J. C.; Dearden, Kirk A.; Purwanti, Tutut; Asri, Eriana; Roquero, Loreto B.; Juguan, Jocelyn A.; Sapitula-Evidente, Anjali; Alam, M. K.; Das, Susmita; Nair, Gopa K.; Srivastava, Anuj; Raut, Manoj K.. 2023
Karyadi, Elvina; Reddy, J. C.; Dearden, Kirk A.; Purwanti, Tutut; Asri, Eriana; Roquero, Loreto B.; Juguan, Jocelyn A.; Sapitula-Evidente, Anjali; Alam, M. K.; Das, Susmita; Nair, Gopa K.; Srivastava, Anuj; Raut, Manoj K.. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13477
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Anaemia is a global public health problem affecting 800 million women and children globally. Anaemia is associated with perinatal mortality, child morbidity and mortality, mental development, immune competence, susceptibility to lead poisoning and performance at work. The objective of this article is to identify whether antenatal care-seeking was associated with the uptake of iron supplementation among pregnant women, adjusting for a range of covariates. This article used data from the cross-sectional recent Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) of 12 countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America & the Caribbean regions. The individual-level data from 273,144 women of reproductive age (15−49 years) were analysed from multi-country DHS. Multiple Logistic regression analyses were conducted using Predictive Analytics Software for Windows (PASW), Release 18.0. Receiving at least four antenatal care visits was significantly associated with the consumption of 90 or more iron-containing supplements in 12 low and middle income countries across three regions after adjusting for different household and respondent characteristics, while mass media exposure was found to be a significant predictor in India and Indonesia. Antenatal care seems to be the most important predictor of adherence to iron intake in the selected countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America and Caribbean regions.
Fortified balanced energy–protein supplementation during pregnancy and lactation and infant growth in rural Burkina Faso: A 2 × 2 factorial individually randomized controlled trial
Argaw, Alemayehu; de Kok, Brenda; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Hanley-Cook, Giles; Dailey-Chwalibog, Trenton; Ouedraogo, Moctar; Campaore, Anderson; Vanslambrouck, Katrien; Ganaba, Rasmané; Kolsteren, Patrick; Lachat, Carl; Huybregts, Lieven. 2023
Argaw, Alemayehu; de Kok, Brenda; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Hanley-Cook, Giles; Dailey-Chwalibog, Trenton; Ouedraogo, Moctar; Campaore, Anderson; Vanslambrouck, Katrien; Ganaba, Rasmané; Kolsteren, Patrick; Lachat, Carl; Huybregts, Lieven. 2023
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004186
Abstract | View
Optimal nutrition is crucial during the critical period of the first 1,000 days from conception to 2 years after birth. Prenatal and postnatal supplementation of mothers with multimicronutrient-fortified balanced energy–protein (BEP) supplements is a potential nutritional intervention. However, evidence on the long-term effects of BEP supplementation on child growth is inconsistent. We evaluated the efficacy of daily fortified BEP supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on infant growth in rural Burkina Faso.
Financial incentives often fail to reconcile agricultural productivity and pro-conservation behavior
Bell, Andrew R.; Rakotonarivo, O. Sarobidy; Bhargava, Apurva; Duthie, A. Bradley; Zhang, Wei; Sargent, Rebecca; Lewis, Amy R.; Kipchumba, Adams. 2023
Bell, Andrew R.; Rakotonarivo, O. Sarobidy; Bhargava, Apurva; Duthie, A. Bradley; Zhang, Wei; Sargent, Rebecca; Lewis, Amy R.; Kipchumba, Adams. 2023
DOI : 10.1038s43247-023-00689-6
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Paying resource users to preserve features of their environment could in theory better align production and conservation goals. We show, however, that across a range of conservation dilemmas, they might not. We conduct a synthesis of dynamic games experiments built around collective action dilemmas in conservation, played across Europe, Africa, and Asia. We find, across this range of dilemmas, that while payments can encourage pro-conservation behavior, they often fail to capitalize on the potential for jointly improving productive and environmental outcomes, highlighting the more nuanced challenge of reconciling livelihoods with conservation goals. We further find production (yield) and the joint production-environment product (i.e., a measure of agricultural production multiplied by a measure of pro-conservation practice) are better preserved in groups that are more educated, more gender diverse and that better represent women. We discuss how the design of incentive programs can better align livelihood and environment goals.
Productivity growth and the role of mechanisation in African agriculture
Kirui, Oliver K.; Kornher, Lukas; Beckchanov, Maksud. 2023
Kirui, Oliver K.; Kornher, Lukas; Beckchanov, Maksud. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/03031853.2023.2176894
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This paper compares agricultural productivity growth, specifically, the impact of agricultural mechanisation on total factor productivity and cereal yields, across African countries using contemporaneous and sequential Malmquist index approaches. Contemporaneous approach findings indicate that agricultural productivity grew by 1% annually over 1961–2014, while sequential technology measures show much higher growth of 1.7%. The highest growth rates were experienced since the 2000s due to technical progress. Regression analysis indicates that mechanisation, research and development, weather conditions, and population pressure influence African agricultural productivity. Climate-smart options to sustain crop yields in countries relying heavily on rain-fed agriculture are critical. The transfer of knowledge from countries with high-level productivity might enhance productivity in “laggard” countries.
Food safety and incipient modern value chains: Evidence from milk in Ethiopia
Minten, Bart; Habte, Yetimwork; Baye, Kaleab; Tamru, Seneshaw. 2023
Minten, Bart; Habte, Yetimwork; Baye, Kaleab; Tamru, Seneshaw. 2023
DOI : 10.1057/s41287-023-00575-z
Abstract | View
Modern marketing arrangements are increasingly being implemented to assure improved food quality and safety. However, it is not well known how these modern marketing arrangements perform in early stages of roll-out. We study this issue in the case of rural–urban milk value chains in Ethiopia, where modern processing companies—selling branded pasteurized milk—and modern retail have expanded rapidly in recent years. We find overall that the adoption levels of hygienic practices and practices leading to safer milk by dairy producers in Ethiopia are low and that there are no significant improvements in the incipient modern milk value chains compared to traditional ones. While suppliers to modern processing companies are associated with more formal milk testing, they do not obtain price premiums for the adoption of improved practices, nor do they obtain higher prices overall. At the urban retail level, we find there are only small price differences between pasteurized and raw milk and that modern retailers sell pasteurized milk at lower prices, ceteris paribus. Modern value chains to better reward hygiene and food safety in these settings are therefore called for.
The Russia-Ukraine war: Implications for global and regional food security and potential policy responses
Abay, Kibrom A.; Breisinger, Clemens; Glauber, Joseph W.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Laborde Debucquet, David; Siddig, Khalid. 2023
Abay, Kibrom A.; Breisinger, Clemens; Glauber, Joseph W.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Laborde Debucquet, David; Siddig, Khalid. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2023.100675
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This paper analyzes the implications of the Russian-Ukraine war on global and regional food security. We start with a global vulnerability analysis to identify most vulnerable regions and countries. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is particularly vulnerable to trade shocks because of its high food import dependence. Thus, we provide descriptive evidence characterizing how food systems and policies impact vulnerability to the price shock in selected MENA countries: Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen. Within these countries, we show that the crisis will differentially impact poor and non-poor households as well as rural and urban households. Although the absolute level of food insecurity may still be higher in rural areas where larger numbers of poor households are located, urban poor are likely to suffer most because of the Russia-Ukraine crisis and associated hikes in food prices, especially in those countries where social protection and food subsidies are missing. We review lessons from previous food crises and identify actions needed to take (and to avoid) to protect most vulnerable countries and households in the short-term while also highlighting long-term policy options to diversify food, fertilizer and energy production and trade.
Development of the Ethiopian Healthy Eating Index (Et-HEI) and evaluation in women of reproductive age
Bekele, Tesfaye Hailu; de Vries, Jeanne; Feskens, Edith J.; de Weijer, Anneloes; Brouwer, Inge D.; Covic, Namukolo; Trijsburg, Laura. 2023
Bekele, Tesfaye Hailu; de Vries, Jeanne; Feskens, Edith J.; de Weijer, Anneloes; Brouwer, Inge D.; Covic, Namukolo; Trijsburg, Laura. 2023
DOI : 10.1017/jns.2022.120
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Ethiopia announced its first food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) on 15 March 2022. The present study aims to develop and evaluate the Ethiopian Healthy Eating Index (Et-HEI) based on the FBDG. Data were collected from 494 Ethiopian women of reproductive age sampled from households in five different regions. The Et-HEI consists of eleven components, and each component was scored between 0 and 10 points, the total score ranging from 0 to 110, with maximum adherence to the FBDG. The Et-HEI score was evaluated against the Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) and the probability of nutrient adequacy. The average Et-HEI score for women of reproductive age was 49 out of 110. Adherence to the recommendations for grains, vegetables, legumes, fat and oils, salt, sugar and alcohol contributed the most to this score. Most women had low scores for fruits, nuts and seeds, and animal-sourced foods, indicating low intake. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient, indicating the reliability of the Et-HEI to assess its diet quality, was 0⋅53. The low mean Et-HEI score agreed with a low mean score of the MDD-W (3⋅5 out of 10). Also, low nutrient adequacies confirmed poor adherence to nutrient-dense components of the FBDG. The Et-HEI was not associated with the intake of vitamin B12, vitamin C and calcium in this study population. Women who completed secondary school and above had relatively lower Et-HEI scores. The newly developed Et-HEI is able to estimate nutrient adequacy while also assessing adherence to the Ethiopian FBDG though there is room for improvement.
How resilience innovations in food supply chains are revolutionizing logistics, wholesale trade, and farm services in developing countries
Reardon, Thomas; Vos, Rob. 2023
Reardon, Thomas; Vos, Rob. 2023
DOI : 10.22434/IFAMR2022.0138
Abstract | View
Developing country food supply chains have been pummeled by a series (and often a confluence) of shocks over the past several decades, including the Russia-Ukraine war, COVID-19, climate shocks from hurricanes to floods to droughts, animal and plant diseases, an intensification of road banditry and local conflicts, and overlaying all these, deep transformation in markets themselves with new requirements for quality and food safety. Yet supply chains have been largely resilient, adapting and bouncing back in surprising ways. We show that this has often involves deep ‘pivoting’ by one segment or one value chain, and ‘co-pivoting’ by another to facilitate the former’s pivot. We present a conceptual framework and then illustrate with a variety of examples from Africa and Asia, such as pivoting toward e-commerce by Asian retailers and co-pivoting by delivery intermediaries; pivoting toward quality horticultural production by African and Asian farmers and co-pivoting by mobile outsource services for farming and marketing; and building of redundant ports to protect rice milling operations from climate shocks in Asia by agribusiness and logistic firms. The paper provides implications for policy to facilitate these adaptions and for resilience strategies of agribusiness firms.
The gendered impacts of index-insurance on food-consumption: Evidence from southern Ethiopia
Timu, Anne G.; Gustafson, Christopher R.; Mieno, Taro. 2023
Timu, Anne G.; Gustafson, Christopher R.; Mieno, Taro. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.cliser.2023.100355
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Index insurance has been promoted as an innovative strategy for enhancing long-term resilience to climate-related shocks and providing financial inclusion, particularly to poor women farmers in developing countries. In this paper, we evaluate the gendered impact of an index-based livestock insurance product on food consumption among pastoral households in southern Ethiopia. We exploit intertemporal variation in household risk exposure and insurance payouts to evaluate the ex ante and ex post insurance impacts and use randomly distributed discount coupons to instrument the insurance purchase variables. We find that during the pre-drought period, a previous season insurance purchase and the intensity of insurance coverage significantly and equally reduces food expenditure in male- and female-headed households. In the post-drought period, we find that an insurance payout significantly increases food expenditure per adult equivalent among female-headed households.
Linking ecosystem services provisioning with demand for animal-sourced food: an integrated modeling study for Tanzania
Enahoro, Dolapo; Kozicka, Marta; Pfeifer, Catherine; Jones, Sarah K.; Tran, Nhuong; Chan, Chin Yee; Sulser, Timothy B.; Gotor, Elisabetta; Rich, Karl M.. 2023
Enahoro, Dolapo; Kozicka, Marta; Pfeifer, Catherine; Jones, Sarah K.; Tran, Nhuong; Chan, Chin Yee; Sulser, Timothy B.; Gotor, Elisabetta; Rich, Karl M.. 2023
DOI : 10.1007/s10113-023-02038-x
Abstract | View
Standard tools that can quantitatively track the impacts of higher global demand for animal-sourced food to their local environmental effects in developing countries are largely missing. This paper presents a novel integrated assessment framework that links a model of the global agricultural and food system, a landscape-level environmental impact assessment model, and an ecosystem services simulation model. For Tanzania, this integrated assessment showed that a projected increase in the demand and production of foods of livestock origin with optimistic economic growth between 2010 and 2030 leads to an improvement in food security. However, resulting transitions in land use impact negatively on the future provisioning of ecosystem services, increasing phosphorus, nitrogen, and sediment in runoff and reducing water quality in areas downstream of the agricultural expansion. Losses in ecosystem services are lowest when diversified farming practices are adopted in areas of agricultural land expansion. The role of land management in the environmental impacts of expanded livestock production is highlighted, as is the need for a new generation of analytical tools to inform policy recommendations.
Assessing food security among young farmers in Africa: Evidence from Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda
Adeyanju, Dolapo; Mburu, John; Gituro, Wainaina; Chumo, Chepchumba; Mignouna, Djana; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Akomolafe, John Kehinde; Ejima, Joseph. 2023
Adeyanju, Dolapo; Mburu, John; Gituro, Wainaina; Chumo, Chepchumba; Mignouna, Djana; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Akomolafe, John Kehinde; Ejima, Joseph. 2023
DOI : 10.1186/s40100-023-00246-x
Abstract | View
Food insecurity remains a serious challenge for many households in Africa and the situation is even more prevalent among young people. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on youth food security status in Africa. We assessed the level and determinants of food security among young farmers in Africa. We adopted a multi-stage sampling technique to select 400, 429, and 606 young farmers in Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda, respectively. Individual food consumption was assessed following a 7 days recall method. The Food Consumption Score, which combines dietary diversity and consumption frequency was used to assess food security status while the determinants of food security were identified using a logistic regression model. Results suggest low dietary diversity across the three countries. Also, the majority of the respondents had an unacceptable food consumption score, suggesting that despite being food producers, young farmers are still food insecure. The odds of being food secure was positively determined by access to extension services, participation in the ENABLE TAAT business incubation programme, and access to market information but, negatively by access to credit, number of employees, Covid-19 pandemic, and location. Additionally, the food security status of young female farmers was positively influenced by age, suggesting that younger youths are less food secure compared to older ones. These results suggest that more efforts should be directed towards improving the food security of young African farmers and that policy- and programme-level interventions should support access to extension services, market information, and land. Additionally, more investments should be directed towards developing need-based agribusiness incubation programmes with an effort to scale existing programmes beyond the regular one-time period.
Solar-powered cold-storage and agrifood market modernization in Nigeria
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Yamauchi, Futoshi; Edeh, Hyacinth; Hernandez, Manuel A.. 2023
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Yamauchi, Futoshi; Edeh, Hyacinth; Hernandez, Manuel A.. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12771
Abstract | View
Modern cooling technologies that utilize renewable energy sources have been increasingly recognized as promising tools to address various challenges emerging in progressively complex agrifood systems in developing countries. Knowledge gaps about the actual impacts of these technologies in developing countries remain, especially in Africa south of the Sahara (SSA). This study fills this knowledge gap by providing evidence from the evaluation of recent interventions in northeast Nigeria in which seven small solar-powered cold storages were installed across seven horticulture markets. Combinations of difference-in-difference (DID) and variants of propensity-score-based methods suggest that cold storage significantly increased horticulture sales volumes and revenues of market agents. Back-of-the-envelope calculations indicate that increased net revenues for market agents may be sufficiently large to recoup cold storage investments and operating costs within a reasonable time frame. Using cold storage also reduced the share of food loss. It lengthened the products' shelf-life while raising prices received by market agents and farmers, which were associated with improved product quality, expanded value-adding activities by market agents, and increased use of advance payments.
Intensification of rice farming: The role of mechanization and irrigation
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Mano, Yukichi. 2023
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Mano, Yukichi. 2023
DOI : 10.1007/978-981-19-8046-6_7
Abstract | View
PART III of this volume discusses complementary strategies toward the rice Green Revolution in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), including mechanization, irrigation, and marketing efforts to enhance demand for domestic rice. In Asia, population pressure on land and high rice prices relative to input prices induced farming intensification, while mechanization and irrigation development boosted rice productivity. However, in SSA, increased rice demand has been partly met by rice imports without adequate investments in these important technologies. This chapter reviews the available evidence on the constraints and potentials of these complementary strategies in SSA. In particular, we argue that inadequate understanding of the complementarity of each strategy with rice cultivation training may be an important reason behind low technology adoption. The remaining chapters in PART III attempt to narrow this gap and provide relevant empirical evidence. Intensive land preparation using tractors facilitates the adoption of management-intensive practices, while the provision of rice cultivation training is associated with the improved economic viability of irrigation investment. Increased demand for domestic rice is also expected to raise the returns to rice cultivation training and technology investment. The adoption of modern milling technologies improves the quality of domestic milled rice and promotes rice value-chain transformation. Local traders offer quality-based pricing that incentivizes farmers to supply high-quality paddy, while urban traders and supermarkets sell domestically produced and milled rice with brand names at a premium. In sum, the use of tractors, irrigation investment, and modern milling, combined with improved rice marketing, play critical roles that complement rice cultivation training in achieving the rice Green Revolution in SSA.
Challenges to joint planning, monitoring, and evaluation for nutrition-sensitive agriculture in Ethiopia: An exploratory qualitative study
Bezabih, Afework Mulugeta; Kahsay, Znabu Hadush; Kahsay, Amaha; Bekele, Abate; Seid, Omer; Asfaw, Selemawit; Gebrearegay, Freweeini; Tadesse, Kidane; Bazzano, Alessandra N.; Jogo, Wellington; Covic, Namukolo; Busse, Heidi. 2023
Bezabih, Afework Mulugeta; Kahsay, Znabu Hadush; Kahsay, Amaha; Bekele, Abate; Seid, Omer; Asfaw, Selemawit; Gebrearegay, Freweeini; Tadesse, Kidane; Bazzano, Alessandra N.; Jogo, Wellington; Covic, Namukolo; Busse, Heidi. 2023
DOI : 10.1186/s40066-022-00400-6
Abstract | View
Background: Nutrition-sensitive agriculture is an efective multi-sectoral approach to address the underlying causes of malnutrition. However, successful implementation requires the involvement of diferent sectors to jointly plan, monitor, and evaluate key activities, which is often challenged by contextual barriers. Previous studies in Ethiopia have not adequately explored these contextual barriers. Hence, the current study aimed to qualitatively explore the challenges to joint planning, monitoring, and evaluation for nutrition-sensitive agriculture among sectors in Ethiopia.
Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted in Tigray and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples (SNNP) of Ethiopia regional states in 2017. Ninety-four key informants were purposively selected from government agencies primarily in health and agriculture, from local (kebele) to national levels, and ranging from academic organizations, research institutions, and implementing partners. Researchers developed a semi-structured guide and conducted key informant interviews which were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim in local language, and translated to English. All transcriptions were imported into ATLAS.ti Version 7.5 software for coding and analysis. The data analysis followed an inductive approach. Transcriptions were coded line by line; then similar codes were grouped into categories. Subsequently, non-repetitive themes were identifed from the categories using thematic analysis methodology.
Results: The following themes were identifed as challenges that hinder joint planning, monitoring, and evaluation to link nutrition to agriculture: (1) limited capacity, (2) workload in home sector (agriculture or nutrition), (3) lack of attention to nutrition interventions, (4) inadequate supportive supervision, (5) problematic reporting system, and (6) weak technical coordinating committees.
Conclusions and recommendations: Gaps in human and technical resources, limited attention from diferent sectors, and absence of routine monitoring data hindered joint planning, monitoring, and evaluation activities for nutrition-sensitive agriculture in Ethiopia. Short-term and long-term training for experts and intensifcation of supportive supervision may address gaps in capacity. Future studies should address whether routine monitoring and surveillance in nutrition-sensitive multi-sectoral activities provides long-term improvement in outcomes.
Methods: A qualitative exploratory study was conducted in Tigray and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples (SNNP) of Ethiopia regional states in 2017. Ninety-four key informants were purposively selected from government agencies primarily in health and agriculture, from local (kebele) to national levels, and ranging from academic organizations, research institutions, and implementing partners. Researchers developed a semi-structured guide and conducted key informant interviews which were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim in local language, and translated to English. All transcriptions were imported into ATLAS.ti Version 7.5 software for coding and analysis. The data analysis followed an inductive approach. Transcriptions were coded line by line; then similar codes were grouped into categories. Subsequently, non-repetitive themes were identifed from the categories using thematic analysis methodology.
Results: The following themes were identifed as challenges that hinder joint planning, monitoring, and evaluation to link nutrition to agriculture: (1) limited capacity, (2) workload in home sector (agriculture or nutrition), (3) lack of attention to nutrition interventions, (4) inadequate supportive supervision, (5) problematic reporting system, and (6) weak technical coordinating committees.
Conclusions and recommendations: Gaps in human and technical resources, limited attention from diferent sectors, and absence of routine monitoring data hindered joint planning, monitoring, and evaluation activities for nutrition-sensitive agriculture in Ethiopia. Short-term and long-term training for experts and intensifcation of supportive supervision may address gaps in capacity. Future studies should address whether routine monitoring and surveillance in nutrition-sensitive multi-sectoral activities provides long-term improvement in outcomes.
Dietary inadequacy in Tanzania is linked to the rising cost of nutritious foods and consumption of food-away-from-home
Ignowski, Liz; Belton, Ben; Tran, Nhuong; Ameye, Hannah. 2023
Ignowski, Liz; Belton, Ben; Tran, Nhuong; Ameye, Hannah. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2023.100679
Abstract | View
This study contributes to the growing literature on dietary quality and accessibility in the Global South. We analyze the nutrition implications of changing dietary patterns between 2008 and 2019 in one of Africa's largest and fastest growing economies, Tanzania, and compare patterns at national and sub-national scales. We find that: (1) Rising incomes have not been associated with marked increases in the diversity of food consumed at home; (2) Consumption of food away from home has increased dramatically; (3) Most food consumed in Tanzanian homes is purchased instead of self-produced; (4) There have not been clear improvements in the adequacy of micronutrient consumption obtained from food eaten at home; (5) The most affordable sources of key micronutrients, including nutrient dense foods such as dried fish, have become more expensive. Our findings indicate that in Tanzania the amount and diversity of nutritious foods eaten at home have not improved with rising incomes, but consumption of energy-dense processed foods eaten away from home has increased rapidly, likely reflecting differences in convenience and relative prices. To improve Tanzanian diets in coming years, coordinated nutrition-sensitive policy actions will be required on both the supply- and demand-sides.
Good intentions gone bad? The Dodd-Frank Act and conflict in Africa’s Great Lakes region
Bloem, Jeffrey R.. 2023
Bloem, Jeffrey R.. 2023
DOI : 10.1086/715618
Conflict-induced shocks and household food security in Nigeria
Olanrewaju, Opeyemi; Balana, Bedru. 2023
Olanrewaju, Opeyemi; Balana, Bedru. 2023
DOI : 10.3390/su15065057
Abstract | View
Conflicts such as the Boko Haram insurgency, herder–farmer conflicts, and armed banditry attacks are major concerns affecting the livelihoods and food security of households in Nigeria. In this paper, firstly, we reviewed and synthesized the nature, spatial extent, and implications of conflicts on food security in Nigeria. Secondly, using survey data and econometric models, we examined the effects of conflict-induced shocks, such as forced migration and fatality on household food security indicators. Our review shows that the underlying causes for the majority of violent conflicts in Nigeria are linked to competition for productive resources, economic inequality, and ethnoreligious tensions. Review results also indicate spatial variations in the nature and severity of violent conflicts in Nigeria. While the Boko Haram insurgency is prominent in the North-East, the North-Central is mainly exposed to herder–farmer conflicts, and there is a high prevalence of communal conflicts in the South-South region of the country. In terms of gender dimensions, women are more vulnerable to conflicts and shoulder more social and economic burdens than men. From our empirical analysis, we found that conflict-induced shocks such as forced migration, fatality, abduction, and injury significantly exacerbate the severity of food insecurity and deteriorate the dietary diversity of households. Conflicts also affect agricultural investment decisions with a negative consequence on future agricultural productivity and food security. Based on the findings, the key policy suggestions include the need for tailored interventions to resolve state or region-specific conflicts, policy interventions on property/land rights and livestock management systems to address herder–farmer conflicts, and targeted investments in building the resilience capacity of households.
Land market responses to weather shocks: Evidence from rural Uganda and Kenya
Tabetando, Rayner; Fani, Djomo Choumbou Raoul; Ragasa, Catherine; Michuda, Aleksandr. 2023
Tabetando, Rayner; Fani, Djomo Choumbou Raoul; Ragasa, Catherine; Michuda, Aleksandr. 2023
DOI : 10.1093/erae/jbad005
Do soil and water conservation practices influence crop productivity and household welfare? Evidence from rural Nigeria
Ogunniyi, Adebayo Isaiah; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola; Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Motunrayo, Olyeyemi; Awotide, Bola Amoke; Mavrotas, George; Oladapo, Adeyemi. 2023
Ogunniyi, Adebayo Isaiah; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola; Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Motunrayo, Olyeyemi; Awotide, Bola Amoke; Mavrotas, George; Oladapo, Adeyemi. 2023
DOI : 10.1007/s11356-023-26280-2
Terrorism and inbound tourism in Egypt: Economy-wide and distributional impacts
Elshennawy, Abeer; Siddig, Khalid. 2023
Elshennawy, Abeer; Siddig, Khalid. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/rode.12985
Impact of adopting maize hermetic storage technologies on smallholder farmers’ income in Gatsibo District, Rwanda
Benimana, Gilberthe; Ritho, Cecilia; Irungu, Patrick. 2023
Benimana, Gilberthe; Ritho, Cecilia; Irungu, Patrick. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14592
Abstract | View
Rapid population growth has increased the global demand for food. However, some studies have revealed that more than one-third of the global food production is lost during postharvest operations along the food supply chain. Managerial and technical limitations such as a lack of proper storage facilities, poor handling practices and, associated knowledge are among the main causes of food losses particularly in Africa. Maize is among the most important staple food and cash crops across sub-Saharan Africa. In Rwanda, most of the maize produced incurs losses during storage. Hermetic storage technologies (HST) have been proven to be effective in the control of post-harvest storage losses in maize. However, their adoption in maize storage has been low with farmers continuing to use less effective technologies. Therefore, this study assessed the impact of hermetic maize storage technologies adoption, on the income of 301 randomly selected smallholder maize farmers in Gatsibo District of Rwanda, using the endogenous switching regression (ESR). The results revealed that household size, post-harvest training, access to credit, distance to input provider, and the household head's experience in maize production were the major factors influencing farmers' decision to adopt HST. The occupation of the household head, number of plots reserved for other crops, training, household size, age of the household head, and household maize self-sufficiency goal significantly influenced income for both HST adopters and non-adopters. Overall, the adoption of HST had a positive and significant impact on income from stored maize, among those who adopted it. The study recommends that the government of Rwanda and other stakeholders should support the dissemination of HST to facilitate access. Thus, increased access to institutional support services such as post-harvest training, credit access, and agricultural input supply, should be a major part of efforts aimed at promoting the effective use of hermetic maize storage technologies among smallholder maize farmers in Rwanda.
COVID-19 school closures and mental health of adolescent students: Evidence from rural Mozambique
Chimbutane, Feliciano; Herrera-Almanza, Catalina; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Lauchande, Carlos; Leight, Jessica. 2023
Chimbutane, Feliciano; Herrera-Almanza, Catalina; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Lauchande, Carlos; Leight, Jessica. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100203
Abstract | View
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, entailing widespread school closures as well as acute disruptions to household livelihoods, had substantial consequences for adolescent well-being in low-income countries. We present novel evidence about the prevalence of mental health challenges among adolescent students in rural Mozambique using data from an in-person survey conducted in 105 schools in 2021, immediately following the post-pandemic school reopening. In our sample, 31% of students reported low levels of well-being (though only 10% suffer from high anxiety): students enrolled in schools that used a wider variety of distance learning measures and who had more robust social networks reported lower anxiety, while students who experienced household-level disruptions linked to the pandemic reported higher anxiety and lower well-being.
Digital tools and agricultural market transformation in Africa: Why are they not at scale yet, and what will it take to get there?
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Kassim, Yumna; Spielman, David J.; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2023
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Kassim, Yumna; Spielman, David J.; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102439
Abstract | View
Despite enthusiasm for the potential of digital innovations to transform agricultural markets in Africa, progress made thus far has been limited to small-scale experiments that often fail to scale up. Realizing the full potential of digital innovations – tools, technologies, applications, and services – in Africa requires not just further development of these solutions at meaningful scales, but also more nuanced evidence from both successful and unsuccessful scaling efforts. This paper reviews the conceptual and empirical evidence on the transformative potential of digital innovations for African agricultural markets with an in-depth examination of solutions that have been rolled out to date in the continent. Specifically, the review addresses the following questions: (i) how can digital innovations improve the functioning of agricultural markets in Africa? (ii) what explains the apparent disconnect of most pilots to scale-ups? (iii) what is required to realize their full potential? and (iv) what are the emerging risks and opportunities associated with digital innovations for agricultural marketing? Although our review of the landscape and literature on market-focused digital innovations in Africa identifies several reasons to remain optimistic, the prevailing disconnect between pilots and scale-ups merits further evaluation. In particular, there is a need for more systematic assessments of both successes and failures at both the piloting and scaling stages.
Oil palm production, income gains, and off-farm employment among independent producers in Cameroon
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Molua, Ernest L.; Nanfouet, Marco Alberto; Mkong, Cynthia J. Kiven, Vanessa; Ntegang, Venant Atem. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Molua, Ernest L.; Nanfouet, Marco Alberto; Mkong, Cynthia J. Kiven, Vanessa; Ntegang, Venant Atem. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107817
Abstract | View
We examine the association of oil palm production with income and off-farm employment using a farm household survey of independent oil palm producers in Cameroon. Employing different regression techniques and empirical strategies, we find oil palm production to be associated with household income, a finding which is consistent with per capita income distribution. Exploring heterogeneity in the relationship between oil palm production and income, we show that oil palm production has the potential to benefit non-producers should they produce oil palm. Moving beyond effects at the mean and in the interest of understanding who benefits more from oil palm production, we also show that oil palm production is associated with income gains for all producers. This finding provides suggestive insights that oil palm production is inclusive and could stir development in rural areas. Assessing the implications on off-farm employment, we find empirical evidence that oil palm production reduces the likelihood of participation in off-farm employment. We, therefore, conclude that oil palm production could be a crucial and inclusive profitable venture to increase smallholder incomes and improve livelihoods in rural and forested environments, but significant potentials exist to make the sector more profitable, less labour-intensive and environmentally-friendly in native production zones.
Domestic burdens amid COVID-19 and women’s mental health in middle-income Africa
Mueller, Valerie; Grépin, Karen; Rabbani, Atonu; Ngunjiri, Anne; Oyekunle, Amy; Wenham, Clare. 2023
Mueller, Valerie; Grépin, Karen; Rabbani, Atonu; Ngunjiri, Anne; Oyekunle, Amy; Wenham, Clare. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/13545701.2023.2174566
Abstract | View
This article analyzes two longitudinal datasets (October – December 2020; April 2021) of 1,000 and 900 women in Kenya and Nigeria, respectively, alongside in-depth qualitative interviews with women at risk of changes to time use, to study two pandemic issues: women’s substitution of paid for unpaid work and how these shifts compromise their mental health. Women devote more time to domestic care (30–38 percent), less time to employment (29–46 percent), and become unemployed (12–17 percent). A rise in domestic work is correlated with depressive (Nigeria) and anxiety symptoms (Kenya and Nigeria). Women with greater agency (Kenya) and fewer children (Nigeria) are less likely to report a domestic burden or loss in paid activities. Social protection programs may fill the void of assistance traditionally provided by informal networks in the short term, while campaigns shifting norms around household work may preserve women’s economic participation in the long term.
Achieving sustainable food systems in a global crisis: Summary report
Bizikova, Livia; de Brauw, Alan; Rose, Mali Eber; Laborde Debucquet, David; Motsumi, Kulthoum; Murphy, Mike; Parent, Marie; Picard, Francine; Smaller, Carin. Winnipeg, Canada 2023
Bizikova, Livia; de Brauw, Alan; Rose, Mali Eber; Laborde Debucquet, David; Motsumi, Kulthoum; Murphy, Mike; Parent, Marie; Picard, Francine; Smaller, Carin. Winnipeg, Canada 2023
Abstract | View
The world is not on track to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. The prevalence of hunger and poverty—the two core goals which are the litmus test for everything else—are on the rise. This is being made worse by the Russian invasion of Ukraine, skyrocketing food, fertilizer, and energy prices, COVID-19, and climate change. In Africa, the situation is exacerbated by internal conflicts, political unrest, economic recessions, and swarms of desert locusts. To get back on track, it is critical to pursue policy pathways that encourage synergies and limit the trade-offs between hunger, poverty, nutrition, and climate change. This report summarizes the evidence-based and costed country roadmaps for effective public interventions to transform agriculture and food systems in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Nigeria in a way that ends hunger, makes diets healthier and more affordable, improves the productivity and incomes of small-scale producers and their households, and mitigates and adapts to climate change.
The financing gap is immense. This report shows that while it is possible to achieve sustainable food system transformation in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Nigeria, in the next decade, it would require an average additional public investment of USD 10 billion per year from 2023 to 2030 and targeting spending on a more effective portfolio of interventions that achieve multiple sustainable development outcomes. Of the total USD 10 billion, the donor share averages USD 5.8 billion per year, and the country share averages USD 4.2 billion per year. Importantly, comparing the financing gap between the long-term investment needed to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 2 and the short-term investment needed for emergency food assistance shows that while emergency assistance has increased in recent years, there is significant underfunding of the longer-term investment needs. The shortfall in longer-term funding increases the vulnerability to shocks, pushing the number of people affected by hunger and poverty higher. Donors should therefore complement and better link the increased allocation of emergency food assistance with increased investments in longer term agricultural development priorities to prevent future crises when the next shock hits.
The financing gap is immense. This report shows that while it is possible to achieve sustainable food system transformation in Ethiopia, Malawi, and Nigeria, in the next decade, it would require an average additional public investment of USD 10 billion per year from 2023 to 2030 and targeting spending on a more effective portfolio of interventions that achieve multiple sustainable development outcomes. Of the total USD 10 billion, the donor share averages USD 5.8 billion per year, and the country share averages USD 4.2 billion per year. Importantly, comparing the financing gap between the long-term investment needed to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 2 and the short-term investment needed for emergency food assistance shows that while emergency assistance has increased in recent years, there is significant underfunding of the longer-term investment needs. The shortfall in longer-term funding increases the vulnerability to shocks, pushing the number of people affected by hunger and poverty higher. Donors should therefore complement and better link the increased allocation of emergency food assistance with increased investments in longer term agricultural development priorities to prevent future crises when the next shock hits.
Empowering women through targeting information or role models: Evidence from an experiment in agricultural extension in Uganda
Lecoutere, Els; Spielman, David J.; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. 2023
Lecoutere, Els; Spielman, David J.; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106240
Abstract | View
Agricultural advisory services are generally biased towards men, with information targeted mainly to male members within the household, and in formats that often reinforce male dominance in agricultural decision-making. Such biases affect women’s ability to make informed decisions and limit their intra-household bargaining power. Because women’s empowerment in agriculture has many well-established benefits, designing inclusive agricultural extension and advisory services is important. In this study, we challenge the assumption that information is fully shared between co-heads of a household. We also test if portraying women as equally able farmers challenges gender norms and stereotypes in agriculture. We do this through a field experiment in eastern Uganda in which videos that provide information on recommended maize-farming practices are shown to monogamous maize-farming households. In the experiment, we manipulate who within the household is exposed to the information contained in the video. Furthermore, we vary the gender of the person delivering the information in the video. We find that targeting the female co-head alone with information increases her knowledge about recommended practices, her role in agricultural decision-making, her subsequent adoption of recommended practices and inputs, and yields on fields she manages, while the male co-head’s knowledge about the practices and his unilateral decision-making is reduced. When both co-heads are targeted, joint adoption of recommended practices and inputs increases, while the male co-head’s unilateral decision-making is reduced. We find some support that featuring female role models in the videos challenges men’s beliefs and stereotypes about women’s roles in agriculture, and encourages adoption of recommended practices by women. We conclude that if the aim is to empower women, most gains can be made by re-designing advisory services to target information exclusively to the female co-head within the household. Challenging gender stereotypes may create room for increasing women’s involvement in agriculture.
The role of spatial inequalities on youth migration Decisions: empirical evidence from Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan. 2023
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2023.2182681
Assessing the application of gender perspectives in land restoration studies in Ethiopia using text mining
Abera, Wuletawu; Tamene, Lulseged; Mekonnen, Dawit; Carmona, Natalia Estrada; Elias, Marlene; Joshi, Deepa; Aynekulu, Ermias. 2023
Abera, Wuletawu; Tamene, Lulseged; Mekonnen, Dawit; Carmona, Natalia Estrada; Elias, Marlene; Joshi, Deepa; Aynekulu, Ermias. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100854
Abstract | View
Restoration of degraded land is key to enhancing land productivity and farmers' wellbeing in sub-Saharan Africa. Evidence shows that the benefits of land restoration are tremendous, ranging from biophysical benefits in soil health, agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, to socio-economic dimensions such as improving farmers’ income and livelihoods. Yet one issue that is rarely considered is how the outcomes of restoration initiatives affect different social groups, specifically women, men, and the marginalized. Our study aims to understand the extent of gender and social inclusion in land restoration studies in Ethiopia. Through analyzing 314 peer-reviewed scientific articles on land restoration initiatives and studies for Ethiopia published between 1985 and 2020, we aimed to: i) develop a novel approach that would allow for the semi-automatization of analyzing gender aspects in a large set of scientific documents using machine learning techniques, ii) assessed the current evidence on gender integration in peer-reviewed studies related to RDL, and iii) identified what gender issues are discussed in RDL literature. We employed text mining techniques to analyze the literature for keywords and to classify articles into three main classes: gender blind, gender sensitive, and gender transformative, based on the extent to which gender and social inclusion keywords appeared in the studies. Our analysis showed that gender and social inclusion are rarely considered in landscape restoration studies in Ethiopia, as most studies and interventions are heavily focused on the biophysical and environmental aspects of restoration. Despite an exponential increase in the use of gender and social inclusion keywords after 2005, most of the research (58 percent of articles) remains gender blind. The most frequently used related terms remained generic, e.g. community, access, participatory, and tenure. Only 38% of the studies could be classified as gender sensitive to a certain degree, and a strikingly low number of articles (4 percent) ― which consider the systematic challenges women face ― could be defined as gender transformative. This implies that scientific evidence about how land restoration has benefited men and women, and to what extent it could transform gender and power dynamics, is lacking. Our findings demonstrate the urgent need to consider gender and social inclusion to ensure associated benefits of land restoration practices.
Mayoral elections and partisan dynamics in Africa’s local governments
Resnick, Danielle. 2023
Resnick, Danielle. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/13510347.2023.2189700
Consumer demand for milk and the informal dairy sector amidst COVID-19 in Nairobi, Kenya
Alonso, Silvia; Angel, Moira; Muunda, Emmanuel; Kilonzi, Emily; Palloni, Giordano; Grace, Delia; Leroy, Jef L.. 2023
Alonso, Silvia; Angel, Moira; Muunda, Emmanuel; Kilonzi, Emily; Palloni, Giordano; Grace, Delia; Leroy, Jef L.. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.100058
Abstract | View
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had large negative effects on countries’ economies and individual well-being throughout the world, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Pandemic-related changes in behavior and government restrictions in Kenya may have negatively affected food supply chains and household food access; however, the empirical evidence is currently limited.
Objectives: The study explored changes in informal milk markets, dairy consumption, and food insecurity among low-income households in urban and periurban Nairobi, Kenya, following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.
Methods: Baseline data on milk sales and consumption were collected in late 2019 from dairy vendors operating in the informal sector and their dairy customers. We conducted 2 longitudinal telephone surveys with the same study participants in July and September–October 2020, respectively.
Results: At the first follow-up, the volume of milk sold by informal vendors had dropped by 30% compared with their baseline level, and the volume of milk from informal markets consumed by households decreased by 23%. By the second follow-up, the volume of milk sold and consumed had recovered somewhat but remained lower than the volume observed 1 y prior in the same season. Large reductions in the consumption of other animal–sourced products were also observed. The rate of food insecurity increased by 16 and 11 percentage points in the first and second follow-up periods, respectively, compared with baseline.
Conclusions: The evidence, therefore, suggests that the timing of the pandemic and the related restrictions were associated with a decrease in the supply and consumption of milk from informal markets in Nairobi and a decrease in the food security of periurban consumers.
Objectives: The study explored changes in informal milk markets, dairy consumption, and food insecurity among low-income households in urban and periurban Nairobi, Kenya, following the start of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country.
Methods: Baseline data on milk sales and consumption were collected in late 2019 from dairy vendors operating in the informal sector and their dairy customers. We conducted 2 longitudinal telephone surveys with the same study participants in July and September–October 2020, respectively.
Results: At the first follow-up, the volume of milk sold by informal vendors had dropped by 30% compared with their baseline level, and the volume of milk from informal markets consumed by households decreased by 23%. By the second follow-up, the volume of milk sold and consumed had recovered somewhat but remained lower than the volume observed 1 y prior in the same season. Large reductions in the consumption of other animal–sourced products were also observed. The rate of food insecurity increased by 16 and 11 percentage points in the first and second follow-up periods, respectively, compared with baseline.
Conclusions: The evidence, therefore, suggests that the timing of the pandemic and the related restrictions were associated with a decrease in the supply and consumption of milk from informal markets in Nairobi and a decrease in the food security of periurban consumers.
COVID-19 and food insecurity in Africa: A review of the emerging empirical evidence
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel; Gebrekidan, Bisrat Haile. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel; Gebrekidan, Bisrat Haile. 2023
DOI : 10.1093/erae/jbad008
Abstract | View
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risks rolling back many of the efforts and global successes recorded in reducing poverty and food insecurity. We undertake a systematic search and review of the growing microeconomic literature on the association between COVID-19 and food insecurity in Africa, discussing its implications for food policy and research. Furthermore, we review the various coping strategies households employ to build resilience to COVID-19. The evidence indicates that COVID-19 is associated with an increase in food insecurity both ex-ante and ex-durante. Given the covariate nature of COVID-19 and associated control mechanisms, current evidence is short of providing clear causal learning. We provide some potential interesting areas where future efforts can be geared to improve learning on the relationship between COVID-19, food insecurity, and building resilience to shocks.
Malaria control and elimination in Kenya: Economy-wide benefits and regional disparities
Elnour, Zuhal; Grethe, Harold; Siddig, Khalid; Munga, Stephen . 2023
Elnour, Zuhal; Grethe, Harold; Siddig, Khalid; Munga, Stephen . 2023
DOI : 10.1186/s12936-023-04505-6
Abstract | View
Background
Malaria remains a public health problem in Kenya despite several concerted control efforts. Empirical evidence regarding malaria effects in Kenya suggests that the disease imposes substantial economic costs, jeopardizing the achievement of sustainable development goals. The Kenya Malaria Strategy (2019–2023), which is currently being implemented, is one of several sequential malaria control and elimination strategies. The strategy targets reducing malaria incidences and deaths by 75% of the 2016 levels by 2023 through spending around Kenyan Shillings 61.9 billion over 5 years. This paper assesses the economy-wide implications of implementing this strategy.
Malaria remains a public health problem in Kenya despite several concerted control efforts. Empirical evidence regarding malaria effects in Kenya suggests that the disease imposes substantial economic costs, jeopardizing the achievement of sustainable development goals. The Kenya Malaria Strategy (2019–2023), which is currently being implemented, is one of several sequential malaria control and elimination strategies. The strategy targets reducing malaria incidences and deaths by 75% of the 2016 levels by 2023 through spending around Kenyan Shillings 61.9 billion over 5 years. This paper assesses the economy-wide implications of implementing this strategy.
Methods
An economy-wide simulation model is calibrated to a comprehensive 2019 database for Kenya, considering different epidemiological zones. Two scenarios are simulated with the model. The first scenario (GOVT) simulates the annual costs of implementing the Kenya Malaria Strategy by increasing government expenditure on malaria control and elimination programmes. The second scenario (LABOR) reduces malaria incidences by 75% in all epidemiological malaria zones without accounting for the changes in government expenditure, which translates into rising the household labour endowment (benefits of the strategy).
Results
Implementing the Kenya Malaria Strategy (2019–2023) enhances gross domestic product at the end of the strategy implementation period due to more available labour. In the short term, government health expenditure (direct malaria costs) increases significantly, which is critical in controlling and eliminating malaria. Expanding the health sector raises the demand for production factors, such as labour and capital. The prices for these factors rise, boosting producer and consumer prices of non-health-related products. Consequently, household welfare decreases during the strategy implementation period. In the long run, household labour endowment increases due to reduced malaria incidences and deaths (indirect malaria costs). However, the size of the effects varies across malaria epidemiological and agroecological zones depending on malaria prevalence and factor ownership.
Conclusions
This paper provides policymakers with an ex-ante assessment of the implications of malaria control and elimination on household welfare across various malaria epidemiological zones. These insights assist in developing and implementing related policy measures that reduce the undesirable effects in the short run. Besides, the paper supports an economically beneficial long-term malaria control and elimination effect.
Stories of change in nutrition in Burkina Faso 1992–2018: a macro-level perspective
Turowska, Zuzanna; Buttarelli, Emilie; Sombie, Issa; Nisbett, Nicholas; van den Bold, Mara; Becquey, Elodie. 2023
Turowska, Zuzanna; Buttarelli, Emilie; Sombie, Issa; Nisbett, Nicholas; van den Bold, Mara; Becquey, Elodie. 2023
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01331-7
Abstract | View
Looking back at the development of successful enabling environments for nutrition may inform policymakers on how to accelerate progress to end all forms of malnutrition by 2030. As under-five stunting declined substantially in Burkina Faso, from a peak at 45% in 1998/99 to 25% in 2018, we analyzed through a stories of change approach the actors, ideas, initiatives, policies and capacities which enabled wide-scale nutrition progress. We triangulated findings from policy analysis, stakeholder mapping, and national-level semi-structured interviews (n = 20). We found that since 2002, nutrition has been anchored in the Ministry of Health, where leadership advocated for the creation of coordination bodies, enabling a coherent defining of nutrition and laying groundwork for better integration of nutrition into and prioritization of nutrition by the health and tangential ministries. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Health and its partners, horizontal and vertical coherence in nutrition action increased, through effective cooperation between nutrition actors; increasing intersectoral collaboration, particularly with the influential agriculture sector; and increasing funding to support nutrition-sensitive programming and build the capacity of nutrition staff. Nevertheless, sustainably organizing funding and human resources at the decentralized level remained challenging, in a context of emerging threats such as climate change and insecurity. Burkina Faso’s health sector’s success in creating an enabling environment for nutrition may have contributed to improvements in child nutrition alongside other sectoral improvements. Enhancing accountability of the Health, Agriculture, WASH, Education and Social Protection sectors and empowering decentralized bodies to take nutrition-relevant decisions may help accelerating progress in nutrition.
Valuing control over income and time use: A field experiment in Rwanda
Hickman, William; Kramer, Berber; Mollerstrom, Johanna; Seymour, Greg. Fairfax, VA 2023
Hickman, William; Kramer, Berber; Mollerstrom, Johanna; Seymour, Greg. Fairfax, VA 2023
Abstract | View
Agricultural development programs often aim to increase women’s incomes and to enhance their control over family resources by offering new work opportunities, but as an unintended negative consequence, these programs may further increase women’s already heavy workloads. By means of a lab-in-the-field experiment in rural Rwanda, we elicit men’s and women’s valuations of control over income, time use, and trade-offs between them. We find that women are willing to sacrifice more household income to increase their control over income than their husbands are. However, the magnitude of respondents’ valuations of control over income is low. On the other hand, both women and men place a high value on time, and this relationship does not vary by gender. Consequently, development programs introducing time-saving practices, technologies, and services may have more positive welfare impacts than programs that primarily increase control over monetary resources.
COVID-19 disruptions and pivoting in SMEs in the hidden middle of Kenya’s potato and fish value chains
Naziri, Diego; Belton, Ben; Loison, Sarah Alobo; Reardon, Thomas; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia; Kaguongo, Wachira; Maina, Kelvin; Ogello, Erick; Obiero, Kevin. 2023
Naziri, Diego; Belton, Ben; Loison, Sarah Alobo; Reardon, Thomas; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia; Kaguongo, Wachira; Maina, Kelvin; Ogello, Erick; Obiero, Kevin. 2023
DOI : 10.22434/IFAMR2022.0120
Abstract | View
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Kenya were severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions put in place to contain it. This study assesses the impact of these restrictions on the midstream of the potato and fish value chains, with a focus on traders and processors, and investigates the short- and longer-term responses and ‘pivoting’ strategies deployed by these firms. Longitudinal data were collected from 937 respondents with three recall periods: (1) the pre-pandemic situation (2019); (2) the period of strictest restrictions, necessitating immediate adaptations by firms (2020); and (3) a period of anticipated recovery with longer-term business adaptation strategies (2021). Firms in both value chains reported a dramatic drop in turnover in 2020. Potato SMEs partially recovered in 2021, but fish SMEs reported further declines in turnover. In the face of restrictions, SMEs shifted toward more localized procurement and sales, shorter supply chains (often by-passing intermediaries and increasing use of contracts), use of smaller vehicles, and toward the adoption of information and communication technology (ICT) to search for and engage with business partners. Smaller firms and the biggest of businesses were more resilient and less subject to large fluctuations in business turnover, suggesting an inverted U-shape relationship between firm size and impact. Firms located close to production areas and selling primarily within their own county were also less affected. We provide recommendations for increasing business resilience to shocks based on these findings.
Evaluating the impacts of watershed rehabilitation and irrigation interventions on vegetation greenness and soil erosion using remote sensing and biophysical modelling in Feresmay watershed in Ethiopia
Bayissa, Yared; Dile, Yihun; Srinivasan, Raghavan; Ringler, Claudia; Lefore, Nicole; Worqlul, A. W.. 2023
Bayissa, Yared; Dile, Yihun; Srinivasan, Raghavan; Ringler, Claudia; Lefore, Nicole; Worqlul, A. W.. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/27669645.2023.2202968
Abstract | View
Soil erosion and subsequent land degradation undermine efforts to ensure food security and environmental sustainability in Ethiopia. The government of Ethiopia has implemented extensive soil and water conservation (SWC) programs in severely degraded and food-insecure areas of the country, in some cases integrated with subsequent or parallel irrigation development. However, the effectiveness of these interventions has not been extensively evaluated. This study, therefore, evaluates the performance and impacts of SWC practices in terms of improving vegetation greenness and reducing soil erosion in Feresmay watershed in Ethiopia. Long-term Landsat-based Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) were used for change-detection analysis before and after the implementation of various SWC interventions. The results revealed the positive impacts of SWC interventions in improving the vegetation greenness and soil erosion reduction although the outcome varied by intervention. Increased vegetation greenness was observed largely in areas where area closure with catchment treatment (ACCT) and impacts of irrigation (IRR) interventions are dominant, while relatively little impact was observed at the watershed level analysis. Although these interventions helped to reduce soil loss, the results highlighted the need for more SWC interventions to minimise further soil loss.
Micro insights on the pathways to agricultural transformation: Comparative evidence from Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
Amare, Mulubrhan; Parvathi, Priyanka; Nguyen, Trung Thanh. 2023
Amare, Mulubrhan; Parvathi, Priyanka; Nguyen, Trung Thanh. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/cjag.12326
Abstract | View
Most studies of agricultural transformation document the impact of agricultural income growth on macroeconomic indicators of development. Much less is known about the micro-scale changes within the farming sector that signal a transformation precipitated by agricultural income growth. This study provides a comparative analysis of the patterns of micro-level changes that occur among small-holder farmers in Uganda and Malawi in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and Thailand and Vietnam in Southeast Asia (SEA). Our analysis provides several important insights on agricultural transformation in these two regions. First, agricultural income in all examined countries is vulnerable to changes in precipitation and temperature, an effect that is nonlinear and asymmetric. SSA countries are more vulnerable to these weather changes. Second, exogenous increases in agricultural income in previous years improve non-farm income and trigger a change in labor allocation within the rural sector in SEA. However, this is the opposite in SSA where the increase in agricultural income reduces non-farm income, indicating a substitution effect between farm and non-farm sectors. These findings reveal clear agricultural transformation driven by agricultural income in SEA but no similar evidence in SSA.
The double-edged sword of keeping livestock: Balancing nutritional benefits with disease risks in poor nations
Zerfu, Taddese. 2023
Zerfu, Taddese. 2023
Abstract | View
In many low- and lower-middle-income countries, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where mixed crop-livestock farming is widely practiced, livestock keeping provides income, food, nutrition and other benefits for the rural poor. The nutritional benefits of livestock keeping are particularly important since malnutrition continues to cause nearly half of annual global child deaths, and can have lasting effects on the physical growth and cognitive development of millions of surviving children. However, the relationship between livestock keeping, human nutrition and the health of most vulnerable population groups—under-five children and women of reproductive age—has remained a complex problem in many LMICs. This problem prompted us to work together and synthesize global evidence to assess the role of livestock keeping on the health and nutritional status of children and women in LMICs.
Our study synthesized data from 176 papers after screening and critically reviewing information from 12 electronic databases that produced a total of 34,402 unique references and grey literature sources published between 1991 and the end of 2020. Based on the systematic analysis of the papers, we found that nearly two out of every five (42%) of the papers reviewed showed that livestock production is associated with improved height-for-age Z score (indicator of chronic malnutrition). Our analysis also showed that weight-for-length/height Z score (an indicator of acute malnutrition) improved through livestock production. Similarly, close to a third (30.7%) of the papers reviewed showed that weight-for-age Z scores (a direct indicator of both chronic and acute malnutrition) of children improved through livestock production of families. Livestock production has also showed a positive or neutral relationship with women’s nutritional status in almost all the reported papers. However, close to four-fifths (79.5%) of the papers reporting on infection and morbidity outcomes also indicated that livestock keeping is linked to a wide range of infectious disease outcomes, which are spread primarily through water, food, and insects.
Feeding Africa: How small-scale irrigation can help farmers to change the game
Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia. 2023
Bryan, Elizabeth; Ringler, Claudia. 2023
Abstract | View
Unlike large-acreage government irrigation schemes, small-scale irrigation is typically farmer led. Farmers decide what technologies to use to extract water, be it manual lifting or solar water pumps. They also choose the mode of irrigation, whether by buckets or drip kits. Farmers purchase, run and maintain the operation themselves on their own farms or as part of small groups of farmers.
Small-scale irrigation can help smallholder farmers to increase agricultural productivity and incomes. It can be scaled quickly and without large public investments. For these reasons, it can contribute more rapidly to the achievement of national agricultural and development goals, compared to large irrigation schemes.
Assessing multicountry programs through a “Reach, Benefit, Empower, Transform” lens
Quisumbing, Agnes; Gerli, Beatrice; Faas, Simone; Heckert, Jessica; Malapit, Hazel; McCarron, Catherine; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth; Paz, Florencia. 2023
Quisumbing, Agnes; Gerli, Beatrice; Faas, Simone; Heckert, Jessica; Malapit, Hazel; McCarron, Catherine; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth; Paz, Florencia. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2023.100685
Revisiting poverty trends and the role of social protection systems in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abay, Kibrom A.; Yonzan, Nishant; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tafere, Kibrom. 2023
Abay, Kibrom A.; Yonzan, Nishant; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tafere, Kibrom. 2023
DOI : 10.1093/jae/ejac041
Abstract | View
Quantifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on poverty in Africa has been as difficult as predicting the path of the pandemic, mainly due to data limitations. The advent of new data sources, including national accounts and phone survey data, provides an opportunity for a thorough reassessment of the impact of the pandemic and the subsequent expansion of social protection systems on the evolution of poverty in Africa. In this paper, we combine per capita GDP growth from national accounts with data from High-Frequency Phone Surveys for several countries to estimate the net impact of the pandemic on poverty. We find that the pandemic has increased poverty in Africa by 1.5 to 1.7 percentage points in 2020, relatively smaller than early estimates and projections. We also find that countries affected by Fragility, Conflict and Violence experienced the greatest increases in poverty, about 2.1 percentage points in 2020. Furthermore, we assess and synthesize empirical evidence on the role that social protection systems played in mitigating the adverse impact of the COVID-19 crisis in Africa. We review social protection responses in various African countries, mainly focusing on the impact of these programs and effectiveness of targeting systems. Although the evidence base on the protective role of social protection programs during the pandemic remains scarce, we highlight important findings on the impacts of these programs while also uncovering some vulnerabilities in social protection programming in Africa. We finally draw important lessons related to the delivery, targeting and impact of various social protection programs launched in Africa in response to the pandemic.
Cash plus programming and intimate partner violence: A qualitative evaluation of the benefits of group-based platforms for delivering activities in support of the Ethiopian government’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP)
Buller, Ana Maria; Pichon, Marjorie; Hidrobo, Melissa; Mulford, Michael; Amare, Tseday; Sintayehu, Wastina; Tadesse, Seifu; Ranganathan, Meghna. 2023
Buller, Ana Maria; Pichon, Marjorie; Hidrobo, Melissa; Mulford, Michael; Amare, Tseday; Sintayehu, Wastina; Tadesse, Seifu; Ranganathan, Meghna. 2023
DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069939
Abstract | View
Objectives: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health challenge but there is evidence that cash and cash ‘plus’ interventions reduce IPV. An increasingly popular design feature of these kind of interventions is the group-based modality for delivering plus activities, however, evidence of the mechanisms through which this modality of delivery impacts IPV is limited. We explore how the group-based modality of delivering plus activities that complemented the Government of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme contributed to modifying intermediate outcomes on the pathway to IPV. Design: Qualitative study using in-depth interviews and focus group discussions between February and March 2020. Data were analysed using a thematic content and gender lens approach. Findings were interpreted, refined and drafted in collaboration with our local research partners. Setting: Amhara and Oromia regions in Ethiopia. Participants: In total 115 men and women beneficiaries from the Strengthen PSNP4 Institutions and Resilience (SPIR) programme took part in the study. Fifty-eight were interviewed and 57 took part in 7 focus group discussions. Results: We found that Village Economic and Social Associations—through which SPIR activities were delivered—improved financial security and increased economic resilience against income shocks. The group-based delivery of plus activities to couples appeared to enhance individual agency, collective power and social networks, which in turn strengthened social support, gender relations and joint decision-making. Critical reflective dialogues provided a reference group to support the shift away from social norms that condone IPV. Finally, there appeared to be gender differences, with men highlighting the financial benefits and enhanced social status afforded by the groups, whereas women’s accounts focused primarily on strengthened social networks and social capital. Conclusion: Our study offers important insights into the mechanisms by which the group-based delivery of plus activities affects intermediate outcomes on the pathway to IPV. It underscores the importance of the modality of delivery in such programmes, and suggests that policy-makers should consider gender-specific needs as men and women might differentially benefit from interventions that enhance social capital to generate gender transformative impacts.
Report on small-scale irrigation’s contributions to increased income, economic growth and market opportunities
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation. 2023
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation. 2023
Abstract | View
Farmers, entrepreneurs, and businesses are already leading the way by expanding irrigation in response to climate variability and the growing demand for vegetables and fruit through supplemental and dry-season irrigated production. Increasing commercialization creates market opportunities throughout irrigated value chains. The Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation (ILSSI), has supported research and partnerships with companies and producer groups to innovate technologies, share information, and develop inclusive, market-based approaches that catalyze investment in irrigation.
Wheat price hikes and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa
Laborde Debucquet, David; Piñeiro, Valeria. 2023
Laborde Debucquet, David; Piñeiro, Valeria. 2023
DOI : 10.1038/s43016-023-00738-5
Nigerians in poverty consume little wheat and wheat self-sufficiency programmes will not protect them from price shocks related to the Russia–Ukraine conflict
Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Reardon, Thomas; Parkhi, Charuta M.; Dolislager, Michael. 2023
Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Reardon, Thomas; Parkhi, Charuta M.; Dolislager, Michael. 2023
DOI : 10.1038/s43016-023-00722-z
Abstract | View
The Russia–Ukraine conflict has prompted calls for resource diversification and wheat self-sufficiency programmes in import-dependent regions. Here we show that this approach would have minimal impact on poor Nigerians as wheat constitutes only 4% of their total food consumption and 8% of their starchy staple consumption. In contrast, millets, rice, cassava and tubers are ten times more important—highlighting the need for careful consideration of country-context consumption patterns in response to external food system shocks.
Building back fairer from the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa
Arndt, Channing; Davies, Robert J.; Gabriel, Sherwin; Harris, Lawrence; Sachs, Michael. South Africa 2023
Arndt, Channing; Davies, Robert J.; Gabriel, Sherwin; Harris, Lawrence; Sachs, Michael. South Africa 2023
Abstract | View
On 27 August 2019, National Treasury released a document titled ‘Economic transformation, inclusive growth, and competitiveness: A contribution towards a growth agenda for the South African economy’. Perhaps as a response to the long title, the document became popularly known as “the 77-pager”. No document that proposes a substantial reform economic programme is universally embraced; however, the 77-pager did receive some important plaudits. For example, The Economist magazine described it as “replete with sensible ideas that could form the basis of a new ‘growth strategy’” (The Economist 2019). National Treasury (2019) estimated that the proposed reforms would, following implementation, raise potential growth by 2.3 percentage points (above the baseline) and create over 1 million additional jobs.
‘Joy, not sorrow’: Men's perspectives on gender, violence, and cash transfers targeted to women in northern Ghana
Pereira, Audrey; Akaligaung, Akalpa J.; Aborigo, Raymond; Peterman, Amber; Palermo, Tia; Barrington, Clare. 2023
Pereira, Audrey; Akaligaung, Akalpa J.; Aborigo, Raymond; Peterman, Amber; Palermo, Tia; Barrington, Clare. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100275
Abstract | View
Evidence indicates that cash transfers can decrease intimate partner violence (IPV) against women, although most research has focused on women's perspectives and experiences, with less attention to men. We analyzed data from four focus group discussions with male partners of women who participated in the Ghana Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) 1000 cash transfer program. We elicited men's perceptions of poverty, relationship dynamics, IPV and cash transfers targeted to their wives using thematic analysis. Men largely viewed the effects of the cash transfer as positive – they felt decreased provider role strain when women used the cash to cover household expenses such as food and school fees. Men also indicated that they felt respected when women used the cash to cover sudden expenses, such as funeral costs, thus preventing the need to borrow from community members and exposing their inability to fulfill provider roles. These feelings of relief and respect helped improve men's overall wellbeing, their marital relationships and reduced the potential for IPV. Despite these positive results, men revealed that they still expected to be informed and consulted about the transfer and its expenditure, and felt disrespected when women did not do so, thus heightening the potential for household conflict. Further research and innovation in programming is needed to integrate gender transformative strategies into cash transfer programs, explicitly aimed at changing gender norms to enhance and sustain beneficial impacts on gender relations and IPV.
Can a gender-sensitive integrated poultry value chain and nutrition intervention increase women's empowerment among the rural poor in Burkina Faso?
Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Sanou, Armande; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Gelli, Aulo. 2023
Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Sanou, Armande; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Gelli, Aulo. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103026
Abstract | View
Understanding the types of food systems interventions that foster women's empowerment and the types of women that are able to benefit from different interventions is important for development policy. SELEVER was a gender- and nutrition-sensitive poultry production intervention implemented in western Burkina Faso from 2017 to 2020 that aimed to empower women. We evaluated SELEVER using a mixed-methods cluster-randomized controlled trial, which included survey data from 1763 households at baseline and endline and a sub-sample for two interim lean season surveys. We used the multidimensional project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI), which consists of 12 binary indicators, underlying count versions of 10 of these, an aggregate empowerment score (continuous) and a binary aggregate empowerment indicator, all for women and men. Women's and men's scores were compared to assess gender parity. We also assessed impacts on health and nutrition agency using the pro-WEAI health and nutrition module. We estimated program impact using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models and examined whether there were differential impacts by flock size or among those who participated in program activities (treatment on the treated). Program impacts on empowerment and gender parity were null, despite the program's multipronged and gender-sensitive approach. Meanwhile, results of the in-depth gender-focused qualitative work conducted near the project mid-point found there was greater awareness in the community of women's time burden and their economic contributions, but it did not seem that awareness led to increased empowerment of women. We reflect on possible explanations for the null findings. One notable explanation may be the lack of a productive asset transfer, which have previously been shown to be essential, but not sufficient, for the empowerment of women in agricultural development programs. We consider these findings in light of current debates on asset transfers. Unfortunately, null impacts on women's empowerment are not uncommon, and it is important to learn from such findings to strengthen future program design and delivery.
Strengthening agricultural extension training: Process skills and competency gaps in undergraduate agricultural extension curriculum in South Africa
von Maltitz, Lindie; Davis, Kristin; Suvedi, Murari; Chanza, Charity; Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Sasidhar, P. V. K.; Ukamaka, Dimelu, Mabel; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Anugwa, Ifeoma Quinette; Tchuwa, Frank . East Lansing, MI 2023
von Maltitz, Lindie; Davis, Kristin; Suvedi, Murari; Chanza, Charity; Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Sasidhar, P. V. K.; Ukamaka, Dimelu, Mabel; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Anugwa, Ifeoma Quinette; Tchuwa, Frank . East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | View
Assessment of process skills and competency gaps in undergraduate (UG) agricultural extension curriculum can assist in developing competency-based curricula which in turn could enhance the efficiency of agricultural extension and advisory services (AEAS) in South Africa. The Michigan State University Alliance for African Partnership (AAP) launched a multi-country study to contribute to upgrading and tailoring the agricultural extension curricula at participating institutions. The research aims to identify skills and competency gaps in undergraduate agricultural extension curricula in the participating countries – Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda - and use the results to contribute to formulating appropriate curricula. The research questions are:
1. Do extension programs effectively address the needs of current food and agricultural systems?
2. What are the critical job skills and core competencies required of extension workers to effectively plan, implement, and evaluate extension work in today’s changing context?
3. Does the undergraduate curriculum in extension education include education and/or training on these job skills or core competencies?
4. What are the barriers to effectively training extension workers with required core competencies, and how can these barriers be removed?
The study undertaken in the above participating countries assessed 11 process skills and competencies: program planning, program implementation, communication and public relations, information and communication technologies (ICTs), program evaluation, personal
and professional development, diversity and gender, technical subject matter expertise, marketing, brokering and value chain development, soft skills and nutrition skills and competencies. These were assessed qualitatively using focus group discussions (FGDs) and quantitatively using an online questionnaire with two Likert scale based questions: “How important is this skill or competency for an extension worker?” and “How well does the undergraduate extension curriculum cover this competency?”.
1. Do extension programs effectively address the needs of current food and agricultural systems?
2. What are the critical job skills and core competencies required of extension workers to effectively plan, implement, and evaluate extension work in today’s changing context?
3. Does the undergraduate curriculum in extension education include education and/or training on these job skills or core competencies?
4. What are the barriers to effectively training extension workers with required core competencies, and how can these barriers be removed?
The study undertaken in the above participating countries assessed 11 process skills and competencies: program planning, program implementation, communication and public relations, information and communication technologies (ICTs), program evaluation, personal
and professional development, diversity and gender, technical subject matter expertise, marketing, brokering and value chain development, soft skills and nutrition skills and competencies. These were assessed qualitatively using focus group discussions (FGDs) and quantitatively using an online questionnaire with two Likert scale based questions: “How important is this skill or competency for an extension worker?” and “How well does the undergraduate extension curriculum cover this competency?”.
Process skills and competency gaps in undergraduate agricultural extension curriculum in Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya
Ukamaka, Dimelu, Mabel; von Maltitz, Lindie; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Suvedi, Murari; Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Chanza, Charity; Sasidhar, P. V. K.; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; Ifeonu, Chidimma Frances; Davis, Kristin; Anugwa, Ifeoma Quinette; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Tchuwa, Frank; Elapata, Maheshwari S. . East Lansing, MI 2023
Ukamaka, Dimelu, Mabel; von Maltitz, Lindie; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Suvedi, Murari; Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Chanza, Charity; Sasidhar, P. V. K.; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; Ifeonu, Chidimma Frances; Davis, Kristin; Anugwa, Ifeoma Quinette; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Tchuwa, Frank; Elapata, Maheshwari S. . East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | View
Process skills and core competencies are basic sets of knowledge, skills, abilities, and behaviors that agricultural extension professionals require to perform their tasks effectively. Periodic review of undergraduate (UG) agricultural extension curricula is necessary to train graduates with core process skills and competencies that will enable sustainable food security, improved livelihoods, and natural resource conservation. The study reviewed the UG agricultural extension curriculum used in fi ve MSU-AAP Consortium member universities covering Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya with the following research questions:
1. What are the curriculum development processes in MSU-AAP universities?
2. What are the structure and contents of the UG agricultural extension curriculum?
3. What instructional methods are used for the transaction of the UG curriculum?
4. What core process skills and competencies are covered in the curriculum?
5. What are the strengths and gaps in the UG agricultural extension curriculum in Africa?
Data were collected through a desktop review of curriculum documents for agricultural extension training programs offered at the universities and literature on the competency needs of extension professionals. The courses in agricultural extension approved by the countries’ national regulatory bodies / institutions and taught in universities were reviewed. The contents were evaluated against the available literature on current and emerging functions of agricultural extension professionals and expected competencies, and reviewed scholarly work on capacity needs analysis of extension advisory services (EASs) to develop a framework for assessing the UG agricultural extension curricula at the universities. Eleven competencies domains were identifi ed and operationalized: program planning; program implementation; communication; ICTs; program monitoring and evaluation; personal and professional development; diversity and gender; marketing, brokering, and value chain development; extension soft skills; nutrition; and technical subject matter expertise. The number of courses in the UG agricultural extension curriculum that addressed each competence domain was identified and evaluated.
1. What are the curriculum development processes in MSU-AAP universities?
2. What are the structure and contents of the UG agricultural extension curriculum?
3. What instructional methods are used for the transaction of the UG curriculum?
4. What core process skills and competencies are covered in the curriculum?
5. What are the strengths and gaps in the UG agricultural extension curriculum in Africa?
Data were collected through a desktop review of curriculum documents for agricultural extension training programs offered at the universities and literature on the competency needs of extension professionals. The courses in agricultural extension approved by the countries’ national regulatory bodies / institutions and taught in universities were reviewed. The contents were evaluated against the available literature on current and emerging functions of agricultural extension professionals and expected competencies, and reviewed scholarly work on capacity needs analysis of extension advisory services (EASs) to develop a framework for assessing the UG agricultural extension curricula at the universities. Eleven competencies domains were identifi ed and operationalized: program planning; program implementation; communication; ICTs; program monitoring and evaluation; personal and professional development; diversity and gender; marketing, brokering, and value chain development; extension soft skills; nutrition; and technical subject matter expertise. The number of courses in the UG agricultural extension curriculum that addressed each competence domain was identified and evaluated.
Strengthening agricultural extension training in Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya
Suvedi, Murari; Sasidhar, P. V. K.; Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Chanza, Charity; Ukamaka, Mabel Dimelu; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Anugwa, Ifeoma Quinette; Tchuwa, Frank; Davis, Kristin; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; von Maltitz, Lindie; Ifeonu, Chidimma Frances; Elapata, Maheshwari S.. East Lansing, MI 2023
Suvedi, Murari; Sasidhar, P. V. K.; Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Chanza, Charity; Ukamaka, Mabel Dimelu; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Anugwa, Ifeoma Quinette; Tchuwa, Frank; Davis, Kristin; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; von Maltitz, Lindie; Ifeonu, Chidimma Frances; Elapata, Maheshwari S.. East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | View
To strengthen the agricultural extension curriculum, the present study was undertaken in sub-Saharan Africa covering Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya during 2021-2023. The population for the study was agricultural extension professionals within these fi ve countries drawn from universities, public- sector organizations, private- sector organizations, and NGOs. Mixed- method research design, comprising quantitative and qualitative approaches, was employed to assess the process skills and competency gaps in undergraduate (UG) agricultural extension curricula with the following research questions and objectives:
Research Questions
1. Do extension programs effectively address the needs of current food and agricultural systems?
2. What are the critical job skills and core competencies required of extension workers to effectively plan, implement, and evaluate extension work in today’s changing context?
3. Does the UG curriculum in extension education include education and/or training on these job skills or core competencies?
4. What are the barriers to effectively training extension workers with required core competencies, and how can these barriers be removed?
Objectives
1. Review agricultural extension curricula currently in use at AAP member universities at the UG level in Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya.
2. Identify critical process skills and competencies of agricultural extension professionals, process skills gaps, and areas of potential curricular reform.
3. Recommend improvements/reforms of agricultural extension curricula to prepare the next generation of agricultural extension professionals to competently handle EASs delivery.
4. Introduce new/improved curricula among the agricultural extension faculty engaged in training and education in sub-Saharan countries.
The study assessed 11 process skills and competencies -- program planning; program implementation; communication; information and communication technologies (ICTs;, program monitoring and evaluation; personal and professional development; diversity and gender; marketing, brokering, and value chain development; extension soft skills; nutrition; and technical subject matter expertise.
Research Questions
1. Do extension programs effectively address the needs of current food and agricultural systems?
2. What are the critical job skills and core competencies required of extension workers to effectively plan, implement, and evaluate extension work in today’s changing context?
3. Does the UG curriculum in extension education include education and/or training on these job skills or core competencies?
4. What are the barriers to effectively training extension workers with required core competencies, and how can these barriers be removed?
Objectives
1. Review agricultural extension curricula currently in use at AAP member universities at the UG level in Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya.
2. Identify critical process skills and competencies of agricultural extension professionals, process skills gaps, and areas of potential curricular reform.
3. Recommend improvements/reforms of agricultural extension curricula to prepare the next generation of agricultural extension professionals to competently handle EASs delivery.
4. Introduce new/improved curricula among the agricultural extension faculty engaged in training and education in sub-Saharan countries.
The study assessed 11 process skills and competencies -- program planning; program implementation; communication; information and communication technologies (ICTs;, program monitoring and evaluation; personal and professional development; diversity and gender; marketing, brokering, and value chain development; extension soft skills; nutrition; and technical subject matter expertise.
Agricultural extension and advisory services in Nigeria, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, and Kenya
Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Suvedi, Murari; Chanza, Charity; Davis, Kristin; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo . East Lansing, MI 2023
Agwu, Ekwe Agwu; Suvedi, Murari; Chanza, Charity; Davis, Kristin; Oywaya-Nkurumwa, Anges; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo . East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | View
Agricultural extension and advisory services is a system that facilitates access of farmers or their organizations to new knowledge, information and technologies and promotes interaction with research, education, agri‐business, and other relevant institutions to assist them in
developing their own technical, organizational and management skills and practices. It can interpret and explain the language of modern technology to farmers, fi shers and ranchers (Suvedi and Kaplowitz, 2016).
Various forms of agricultural extension services exist throughout the world. Their primary functions have been to facilitate learning and extend new knowledge and technologies in non-formal educational settings to improve agricultural productivity and increase farmers’ incomes. The nomenclature of extension service providers varies by country. The frontline workers are known as agricultural extension workers, agricultural extension offi cers, extension educators, livestock development offi cers, fi shery technicians, and community forestry and/or natural resources management officers.
developing their own technical, organizational and management skills and practices. It can interpret and explain the language of modern technology to farmers, fi shers and ranchers (Suvedi and Kaplowitz, 2016).
Various forms of agricultural extension services exist throughout the world. Their primary functions have been to facilitate learning and extend new knowledge and technologies in non-formal educational settings to improve agricultural productivity and increase farmers’ incomes. The nomenclature of extension service providers varies by country. The frontline workers are known as agricultural extension workers, agricultural extension offi cers, extension educators, livestock development offi cers, fi shery technicians, and community forestry and/or natural resources management officers.
Report on climate change, water resources, and irrigation sustainability
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation. 2023
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation. 2023
Abstract | View
Individual farmer investments have the potential to fill the gap in public investments and be more cost-effective than large-scale irrigation. However, this development primarily occurs outside of formal systems. Water depletion and declining water quality in some areas of Africa and Southeast Asia suggest the need for careful planning and monitoring of small-scale irrigation to support resilience and avoid maladaptation. ILSSI research partners sought to support decision-makers to understand where and how water can be sustainably used by small-scale irrigators, employing and strengthening capacity for tools to manage competing demands and mitigate the risks to water security. Research partnerships also guided organizations and companies to deploy solar irrigation technologies based on biophysical and socio-economic suitability. Working with farmers, water users, and extension services, the project aimed to improve on-farming water management practices and engage communities to help safeguard water resources.
Report on gender Inclusion in small-scale irrigation
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation. 2023
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation. 2023
Abstract | View
Introducing small-scale irrigation can bring opportunities for empowerment and exclusion. To support equity and inclusion, projects must go beyond technology access alone. Situated outside formal public programs, companies and organizations must design market or public interventions to reach women through their preferred information sources, offer technologies suitable for multiple purposes, provide relevant financial tools and credit products, and facilitate market linkages and household cooperation that can help women turn a profit from irrigation. Opportunities for women in irrigated production and value chains can significantly increase the overall number of people adopting and benefitting from small-scale irrigation.
Fragility, conflict, and migration
Kosec, Katrina; Laderach, Peter; and Ruckstuhl, Sandra. 2023
Kosec, Katrina; Laderach, Peter; and Ruckstuhl, Sandra. 2023
Abstract | View
Fragility, Conflict, and Migration addresses challenges to livelihood, food, and climate security faced by some of the most vulnerable populations worldwide. The Initiative focuses on building climate resilience, promoting gender equity, and fostering social inclusion. It forms part of CGIAR’s new Research Portfolio, delivering science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis.
Climate shock response and resilience of smallholder farmers in the drylands of south-eastern Zimbabwe
Nkonya, Ephraim; Kato, Edward; Msimanga, Mthabisi; Nyathi, Nomqhele. 2023
Nkonya, Ephraim; Kato, Edward; Msimanga, Mthabisi; Nyathi, Nomqhele. 2023
DOI : 10.3389/fclim.2023.890465
Abstract | View
Climatic shocks are exerting pressure on livelihoods of Zimbabwe's smallholder farmer—who irrigate only 2% of their farms. The smallholder farmers in drought-prone areas are more exposed to drought because of their limited ability to cope with shocks and their greater concentration in less favorable climatic regions. This study was done to analyze shock-response approaches, which farmers use to cope with climatic shocks. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to analyze impact of World Vision Zimbabwe (WVZ) and other actors' interventions on farmer resilience to climatic shocks. Results show that mixed cropping and diversification in general were among the major strategies that pastoralists and crop farmers used to cope with climatic shocks. Crop farmers diversified types of crops as well as raising livestock. Similarly, pastoralists started growing short-term crops. Other coping strategies included intercropping, selling livestock, moving livestock to other places that did not experience drought. Both crop producers and livestock keepers engaged in nonfarm activities. About 60% of WVZ households reported that World Vision and partners helped them respond to shock and build resilience against climate change. These coping strategies had favorable impacts on household welfare. Diversification increased dietary diversity index by more than two and the increase was much greater among female-headed households than male-headed households. The WVZ intervention also significantly reduced the odds of going to bed without eating food or sleeping hungry. Non-farm income and value of assets for WVZ beneficiaries increased by about 20% and by 22% among treated female-headed households. The results show that diversification and providing grass root training of smallholder farmers increases their resilience to climate shocks.
Report on nutrition and small-scale irrigation
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation. 2023
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation. 2023
Abstract | View
The evidence on the potential for agricultural interventions to contribute to improved nutrition has grown considerably over the past decade. Numerous studies have explored both positive and negative effects of agriculture on nutrition and health. The Innovation Lab for Small Scale Irrigation has helped to fill the evidence gap on small-scale irrigation and nutrition linkages. The studies, implemented by the International Food Policy Research Institute and national partners, examine the potential of smallscale irrigation as a nutrition-sensitive investment. Through this work, more development partners are recognizing the interconnections and beginning to design irrigation investments to intentionally improve nutritional and health outcomes.
Assessing needs for interdisciplinarity in agriculture, nutrition, and health education
Roshania, Reshma P.; Yates, Joe; McIntyre, Lauren; Chancellor, Tim; Fivian, Emily; Hill, Michael; Isoto, Rosemary; Marinda, Pamela; Narayanan, Sudha; Whatford, Louise; Zotor, Francis; Khandelwal, Shweta . 2023
Roshania, Reshma P.; Yates, Joe; McIntyre, Lauren; Chancellor, Tim; Fivian, Emily; Hill, Michael; Isoto, Rosemary; Marinda, Pamela; Narayanan, Sudha; Whatford, Louise; Zotor, Francis; Khandelwal, Shweta . 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2023.100691
Mediation and moderation roles of resilience capacity in the shock-food-security nexus in northern Ghana
Ansah, Isaac Gershon K.; Kotu, Bekele; Manda, Julius; Muthoni, Francis; Azzarri, Carlo. 2023
Ansah, Isaac Gershon K.; Kotu, Bekele; Manda, Julius; Muthoni, Francis; Azzarri, Carlo. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107894
Abstract | View
This paper examines how resilience capacity mediates or moderates the relationship between weather shocks and household food security based on two waves of farm household survey and satellite-based weather data in northern Ghana and applying econometric models. Results show that resilience capacity moderate or mediates the negative effects of heat stress and drought on food security. However, the mediating role of resilience capacity in the shock-food security nexus is more stable and stronger than its moderating role. A standard deviation (SD) increase in heat stress reduces household food consumption by 0.71 SD, but resilience capacity effectively moderates this effect by approximately 0.61 SD. For drought, household food consumption is reduced by 0.67 SD, but resilience capacity effectively dampens this negative effect by approximately 0.60 SD. The mediation results, on the other hand, indicate that 537% of the total effect of heat stress on household calorie consumption is explained by the indirect effect through resilience capacity. Similarly, resilience capacity mediates about 74% of the total effect of heat stress on household food consumption. These results suggest that strategies that help improve resilience capacity, such as the adoption of sustainable intensification practices, are critical in enhancing food security in northern Ghana.
Risk contingent credit: A stakeholder engagement to inform project expansion in Kenya
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; You, Liangzhi; Girvetz, Evan H.; Ghosh, Aniruddha; Chilambe, Pedro A.. 2023
Timu, Anne G.; Shee, Apurba; You, Liangzhi; Girvetz, Evan H.; Ghosh, Aniruddha; Chilambe, Pedro A.. 2023
Abstract | View
A large proportion of farm households in developing countries face a host of market and production risks that undermine their food security, make their income volatile, and make them hesitant to adopt new technologies or undertake new investments that might increase their long-term productivity and household welfare. Climate-related risks such as floods and droughts remain some of the most pervasive forms of production challenges. Adapting to climate variability and change is essential in safeguarding food security, ensuring economic growth, and advancing climate resilience among smallholder farmers. Recent research has shown that transferring some of the climate-related risks to the insurance market in exchange for a payout can shield the welfare of smallholders from the adverse effects of extreme weather conditions, while agricultural financing can help farmers to acquire and adopt agricultural inputs such as improved seed varieties, fertilizer, pesticides, and herbicides. However, in many developing countries, formal financial markets remain inaccessible to smallholder farmers.
Measuring changes in diet deprivation: New indicators and methods
Pauw, Karl; Ecker, Olivier; Thurlow, James; Comstock, Andrew R.. 2023
Pauw, Karl; Ecker, Olivier; Thurlow, James; Comstock, Andrew R.. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102471
Abstract | View
Improving diet quality is an emerging development policy priority. Existing indicators emphasize the cost and affordability of healthy diets but have not attempted to measure how far households are from ideal diets or how policies may nudge them closer to them. We propose a new Reference Diet Deprivation (ReDD) index, estimated from household consumption survey data, that measures the incidence, breadth, and depth of diet deprivation across multiple food groups. While informative as a standalone measure, we demonstrate how the ReDD index can be integrated into an economic model to examine changes in diet quality under different policy or external shocks. Our Nigerian case study shows that productivity growth in the dairy, pulse & nut, fruit, and red meat value chains have more potential than staple crops to reduce diet deprivation. While these findings have implications for food and agricultural policy prioritization in Nigeria, the study more importantly demonstrates the usefulness of the ReDD index for assessing diet quality and examining the drivers of dietary change when used in conjunction with a simulation model.
Afrique de l'Ouest: Les tracasseries routières aggravent l'insécurité alimentaire
Bouët, Antoine; Sall, Leysa Maty; Traoré, Fousseini. Paris, France 2023
Bouët, Antoine; Sall, Leysa Maty; Traoré, Fousseini. Paris, France 2023
Abstract | View
Créée notamment pour promouvoir le commerce intra-régional de biens dans la région, la Communauté économique des États d'Afrique de l'Ouest devait aussi permettre d'y réduire l'insécurité alimentaire. Mais les « points de sécurité », dressés le long des corridors de commerce par les autorités administratives qui prélèvent des pots-de-vin, sont venus limiter cette ambition. S’élevant jusqu’à 576 dollars aux 100 kms au Togo en 2017, cette corruption se mesure aussi en temps perdu, avec plus de trois heures aux 100 kms. La fin de ces pratiques, équivalentes à une taxe sur le commerce intra-communautaire, pourrait permettre une augmentation de la production de biens alimentaires de 3 % et de la consommation d’au moins 4 %. S’expliquant d’abord par une flotte de camions ne respectant pas les normes de sécurité routière et sanitaire et par des salaires des fonctionnaires faibles et irréguliers, des politiques coercitives ne suffiront pas à en finir avec ces pratiques qui aggravent l’insécurité alimentaire. Des mesures en amont, jouant sur les facteurs économiques à l’origine de la corruption, comme l’insuffisante rémunération des fonctionnaires, la vétusté des infrastructures routières ou des flottes de camions seront nécessaires.
Climate change, income sources, crop mix, and input use decisions: Evidence from Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Balana, Bedru. 2023
Amare, Mulubrhan; Balana, Bedru. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107892
Abstract | View
This paper combines panel data from nationally representative household-level surveys in Nigeria with long-term satellite-based spatial data on temperature and precipitation using geo-referenced information related to households. It aims to quantify the impacts of climate change on agricultural productivity, income shares, crop mix, and input use decisions. We measure climate change in harmful degree days, growing degree days, and changes in precipitation using long-term (30 year) changes in temperature and precipitation anomalies during the crop calendars. We find that, controlling for other factors, a 15% (one standard deviation) increase in change in harmful degree days leads to a decrease in agricultural productivity of 5.22% on average. Similarly, precipitation change has resulted in a significant and negative impact on agricultural productivity. Our results further show that the change in harmful degree days decreases the income share from crops and nonfarm self-employment, while it increases the income share from livestock and wage employment. Examining possible transmission channels for this effect, we find that farmers change their crop mix and input use to respond to climate changes, for instance reducing fertilizer use and seed purchases as a response to increases in extreme heat. Based on our findings, we suggest policy interventions that incentivize adoption of climate-resilient agriculture, such as small-scale irrigation and livelihood diversification. We also propose targeted pro-poor interventions, such as low-cost financing options for improving smallholders' access to climate-proof agricultural inputs and technologies, and policy measures to reduce the inequality of access to livelihood capital such as land and other productive assets.
Effects of an integrated poultry value chain, nutrition, gender and WASH intervention (SELEVER) on hygiene and child morbidity and anthropometry in Burkina Faso: A secondary outcome analysis of a cluster randomised trial
Gelli, Aulo; Collishaw, Anissa; Awonon, Josue; Becquey, Elodie; Diatta, Elodie; Diop, Loty; Headey, Derek; Santacroce, Marco; Alderman, Harold; Ruel, Marie T.. 2023
Gelli, Aulo; Collishaw, Anissa; Awonon, Josue; Becquey, Elodie; Diatta, Elodie; Diop, Loty; Headey, Derek; Santacroce, Marco; Alderman, Harold; Ruel, Marie T.. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13528
Abstract | View
Nutrition-sensitive agriculture programmes have the potential to improve child nutrition outcomes, but livestock intensification may pose risks related to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) conditions. We assessed the impact of SELEVER, a nutrition- and gender-sensitive poultry intervention, with and without added WASH focus, on hygiene practices, morbidity and anthropometric indices of nutrition in children aged 2−4 years in Burkina Faso. A 3-year cluster randomised controlled trial was implemented in 120 villages in 60 communes (districts) supported by the SELEVER project. Communes were randomly assigned using restricted randomisation to one of three groups: (1) SELEVER intervention (n = 446 households); (2) SELEVER plus WASH intervention (n = 432 households); and (3) control without intervention (n = 899 households). The study population included women aged 15−49 years with an index child aged 2−4 years. We assessed the effects 1.5-years (WASH substudy) and 3-years (endline) post-intervention on child morbidity and child anthropometry secondary trial outcomes using mixed effects regression models. Participation in intervention activities was low in the SELEVER groups, ranging from 25% at 1.5 years and 10% at endline. At endline, households in the SELEVER groups had higher caregiver knowledge of WASH-livestock risks (∆ = 0.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.04−0.16]) and were more likely to keep children separated from poultry (∆ = 0.09, 95% CI [0.03−0.15]) than in the control group. No differences were found for other hygiene practices, child morbidity symptoms or anthropometry indicators. Integrating livestock WASH interventions alongside poultry and nutrition interventions can increase knowledge of livestock-related risks and improve livestock-hygiene-related practices, yet may not be sufficient to improve the morbidity and nutritional status of young children.
Ownership of small livestock species, but not aggregate livestock, is associated with an increased risk of anemia among children in Ethiopia: A propensity score matching analysis
Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Abera, Amare; Duncan, Alan; Baltenweck, Isabelle; McNeill, Geraldine . 2023
Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Abera, Amare; Duncan, Alan; Baltenweck, Isabelle; McNeill, Geraldine . 2023
DOI : 10.1002/fsn3.3474
Abstract | View
Consumption of animal source foods, through livestock production, improves children's growth and micronutrient status. However, research on the relationship between livestock ownership and childhood anemia has produced conflicting results. The current study used robust analytical approaches to examine the effect of household livestock ownership on children's anemia using the most recent secondary data from the national demographic and health survey. We followed a 1:1 closest neighborhood propensity score matching analysis. A propensity score was generated using the binary logistic regression model to compute the probability of owning livestock. From a total of 18,008 households enrolled in the latest Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS 2016), data of 721 index children aged 6–59 months from households owning livestock were matched with a comparable number (721) of children from households without livestock. The paired and independent t-test, matched relative risk (RR), and standardized mean differences were used to compare the distributions of hemoglobin concentration and anemia risks between treatment and control groups. Anemia was found in more than half (54.1% and 58.8%) of children aged 6–59 months from livestock-owning and nonowning families, respectively (p > .05). Aggregate ownership of livestock was not associated with hemoglobin concentration or anemia status (RR = 0.95, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] [0.87–1.04]). Species-wise, poultry was associated with a lower (RR = 0.88, 95% CI [0.84–0.95]) anemia risk, while ownership of goat/sheep was associated with higher (RR = 1.10, 95% CI [1.03–1.17]) risk. In conclusion, ownership of small livestock species (sheep/goats and poultry), but not aggregate livestock ownership, was associated with the risk of anemia among children in Ethiopia. Therefore, agriculture-sensitive nutrition, with a One Health lens approach, is recommended to mitigate the high burden of anemia among children in Ethiopia. In the future, a well-controlled interventional study with more extended periods may be required to fully understand the effects of livestock production and highlight the differences seen across livestock species.
Structuring the complexity of integrated landscape approaches into selectable, scalable, and measurable attributes
Waeber, Patrick O.; Carmenta, Rachel; Carmona, Natalia Estrada; Garcia, Claude A.; Falk, Thomas; Fellay, Abigail; Ghazoul, Jaboury; Reed, James; Willemen, Louise; Zhang, Wei; Kleinschroth, Fritz . 2023
Waeber, Patrick O.; Carmenta, Rachel; Carmona, Natalia Estrada; Garcia, Claude A.; Falk, Thomas; Fellay, Abigail; Ghazoul, Jaboury; Reed, James; Willemen, Louise; Zhang, Wei; Kleinschroth, Fritz . 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.envsci.2023.06.003
Abstract | View
Integrated landscape approaches (ILA) aim to reconcile multiple, often competing, interests across agriculture, nature conservation, and other land uses. Recognized ILA design principles provide guidance for implementation, yet application remains challenging, and a strong performance evidence-base is yet to be formed. Through a critical literature review and focus group discussions with practitioners, we identified considerable diversity of ILA in actors, temporal, and spatial scales, inter alia. This diversity hampers learning from and steering ILA because of the intractable nature of the concept. Therefore, we developed a tool—an ‘ILA mixing board’—to structure the complexity of ILA into selectable and scalable attributes in a replicable way to allow planning, diagnosing, and comparing ILA. The ILA mixing board tool presents seven qualifiers, each representing a key attribute of ILA design and performance (for example, project flexibility, inclusiveness of the dialogue, and the centrality of the power distribution). Each qualifier has five (non-normative) outcome indicators that can be registered as present or absent. This process in turn guides planners, evaluators and other participating stakeholders involved in landscape management to diagnose the ILA type, or its performance. We apply the ILA mixing board to three ILA cases in Nicaragua, Madagascar, and the Congo Basin to show some of the many possible configurations of qualifiers on the mixing board. Further application of the tool would allow comparative analysis of the complexity of ILA in a structured and manageable way thereby enhancing the understanding of ILA performance and informing the development of evidence-based land use policy.
Video-based behavioral change communication to change consumption patterns: Experimental evidence from urban Ethiopia
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Baye, Kaleab; de Brauw, Alan; Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize. 2023
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Baye, Kaleab; de Brauw, Alan; Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize. 2023
DOI : 10.1002/jaa2.51
Abstract | View
Poor diet quality has been identified as a primary driver of malnutrition and increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases in low- and middle-income countries. Low fruit and vegetable consumption contributes to poor diet quality. We experimentally assess whether videos embedded messages about increasing fruit and vegetable consumption affect consumption. Four months after viewing either a basic video or a video that explains why fruits and vegetables can improve health and nutrition outcomes, average household consumption of fruits and vegetables increased by about 9% in both treatment groups relative to the control group, both in kilocalorie and consumption expenditure terms.
Aspirations and investments in livestock: Evidence of aspiration failure in Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Heckelei, Thomas; Rasch, Sebastian. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Heckelei, Thomas; Rasch, Sebastian. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12785
Abstract | View
Aspirations influence future-oriented behavior and ensuing outcomes but they may also fail to do so when the aspired-to-status is far away from the current one. Theoretical predictions suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship between this aspiration gap and the effort to achieve what is aspired to. Aspirations that are ahead but not too far ahead of the current status serve as the best incentives for investments. We examine the income aspiration gap of smallholder households and relate it to livestock in a pastoral setting in Northern Kenya. Our focus on livestock is guided by the burgeoning recognition of livestock as an investment and saving conduit for many households in pastoral communities in developing nations. Employing different empirical strategies including parametric and semi-parametric techniques, we find livestock to be increasing with aspirations up to a threshold, from which it then declines to lead to an aspiration failure. Delving into livestock heterogeneity, we uncover evidence that cattle and poultry respond more to the aspiration gap than small ruminants such as sheep and goats. Different U-shaped tests confirm this relationship, bolstering the evidence of an aspiration failure. These findings are robust to the inclusion of relevant controls, truncations at zero, and different variable transformations. We also show that the findings are unlikely to be driven by unobserved heterogeneity. Additionally, we find that internal locus of control, that is the degree to which individuals believe they control outcomes in their lives is associated with livestock investments.
Climate-smart agriculture and food security: Cross-country evidence from West Africa
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Aihounton, Ghislain B. D.; Lokossou, Jourdain C.. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Aihounton, Ghislain B. D.; Lokossou, Jourdain C.. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102697
Abstract | View
In the face of climate change and extreme weather events which continue to have significant impacts on agricultural production, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has emerged as one important entry point in reducing the emission of greenhouse gases and building climate resilience while ensuring increases in agricultural productivity with ensuing implications on food and nutrition security. We examine the relationship between CSA, land productivity (yields), and food security using a survey of farm households in Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria. To understand the correlates of the adoption of these CSA practices as well as the association between CSA, yields, and food security, we use switching regressions that account for multiple endogenous treatments. We find a positive association between the adoption of CSA practices and yields. This increase in yields translate to food security as we observe a positive association between CSA and food consumption scores. Although we show modest associations between the independent use of CSA practices such as adopting climate-smart groundnut varieties, cereal-groundnut intercropping, and the use of organic fertilizers, we find that bundling these practices may lead to greater yield and food security gains. Under the different combinations, the use of climate-smart groundnut varieties exhibit the strongest association with yields and food security. We also estimate actual-counterfactual relationships where we show that the adoption of CSA practices is not only beneficial to CSA adopters but could potentially be beneficial to non-CSA adopters should they adopt. These results have implications for reaching some of the sustainable development targets, especially the twin goals of increasing agricultural productivity and maintaining environmental sustainability.
Comprehensive approach for improving adherence to prenatal Iron and folic acid supplements based on intervention studies in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, and India
Sanghvi, Tina; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Forissier, Thomas; Ghosh, Sebanti; Zafimanjaka, Maurice; Walissa, Tamirat; Mahmud, Zeba; Kim, Sunny S.. 2023
Sanghvi, Tina; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Forissier, Thomas; Ghosh, Sebanti; Zafimanjaka, Maurice; Walissa, Tamirat; Mahmud, Zeba; Kim, Sunny S.. 2023
DOI : 10.1177/03795721231179570
Validation of mobile artificial intelligence technology–assisted dietary assessment tool against weighed records and 24-hour recall in adolescent females in Ghana
Folson, Gloria; Bannerman, Boateng; Atadze, Vicentia; Ador, Gabriel; Kolt, Bastien; McCloskey, Peter; Gangupantulu, Rohit; Arrieta, Alejandra; Braga, Bianca C.; Arsenault, Joanne; Kehs, Annalyse; Doyle, Frank; Tran, Lan Mai; Hoang, Nga Thu; Hughes, David; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Gelli, Aulo . 2023
Folson, Gloria; Bannerman, Boateng; Atadze, Vicentia; Ador, Gabriel; Kolt, Bastien; McCloskey, Peter; Gangupantulu, Rohit; Arrieta, Alejandra; Braga, Bianca C.; Arsenault, Joanne; Kehs, Annalyse; Doyle, Frank; Tran, Lan Mai; Hoang, Nga Thu; Hughes, David; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Gelli, Aulo . 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.001
Abstract | View
Background
Important gaps exist in the dietary intake of adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), partly due to expensive assessment methods and inaccuracy in portion-size estimation. Dietary assessment tools leveraging mobile technologies exist but only a few have been validated in LMICs.
Important gaps exist in the dietary intake of adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), partly due to expensive assessment methods and inaccuracy in portion-size estimation. Dietary assessment tools leveraging mobile technologies exist but only a few have been validated in LMICs.
Objective
We validated Food Recognition Assistance and Nudging Insights (FRANI), a mobile artificial intelligence (AI) dietary assessment application in adolescent females aged 12–18 y (n = 36) in Ghana, against weighed records (WR), and multipass 24-hour recalls (24HR).
Methods
Dietary intake was assessed during 3 nonconsecutive days using FRANI, WRs, and 24HRs. Equivalence of nutrient intake was tested using mixed-effect models adjusted for repeated measures, by comparing ratios (FRANI/WR and 24HR/WR) with equivalence margins at 10%, 15%, and 20% error bounds. Agreement between methods was assessed using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC).
Results
Equivalence for FRANI and WR was determined at the 10% bound for energy intake, 15% for 5 nutrients (iron, zinc, folate, niacin, and vitamin B6), and 20% for protein, calcium, riboflavin, and thiamine intakes. Comparisons between 24HR and WR estimated equivalence at the 20% bound for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, thiamine, and vitamin A intakes. The CCCs by nutrient between FRANI and WR ranged between 0.30 and 0.68, which was similar for CCC between 24HR and WR (ranging between 0.38 and 0.67). Comparisons of food consumption episodes from FRANI and WR found 31% omission and 16% intrusion errors. Omission and intrusion errors were lower when comparing 24HR with WR (21% and 13%, respectively).
Conclusions
FRANI AI–assisted dietary assessment could accurately estimate nutrient intake in adolescent females compared with WR in urban Ghana. FRANI estimates were at least as accurate as those provided through 24HR. Further improvements in food recognition and portion estimation in FRANI could reduce errors and improve overall nutrient intake estimations.
Intensified nutrition interventions in antenatal care services increased consumption of iron and folic acid supplements and early breastfeeding practices in Burkina Faso: Results of a cluster-randomized program evaluation
Kim, Sunny S.; Zagré, Rock R.; Ouédraogo, Césaire T.; Sununtnasuk, Celeste; Ganaba, Rasmané; Zafimanjaka, Maurice G.; Tharaney, Manisha; Sanghvi, Tina; Menon, Purnima. 2023
Kim, Sunny S.; Zagré, Rock R.; Ouédraogo, Césaire T.; Sununtnasuk, Celeste; Ganaba, Rasmané; Zafimanjaka, Maurice G.; Tharaney, Manisha; Sanghvi, Tina; Menon, Purnima. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.06.016
Abstract | View
Background: Alive & Thrive supported the Government of Burkina Faso to strengthen the provision of iron-folic acid (IFA) supplementation and interpersonal counseling on maternal nutrition and breastfeeding through antenatal care (ANC) services and community-based contacts in two regions.
Objectives: We assessed the impacts of intensified nutrition interventions during ANC compared with standard ANC services on intervention coverage and maternal nutrition practices.
Methods: A cluster-randomized evaluation compared 40 health center catchment areas in intervention areas to 40 in control areas. Repeated cross-sectional surveys in 2019 and 2021 (960 pregnant women and 1920 women with children 0-5 months of age per survey round) provided data on impact indicators, intervention exposure and other factors. We derived difference-in-difference effect estimates (DID), adjusted for geographical clustering, for maternal dietary diversity, IFA consumption, and early breastfeeding practices.
Results: More women in intervention areas had 4+ ANC visits (DID: 8.3 percentage points [pp]) and started ANC during the first trimester (DID: 10.5 pp), compared to control areas. Improvements were achieved in exposure to nutrition counseling on dietary diversity (DID: 44.4 pp), food quantity (DID: 42.9 pp), adequate weight gain (DID: 35.1 pp), and breastfeeding (DID: 25.9 pp). Women in intervention areas consumed more IFA supplements during pregnancy (DID: 21 tablets). Early initiation of and exclusive breastfeeding also improved (DID: 17.0 pp and 8.3 pp, respectively). However, dietary diversity (4 out of 10 food groups) and mean probability of adequacy of micronutrient intake (14%) among pregnant women remained low in both areas.
Conclusions: Strengthening maternal nutrition interventions delivered through government ANC services was feasible and effective in improving maternal nutrition practices. Continued efforts to strengthen the delivery and use of maternal nutrition services may be required for greater behavior changes, and to address family support, social norms, and other factors to improve women’s diet during pregnancy.
Objectives: We assessed the impacts of intensified nutrition interventions during ANC compared with standard ANC services on intervention coverage and maternal nutrition practices.
Methods: A cluster-randomized evaluation compared 40 health center catchment areas in intervention areas to 40 in control areas. Repeated cross-sectional surveys in 2019 and 2021 (960 pregnant women and 1920 women with children 0-5 months of age per survey round) provided data on impact indicators, intervention exposure and other factors. We derived difference-in-difference effect estimates (DID), adjusted for geographical clustering, for maternal dietary diversity, IFA consumption, and early breastfeeding practices.
Results: More women in intervention areas had 4+ ANC visits (DID: 8.3 percentage points [pp]) and started ANC during the first trimester (DID: 10.5 pp), compared to control areas. Improvements were achieved in exposure to nutrition counseling on dietary diversity (DID: 44.4 pp), food quantity (DID: 42.9 pp), adequate weight gain (DID: 35.1 pp), and breastfeeding (DID: 25.9 pp). Women in intervention areas consumed more IFA supplements during pregnancy (DID: 21 tablets). Early initiation of and exclusive breastfeeding also improved (DID: 17.0 pp and 8.3 pp, respectively). However, dietary diversity (4 out of 10 food groups) and mean probability of adequacy of micronutrient intake (14%) among pregnant women remained low in both areas.
Conclusions: Strengthening maternal nutrition interventions delivered through government ANC services was feasible and effective in improving maternal nutrition practices. Continued efforts to strengthen the delivery and use of maternal nutrition services may be required for greater behavior changes, and to address family support, social norms, and other factors to improve women’s diet during pregnancy.
Towards understanding vegetable and fruit markets for improved consumption and nutrition: The case of Ethiopia
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Minten, Bart. 2023
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Minten, Bart. 2023
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-023-01367-3
Control over future payouts and willingness to pay for insurance: Experimental evidence from Kenyan farmers
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Malacarne, Jonathan G.. 2023
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Malacarne, Jonathan G.. 2023
Abstract | View
The Kenyan economy relies heavily on its agricultural sector. Agriculture contributes 22.4 percent of the country’s GDP, with a majority of the producers being smallholder farmers (KNBS, 2022). This leaves both the economy and the farmers who make up the economic base facing significant risk. Shock events in the recent past underscore this truth. Notably, Kenya experienced significant drought events in 2008-2011 (MOALF, 2021), 2016-2017 (Uhe et al., 2018), and 2020-2022 (FAO, 2021). Such shocks have immediate and lasting effects on farmer well-being (Rosenzweig and Binswanger, 1993; Carter, 1997; Morduch, 1995; Hoddinott, 2006; Janzen and Carter, 2019; Malacarne and Paul, 2022), underscoring the pressing need to strengthen the resilience of smallholder farmers.
The increased incidence of drought has made it even more crucial that farmers have tools to transfer the risks they face to financial markets. Financial inclusion (e.g. bank account ownership, access to formal credit markets, access to insurance markets, mobile money coverage) among vulnerable rural populations, however, is often low (Lotto, 2022). Innovations in the design and provision of financial technologies have sought to make tools more accessible to smallholder farmers for whom existing products were not available or were prohibitively expensive. These efforts often make use of information and communications technologies to reduce the cost of offering products and to extend their reach into more distant communities (Benami and Carter, 2021).
The increased incidence of drought has made it even more crucial that farmers have tools to transfer the risks they face to financial markets. Financial inclusion (e.g. bank account ownership, access to formal credit markets, access to insurance markets, mobile money coverage) among vulnerable rural populations, however, is often low (Lotto, 2022). Innovations in the design and provision of financial technologies have sought to make tools more accessible to smallholder farmers for whom existing products were not available or were prohibitively expensive. These efforts often make use of information and communications technologies to reduce the cost of offering products and to extend their reach into more distant communities (Benami and Carter, 2021).
Summing the parts: How does “bundling” affect willingness-to-pay for seeds and insurance in a sample of Kenyan farmers?
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Malacarne, Jonathan G.. 2023
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Malacarne, Jonathan G.. 2023
Abstract | View
Agricultural households, particularly those operating in rainfed systems in low income countries, are vul nerable to a variety of climate and market risks that pose serious threats to their well-being. While more resourced households are able to pass much of this risk o↵ to financial markets, less resourced households often have few options to do the same. Instead, they are forced to rely on precautionary savings (Lee and Sawada, 2010), drawing down assets (Carter and Lybbert, 2012), or informal risk sharing, all of which have limited ability to deal with shocks (Carter and Maluccio, 2003). Despite the demonstrated impact of tools like agricultural insurance (Cai, 2016; Bertram-Huemmer and Kraehnert, 2015; Hill et al., 2019), such products are often not available in remote, resource poor areas or, when they are, face low demand due to inaccessibility, lack of information, or concerns about contract quality (Karlan et al., 2014; Clarke, 2016). A fuller understanding of household willingness-to-pay (WTP) for risk-reducing technologies, as well as how this valuation depends on both characteristics of the technology and of the adopting household, is an important step toward designing tools that are attractive and accessible to their target populations. In this paper, we study WTP for two risk-reducing technologies — agricultural insurance and stress tolerant seeds — as stand-alone products and as components of a bundle. Bundling a productivity enhancing technology with a risk reducing technology has been proposed as a way to mitigate the risk of agricultural investment to farmers, input suppliers, and financial institutions (Carter, Galarza and Boucher, 2007). Bundling of multiple risk reducing technologies has also been proposed as a way to increase coverage and reduce cost, thereby releasing precautionary savings for productive investment (Lybbert and Carter, 2015).
The Reference Diet Deprivation (ReDD) index: A new diet quality measure for more effective nutrition-sensitive policies
Pauw, Karl; Ecker, Olivier; Thurlow, James; Comstock, Andrew R.. 2023
Pauw, Karl; Ecker, Olivier; Thurlow, James; Comstock, Andrew R.. 2023
Abstract | View
Poor diet quality is a major cause of various forms of malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases. Tackling this public health problem is an important development policy priority; and doing so successfully requires access to reliable measures of diet quality that can be used for policy planning and evaluation purposes. Recent methodological developments have mostly focused on the costs and affordability of healthy diets. While diet costing methods are useful for assessing whether nutritionally desirable diets are achievable, they provide little information on how far consumers are from that diet, what dietary shifts are required to get closer to the diet, and how food or related policies might encourage such behavioral change.
The gendered consequences of COVID-19 for internal migration
Mueller, Valerie; Páez-Bernal, Camila; Gray, Clark; Grépin, Karen . 2023
Mueller, Valerie; Páez-Bernal, Camila; Gray, Clark; Grépin, Karen . 2023
DOI : 10.1007/s11113-023-09809-8
Abstract | View
Scant evidence exists to identify the effects of the pandemic on migrant women and the unique barriers on employment they endure. We merge longitudinal data from mobile phone surveys with subnational data on COVID cases to examine whether women were left more immobile and vulnerable to health risks, relative to men, during the pandemic in Kenya and Nigeria. Each survey interviewed approximately 2000 men and women over three rounds (November 2020–January 2021, March–April 2021, November 2021–January 2022). Linear regression analysis reveals internal migrants are no more vulnerable to knowing someone in their network with COVID. Rather, rural migrant women in Kenya and Nigeria were less vulnerable to transmission through their network, perhaps related to the possible wealth accumulation from migration or acquired knowledge of averting health risks from previous destinations. Per capita exposure to COVID cases hinders the inter-regional migration of women in both countries. Exposure to an additional COVID case per 10,000 people resulted in a decline in women’s interregional migration by 6 and 2 percentage points in Kenya and Nigeria, respectively.
Dietary recommendations for Ethiopians on the basis of priority diet-related diseases and causes of death in Ethiopia: An umbrella review
Bekele, Tesfaye Hailu; Trijsburg, Laura; Brouwer, Inge D.; de Vries, Jeanne HM.; Covic, Namukolo; Kennedy, Gina; Alemayehu, Dawit; Feskens, Edith JM. . 2023
Bekele, Tesfaye Hailu; Trijsburg, Laura; Brouwer, Inge D.; de Vries, Jeanne HM.; Covic, Namukolo; Kennedy, Gina; Alemayehu, Dawit; Feskens, Edith JM. . 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.005
Abstract | View
Food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) need to be evidence-based. As part of the development of Ethiopian FBDG, we conducted an umbrella review to develop dietary recommendations. Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), deficiencies of vitamin A, zinc, calcium, or folate, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were selected as a priority. Systematic reviews were eligible if they investigated the impact of foods, food groups, diet, or dietary patterns on priority diseases. After a search, 1513 articles were identified in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar published from January 2014 to December 2021. The results showed that 19 out of 164 systematic reviews reported the impact of diet on PEM or micronutrient deficiencies. Daily 30–90 g whole-grain consumption reduces risk of CVD and T2DM. Pulses improve protein status, and consuming 50–150 g/d is associated with a reduced incidence of CVD and T2DM. Nuts are a good source of minerals, and consuming 15–35 g/d improves antioxidant status and is inversely associated with CVD risk. A daily intake of 200–300 mL of milk and dairy foods is a good source of calcium and contributes to bone mineral density. Limiting processed meat intake to <50 g/d reduces CVD risk. Fruits and vegetables are good sources of vitamins A and C. CVD and T2DM risks are reduced by consuming 200–300 g of vegetables plus fruits daily. Daily sugar consumption should be below 10% of total energy to lower risk of obesity, CVD, and T2DM. Plant-based fat has favorable nutrient profiles and modest saturated fat content. The association of saturated fatty acids with CVD and T2DM is inconclusive, but intake should be limited because of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-raising effect. Plant-based diets lower risk of CVD and T2DM but reduce micronutrient bioavailability. The review concludes with 9 key dietary recommendations proposed to be implemented in the Ethiopian FBDG. This review was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42019125490).
Smallholder maize yield estimation using satellite data and machine learning in Ethiopia
Guo, Zhe; Chamberlin, Jordan; You, Liangzhi. 2023
Guo, Zhe; Chamberlin, Jordan; You, Liangzhi. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.crope.2023.07.002
Abstract | View
The lack of timely, high-resolution data on agricultural production is a major challenge in developing countries where such information can guide the allocation of scarce resources for food security, agricultural investment and other objectives. While much research has suggested that remote sensing can potentially help to address these gaps, few studies have indicated the immediate potential for large-scale estimations over both time and space. In this study we described a machine learning approach to estimate smallholder maize yield in Ethiopia, using well-measured and broadly distributed ground truth data and freely available spatiotemporal covariates from remote sensing. A neural networks model outperforms other algorithms in our study. Importantly, our work indicates that a model developed and calibrated on a previous year’s data can be used to reasonably estimate maize yield in the subsequent year. Our study suggests the feasibility of developing national programs for the routine generation of broad-scale, high-resolution estimates of smallholder maize yield, including seasonal forecasts, on the basis of machine learning algorithms and well-measured ground control data and currently existing time series satellite data.
Women's empowerment, production choices, and crop diversity in Burkina Faso, India, Malawi, and Tanzania: A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data
Connors, Kaela; Jaacks, Lindsay M.; Awasthi, Ananya; Becker, Karoline; Kerr, Rachel Bezner; Fivian, Emily; Gelli, Aulo; Harris-Fry, Helen; Heckert, Jessica; Kadiyala, Suneetha; Martinez, Elena; Santoso, Marianne V.; Young, Sera L.; Bliznashka, Lilia. 2023
Connors, Kaela; Jaacks, Lindsay M.; Awasthi, Ananya; Becker, Karoline; Kerr, Rachel Bezner; Fivian, Emily; Gelli, Aulo; Harris-Fry, Helen; Heckert, Jessica; Kadiyala, Suneetha; Martinez, Elena; Santoso, Marianne V.; Young, Sera L.; Bliznashka, Lilia. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/S2542-5196(23)00125-0
Abstract | View
Background: Bolstering farm-level crop diversity is one strategy to strengthen food system resilience and achieve global food security. Women who live in rural areas play an essential role in food production; therefore, we aimed to assess the associations between women's empowerment and crop diversity.
Methods: In this secondary analysis of cross-sectional data, we used data from four cluster-randomised controlled trials done in Burkina Faso, India, Malawi, and Tanzania. We assessed women's empowerment using indicators from the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index. Farm-level crop diversity measures were the number of food crops grown, number of food groups grown, and if nutrient-dense crops were grown. We used a two-stage modelling approach. First, we analysed covariate-adjusted country-specific associations between women's empowerment and crop diversity indicators using multivariable generalised linear models. Second, we pooled country-specific associations using random-effects models.
Findings: The final analytic sample included 1735 women from Burkina Faso, 4450 women from India, 547 women from Malawi, and 574 women from Tanzania. Across all countries, compared with households in which women provided input into fewer productive decisions, households of women with greater input into productive decisions produced more food crops (mean difference 0·36 [95% CI 0·16–0·55]), a higher number of food groups (mean difference 0·16 [0·06–0·25]), and more nutrient-dense crops (percentage point difference 3 [95% CI 3–4]). Across all countries, each additional community group a woman actively participated in was associated with cultivating a higher number of food crops (mean difference 0·20 [0·04–0·35]) and a higher number of food groups (mean difference 0·11 [0·03–0·18]), but not more nutrient-dense crops. In pooled associations from Burkina Faso and India, asset ownership was associated with cultivating a higher number of food crops (mean difference 0·08 [0·04–0·12]) and a higher number of food groups (mean difference 0·05 [0·04–0·07]), but not more nutrient-dense crops.
Interpretation: Greater women's empowerment was associated with higher farm-level crop diversity among low-income agricultural households, suggesting that it could help enhance efforts to strengthen food system resilience.
Methods: In this secondary analysis of cross-sectional data, we used data from four cluster-randomised controlled trials done in Burkina Faso, India, Malawi, and Tanzania. We assessed women's empowerment using indicators from the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index. Farm-level crop diversity measures were the number of food crops grown, number of food groups grown, and if nutrient-dense crops were grown. We used a two-stage modelling approach. First, we analysed covariate-adjusted country-specific associations between women's empowerment and crop diversity indicators using multivariable generalised linear models. Second, we pooled country-specific associations using random-effects models.
Findings: The final analytic sample included 1735 women from Burkina Faso, 4450 women from India, 547 women from Malawi, and 574 women from Tanzania. Across all countries, compared with households in which women provided input into fewer productive decisions, households of women with greater input into productive decisions produced more food crops (mean difference 0·36 [95% CI 0·16–0·55]), a higher number of food groups (mean difference 0·16 [0·06–0·25]), and more nutrient-dense crops (percentage point difference 3 [95% CI 3–4]). Across all countries, each additional community group a woman actively participated in was associated with cultivating a higher number of food crops (mean difference 0·20 [0·04–0·35]) and a higher number of food groups (mean difference 0·11 [0·03–0·18]), but not more nutrient-dense crops. In pooled associations from Burkina Faso and India, asset ownership was associated with cultivating a higher number of food crops (mean difference 0·08 [0·04–0·12]) and a higher number of food groups (mean difference 0·05 [0·04–0·07]), but not more nutrient-dense crops.
Interpretation: Greater women's empowerment was associated with higher farm-level crop diversity among low-income agricultural households, suggesting that it could help enhance efforts to strengthen food system resilience.
Nonclassical measurement error and farmers’ response to information treatment
Abay, Kibrom A.; Barrett, Christopher B.; Kilic, Talip; Moylan, Heather; Ilukor, John; Vundru, Wilbert Drazi . 2023
Abay, Kibrom A.; Barrett, Christopher B.; Kilic, Talip; Moylan, Heather; Ilukor, John; Vundru, Wilbert Drazi . 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103136
Abstract | View
This paper reports on a randomized experiment conducted among Malawian agricultural households to study nonclassical measurement error (NCME) in self-reported plot area, and farmers' responses to new information — the objective plot area measure — subsequently provided to them. Farmers' pre-treatment self-reported plot areas exhibit considerable NCME. Most of the measurement error follows a regression-to-mean pattern with respect to plot area, and another 18 percent arises from asymmetric rounding to half acre increments. Randomized provision of GPS-based measures of true plot area generates four important findings. First, most treated farmers’ self-reports exhibit no reduction in NCME after the provision of true plot area measures. Second, farmers update asymmetrically in response to information, with upward corrections being far more common than downward ones even though most plot sizes were initially overestimated. Third, the magnitude of updating varies by true plot area, as well as the magnitude and direction of initial NCME. Fourth, the information treatment affects self-reported information about non-land inputs such as fertilizer and labor, indicating that the effects of measurement error and updating spillover across variables. NCME clearly carries implications for survey data collection methods, econometric inference, and the design of information-based interventions. It might also reflect behavioral anomalies that may matter for farm management practices, input allocation, agricultural productivity, and the design of effective interventions.
Effect of prenatal micronutrient-fortified balanced energy-protein supplementation on maternal and newborn body composition: A sub-study from the MISAME-III randomized controlled efficacy trial in rural Burkina Faso
Argaw, Alemayehu; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Hanley-Cook, Giles; Dailey-Chwalibóg, Trenton; de Kok, Brenda; Ouédraogo, Lionel; Compaoré, Anderson; Ouédraogo, Moctar; Sawadogo, Amadi; Ganaba, Rasmané; Vanslambrouck, Katrien; Kolsteren, Patrick; Lachat, Carl; Huybregts, Lieven. 2023
Argaw, Alemayehu; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Hanley-Cook, Giles; Dailey-Chwalibóg, Trenton; de Kok, Brenda; Ouédraogo, Lionel; Compaoré, Anderson; Ouédraogo, Moctar; Sawadogo, Amadi; Ganaba, Rasmané; Vanslambrouck, Katrien; Kolsteren, Patrick; Lachat, Carl; Huybregts, Lieven. 2023
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004242
Abstract | View
Background: Micronutrient-fortified balanced energy-protein (BEP) supplements are promising interventions to prevent intrauterine growth retardation in low- and middle-income countries. On the other hand, one concern with blanket prenatal supplementation programs using energy-dense supplements is that they could lead to more maternal and/or infant overweight. However, evidence is lacking on the potential effect of BEP on maternal and offspring body composition. This study evaluates the effects of micronutrient-fortified BEP supplementation during pregnancy on body composition of mothers and their newborns in rural Burkina Faso.
Methods and findings: The MISAME-III study is an open label individually randomized controlled trial where pregnant women (n = 1,897) of gestational age <21 weeks received either a combination of micronutrient-fortified BEP and iron-folic acid (IFA) tablets (i.e., intervention) or IFA alone (i.e., control). The prenatal phase of the MISAME-III study was conducted between the first enrollment in October 2019 and the last delivery in August 2021. In a sub-study nested under the MISAME-III trial, we evaluated anthropometry and body composition in newborns who were born starting from 17 November 2020 (n: control = 368 and intervention = 352) and their mothers (n: control = 185 and intervention = 186). Primary study outcomes were newborn and maternal fat-free mass (FFMI) and fat-mass (FMI) indices. We used the deuterium dilution method to determine FFMI and FMI and %FFM and %FM of total body weight within 1 month postpartum. Our main analysis followed a modified intention-to-treat approach by analyzing all subjects with body composition data available. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models were fitted to compare the intervention and control arms, with adjusted models included baseline maternal age, height, arm fat index, hemoglobin concentration and primiparity, household size, wealth and food security indices, and newborn age (days). At study enrollment, the mean ± SD maternal age was 24.8 ± 6.13 years and body mass index (BMI) was 22.1 ± 3.02 kg/m2 with 7.05% of the mothers were underweight and 11.5% were overweight. Prenatal micronutrient-fortified BEP supplementation resulted in a significantly higher FFMI in mothers (MD (mean difference): 0.45; 95% CI (confidence interval): 0.05, 0.84; P = 0.026) and newborns (MD: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.50; P = 0.012), whereas no statistically significant effects were found on FMI. The effect of micronutrient-fortified BEP on maternal FFMI was greater among mothers from food secure households and among those with a better nutritional status (BMI ≥21.0 kg/m2 or mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) ≥23 cm). Key limitations of the study are the relatively high degree of missing data (approximately 18%), the lack of baseline maternal body composition values, and the lack of follow-up body composition measurements to evaluate any long-term effects. Conclusions: Micronutrient-fortified BEP supplementation during pregnancy can increase maternal and newborn FFMI, without significant effects on FMI.
Methods and findings: The MISAME-III study is an open label individually randomized controlled trial where pregnant women (n = 1,897) of gestational age <21 weeks received either a combination of micronutrient-fortified BEP and iron-folic acid (IFA) tablets (i.e., intervention) or IFA alone (i.e., control). The prenatal phase of the MISAME-III study was conducted between the first enrollment in October 2019 and the last delivery in August 2021. In a sub-study nested under the MISAME-III trial, we evaluated anthropometry and body composition in newborns who were born starting from 17 November 2020 (n: control = 368 and intervention = 352) and their mothers (n: control = 185 and intervention = 186). Primary study outcomes were newborn and maternal fat-free mass (FFMI) and fat-mass (FMI) indices. We used the deuterium dilution method to determine FFMI and FMI and %FFM and %FM of total body weight within 1 month postpartum. Our main analysis followed a modified intention-to-treat approach by analyzing all subjects with body composition data available. Univariable and multivariable linear regression models were fitted to compare the intervention and control arms, with adjusted models included baseline maternal age, height, arm fat index, hemoglobin concentration and primiparity, household size, wealth and food security indices, and newborn age (days). At study enrollment, the mean ± SD maternal age was 24.8 ± 6.13 years and body mass index (BMI) was 22.1 ± 3.02 kg/m2 with 7.05% of the mothers were underweight and 11.5% were overweight. Prenatal micronutrient-fortified BEP supplementation resulted in a significantly higher FFMI in mothers (MD (mean difference): 0.45; 95% CI (confidence interval): 0.05, 0.84; P = 0.026) and newborns (MD: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.50; P = 0.012), whereas no statistically significant effects were found on FMI. The effect of micronutrient-fortified BEP on maternal FFMI was greater among mothers from food secure households and among those with a better nutritional status (BMI ≥21.0 kg/m2 or mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) ≥23 cm). Key limitations of the study are the relatively high degree of missing data (approximately 18%), the lack of baseline maternal body composition values, and the lack of follow-up body composition measurements to evaluate any long-term effects. Conclusions: Micronutrient-fortified BEP supplementation during pregnancy can increase maternal and newborn FFMI, without significant effects on FMI.
Biofortification in Ethiopia: Opportunities and challenges
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Genye, Tirsit; Girma, Meron; Samuel, Aregash; Warner, James; van Zyl, Cornelia . 2023
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Genye, Tirsit; Girma, Meron; Samuel, Aregash; Warner, James; van Zyl, Cornelia . 2023
DOI : 10.1177/03795721231188913
Quality of vital event data for infant mortality estimation in prospective, population-based studies: an analysis of secondary data from Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Erchick, Daniel J.; Subedi, Seema; Verhulst, Andrea; Guillot, Michel; Adair, Linda S.; Barros, Aluísio J. D.; Chasekwa, Bernard; Christian, Parul; da Silva, Bruna Gonçalves C.; Silveira, Mariângela F.; Hallal, Pedro C.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Huybregts, Lieven; Kariuki, Simon; Khatry, Subarna K.; Lachat, Carl; Matijasevich, Alicia; McElroy, Peter D.; Menezes, Ana Maria B.; Mullany, Luke C.; Perez, Tita Lorna L.; Phillips-Howard, Penelope A.; Roberfroid, Dominique; Santos, Iná S.; ter Kuile, Feiko O.; Ravilla, Thulasiraj D.; Tielsch, James M.; Wu, Lee S. F.; Katz, Joanne . 2023
Erchick, Daniel J.; Subedi, Seema; Verhulst, Andrea; Guillot, Michel; Adair, Linda S.; Barros, Aluísio J. D.; Chasekwa, Bernard; Christian, Parul; da Silva, Bruna Gonçalves C.; Silveira, Mariângela F.; Hallal, Pedro C.; Humphrey, Jean H.; Huybregts, Lieven; Kariuki, Simon; Khatry, Subarna K.; Lachat, Carl; Matijasevich, Alicia; McElroy, Peter D.; Menezes, Ana Maria B.; Mullany, Luke C.; Perez, Tita Lorna L.; Phillips-Howard, Penelope A.; Roberfroid, Dominique; Santos, Iná S.; ter Kuile, Feiko O.; Ravilla, Thulasiraj D.; Tielsch, James M.; Wu, Lee S. F.; Katz, Joanne . 2023
DOI : 10.1186/s12963-023-00309-7
Abstract | View
Introduction
Infant and neonatal mortality estimates are typically derived from retrospective birth histories collected through surveys in countries with unreliable civil registration and vital statistics systems. Yet such data are subject to biases, including under-reporting of deaths and age misreporting, which impact mortality estimates. Prospective population-based cohort studies are an underutilized data source for mortality estimation that may offer strengths that avoid biases.
Infant and neonatal mortality estimates are typically derived from retrospective birth histories collected through surveys in countries with unreliable civil registration and vital statistics systems. Yet such data are subject to biases, including under-reporting of deaths and age misreporting, which impact mortality estimates. Prospective population-based cohort studies are an underutilized data source for mortality estimation that may offer strengths that avoid biases.
Methods
We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Child Health Epidemiology Reference Group, including 11 population-based pregnancy or birth cohort studies, to evaluate the appropriateness of vital event data for mortality estimation. Analyses were descriptive, summarizing study designs, populations, protocols, and internal checks to assess their impact on data quality. We calculated infant and neonatal morality rates and compared patterns with Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data.
Results
Studies yielded 71,760 pregnant women and 85,095 live births. Specific field protocols, especially pregnancy enrollment, limited exclusion criteria, and frequent follow-up visits after delivery, led to higher birth outcome ascertainment and fewer missing deaths. Most studies had low follow-up loss in pregnancy and the first month with little evidence of date heaping. Among studies in Asia and Latin America, neonatal mortality rates (NMR) were similar to DHS, while several studies in Sub-Saharan Africa had lower NMRs than DHS. Infant mortality varied by study and region between sources.
Conclusions
Prospective, population-based cohort studies following rigorous protocols can yield high-quality vital event data to improve characterization of detailed mortality patterns of infants in low- and middle-income countries, especially in the early neonatal period where mortality risk is highest and changes rapidly.
Linking crop productivity, market participation and technology use among smallholder farmers: Evidence from Uganda
Mpuuga, Dablin; Nakijoba, Sawuya; Ogwang, Ambrose; Boughton, Duncan; Benfica, Rui. East Lansing, MI 2023
Mpuuga, Dablin; Nakijoba, Sawuya; Ogwang, Ambrose; Boughton, Duncan; Benfica, Rui. East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | View
In this paper, we establish the link between crop productivity, crop market participation and agricultural technology use among smallholder farmers. We take advantage of the latest four waves of the Uganda National Panel Survey – 2013/14, 2015/16, 2018/19, and 2019/20. First, we test for complementarity of agricultural technology use among smallholder farmers, and we do not find evidence for the combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizers as well as pesticides and organic fertilizers on crop yields, which implies that there is lack of complementarity. More precisely, smallholder farmers mostly use these agricultural technologies in isolation. However, we find strong individual effect of organic fertilizers on cassava, beans, and coffee yields. Second, we use a two-step factor analysis to construct four technology sub-indexes for improved seeds, pesticides, organic, and inorganic fertilizers in the first step and the overall agricultural technology index in the second step. We run crop-specific models and the results re-affirm a positive effect of agricultural technology use on both cassava and coffee yields. Third, when we attempt to measure crop productivity as farm productivity, we find that a unit increase in inorganic fertilizers used increases farm crop productivity by 69%. We do not see this strong effect of inorganic fertilizers on our partial measure of crop productivity – crop yields – which implies that the way we measure crop productivity matters. We therefore conclude that of the four agricultural technologies, inorganic fertilizers have the strongest individual effect on farm productivity of smallholder farmers. Fourth, we employ the Heckman twostep technique to correct the selection bias in crop market participation outcomes. We do not find strong evidence of the effect of agricultural technology use on crop market participation, but we find that it is rather crop yields that are most critical for market participation. Therefore, a farmer’s cropproductivity is arguably the most critical facilitator or inhibitor of their market participation. More precisely, to boost crop market participation among smallholder farmers, increasing their productivity is a necessary condition.
Associations of WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) service ladder service levels and sociodemographic factors with diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study
Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen; Weldetinsae, Abel; Mengesha, Sisay Derso; Adugna, Ermias Alemayehu; Alemu, Zinabu Assefa; Wagari, Bedasa; Serte, Melaku Gizaw; Awoke, Kaleab Sebsibe; Bedada, Tesfaye Legesse; Weldegebriel, Mesaye Getachew; Dinssa, Danial Abera; Alemayehu, Tsigereda Assefa; Kenea, Moa Abate; Tekulu, Kirubel Tesfaye; Gobena, Waktole; Fikresilassie, Getinet; Wube, Wendayehu; Melese, Abayew Wassie; Redwan, Ekram; Hoffmann, Vivian; Tessema, Masresha; Tollera, Getachew . 2023
Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen; Weldetinsae, Abel; Mengesha, Sisay Derso; Adugna, Ermias Alemayehu; Alemu, Zinabu Assefa; Wagari, Bedasa; Serte, Melaku Gizaw; Awoke, Kaleab Sebsibe; Bedada, Tesfaye Legesse; Weldegebriel, Mesaye Getachew; Dinssa, Danial Abera; Alemayehu, Tsigereda Assefa; Kenea, Moa Abate; Tekulu, Kirubel Tesfaye; Gobena, Waktole; Fikresilassie, Getinet; Wube, Wendayehu; Melese, Abayew Wassie; Redwan, Ekram; Hoffmann, Vivian; Tessema, Masresha; Tollera, Getachew . 2023
DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071296
Abstract | View
Objective To determine the associations of WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Service Ladder service levels and sociodemographic factors with diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years in Bishoftu town, Ethiopia.
Design A community-based cross-sectional study.
Setting Bishoftu town, Ethiopia, January–February 2022.
Participants A total of 1807 mothers with at least one child under 5 years were included. Sociodemographic and WASH variables were collected using a structured questionnaire. 378 drinking water samples were collected.
Outcome The response variable was diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years.
Results The 2-week prevalence of diarrhoeal disease among children under 5 years was 14.8%. Illiteracy (adjusted OR 3.15; 95% CI 1.54 to 6.47), occupation (0.35; 0.20 to 0.62), mother’s age (1.63; 1.15 to 2.31), family size (2.38; 1.68 to 3.39), wealth index (5.91; 3.01 to 11.59), residence type (1.98; 1.35 to 2.90), sex of the child (1.62; 1.17 to 2.24), child’s age (3.52; 2.51 to 4.93), breastfeeding status (2.83; 1.74 to 4.59), food storage practice (3.49; 1.74 to 8.26), unimproved drinking water source (8.16; 1.69 to 39.46), limited drinking water service (4.68; 1.47 to 14.95), open defecation practice (5.17; 1.95 to 13.70), unimproved sanitation service (2.74; 1.60 to 4.67), limited sanitation service (1.71; 1.10 to 2.65), no hygiene service (3.43; 1.91 to 6.16) and limited hygiene service (2.13; 1.17 to 3.86) were significantly associated with diarrhoeal disease.
Conclusion In this study, diarrhoea among children is a significant health issue. Child’s age, drinking water service, residence type and hygiene service were the largest contributors with respect to the prevalence of diarrhoeal disease. This investigation provides information that could help to inform interventions to reduce childhood diarrhoea. The findings suggest that state authorities should initiate robust WASH strategies to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal 3 agenda.
Institutionalization of the water-energy-food-environment nexus in the Niger Basin
Seidou, Ousmane; Ringler, Claudia; Kranefeld, Robert; Abdouramane, Gado Djibo; Traore, Abdou Ramani; Ibraheem, Olomoda; Agossou, Gadedjisso-Tossou; Esaïe, Kpadonou Gbedehoue; Badou, Djigbo Félicien . Niamey, Niger 2023
Seidou, Ousmane; Ringler, Claudia; Kranefeld, Robert; Abdouramane, Gado Djibo; Traore, Abdou Ramani; Ibraheem, Olomoda; Agossou, Gadedjisso-Tossou; Esaïe, Kpadonou Gbedehoue; Badou, Djigbo Félicien . Niamey, Niger 2023
Abstract | View
In less than one year the Niger Basin Authority, an intergovernmental body tasked with the sustainable development of the Niger waters and associated resources, passed the first ever nexus policy in a transboundary river basin, contributing to a true acceleration of change for
improved water and associated development in the Niger River Basin. The guidelines were developed in close collaboration with the nine basin countries and complemented by a large capacity building program.
Using the guidelines can reduce the threat of adverse impacts on the Basin’s shared water and land resources and save millions of dollars of investment funds, while meeting various Shared Vision objectives. Doing so can also help strengthen positive impacts, reduce crosssectoral constraints of single-sector solutions, and identify multisector solutions. Application of the nexus guidelines will increase the efficiency of natural resources use and support implementation and monitoring of (multipurpose) investments. If this can be achieved, the River of Rivers—thought to be the original meaning of the name Niger—will continue to enhance water, food and energy security, and environmental sustainability for generations to come.
To support the application of the guidelines, the study team developed an online, simplified
nexus assessment tool that is summarized in Appendix 4.
improved water and associated development in the Niger River Basin. The guidelines were developed in close collaboration with the nine basin countries and complemented by a large capacity building program.
Using the guidelines can reduce the threat of adverse impacts on the Basin’s shared water and land resources and save millions of dollars of investment funds, while meeting various Shared Vision objectives. Doing so can also help strengthen positive impacts, reduce crosssectoral constraints of single-sector solutions, and identify multisector solutions. Application of the nexus guidelines will increase the efficiency of natural resources use and support implementation and monitoring of (multipurpose) investments. If this can be achieved, the River of Rivers—thought to be the original meaning of the name Niger—will continue to enhance water, food and energy security, and environmental sustainability for generations to come.
To support the application of the guidelines, the study team developed an online, simplified
nexus assessment tool that is summarized in Appendix 4.
Factors that influence pastoralists’ estimation of onset and cessation of rains in Rwenzori region in Western Uganda
Nkuba, Michael Robert; Chanda, Raban; Mmopelwa, Gagoitseope; Kato, Edward; Adedoyin, Akintayo; Mujuni, Godfrey; Lesolle, David; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo . 2023
Nkuba, Michael Robert; Chanda, Raban; Mmopelwa, Gagoitseope; Kato, Edward; Adedoyin, Akintayo; Mujuni, Godfrey; Lesolle, David; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo . 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100901
The changing nature of human-forced hydroclimatic risks across Africa
Schlosser, C. Adam; Sokolov, Andrei; Gao, Xiang; Thomas, Tim; Strzepek, Ken . 2023
Schlosser, C. Adam; Sokolov, Andrei; Gao, Xiang; Thomas, Tim; Strzepek, Ken . 2023
Abstract | View
We present results from large ensembles of projected 21st century changes in seasonal precipitation and near-surface air temperature over Africa and selected sub-continental regions. These ensembles are a result of combining Monte Carlo projections from a human-Earth system model of intermediate complexity with pattern-scaled responses from climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. These future ensemble scenarios consider a range of global actions to abate emissions through the 21st century. We evaluate distributions of surface-air temperature and precipitation change. In all regions, we find that without any emissions or climate targets in place, there is a greater than 50% likelihood that mid-century temperatures will increase threefold over the current climate’s two-standard deviation range of variability. However, scenarios that consider more aggressive climate targets all but eliminate the risk of these salient temperature increases. A preponderance of risk toward decreased precipitation exists for much of the southern Africa region considered, and this is also compounded by enhanced warming (relative to the global trajectory). Over eastern and western Africa, the preponderance of risk in increased precipitation change is seen. Strong climate targets abate evolving regional hydroclimatic risks. Under a target to limit global climate warming to 1.5˚C by 2100, the risk of precipitation changes within Africa toward the end of this century (2065-2074) is commensurate to the risk during the 2030s without any global climate target. Thus, these regional hydroclimate risks over much Africa could be delayed by 30 years, and in doing so, provide invaluable lead-time for national efforts to prepare, fortify, and/or adapt.
Factors affecting fruit and vegetable consumption and purchase behavior of adults in sub-Saharan Africa: A rapid review
Stadlma, Barbara; Trübswasse, Ursula; McMull, Stepha; Karan, Alice; Wurzing, Maria; Hundsche, Laura; Riefl, Petra; Lem, Stefanie; Brouwer, Inge D.; Sommer, Isolde . 2023
Stadlma, Barbara; Trübswasse, Ursula; McMull, Stepha; Karan, Alice; Wurzing, Maria; Hundsche, Laura; Riefl, Petra; Lem, Stefanie; Brouwer, Inge D.; Sommer, Isolde . 2023
DOI : 10.3389/fnut.2023.1113013
Abstract | View
In order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, considerable dietary shifts, including an increase in the consumption of fruit and vegetables (FV) will be required. However, worldwide consumption of FV is far below international recommendations, including in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly in Africa. Understanding what, where, when, and how people choose to eat requires an understanding of how individuals are influenced by factors in their social, physical, and macro-level environments. In order to develop effective interventions to increase fruit and vegetable consumption, the factors influencing consumer behavior need to be better understood. We conducted a rapid review to assess and synthesize data on individual, social, physical, and macro-level factors that enable or constrain fruit and vegetable consumption and purchase among adults living in sub-Saharan Africa. Our conceptual framework is based on a socio-ecological model which has been adapted to settings in LMICs and Africa. We systematically searched four electronic databases including Scopus, Medline (PubMed), PsycInfo, and African Index Medicus, and screened Google Scholar for gray literature. We included a total of 52 studies and narratively summarized the existing evidence for each identified factor across the different levels. We found that most studies assessed demographic factors at the individual level including household or family income, socio-economic status and education. Furthermore we identified a variety of important factors that influence FV consumption, in the social, physical, and macro environment. These include women's empowerment and gender inequalities, the influence of neighborhood and retail food environment such as distance to market and price of FV as well as the importance of natural landscapes including forest areas for FV consumption. This review identified the need to develop and improve indicators both for exposure and outcome variables but also to diversify research approaches.
Developing feasible healthy diets for Ethiopian women of reproductive age: A linear goal programming approach
Bekele, Tesfaye Hailu; van Rooijen, Maike; Gerdessen, Johanna C.; Brouwer, Inge D.; Feskens, Edith J.; Trijsburg, Laura; Alemayehu, Dawit;
de Vries, Jeanne HM
Bekele, Tesfaye Hailu; van Rooijen, Maike; Gerdessen, Johanna C.; Brouwer, Inge D.; Feskens, Edith J.; Trijsburg, Laura; Alemayehu, Dawit;
de Vries, Jeanne HM
. 2023
DOI : 10.1017/S1368980023001374
Abstract | View
Objective:
To develop a healthy diet for Ethiopian women closely resembling their current diet and taking fasting periods into account while tracking the cost difference.
To develop a healthy diet for Ethiopian women closely resembling their current diet and taking fasting periods into account while tracking the cost difference.
Design:
Linear goal programming models were built for three scenarios (non-fasting, continuous fasting and intermittent fasting). Each model minimised a function of deviations from nutrient reference values for eleven nutrients (protein, Ca, Fe, Zn, folate, and the vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B6, and B12). The energy intake in optimised diets could only deviate 5 % from the current diet.
Settings:
Five regions are included in the urban and rural areas of Ethiopia.
Participants:
Two non-consecutive 24-h dietary recalls (24HDR) were collected from 494 Ethiopian women of reproductive age from November to December 2019.
Results:
Women’s mean energy intake was well above 2000 kcal across all socio-demographic subgroups. Compared to the current diet, the estimated intake of several food groups was considerably higher in the optimised modelled diets, that is, milk and dairy foods (396 v. 30 g/d), nuts and seeds (20 v. 1 g/d) and fruits (200 v. 7 g/d). Except for Ca and vitamin B12 intake in the continuous fasting diet, the proposed diets provide an adequate intake of the targeted micronutrients. The proposed diets had a maximum cost of 120 Ethiopian birrs ($3·5) per d, twice the current diet’s cost.
Conclusion:
The modelled diets may be feasible for women of reproductive age as they are close to their current diets and fulfil their energy and nutrient demands. However, the costs may be a barrier to implementation.
Adoption of climate-resilient groundnut varieties increases agricultural production, consumption, and smallholder commercialization in West Africa
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Lokossou, Jaourdain C.; Gebrekidan, Bisrat; Affognon, Hippolyte D.. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Lokossou, Jaourdain C.; Gebrekidan, Bisrat; Affognon, Hippolyte D.. 2023
DOI : 10.1038/s41467-023-40781-1
Abstract | View
As part of the climate-smart agriculture approach, the adoption of climate resilient crop varieties has the potential to build farmers’ climate resilience but could also induce agricultural transformation in developing nations. We investigate the relationship between adoption of climate-resilient groundnut varieties and production, consumption, and smallholder commercialization using panel data from Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria. We find adoption of climate resilient groundnut varieties to increase smallholder production, consumption, and commercialization. The biggest adoption impact gains are observed under the sustained use of these climate-resilient varieties. We show that adoption benefits all households, but the biggest gains are found among smaller producers, suggesting that adoption is inclusive. Furthermore, we provide suggestive evidence that yield increases could explain commercialization, although household consumption also matters. We conclude that adoption of climate-resilient groundnut varieties can at least partially reduce production constraints and promote smallholder consumption and commercialization, with implications for agricultural transformation.
The new normal? Cluster farming and smallholder commercialization in Ethiopia
Dureti, Guyo Godana; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Owusu-Sekyere, Enoch. 2023
Dureti, Guyo Godana; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Owusu-Sekyere, Enoch. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12790
Abstract | View
Cluster farming is increasingly recognized as a viable means of improving smallholder economic integration and commercialization in many developing countries. However, little is known about its impact on smallholder welfare and livelihoods. We examine the relationship between cluster farming and smallholder commercialization using a large-scale survey of 3969 farm households in Ethiopia cultivating high-acreage crops such as teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sesame. Using switching regressions and instrumental variable estimators, we show that cluster farming is associated with commercialization measured as commercialization index, market surplus value, and market price. To further deal with endogeneity concerns, we also employ some pseudo-panel models where we observe similar insights. Beyond this, we account for heterogeneities by disaggregating households based on farm scales and crops cultivated. Our findings show that cluster farming is positively associated with commercialization for all farms and crop types despite this disaggregation. However, the related gains are higher among medium and large farms and vary per crop type. These findings imply that cluster farming is crucial in improving smallholder commercialization and may be a critical entry and leveraging point for policy. We thus lend support to initiatives and plans that seek to upscale cluster farming as they can potentially improve smallholder commercialization with ensuing impacts on rural livelihoods and welfare.
The impact of community-based monitoring on public service delivery: A randomized control trial in Uganda
Mogues, Tewodaj; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Miehe, Caroline; Kabunga, Nassul . 2023
Mogues, Tewodaj; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Miehe, Caroline; Kabunga, Nassul . 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106374
Abstract | View
In many developing countries, poor delivery of public services remains an important problem. Through community-based monitoring, beneficiaries of public services can apply bottom-up pressure to under-performing service providers and their political leadership. In this spirit, the Government of Uganda organizes community fora – popularly known as barazas – where citizens receive information from government officials and get the opportunity to challenge them. We designed a cluster randomized control trial to assess the impact of this policy intervention on public service delivery in agriculture, health, education, and infrastructure. We further test the relative importance of the two main components of the intervention—information provision and citizen engagement. We also compare the effectiveness of barazas organized at the district level to the effectiveness of barazas organized at the sub-county level. Following a pre-specified confirmatory analysis, we do not find that the intervention has significant effects on general public service delivery, even though public services in the agricultural sector do improve. We discuss some of the potential reasons for this finding, including assumptions underlying the impact pathways, the political context in which the program was implemented, and challenges related to the evaluation of large policy programs.
Synergies and trade-offs between agricultural export promotion and food security: Evidence from African economies
Aragie, Emerta; Balié, J.; Morales, C.; Pauw, Karl. 2023
Aragie, Emerta; Balié, J.; Morales, C.; Pauw, Karl. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106368
Abstract | View
Several countries across the developing world have designed and implemented agricultural export incentives. However, little is known about the effects of these policies on various aspects of domestic food security. This study utilizes economywide models linked top-down with microsimulation modules to analyze the impacts of increased agricultural export promotion on the four dimensions of food security – availability, access, utilization, and stability – in three structurally food-insecure economies of Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. We find that agro-export promotion adversely affects all four aspects of food security in urban areas and at the national level due to significant increases in food prices domestically. However, it generally benefits households in rural areas. The food security effects are stronger in Ethiopia and Kenya. We also find that risks associated with the volatility in international markets and declines in domestic productivity can lead to further deterioration in access to food when countries implement outward-oriented agricultural policies
Feasibility and impact of school-based nutrition education interventions on the diets of adolescent girls in Ethiopia: a non-masked, cluster-randomised, controlled trial
Kim, Sunny S.; Sununtnasuk, Celeste; Berhane, Hanna Y.; Walissa, Tamirat Tafesse; Oumer, Abdulaziz Ali; Asrat, Yonas Taffesse; Sanghvi, Tina; Frongillo, Edward A.; Menon, Purnima. 2023
Kim, Sunny S.; Sununtnasuk, Celeste; Berhane, Hanna Y.; Walissa, Tamirat Tafesse; Oumer, Abdulaziz Ali; Asrat, Yonas Taffesse; Sanghvi, Tina; Frongillo, Edward A.; Menon, Purnima. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/S2352-4642(23)00168-2
Abstract | View
Background
Adolescence is a critical period of physical and psychological development, especially for girls, because poor nutrition can affect their wellbeing as well as that of their children. We aimed to assess the feasibility and impact of a package of nutrition education interventions delivered through public primary schools on the diets of adolescent girls in Ethiopia.
Methods
In this non-masked, cluster-randomised, controlled trial, primary schools (clusters) in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region and Somali region of Ethiopia were randomly allocated to the intervention group (nutrition information provided during flag ceremonies, classroom lessons, school club meetings, peer group mentoring, BMI measurement and counselling, and parent–teacher meetings) or the control group (standard academic curriculum on health and nutrition) by use of computer-generated pseudo-random numbers. Duration of the school-based interventions was 4 months, and the key messages were related to dietary diversity (eating a variety of foods), energy adequacy (eating breakfast and healthy snacks), and healthy food choices (avoiding junk foods). Adolescent girls were eligible for participation if aged 10–14 years and enrolled in grades 4–8 in a study school. Data were collected with two independent cross-sectional surveys: baseline before the start of implementation and endline 1·5 years later. The primary outcome of impact was dietary diversity score, defined as the number of food groups (out of ten) consumed over the previous 24 h using a list-based method, and minimum dietary diversity, defined as the proportion of girls who consumed foods from at least five of the ten food groups, in the intention-to-treat population. We also assessed intervention exposure as a measure of feasibility. We estimated intervention effects using linear regression models for mean differences at endline, with SEs clustered at the school level, and controlled for adolescent age, region, household food security, and wealth. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.Gov, NCT04121559, and is complete.
Findings
27 primary schools were randomly allocated to the intervention group and 27 to the control group. Between March 22 and April 29, 2021, 536 adolescent girls participated in the endline survey (270 in the intervention group and 266 in the control group), with median age of 13·3 years (IQR 12·1–14·0). At endline, the dietary diversity score was 5·37 (SD 1·66) food groups in the intervention group and 3·98 (1·43) food groups in the control group (adjusted mean difference 1·33, 95% CI 0·90–1·75, p<0·0001). Increased minimum dietary diversity was also associated with the intervention (182 [67%] of 270 in the intervention group vs 76 [29%] of 266 in the control group; adjusted odds ratio 5·37 [95% CI 3·04–9·50], p<0·0001). 256 (95%) of 270 adolescent girls in the intervention group were exposed to at least one of the five in-school intervention components. Interpretation Integrating nutrition interventions into primary schools in Ethiopia was feasible and increased dietary diversity incrementally among adolescent girls, but could be limited in changing other food choice behaviours, such as junk food consumption, based on nutrition education alone.
Adolescence is a critical period of physical and psychological development, especially for girls, because poor nutrition can affect their wellbeing as well as that of their children. We aimed to assess the feasibility and impact of a package of nutrition education interventions delivered through public primary schools on the diets of adolescent girls in Ethiopia.
Methods
In this non-masked, cluster-randomised, controlled trial, primary schools (clusters) in the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region and Somali region of Ethiopia were randomly allocated to the intervention group (nutrition information provided during flag ceremonies, classroom lessons, school club meetings, peer group mentoring, BMI measurement and counselling, and parent–teacher meetings) or the control group (standard academic curriculum on health and nutrition) by use of computer-generated pseudo-random numbers. Duration of the school-based interventions was 4 months, and the key messages were related to dietary diversity (eating a variety of foods), energy adequacy (eating breakfast and healthy snacks), and healthy food choices (avoiding junk foods). Adolescent girls were eligible for participation if aged 10–14 years and enrolled in grades 4–8 in a study school. Data were collected with two independent cross-sectional surveys: baseline before the start of implementation and endline 1·5 years later. The primary outcome of impact was dietary diversity score, defined as the number of food groups (out of ten) consumed over the previous 24 h using a list-based method, and minimum dietary diversity, defined as the proportion of girls who consumed foods from at least five of the ten food groups, in the intention-to-treat population. We also assessed intervention exposure as a measure of feasibility. We estimated intervention effects using linear regression models for mean differences at endline, with SEs clustered at the school level, and controlled for adolescent age, region, household food security, and wealth. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.Gov, NCT04121559, and is complete.
Findings
27 primary schools were randomly allocated to the intervention group and 27 to the control group. Between March 22 and April 29, 2021, 536 adolescent girls participated in the endline survey (270 in the intervention group and 266 in the control group), with median age of 13·3 years (IQR 12·1–14·0). At endline, the dietary diversity score was 5·37 (SD 1·66) food groups in the intervention group and 3·98 (1·43) food groups in the control group (adjusted mean difference 1·33, 95% CI 0·90–1·75, p<0·0001). Increased minimum dietary diversity was also associated with the intervention (182 [67%] of 270 in the intervention group vs 76 [29%] of 266 in the control group; adjusted odds ratio 5·37 [95% CI 3·04–9·50], p<0·0001). 256 (95%) of 270 adolescent girls in the intervention group were exposed to at least one of the five in-school intervention components. Interpretation Integrating nutrition interventions into primary schools in Ethiopia was feasible and increased dietary diversity incrementally among adolescent girls, but could be limited in changing other food choice behaviours, such as junk food consumption, based on nutrition education alone.
Empowering Africa's food systems for the future
von Braun, Joachim; Ulimwengu, John; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Srivastava, Nandita; Swinnen, Johan; Blumenthal, Nick; Nwafor, Apollos; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Kapuya, Tinashe; Mutyasira, Vine; Hadda, Lawrence; Keizire, Boaz B.; Myaki, Ibrahim A.; Muhinda, Jean Jaques; Nijiwa, Daniel; Djido, Aboulaye; Gokah, Isaac; Ngabitsinze, Jean Chrysostome; Wamkele Mene, H. E.; Kalibata, Agnes; Bissi, Komla; Kajangwe, Antoine; Leke, Acha; Ooko-Ombaka, Amandla; Mannya, Karabo; Kassiri, Omid; Abe-Inge, Vincent; Kwofie, Ebenezer Miezah; Fan, Shenggen; Fu, Hanyi; Muthini, Davis; Sene, Amath Pathe; Siewertsen, Hedwig. Nairobi, Kenya 2023
von Braun, Joachim; Ulimwengu, John; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Srivastava, Nandita; Swinnen, Johan; Blumenthal, Nick; Nwafor, Apollos; Nhlengethwa, Sibusiso; Kapuya, Tinashe; Mutyasira, Vine; Hadda, Lawrence; Keizire, Boaz B.; Myaki, Ibrahim A.; Muhinda, Jean Jaques; Nijiwa, Daniel; Djido, Aboulaye; Gokah, Isaac; Ngabitsinze, Jean Chrysostome; Wamkele Mene, H. E.; Kalibata, Agnes; Bissi, Komla; Kajangwe, Antoine; Leke, Acha; Ooko-Ombaka, Amandla; Mannya, Karabo; Kassiri, Omid; Abe-Inge, Vincent; Kwofie, Ebenezer Miezah; Fan, Shenggen; Fu, Hanyi; Muthini, Davis; Sene, Amath Pathe; Siewertsen, Hedwig. Nairobi, Kenya 2023
Abstract | View
Africa, a continent of immense potential, stands at a crucial juncture. Home to some of the world’s most fertile lands, abundant resources, and a burgeoning young population, it remains paradoxically ensnared in the grip of food insecurity, malnutrition, and challenges such as climate change, post-harvest losses, and inefficient supply chains. The urgency to empower and transform African food systems is not merely an agricultural or economic imperative but a moral, social, and ecological one.
The 2023 report, “Empowering Africa Food Systems for the Future,” highlights the ways in which Africa is uniquely positioned to redefine its future and pave a sustainable and resilient path for generations to come.
In delving into the assessment of food systems failures, the report confronts some harsh truths. Despite being home to nearly 60 percent of the world’s uncultivated arable land, Africa remains a net food importer spending billions annually to meet its food demands. A large fraction of its population still grapples with chronic hunger and malnutrition. Yet, it does not stop at just assessing failures; it moves forward to take stock of the robust and diverse food systems that form the lifeblood of the continent.
The 2023 report, “Empowering Africa Food Systems for the Future,” highlights the ways in which Africa is uniquely positioned to redefine its future and pave a sustainable and resilient path for generations to come.
In delving into the assessment of food systems failures, the report confronts some harsh truths. Despite being home to nearly 60 percent of the world’s uncultivated arable land, Africa remains a net food importer spending billions annually to meet its food demands. A large fraction of its population still grapples with chronic hunger and malnutrition. Yet, it does not stop at just assessing failures; it moves forward to take stock of the robust and diverse food systems that form the lifeblood of the continent.
Water stress dominates the projected maize yield changes in Ethiopia
Yang, Meijian; Wang, Guiling; Sun, Ying; You, Liangzhi; Anyah, Richard . 2023
Yang, Meijian; Wang, Guiling; Sun, Ying; You, Liangzhi; Anyah, Richard . 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2023.104216
Increasing the adoption of conservation agriculture: A framed field experiment in northern Ghana
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Murphy, Mike. 2023
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Murphy, Mike. 2023
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12797
Abstract | View
Conservation agriculture techniques have the potential to increase agricultural production while decreasing CO2 emissions, yet adoption in the developing world remains low—in part because many years of continuous adoption may be required to realize gains in production. We conduct a framed field experiment in northern Ghana to study how incentives and peer information may affect adoption. Incentives increase adoption, both while they are available and after withdrawal. There is no overall effect of peer information, but we do find evidence that information about long-term adoption increased adoption, particularly when that information shows that yield gains have been achieved.
“Stronger with breastmilk-only initiative” in 5 African countries: Case study on the implementation process and contribution to the enabling environment for breastfeeding
Michaud-Létourneau, Isabelle; Gayard, Marion; Wassef, Jacqueline; Likhite, Nathalie; Tharaney, Manisha; Kim, Sunny S.; Menon, Purnima. 2023
Michaud-Létourneau, Isabelle; Gayard, Marion; Wassef, Jacqueline; Likhite, Nathalie; Tharaney, Manisha; Kim, Sunny S.; Menon, Purnima. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101988
Abstract | View
Background: The practice of giving water before 6 mo of age is the biggest barrier to exclusive breastfeeding in West and Central Africa. To address this challenge, a regional initiative, “Stronger with Breastmilk-Only” (SWBO), was rolled out at country level in several countries of the region.
Objective: We examined the implementation process of the SWBO initiative and the contribution of its advocacy component to a more supportive environment for breastfeeding policies and programs.
Methods: This study was based on 2 assessments at the national level carried out in 5 countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Senegal, and Sierra Leone) using qualitative methods. We combined 2 evaluative approaches (contribution analysis and outcome harvesting) and applied 2 theoretical lenses (Breastfeeding Gear Model and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research) to examine the implementation process and the enabling environment for breastfeeding. Data sources included ∼300 documents related to the initiative and 43 key informant interviews collected between early 2021 and mid-2022.
Results: First, we show how a broad initiative composed of a set of combined interventions targeting multiple levels of determinants of breastfeeding was set up and implemented. All countries went through a similar pattern of activities for the implementation process. Second, we illustrate that the initiative was able to foster an enabling environment for breastfeeding. Progress was achieved notably on legislation and policies, coordination, funding, training and program delivery, and research and evaluation. Third, through a detailed contribution story of the case of Burkina Faso, we illustrate more specifically how the initiative, specifically its advocacy component, contributed to this progress.
Conclusion: This study shed light on how an initiative combining a set of interventions to address determinants of breastfeeding at multiple levels can be implemented regionally and contributes to fostering an enabling environment for breastfeeding at scale.
Objective: We examined the implementation process of the SWBO initiative and the contribution of its advocacy component to a more supportive environment for breastfeeding policies and programs.
Methods: This study was based on 2 assessments at the national level carried out in 5 countries (Burkina Faso, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Senegal, and Sierra Leone) using qualitative methods. We combined 2 evaluative approaches (contribution analysis and outcome harvesting) and applied 2 theoretical lenses (Breastfeeding Gear Model and Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research) to examine the implementation process and the enabling environment for breastfeeding. Data sources included ∼300 documents related to the initiative and 43 key informant interviews collected between early 2021 and mid-2022.
Results: First, we show how a broad initiative composed of a set of combined interventions targeting multiple levels of determinants of breastfeeding was set up and implemented. All countries went through a similar pattern of activities for the implementation process. Second, we illustrate that the initiative was able to foster an enabling environment for breastfeeding. Progress was achieved notably on legislation and policies, coordination, funding, training and program delivery, and research and evaluation. Third, through a detailed contribution story of the case of Burkina Faso, we illustrate more specifically how the initiative, specifically its advocacy component, contributed to this progress.
Conclusion: This study shed light on how an initiative combining a set of interventions to address determinants of breastfeeding at multiple levels can be implemented regionally and contributes to fostering an enabling environment for breastfeeding at scale.
Estimating the intrahousehold costs and benefits of innovations to enhance smallholder farmers’ resilience
Kramer, Berber; Timu, Anne G.; Damba, Osman. 2023
Kramer, Berber; Timu, Anne G.; Damba, Osman. 2023
DOI : 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1129419
Abstract | View
This paper introduces a new framework to quantify costs and benefits for resilience-related outcomes of agricultural innovations targeting smallholder farmers. The framework employs a non-unitary household model with expected utility to quantify welfare benefits associated with non-monetary outcomes that are important from a development perspective, such as improved consumption smoothing, empowerment, and changes in time use. We demonstrate the application of the framework using a case study of climate information services (CIS) in Ghana. We develop a set of individual bargaining weights based on the women’s empowerment in agriculture index, to demonstrate how benefits from CIS are distributed among men and women within households. We find that for the average risk-averse farmer, using CIS is associated with a 37-percent increase in expected utility, but male household heads benefit more than women living in male-headed households. Cost–benefit analyses that do not consider the intrahousehold distribution of benefits associated with agricultural innovations will overestimate benefits accruing to women with low bargaining power.
Liquid milk: Savings, insurance and side-selling in cooperatives
Geng, Xin; Janssens, Wendy; Kramer, Berber. 2023
Geng, Xin; Janssens, Wendy; Kramer, Berber. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2023.103142
Abstract | View
Limited access to reliable financial instruments makes it difficult for rural households to manage daily cash flows. Selling goods through cooperatives can improve savings, but cooperative income is not easily accessible when facing an emergency. Cash-constrained households may therefore side-sell in local markets that pay on the spot, while insurance could reduce the need to side-sell. We test these hypotheses using panel data for farmers from two Kenyan dairy cooperatives. Both cooperatives pay only once a month, with local market vendors paying a lower price but upon delivery. We find that farmers sell less milk to the cooperatives when facing uninsured health emergencies or when cash on hand is low. Health insurance reduces side-selling. These findings highlight that selling, saving and risk-coping decisions are intertwined, with side-selling providing a strategy to manage temporary cash constraints. This suggests that linking agricultural and insurance contracts can enhance cooperatives’ financial sustainability.
Oil palm expansion, food security and diets: Comparative evidence from Cameroon and Indonesia
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Alamsyah, Zulkifli; Sibhatu, Kibrom T.. 2023
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Alamsyah, Zulkifli; Sibhatu, Kibrom T.. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138085
Abstract | View
Farm households in the tropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas continue to rapidly adopt oil palm, often at the expense of rainforests and traditional food crops. The environmental and income implications of oil palm expansion have been extensively documented, albeit primarily using data from Southeast Asia. Beyond a few case studies, research on the links between oil palm adoption, food security and dietary diversity among smallholders is scarce. This research gap is partly addressed in this study using data from Cameroon and Indonesia, two countries with different backgrounds in oil palm production, history and marketing systems. Oil palm is native to Cameroon but is an exotic crop in Indonesia that was commercialized a few decades ago. Household food insecurity experience scales and dietary diversity scores are computed, and descriptive and regression estimations are employed for the empirical analysis. Opposing results are revealed, reflecting the contextual differences between the two oil palm production frontiers. Oil palm farmers in Cameroon consume less diverse food than non-oil palm farmers. In Indonesia, on the other hand, oil palm farmers perform better than their non-oil palm counterparts and consume more diversified foods, possibly explaining why smallholders in Southeast Asia continue to adopt the crop rapidly. No statistically significant relationship is obtained between oil palm production and food security. The findings also suggest that income, employment, and farm production diversity may explain the observed relationship between oil palm adoption, food security and diets. Given this, oil palm production may not be a universally suitable strategy to improve food and nutrition insecurity but may be useful in some production frontiers. Context-specific and tailored policies are needed to make oil palm cultivation and food systems more nutrition-sensitive and environment-friendly.
Does entrepreneurship improve the livelihood of young people? Evidence from the NDE program beneficiaries in Kano state, Nigeria
Adeyanju, Dolapo; Akomolafe, Kehinde J.; Mburu, John I.; Ohanwusi, Evelyn O.; Adebayo, Solomon A.; Joy, Chiagoziem. 2023
Adeyanju, Dolapo; Akomolafe, Kehinde J.; Mburu, John I.; Ohanwusi, Evelyn O.; Adebayo, Solomon A.; Joy, Chiagoziem. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/23311975.2023.2248735
Abstract | View
Entrepreneurship has evolved into a valuable tool for facilitating job creation in response to Nigeria’s youth bulge and declining job opportunities in the formal sector. This study assessed the impact of entrepreneurship on youths’ livelihood, focusing on the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) program in Kano state. The study employed both qualitative and quantitative methods. A total of 266 respondents, including 148 young entrepreneurs and 118 non-entrepreneurs, were sampled using a multi-stage sampling technique, with Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) used to collect qualitative data from 25 youths. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an Endogenous Switching Treatment Effect Regression (ESTER) model. The descriptive analysis showed that engagement in entrepreneurship was determined by age, having consistent income source, credit access, number of entrepreneurs in the household, access to entrepreneurship training, household size, and asset ownership. Even though entrepreneurs earned higher monthly income than non-entrepreneurs, their income was just slightly above the Nigerian minimum wage. Furthermore, asset ownership, access to credit, group membership, and access to training, all of which are strong predictors of entrepreneurship, were higher among entrepreneurs compared to non-entrepreneurs. The findings also revealed that entrepreneurs had better livelihood outcomes, as measured by income and self-assessed living condition, than non-entrepreneurs. Even though these outcomes could have resulted from other externalities, the empirical analysis helped to address such endogeneity, thereby attributing the outcome estimates solely to entrepreneurship. These results, therefore, show the relevance of entrepreneurship in alleviating poverty and generating better livelihood outcomes for young Nigerians.
Near-real-time welfare and livelihood impacts of an active war: Evidence from Ethiopia
Abay, Kibrom A.; Tafere, Kibrom; Berhane, Guush; Chamberlin, Jordan; Abay, Mehari H. . 2023
Abay, Kibrom A.; Tafere, Kibrom; Berhane, Guush; Chamberlin, Jordan; Abay, Mehari H. . 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2023.102526
Abstract | View
Ethiopia recently experienced a large-scale war that lasted for more than two years. Using unique High-Frequency Phone Survey (HFPS) data, which span several months before and after the outbreak of the war, this paper provides evidence on the immediate impacts of the conflict on households’ food security. We also assess potential mechanisms and evaluate impacts on proximate outcomes, including on livelihood activities and access to food markets. We use difference-in-differences and two-way fixed effects estimation to compare trends across affected and unaffected regions (households) and before and after the outbreak of the war. Seven months into the conflict, we find that the war was associated with a 37 percentage points increase in the probability of moderate to severe food insecurity. Using the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED), we show that exposure to an additional battle leads to a 1 percentage point increase in the probability of moderate or severe food insecurity. The conflict was associated with significant reduction in access to food through supply chain disruptions and by curtailing non-farm livelihood activities. Non-farm and wage related activities were affected the most, whereas farming activities were relatively more resilient. Our estimates, which likely underestimate the true average effects on the population, constitute novel evidence on the near-real-time impacts of large-scale conflict. Our work highlights the potential of HFPS to monitor active and large-scale conflicts, especially in contexts where conventional data sources are not immediately available.
The effects of household income composition on food consumption in Malawi
Benfica, Rui M. S.. 2023
Benfica, Rui M. S.. 2023
DOI : 10.18697/ajfand.123.23745
Abstract | View
This analysis uses panel data methods to assess how food consumption and dietary diversity are affected by changes in household income composition, diversity, and liquidity in rural Malawi. Fixed-effects model estimates reveal several results. First, food consumption and dietary diversity increase with overall income, but at a decreasing rate. Second, while no relationship is found between changes in income per capita of different sources (composition effects), and food consumption per capita, there is a differentiated impact on calorie intake changes and dietary diversity outcomes. Third, overall, there is no statistically significant effect of income diversity on changes in food consumption, but a positive association is found with dietary diversity. As such, income diversity driven by crop diversification leads to greater consumption of calories from roots, pulses, and fruits; and a drop in balanced diets, while income diversification away from agriculture yields greater dietary diversity. Finally, household liquidity, incentivized by off-farm diversification through wage labor market participation and selfemployment, promotes dietary diversity via higher consumption of calories from non-staple foods, notably those dependent on market acquisitions, such as animalbased proteins, vegetables, and fruits. These results are corroborated with those from the Seemingly Unrelated Regression Model. There are several policy and programmatic implications. First, income composition, diversity and liquidity are important dimensions to consider when focusing beyond household food security. Second, efforts to promote and sustain income growth are critical for food consumption growth and dietary diversity but increases in income alone are not enough. Policies and investments that ensure a diversified portfolio of economic activities are likely to result in better consumption and dietary diversity outcomes. Promoting crop diversification at the farm level coupled with nutrition sensitive programming, including extension and crop support programs is critical to increase and sustain consumption and better dietary quality. Third, as balanced diets in the Malawian context require a combination of staple foods sourced through crop and livestock home production, including goats, poultry and small domestically raised animals and protein-rich foods typically purchased in the market, as well as a degree of liquidity achieved through increased generation of cash income. Finally, programmatic efforts are needed to reduce gender gaps in access to resources, strengthening nutrition education more broadly, and ensure availability of balanced diets in school feeding programs potentially linked through local procurement.
A multi-omics and human biomonitoring approach to assessing the effectiveness of fortified balanced energy–protein supplementation on maternal and newborn health in Burkina Faso: A study protocol
Bastos-Moreira, Yuri; Ouédraogo, Lionel; De Boevre, Marthe; Argaw, Alemayehu; de Kok, Brenda; Hanley-Cook, Giles T.; Deng, Lishi; Ouédraogo, Moctar; Compaoré, Anderson; Tesfamariam, Kokeb; Ganaba, Rasmané; Huybregts, Lieven; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Lachat, Carl; Kolsteren, Patrick; De Saeger, Sarah; Dailey-Chwalibóg, Trenton . 2023
Bastos-Moreira, Yuri; Ouédraogo, Lionel; De Boevre, Marthe; Argaw, Alemayehu; de Kok, Brenda; Hanley-Cook, Giles T.; Deng, Lishi; Ouédraogo, Moctar; Compaoré, Anderson; Tesfamariam, Kokeb; Ganaba, Rasmané; Huybregts, Lieven; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Lachat, Carl; Kolsteren, Patrick; De Saeger, Sarah; Dailey-Chwalibóg, Trenton . 2023
DOI : 10.3390/nu15184056
Abstract | View
Fortified balanced energy–protein (BEP) supplementation is a promising intervention for improving maternal health, birth outcomes and infant growth in low- and middle-income countries. This nested biospecimen sub-study aimed to evaluate the physiological effect of multi-micronutrient-fortified BEP supplementation on pregnant and lactating women and their infants. Pregnant women (15–40 years) received either fortified BEP and iron–folic acid (IFA) (intervention) or IFA only (control) throughout pregnancy. The same women were concurrently randomized to receive either a fortified BEP supplement during the first 6 months postpartum in combination with IFA for the first 6 weeks (i.e., intervention) or the postnatal standard of care, which comprised IFA alone for 6 weeks postpartum (i.e., control). Biological specimens were collected at different timepoints. Multi-omics profiles will be characterized to assess the mediating effect of BEP supplementation on the different trial arms and its effect on maternal health, as well as birth and infant growth outcomes. The mediating effect of the exposome in the relationship between BEP supplementation and maternal health, birth outcomes and infant growth were characterized via biomonitoring markers of air pollution, mycotoxins and environmental contaminants. The results will provide holistic insight into the granular physiological effects of prenatal and postnatal BEP supplementation.
Pearl millet
Govindaraj, Mahalingam; Pujar, Mahesh . Singapore 2023
Govindaraj, Mahalingam; Pujar, Mahesh . Singapore 2023
DOI : 10.1007/978-981-19-3627-2_7-1
Regional development and internal migration aspects of structural transformation: A case study of Senegal
Mukashov, Askar; Thurlow, James. Kiel, Germany 2023
Mukashov, Askar; Thurlow, James. Kiel, Germany 2023
Abstract | View
This study investigates regional development and internal migration dynamics within the context of modern structural transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa. We develop a regionalized Computable General Equilibrium model that incorporates regionalized production, endogenous interregional migration, and distinct migrant households. Using this model, we simulate the structural transformation of Senegal as a case study. Our findings demonstrate that agricultural stagnation, exacerbated by global climate change, underlies the economic underperformance of rural regions and amplifies regional income disparities. Furthermore, our analysis shows that outmigration from stagnating rural provinces to a more developed capital region positively influences overall economic growth and mitigates regional income inequality. Nevertheless, these effects are limited, and a proactive approach to addressing income inequality across the nation's regions would require supporting agriculture, as it represents a more equitable policy than promoting nonagricultural sectors in both rural and capital regions.
Where women in agri-food systems are at highest climate risk: A methodology for mapping climate-agriculture-gender inequality hotspots
Lecoutere, Els; Mishra, Avni; Singaraju, Niyati; Koo, Jawoo; Azzarri, Carlo; Chanana, Nitya; Nico, Gianluigi; Puskur, Ranjitha . 2023
Lecoutere, Els; Mishra, Avni; Singaraju, Niyati; Koo, Jawoo; Azzarri, Carlo; Chanana, Nitya; Nico, Gianluigi; Puskur, Ranjitha . 2023
DOI : 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1197809
Abstract | View
Climate change poses a greater threat for more exposed and vulnerable countries, communities and social groups. People whose livelihood depends on the agriculture and food sector, especially in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs), face significant risk. In contexts with gendered roles in agri-food systems or where structural constraints to gender equality underlie unequal access to resources and services and constrain women's agency, local climate hazards and stressors, such as droughts, floods, or shortened crop-growing seasons, tend to negatively affect women more than men and women's adaptive capacities tend to be more restrained than men's . Transformation towards just and sustainable agri-food systems in the face of climate change will not only depend on reducing but also on averting aggravated gender inequality in agri-food systems. In this paper, we developed and applied an accessible and versatile methodology to identify and map localities where climate change poses high risk especially for women in agri-food systems because of gendered exposure and vulnerability. We label these localities climate-agriculture-gender inequality hotspots. Applying our methodology to LMICs reveals that the countries at highest risk are majorly situated in Africa and Asia. Applying our methodology for agricultural activity-specific hotspot subnational areas to four focus countries, Mali, Zambia, Pakistan and Bangladesh, for instance, identifies a cluster of districts in Dhaka and Mymensingh divisions in Bangladesh as a hotspot for rice. The relevance and urgency of identifying localities where climate change hits agri-food systems hardest and is likely to negatively affect population groups or sectors that are particularly vulnerable is increasingly acknowledged in the literature and, in the spirit of leaving no one behind, in climate and development policy arenas. Hotspot maps can guide the allocation of scarce resources to most at-risk populations. The climate-agriculture-gender inequality hotspot maps show where women involved in agri-food systems are at high climate risk while signaling that reducing this risk requires addressing the structural barriers to gender equality.
Hidden hunger: A global problem with local solutions
Ulimwengu, John; Domgho, Léa Magne; Collins, Julia; Badiane, Ousmane. Kigali, Rwanda 2023
Ulimwengu, John; Domgho, Léa Magne; Collins, Julia; Badiane, Ousmane. Kigali, Rwanda 2023
DOI : 10.54067/nspt.001
Abstract | View
Micronutrient deficiencies are widespread in many low- and middle-income countries, but tend to be most severe in children and in pregnant women, who have higher micronutrient requirements. Micronutrient deficiencies stem from inadequate intake or absorption of vitamins and minerals which are required for normal functioning of the body; they cause specific conditions and also affect overall health, growth and development, resistance to disease, cognitive function, and energy and productivity. Common micronutrient deficiencies include those for iron, vitamin A, iodine, folate, and zinc. The most widespread micronutrient deficiency at the global level, iron deficiency causes anemia and contributes to maternal deaths and impaired child development. Vitamin A deficiency is the primary cause of preventable childhood blindness and a major contributor to child sickness and deaths from other diseases. Iodine deficiency in pregnant women can lead to lifelong neurological and cognitive issues in children. Folate deficiency during pregnancy also affects fetal development and can cause low birth weight and neural tube defects. Zinc deficiency impairs overall growth and development and is believed to be a leading contributor to overall disease burden in developing countries.
Identifying nutrient gaps and priority foods in Senegal
Domgho, Léa Magne; Collins, Julia; Ulimwengu, John; Badiane, Ousmane. Kigali, Rwanda 2023
Domgho, Léa Magne; Collins, Julia; Ulimwengu, John; Badiane, Ousmane. Kigali, Rwanda 2023
DOI : 10.54067/nspt.002
Abstract | View
Micronutrient deficiencies, sometimes referred to as “hidden hunger,” are often less visible than other forms of undernutrition but nevertheless constitute a major cause of severe health issues. In Senegal, micronutrient deficiencies are recognized as an important public health issue despite limited data on their extent and distribution. Senegal’s Strategic Multisectoral Nutrition Plan 2017–2021 (PSMN) (Government of Senegal, 2017) highlights micronutrient deficiencies as a major issue in Senegal’s nutrition landscape. The plan’s second major intervention axis focuses on alleviating micronutrient deficiencies, including for iron, folic acid, iodine, zinc, and Vitamin A. Two of the plan’s strategic goals focus on micronutrients, pledging to reduce the prevalence of anemia among vulnerable groups by 25 percent and to reduce the prevalence of iodine, zinc and Vitamin A deficiencies by 20 percent. Meeting these goals requires detailed evidence on the distribution of micronutrient deficiencies as well as exploration of different intervention avenues. This brief presents initial results of a study undertaken to estimate micronutrient adequacy among Senegalese households at a geographically disaggregated level. The work is part of a larger analysis carried out through the Nutrient Smart Processing and Trade (NSPT) project led by AKADEMIYA2063 in collaboration with Senegal’s Conseil National de Développement de la Nutrition with funding from the United States Agency of International Development (USAID) to identify priority avenues and interventions for addressing micronutrient deficiencies in Senegal. The NSPT analysis is based on the identification of three types of micronutrient adequacy levels and their distribution throughout the country: Nutrient Production Adequacy (NPA), Nutrient Market Adequacy (NMA), and Nutrient Household Adequacy (NHA). The three types of adequacy measures provide information on the production of micronutrients, the overall availability of micronutrients for consumption, and the adequacy of consumption at the household level.
Impacts of conditional cash transfers on fish consumption: Evidence from Tanzania
Montanio, Kyle; Uchida, Emi; Kosec, Katrina . 2023
Montanio, Kyle; Uchida, Emi; Kosec, Katrina . 2023
DOI : 10.1086/726027
Abstract | View
Poverty reduction and conservation of natural resources are both global goals for sustainable development. However, it is not well understood how interventions to reduce poverty impact coastal communities and the fisheries they depend upon. This study explores the impact of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) program in Tanzania on local fish consumption decisions. To overcome the endogeneity of poverty to dependence on fisheries, we exploit a randomized controlled trial implemented in the initial rollout of the CCT. We allow for heterogeneous impacts based on initial household wealth and find that CCT participation increases demand for the poorest households in our study. We also differentiate by types of fish and find that dagaa—a low-value fish common in Tanzania—is primarily driving changes in fish consumption.
Opportunities for and constraints to women’s empowerment in Tanzania’s cashew value chain
Aku, Aika; Mpenda, Zena; Mpunde, Venance; Bryan, Elizabeth; Mather, David L.. East Lansing, MI 2023
Aku, Aika; Mpenda, Zena; Mpunde, Venance; Bryan, Elizabeth; Mather, David L.. East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | View
Cashew is a cash crop primarily grown by smallholder farmers in Tanzania and is a major source of rural employment and income in Coastal areas. Women dominate small-scale cashew processing yet face various constraints to increasing their productivity and profitability. This study assesses the effectiveness of an intervention that provided equipment and training to women’s cashew processing groups (WCPGs) in Mtwara and Lindi regions, implemented by the Small Industries Development Organization (SIDO). The study uses mixed methods including in-depth focus group discussions with WCPGs, male and female cashew farmers, and other stakeholders in the cashew value chain, data on WCPG processing productivity, costs, revenues, and profitability with and without the improved processing equipment. The findings indicate that groups using this equipment can process 3 times as much RCN per day compared with the quantity that they could process before using rudimentary shelling tools. This results in participating WCPGs producing about 85 percent more processed cashew per season on average compared with a control group of WCPGs, and 3 times higher profits per season. However, participating WCPGs still face constraints including credit for accessing raw cashew and reliable access to markets for their processed cashew. The results suggest that this and similar interventions need to take a more holistic approach, recognizing that a technology intervention intended to increase production should be complemented by efforts to alleviate input and output marketing constraints.
Strengthening water governance and collective action through groundwater games
ElDidi, Hagar; Zhang, Wei; Gelaw, Fekadu; Obuobie, Emmanuel; Teka, Natneal; Akuriba, Margaret; de Petris, Caterina; Blackmore, Ivy; Yiman, Seid; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Ringler, Claudia; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. 2023
ElDidi, Hagar; Zhang, Wei; Gelaw, Fekadu; Obuobie, Emmanuel; Teka, Natneal; Akuriba, Margaret; de Petris, Caterina; Blackmore, Ivy; Yiman, Seid; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Ringler, Claudia; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. 2023
The time-use agency scale: Development and validation of a measure for Ghana and beyond
Sinharoy, Sheela; Cheong, Yuk Fai; Heckert, Jessica; Seymour, Greg; Johnson, Erin R.; Yount, Kathryn M.. 2023
Sinharoy, Sheela; Cheong, Yuk Fai; Heckert, Jessica; Seymour, Greg; Johnson, Erin R.; Yount, Kathryn M.. 2023
DOI : 10.1080/13545701.2023.2262476
Abstract | View
Global health and development interventions often are predicated on the reallocation of women's time for the achievement of program objectives; yet research and programs have paid limited attention to women's preferences for and agency over their time use. This study aims to develop and validate an instrument to measure time-use agency. It follows a sequenced approach involving qualitative and quantitative research, with exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and assessment of concurrent validity. The authors conducted surveys with women and men within an impact assessment of a livelihoods program being implemented across rural districts in Ghana. Results indicate a three-factor model with subscales for intrinsic time-use agency, voice related to time use, and decision making related to time use, which were each positively correlated with an item on satisfaction with time use. This time-use agency scale should be validated widely and used within global health and development programs.
Political trust and informal traders in African cities
Resnick, Danielle; Sivasubramanian, Bhavna. 2023
Resnick, Danielle; Sivasubramanian, Bhavna. 2023
DOI : 10.1017/S0022278X23000125
Characterizing and assessing innovation platforms in central and west Asia and North Africa
Oumer, Ali M.; Dhehibi, Boubaker; Akramov, Kamiljon; Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Baum, Michael. Beirut, Lebanon 2023
Oumer, Ali M.; Dhehibi, Boubaker; Akramov, Kamiljon; Al-Zu’bi, Maha; Baum, Michael. Beirut, Lebanon 2023
Abstract | View
Key messages
Innovation platforms (IPs) can provide a multidisciplinary research environment to test outcome-oriented research/scientific ideas, technologies, and innovations. These are particularly effective when agrifood challenges require cross-sectoral solutions and joint efforts of stakeholders who have a stake in both the problem and solution. IPs allow stakeholders to experiment together and share knowledge, resources, benefits, and risks for issues they cannot solve on their own, and benefit from the synergistic effects of working together.
IP functions include innovations relating to technology, capacity development, organization, policy, institutional governance, and the integration of these dimensions. Contemporary tools of monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) can be used to assess the IPs’ contribution to these dimensions and generate lessons for future scaling.
Three aspects of the IPs can be monitored and evaluated. These are activities, process changes, and results generated by the IP for beneficiary groups. The member stakeholders or a designated sub-team should define the indicators and rubric thresholds to measure these changes.
The International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) can upgrade its research stations into National Innovation Platforms (NIPs) by engaging diverse partners and stakeholders to jointly identify their challenges and test their innovations to address those challenges. For example, improved varieties of cereals and forages could be entry points to set up NIPs in these research stations.
ICARDA’s country offices may be able to characterize the research stations and take the initiative to set up a NIP. The characterization and assessment of the research stations can proceed with the involvement of key stakeholders, including policymakers and the private sector.
Innovation platforms (IPs) can provide a multidisciplinary research environment to test outcome-oriented research/scientific ideas, technologies, and innovations. These are particularly effective when agrifood challenges require cross-sectoral solutions and joint efforts of stakeholders who have a stake in both the problem and solution. IPs allow stakeholders to experiment together and share knowledge, resources, benefits, and risks for issues they cannot solve on their own, and benefit from the synergistic effects of working together.
IP functions include innovations relating to technology, capacity development, organization, policy, institutional governance, and the integration of these dimensions. Contemporary tools of monitoring, evaluation, and learning (MEL) can be used to assess the IPs’ contribution to these dimensions and generate lessons for future scaling.
Three aspects of the IPs can be monitored and evaluated. These are activities, process changes, and results generated by the IP for beneficiary groups. The member stakeholders or a designated sub-team should define the indicators and rubric thresholds to measure these changes.
The International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) can upgrade its research stations into National Innovation Platforms (NIPs) by engaging diverse partners and stakeholders to jointly identify their challenges and test their innovations to address those challenges. For example, improved varieties of cereals and forages could be entry points to set up NIPs in these research stations.
ICARDA’s country offices may be able to characterize the research stations and take the initiative to set up a NIP. The characterization and assessment of the research stations can proceed with the involvement of key stakeholders, including policymakers and the private sector.
Large language models and agricultural extension services
Tzachor, Asaf; Devare, Medha; Richards, Catherine; Pypers, Pieter; Ghosh, Aniruddha; Koo, Jawoo; King, Brian. 2023
Tzachor, Asaf; Devare, Medha; Richards, Catherine; Pypers, Pieter; Ghosh, Aniruddha; Koo, Jawoo; King, Brian. 2023
DOI : 10.1038/s43016-023-00867-x
Women's input and decision-making in agriculture are associated with diet quality in rural Tanzania
Madzorera, Isabel; Bliznashka, Lilia; Blakstad, Mia M.; Bellows, Alexandra L.; Canavan, Chelsey R.; Mosha, Dominic; Bromage, Sabri; Noor, Ramadhani; Webb, Patrick; Ghosh, Shibani; Kinabo, Joyce L.; Masanja, Honorati; Fawzi, Wafaie W. . 2023
Madzorera, Isabel; Bliznashka, Lilia; Blakstad, Mia M.; Bellows, Alexandra L.; Canavan, Chelsey R.; Mosha, Dominic; Bromage, Sabri; Noor, Ramadhani; Webb, Patrick; Ghosh, Shibani; Kinabo, Joyce L.; Masanja, Honorati; Fawzi, Wafaie W. . 2023
DOI : 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1215462/abstract
Abstract | View
Background: Women’s empowerment is one critical pathway through which agriculture can impact women’s nutrition; however, empirical evidence is still limited. We evaluated the association of women’s participation, input, and decision-making in key agricultural and household activities with women’s diet quality.
Methods: We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study of 870 women engaged in homestead agriculture. We used food frequency questionnaires to assess women’s diets and computed women’s diet quality using the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) (range 0-42), which captures healthy and unhealthy foods. We evaluated women’s decision-making in 8 activities, food crop farming, cash crop farming, livestock raising, non-farm economic activities, wage/salary employment, fishing, major household expenditures and minor household expenditures. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) linear models were used to evaluate associations between (a) women’s participation, (b) decision-making, (c) adequate input, (d) adequate extent of independence in decision-making in agriculture, and (e) adequate input in use of agricultural income with their PDQS. Adequate input was defined as input into some, most or all decisions compared to input into few decisions or none. Adequate extent of independence was defined as input to a medium or high extent compared to input to a small extent or none.
Findings: Median PDQS was 19 (IQR: 17-21). Women’s adequate input in decision-making on wage and salary employment (estimate: 4.19, 95% CI: 2.80, 5.57) and minor expenditures were associated with higher PDQS vs. inadequate input. Women with independence in decision-making on livestock production (estimate: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.90) and minor household expenditures, and women with adequate decision-making in the use of income from wages/salaries (estimate: 3.16, 95% CI: 2.44, 3.87) had higher PDQS. Participation in agricultural activities was positively associated with PDQS.
Conclusions: Women’s participation and input in decision-making in wage and salary employment, livestock production, and minor household expenditures were strongly associated with the consumption of better-quality diets. Women participating in multiple farm activities were also likely to have better diet quality. This study adds to the growing evidence on the pathways through which women’s empowerment may influence women’s nutrition in rural Tanzania.
Methods: We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study of 870 women engaged in homestead agriculture. We used food frequency questionnaires to assess women’s diets and computed women’s diet quality using the Prime Diet Quality Score (PDQS) (range 0-42), which captures healthy and unhealthy foods. We evaluated women’s decision-making in 8 activities, food crop farming, cash crop farming, livestock raising, non-farm economic activities, wage/salary employment, fishing, major household expenditures and minor household expenditures. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) linear models were used to evaluate associations between (a) women’s participation, (b) decision-making, (c) adequate input, (d) adequate extent of independence in decision-making in agriculture, and (e) adequate input in use of agricultural income with their PDQS. Adequate input was defined as input into some, most or all decisions compared to input into few decisions or none. Adequate extent of independence was defined as input to a medium or high extent compared to input to a small extent or none.
Findings: Median PDQS was 19 (IQR: 17-21). Women’s adequate input in decision-making on wage and salary employment (estimate: 4.19, 95% CI: 2.80, 5.57) and minor expenditures were associated with higher PDQS vs. inadequate input. Women with independence in decision-making on livestock production (estimate: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.05, 1.90) and minor household expenditures, and women with adequate decision-making in the use of income from wages/salaries (estimate: 3.16, 95% CI: 2.44, 3.87) had higher PDQS. Participation in agricultural activities was positively associated with PDQS.
Conclusions: Women’s participation and input in decision-making in wage and salary employment, livestock production, and minor household expenditures were strongly associated with the consumption of better-quality diets. Women participating in multiple farm activities were also likely to have better diet quality. This study adds to the growing evidence on the pathways through which women’s empowerment may influence women’s nutrition in rural Tanzania.
Access to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and drinking water contamination risk levels in households of Bishoftu Town, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study
Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen; Mengesha, Sisay Derso; Dinssa, Daniel A.; Alemu, Zinabu Assefa; Wagari, Bedasa; Weldegebriel, Mesaye G.; Serte, Melaku G.; Alemayehu, Tsigereda A.; Kenea, Moa Abate; Weldetinsae, Abel; Teklu, Kirubel T.; Adugna, Ermias Alemayehu; Awoke, Kaleab S.; Bedada, Tesfaye L.; Gobena, Waktole; Fikreslassie, Getnet; Wube, Wendayehu; Hoffmann, Vivian; Tessema, Masresha; Tollera, Getachew . 2023
Girmay, Aderajew Mekonnen; Mengesha, Sisay Derso; Dinssa, Daniel A.; Alemu, Zinabu Assefa; Wagari, Bedasa; Weldegebriel, Mesaye G.; Serte, Melaku G.; Alemayehu, Tsigereda A.; Kenea, Moa Abate; Weldetinsae, Abel; Teklu, Kirubel T.; Adugna, Ermias Alemayehu; Awoke, Kaleab S.; Bedada, Tesfaye L.; Gobena, Waktole; Fikreslassie, Getnet; Wube, Wendayehu; Hoffmann, Vivian; Tessema, Masresha; Tollera, Getachew . 2023
DOI : 10.1002/hsr2.1662
Abstract | View
Background and Aims
Access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene is a fundamental human right and essential to control infectious diseases. However, many countries, including Ethiopia, do not have adequate data to report on basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. Although contaminated drinking water spreads diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, and dysentery, studies on drinking water contamination risk levels in households are limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, closing this gap needs investigation.
Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 5350 households were included. A systematic, simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants. The information was gathered through in-person interviews using a standardized questionnaire. Furthermore, 1070 drinking water samples were collected from household water storage.
Results
This investigation revealed that 9.8%, 83.9%, and 4.9% of households used limited, basic, and safely managed drinking water services, respectively. Besides, 10.2%, 15.7% and 59.3% of households used safely managed, basic and limited sanitation services, respectively. Yet, 10.6% and 4.2% of households used unimproved sanitation facilities and open defecation practices. Also, 40.5% and 19.4% of households used limited and basic hygiene services. On the other hand, 40.1% of households lacked functional handwashing facilities. In this study, 12.1%, 26.3%, and 42% of households’ drinking water samples were positive for Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, and total coliforms, respectively. Also, 5.1% and 4.5% of households’ drinking water samples had very high and high contamination risk levels for E. coli, respectively. We found that 2.5% and 11.5% of households and water distributors had unacceptable fluoride concentrations, respectively.
Conclusion
The majority of households in Bishoftu town lack access to safely managed sanitation, drinking water, and basic hygiene services. Many households’ water samples had very high and high health risk levels. Hence, the government and partner organizations should implement water and sanitation safety plans.
Access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene is a fundamental human right and essential to control infectious diseases. However, many countries, including Ethiopia, do not have adequate data to report on basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. Although contaminated drinking water spreads diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid, and dysentery, studies on drinking water contamination risk levels in households are limited in Ethiopia. Therefore, closing this gap needs investigation.
Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 5350 households were included. A systematic, simple random sampling technique was used to select the participants. The information was gathered through in-person interviews using a standardized questionnaire. Furthermore, 1070 drinking water samples were collected from household water storage.
Results
This investigation revealed that 9.8%, 83.9%, and 4.9% of households used limited, basic, and safely managed drinking water services, respectively. Besides, 10.2%, 15.7% and 59.3% of households used safely managed, basic and limited sanitation services, respectively. Yet, 10.6% and 4.2% of households used unimproved sanitation facilities and open defecation practices. Also, 40.5% and 19.4% of households used limited and basic hygiene services. On the other hand, 40.1% of households lacked functional handwashing facilities. In this study, 12.1%, 26.3%, and 42% of households’ drinking water samples were positive for Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, and total coliforms, respectively. Also, 5.1% and 4.5% of households’ drinking water samples had very high and high contamination risk levels for E. coli, respectively. We found that 2.5% and 11.5% of households and water distributors had unacceptable fluoride concentrations, respectively.
Conclusion
The majority of households in Bishoftu town lack access to safely managed sanitation, drinking water, and basic hygiene services. Many households’ water samples had very high and high health risk levels. Hence, the government and partner organizations should implement water and sanitation safety plans.
Back to the brink? Madagascar’s polarizing presidential elections
Resnick, Danielle. 2023
Resnick, Danielle. 2023
Abstract | View
Since the beginning of October, Madagascar’s capital city of Antananarivo, has been on edge. A massive military and police presence hovers along Independence Avenue in front of the mayor’s office to deter demonstrators from protesting the upcoming November 16 presidential elections.
Despite the use of tear gas, batons, arrests, and widespread allegations of human rights abuses, the protesters have not been discouraged. Many are being mobilized to show different forms of resistance — on the streets and via social media — by the 10 opposition parties called the Collectif des candidats (group of candidates) who claim the incumbent president, Andry Rajoelina, is not qualified to run for a second term and that the electoral process cannot be trusted.
While Rajoelina’s orange signs, featuring the party and face of the “Prezida” are plastered across the capital, most of the Collectif candidates have intentionally decided to pursue an electoral boycott. They insist that the upcoming elections be postponed and are taking the country to the threshold of civil conflict to achieve their goals.
Despite the use of tear gas, batons, arrests, and widespread allegations of human rights abuses, the protesters have not been discouraged. Many are being mobilized to show different forms of resistance — on the streets and via social media — by the 10 opposition parties called the Collectif des candidats (group of candidates) who claim the incumbent president, Andry Rajoelina, is not qualified to run for a second term and that the electoral process cannot be trusted.
While Rajoelina’s orange signs, featuring the party and face of the “Prezida” are plastered across the capital, most of the Collectif candidates have intentionally decided to pursue an electoral boycott. They insist that the upcoming elections be postponed and are taking the country to the threshold of civil conflict to achieve their goals.
Differences in peri-urban and rural farm production decisions amid policy change in Nigeria
Hatzenbuehler, Patrick L.; Mavrotas, George; Amare, Mulubrhan. 2023
Hatzenbuehler, Patrick L.; Mavrotas, George; Amare, Mulubrhan. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.wdp.2023.100541
Institutional arrangements between sugarcane growers and millers in Uganda and implications for grower productivity and profitability
Mbowa, Swaibu; Guloba, Madina M.; Mather, David; Nakazi, Florence; Bryan, Elizabeth; Nakkazi, Sheila. East Lansing, MI 2023
Mbowa, Swaibu; Guloba, Madina M.; Mather, David; Nakazi, Florence; Bryan, Elizabeth; Nakkazi, Sheila. East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | View
This study investigates sugarcane grower productivity and profitability in Uganda and whether and how they are influenced by institutional arrangements between sugarcane growers and millers. Analysis is based on primary data collected from 983 sugarcane growing farm households in the three main sugarcane-producing regions of Busoga, Buganda, and Bunyoro. The study finds evidence that use of key quality inputs and crop and soil management practices are associated with higher farmer cane yield. There is also a clear trade-off (an inverse relationship) between the level of competition between large and small cane mills in a region and the level of grower-miller coordination of market assurance and input access, as embodied by institutional arrangements between growers and millers. Better grower-miller coordination was associated with better grower access to a market for mature cane and access to key inputs and services such fresh, quality cane seedlings and cane-specific extension. In turn, better market access and higher yields are associated with higher farmer cane profits per acre. Revision of the existing policy framework and enabling environment of cane production and processing in Uganda is needed to resolve several contentious policy issues and provide public sector oversight of grower-miller relations and better coordination of the national supply of and demand for cane. Success of this policy reform is vital for the cane industry to remain both financially sustainable and inclusive.
Herder-related violence, agricultural work, and the informal sector as a safety net
Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Damon, Amy; Francis, David C.; Mitchell, Harrison. Washington, DC 2023
Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Damon, Amy; Francis, David C.; Mitchell, Harrison. Washington, DC 2023
Abstract | View
Violent conflict between nomadic herders and settled—mostly agricultural—communities in Nigeria occurs as both groups clash over the use of land and resources, in part, due to a changing climate. This paper uses panel data from 2010 through 2019 to study the labor responses of individuals to exposure to herder-related violence during the post-planting and post-harvest seasons. Specifically, it considers a “shadow of violence” channel, where recent exposure to a violent event alters labor-related responses to a subsequent event. Results find that in the post-planting season, exposure to a herder-related violent event leads to an increase in informal work for both men and women, a decrease in agricultural work for men, and an increase in total hours worked for women among households that have previously been exposed to herder-related violence in the preceding six months. The paper also considers two other specific forms for a “shadow of violence” channel—namely, raised tensions over open-grazing bans enacted in 2016 and 2017 within three states and a drastic peak in violence in the first half of 2018— and find similar results. Lastly, findings show how household exposure to violence can have so-called knock-on effects. Households exposed to herder-related violence in the previous post-planting season shift consumption and crop selling patterns in the post-harvest season. These findings highlight the gender-specific labor response to violence and document the role of the informal sector as a partial safety net for individuals in the presence of adverse shocks.
Fragility, Conflict and Migration (FCM) and National Policies and Strategies for Food, Land and Water Systems Transformation (NPS): Joint initiative seminar on building resilience against food crises in Nigeria
Carrillo, Lucia; Kosec, Katrina; Omobolanle, Onilogbo; Smart, Jenny; Ambler, Kate; Andam, Kwaw S.. 2023
Carrillo, Lucia; Kosec, Katrina; Omobolanle, Onilogbo; Smart, Jenny; Ambler, Kate; Andam, Kwaw S.. 2023
Abstract | View
On May 12 in Abuja, Nigeria, two CGIAR initiatives – Fragility, Conflict, and Migration (FCM) and National Policies and Strategies (NPS) – brought together policymakers, researchers, and representatives from the private sector and civil society to discuss how to advance food systems resilience amid crises while empowering women and youth, in the context of Nigeria. The workshop featured presentations from six other CGIAR research initiatives working in Nigeria and fostered lively discussions. Participants delved into cutting-edge research outcomes, identifying evidence gaps and potential collaborative avenues.
Sugarcane production and food security in Uganda
Guloba, Madina M.; Mbowa, Swaibu; Nakazi, Florence; Mather, David; Bryan, Elizabeth. East Lansing, MI 2023
Guloba, Madina M.; Mbowa, Swaibu; Nakazi, Florence; Mather, David; Bryan, Elizabeth. East Lansing, MI 2023
Abstract | View
This study investigates the relationship between farm household participation in sugarcane production and food security in the main sugarcane-producing sub-regions of Busoga, Buganda, and Bunyoro of Uganda. Analysis is based on primary data collected from 1,771 households in these regions as well as qualitative focus group discussions with cane growers. Descriptive analysis found that three different measures of food security -- Household Food Insecurity Access Score (HFIAS); Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning (MAHFP); and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS); revealed higher average values of HFIAS, MAHFP and HDDS for cane growing households compared to non-cane growers. Poisson regressions of the three food security measures (and an Ordered Probit Model of Food Insecurity Score, derived from HFIAS) found that farm households engaging in cane production in 2021 had lower levels of food insecurity and a higher number of months of food adequacy, on average, relative to households not producing cane, while controlling for other factors known to influence household food security. Maintaining the positive association between cane production and food security requires a policy environment and public sector governance to promote improved coordination between growers and millers and consideration of related income stabilisation mechanisms for sugarcane farmers. In addition, extension services should promote sugarcane production on farms with 8 or more acres only, farmer adherence to maintaining food crop cultivation, and use of productivity-enhancing technologies in cane and food crop production.
Stressors and resilience within the cassava value chain in Nigeria: Preferred cassava variety traits and response strategies of men and women to inform breeding
Olaosebikan, Olamide; Bello, Abolore; Utoblo, Obaiya; Okoye, Benjamin; Olutegbe, Nathaniel; Garner, Elisabeth; Teeken, Bela; Bryan, Elizabeth; Forsythe, Lora; Cole, Steven; Kulakow, Peter; Egesi, Chiedozie; Tufan, Hale; Madu, Tessy. 2023
Olaosebikan, Olamide; Bello, Abolore; Utoblo, Obaiya; Okoye, Benjamin; Olutegbe, Nathaniel; Garner, Elisabeth; Teeken, Bela; Bryan, Elizabeth; Forsythe, Lora; Cole, Steven; Kulakow, Peter; Egesi, Chiedozie; Tufan, Hale; Madu, Tessy. 2023
DOI : 10.3390/su15107837
Abstract | View
This study investigated the trait preferences for cassava in the context of climate change and conflict stressors among value-chain actors in Nigeria to strengthen social inclusion and the community-resilience outcomes from breeding programs. Multi-stage sampling procedures were used to select and interview male and female value-chain participants in the Osun, Benue and Abia States. The results indicated that farmers preferred cassava traits such as drought tolerance, early bulking, multiple-product use and in-ground storability to strengthen resilience. Climate change and challenges related to social change shaped the response strategies from both genders, and influenced trait preferences, including the early re-emergence of cassava leaves, stems that had ratooning potential, and especially the root milking that was important among female respondents. The major response strategies employed by men included frequent farm visits to prevent theft and engaging in non-agricultural livelihoods. Those employed by women included backyard farming, early harvesting, having preferences for food with fewer processing steps, and depending on remittances. The resilience capacity was higher for men than for women due to their better access to assets, as well as their abilities to relocate their farms and out-migrate in search of other livelihoods. Considering gendered cassava traits, and enhancing their resilience and response strategies, can complement efforts to make breeding more socially inclusive, resilient, and anticipatory to future challenges created by climate and related social changes.
Why small-scale irrigation makes for good nutrition policy
Lefore, Nicole; Ringler, Claudia . 2023
Lefore, Nicole; Ringler, Claudia . 2023
Abstract | View
The Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Irrigation and Mechanization Systems (ILIMS), led by the University of Nebraska’s Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute (DWFI) (Nebraska-ILIMS), was fittingly launched at this year’s World Food Day with the theme “Water is Life, Water is Food. Leave No One Behind.”
The research program’s five areas of inquiry will develop socio-technical bundles that support uptake of mechanization and irrigation, strengthen institutions for natural resource governance and climate resilience, enable scaling of suitable technologies and support development of human resources. The fifth area of inquiry makes a leap from technology to nutrition and health, with the specific aim to “formulate strategies for nutrition-sensitive mechanization and irrigation that safeguard and enhance health and inclusivity.”
Challenges and experience of the Ethiopian rural health extension program: Implications for reform and revitalization
Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Tareke, Amare Abera; Biadgilign, Sibhatu . 2023
Zerfu, Taddese Alemu; Tareke, Amare Abera; Biadgilign, Sibhatu . 2023
DOI : 10.1186/s12913-023-10253-9
Abstract | View
Background
Despite remarkable gains over the past decade, mounting evidence suggests that Ethiopia’s rural health extension program (HEP) is facing serious implementation challenges. We investigated the current and potential future program design and implementation challenges of Ethiopia’s rural HEP based on the lived experiences of health extension workers (HEW) implementing the program at the grassroots level.
Despite remarkable gains over the past decade, mounting evidence suggests that Ethiopia’s rural health extension program (HEP) is facing serious implementation challenges. We investigated the current and potential future program design and implementation challenges of Ethiopia’s rural HEP based on the lived experiences of health extension workers (HEW) implementing the program at the grassroots level.
Methods
We employed a longitudinal qualitative exploration linked to a larger cluster-randomized trial (RCT) which was implemented in 282 villages randomly selected from 18 Kebeles of the Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia. Data were collected using in-depth interviews with key informants, focus group discussion, and passive observation of program implementation. The data were analyzed manually using a thematic framework analysis approach. Themes and sub-themes were generated by condensing, summarizing, and synthesizing data collected in the field in the form of extended notes and field observation checklists.
Findings
Despite considerable gains in availing basic health services to the rural population, HEP seems to suffer serious design and implementation flaws that demand thoughtful and immediate adjustment. The design constraints span from the number and type of intervention packages to the means of dissemination (vehicle) as well as the target population emphasized. As such, some low-cost high-impact interventions that were strongly desired by the community were overlooked, while others were inappropriately packed. The means of distribution - female health extension workers trained with basic prevention skills, were lacking essential skills. They also had high burnout rates and with little engagement with men, were repeatedly mentioned flaws of the program demanding revitalization. Furthermore, the sheer structure of HEP precluded adult and adolescent men, non-reproductive women, and the elderly.
Conclusion
Despite significant gains over the last couple of months, Ethiopia’s rural HEP appears to have reached a tipping point that requires a comprehensive revamp of the program package, means of distribution, and target beneficiaries rather than the “usual” tweaks to reap maximum benefits.
Organizational commitment in local government bureaucracies: The case of Zambia
Resnick, Danielle; Siame, Gilbert . 2023
Resnick, Danielle; Siame, Gilbert . 2023
DOI : 10.1111/gove.12713
Does bilateral trade in cereals within SADC reflect virtual trade in water between countries with different water endowments?
Matchaya, Greenwell; Garcia, Roberto J.; Traoré, Fousseini . 2023
Matchaya, Greenwell; Garcia, Roberto J.; Traoré, Fousseini . 2023
DOI : 10.1080/02508060.2023.2255822
Abstract | View
This paper examines intraregional bilateral trade in virtual water embedded in cereal flows between the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) states. A gravity model is employed to examine whether annual bilateral trade depends on differences in water endowments, but also includes socio-economic and political determinants that affect trade. There is evidence that the abundance of water resources in a country influences trade for a product that is water dependent. Thus, the adverse effect of water scarcity in a country may be ameliorated by encouraging exports of water-intensive cereal crops where water is in abundance and imported where water is scarce.
Toward a better understanding of the environmental impacts of expanding farmer-led irrigation in Sub-Saharan Africa: An exploratory assessment of irrigation-induced risk of nutrient water pollution in Ethiopia
Xie, Hua; Dile, Yihun Taddele; Ringler, Claudia; Srinivasan, Raghavan; Worqlul, Abeyou Wale . 2023
Xie, Hua; Dile, Yihun Taddele; Ringler, Claudia; Srinivasan, Raghavan; Worqlul, Abeyou Wale . 2023
DOI : 10.1088/2515-7620/acd6db
Abstract | View
Irrigation, and especially farmer-led irrigation, is considered to be a promising option for enhancing agricultural productivity in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, there is a lack of thorough understanding of the impacts of irrigation development on environment. Past discussions are mainly limited to the water depletion and hydrological regime change effect of irrigation. This paper presents a study to narrow the knowledge gap by assessing nutrient water pollution risk induced by the expansion of farmer-led irrigation in Ethiopia. Using household survey data collected from four woredas in Ethiopia where irrigated crop production currently concentrates, we first evaluate the impact of irrigation on cropping intensity and annual consumption level of fertilizers and then use the findings of the household survey data analysis to support conceptualization of a modeling framework for assessing agricultural nutrient water pollution risk from farmer-led irrigation development in Ethiopia at national scale. We project that overall farmer-led irrigation development in Ethiopia will lead to a gentle increase in national total of agricultural nutrient loadings. This result helps justify the endeavor of promoting farmer-led irrigation in Ethiopia. On the other hand, the projected nutrient flow and nutrient loading growth rate related to the farmer-led irrigation expansion are highly heterogeneous spatially, and risk of local water quality deterioration exists. There is still need to make investment to ensure the environmental sustainability of farmer-led irrigation development.
Basic human values drive food choice decision-making in different food environments of Kenya and Tanzania
Blake, Christine E.; Monterrosa, Eva C.; Rampalli, Krystal K.; Khan, Abdullah; Reyes, Ligia I.; Drew, Shiny Deepika; Dominguez-Salas, Paula; Bukachi, Salome A.; Ngutu, Mariah; Frongillo, Edward A.; Iruhiriye, Elyse; Girard, Amy Webb. 2023
Blake, Christine E.; Monterrosa, Eva C.; Rampalli, Krystal K.; Khan, Abdullah; Reyes, Ligia I.; Drew, Shiny Deepika; Dominguez-Salas, Paula; Bukachi, Salome A.; Ngutu, Mariah; Frongillo, Edward A.; Iruhiriye, Elyse; Girard, Amy Webb. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106620
Abstract | View
Increased access to a variety of foods in low-and-middle-income countries (LMICs) has led to greater autonomy in food choice decision-making. Autonomy allows individuals to make decisions through negotiation of considerations in ways that are consistent with basic values. The aim of this study was to identify and describe how basic human values drive food choice in two diverse populations with transitioning food environments living in the neighboring East African countries of Kenya and Tanzania. Secondary data analysis was carried out on focus group discussions conducted with men and women in Kenya (n = 28) and Tanzania (n = 28) as part of prior studies on food choice. A priori coding based on Schwartz's theory of basic human values was conducted, followed by a narrative comparative analysis, which included review by original principal investigators. Values of conservation (security, conformity, tradition), openness to change (self-directed thought and action, stimulation, indulgence), self-enhancement (achievement, power, face), and self-transcendence (benevolence-dependability and -caring) were prominent drivers of food choice in both settings. Participants described how values were negotiated and highlighted existing tensions. For example, the value of tradition was cited as important in both settings but changing food contexts (e.g., new foods, diverse neighborhoods) increased prioritization of values like stimulation, indulgence, and self-directed thought and action. The application of a basic values framework was useful for understanding food choice in both settings. A focused understanding of how values drive food choice decision-making in the context of changing food availability in LMICs is essential for the promotion of sustainable healthy diets.
The impacts of cash transfers on mental health and investments: Experimental evidence from Mali
Hidrobo, Melissa; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Roy, Shalini. 2023
Hidrobo, Melissa; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Roy, Shalini. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.jebo.2023.10.016
Abstract | View
Stress and cognitive burden associated with poverty constrain decision- making regarding investments in the future, which can in turn perpetuate poverty. We exploit the randomized roll-out of Mali's national cash transfer program to estimate its impact on measures of psychological and emotional well-being, time preferences, and cognitive function among households’ primary decision-makers. We find that receiving transfers reduced decision-makers’ self-reported stress and worry, as well as improved their self-esteem. The program did not affect measures of cognitive function but led to a modest increase in a measure of patience. Consistent with reduced stress, improved self-esteem, and increased patience, the program also increased investments in productive assets. Results suggest that, in addition to cash transfers providing the economic resources to support investments in the future, they may also build psycho-social well-being for supporting these investments.
Rapport inventaire, les systèmes alimentaires au Sénégal
Fall, Cheickh Sadibou; Faye, Ndeye Fatou; Kasse, Moustapha; Mane, Cherif; Diakhate, Finda Bayo; Sirdey, Ninon; Marivoet, Wim; Hema, Aboubacar; Seye Dioum, Ndeye Khoudia Laye; Thiao, Ibrahima Paul; Thiam, El Hadji Momar; Ba Bocoum, Dieynaba; Gueye, Fatou Goumbo; Badiane, Abdou; Thioye, Yoro Idrissa; Gueye, Momar Talla; Ba, El Hadji Malick. Dakar, Senegal 2023
Fall, Cheickh Sadibou; Faye, Ndeye Fatou; Kasse, Moustapha; Mane, Cherif; Diakhate, Finda Bayo; Sirdey, Ninon; Marivoet, Wim; Hema, Aboubacar; Seye Dioum, Ndeye Khoudia Laye; Thiao, Ibrahima Paul; Thiam, El Hadji Momar; Ba Bocoum, Dieynaba; Gueye, Fatou Goumbo; Badiane, Abdou; Thioye, Yoro Idrissa; Gueye, Momar Talla; Ba, El Hadji Malick. Dakar, Senegal 2023
Abstract | View
Depuis la pandémie de COVID-19 et plus récemment la crise russo-ukrainienne, la problématique de construire des systèmes alimentaires résilients et durables est devenue une urgence pour la plupart des pays d’Afrique au Sud du Sahara (ASS) dont le Sénégal. Très récemment, le Gouvernement du Sénégal à travers le Ministère de l’Agriculture de l’Équipement Rural et de la Souveraineté Alimentaire (MAERSA) a validé le Programme Alimentaire pour la Souveraineté Alimentaire Durable (PASAD 2021-2025). Malgré tout, les gouvernements sont confrontés de façon générale au défi de garantir que les systèmes alimentaires offrent à leurs populations de multiples avantages et ceci de manière efficace, équitable et durable.
Néanmoins, les politiques restent encore souvent déconnectées et ainsi génèrent des résultats suboptimaux. Pour y remédier, un changement de paradigme ainsi qu’un renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et humaines tant au niveau national et infranational sont nécessaires afin de pouvoir formuler et implémenter des interventions programmatiques réellement intégrées. Et même si, au niveau local, des innovations transforment déjà les systèmes alimentaires locaux en les rendant plus résilients face aux multiples chocs, la déconnexion entre ces dynamiques locales, d’une part, et les processus politiques et les engagements d’investissement du secteur public, d’autre part, demeure.
L’objectif global de ce rapport inventaire est de présenter les systèmes alimentaires au Sénégal en passant en revue les différentes définitions, caractéristiques et cadres conceptuels théoriques, les principales politiques alimentaires implémentées au fil des années, les initiatives nationales récemment entreprises ainsi qu’une identification des gaps de connaissance et des mécanismes politiques. De façon générale, ce rapport rentre dans le cadre d’une recherche collaborative entre l’IFPRI et l’ISRA/BAME qui vise à renforcer les capacités et les politiques sénégalaises pour une transformation durable et équitable de ses systèmes alimentaires.
Néanmoins, les politiques restent encore souvent déconnectées et ainsi génèrent des résultats suboptimaux. Pour y remédier, un changement de paradigme ainsi qu’un renforcement des capacités institutionnelles et humaines tant au niveau national et infranational sont nécessaires afin de pouvoir formuler et implémenter des interventions programmatiques réellement intégrées. Et même si, au niveau local, des innovations transforment déjà les systèmes alimentaires locaux en les rendant plus résilients face aux multiples chocs, la déconnexion entre ces dynamiques locales, d’une part, et les processus politiques et les engagements d’investissement du secteur public, d’autre part, demeure.
L’objectif global de ce rapport inventaire est de présenter les systèmes alimentaires au Sénégal en passant en revue les différentes définitions, caractéristiques et cadres conceptuels théoriques, les principales politiques alimentaires implémentées au fil des années, les initiatives nationales récemment entreprises ainsi qu’une identification des gaps de connaissance et des mécanismes politiques. De façon générale, ce rapport rentre dans le cadre d’une recherche collaborative entre l’IFPRI et l’ISRA/BAME qui vise à renforcer les capacités et les politiques sénégalaises pour une transformation durable et équitable de ses systèmes alimentaires.
Unique features of agricultural cooperatives in sub-Saharan Africa
Francesconi, Nicola; Wouterse, Fleur; Cook, Michael L.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse. 2023
Francesconi, Nicola; Wouterse, Fleur; Cook, Michael L.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse. 2023
DOI : 10.4337/9781802202618.00039
From input subsidies to compensating farmers for soil health services
Campbell, Bruce; Nyirongo, Jacob; Botha, Blessings; Duchaslov, Jan; Munthali, Moses W.; Nyondo, Christone; Sunga, Ishmael; Wollenberg, Eva. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2023
Campbell, Bruce; Nyirongo, Jacob; Botha, Blessings; Duchaslov, Jan; Munthali, Moses W.; Nyondo, Christone; Sunga, Ishmael; Wollenberg, Eva. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2023
Abstract | View
• In many countries in Southern and Eastern Africa, input subsidy programmes are common, often focussing on inorganic fertiliser. These programmes often do not achieve their food security objectives, partly because soil health is in decline as a result of years of application of inorganic fertilisers in the absence of other soil ameliorative measures.
• Solutions to soil health decline are well known, and include various combinations of fallowing, crop diversification, intercropping and crop rotations (especially legume rotations), soil organic matter additions, liming and applications of the appropriate inorganic fertilisers. But many of these come with significant socio-economic and technical challenges to farmers.
• A way forward is through compensating farmers for soil health services, which will generate a multitude of private and public benefits. This would be a form of Payment for Environmental Services (PES), as supported in the global initiative CompensACTION,1 led by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
• Nine recommendations for implementing a soil health payment scheme are presented, some of which focus on the broader enabling environment.
• Development partners can support the implementation of Payments for Soil Heath Services schemes by: assisting countries in establishing pilot schemes for lessons learning; supporting longer term monitoring of soil health changes; supporting government efforts to repurpose subsidy policies; and facilitating public-private partnerships to leverage in private sector investment in activities that will enhance soil health.
• Solutions to soil health decline are well known, and include various combinations of fallowing, crop diversification, intercropping and crop rotations (especially legume rotations), soil organic matter additions, liming and applications of the appropriate inorganic fertilisers. But many of these come with significant socio-economic and technical challenges to farmers.
• A way forward is through compensating farmers for soil health services, which will generate a multitude of private and public benefits. This would be a form of Payment for Environmental Services (PES), as supported in the global initiative CompensACTION,1 led by the German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ).
• Nine recommendations for implementing a soil health payment scheme are presented, some of which focus on the broader enabling environment.
• Development partners can support the implementation of Payments for Soil Heath Services schemes by: assisting countries in establishing pilot schemes for lessons learning; supporting longer term monitoring of soil health changes; supporting government efforts to repurpose subsidy policies; and facilitating public-private partnerships to leverage in private sector investment in activities that will enhance soil health.
Analysis of the implications of Africa's food systems development on environmental sustainability
Adolph, Barbara; Griffiths, Geoffrey; Hou-Jones, Xiaoting
. Washington, DC; Palmira, Colombia; Washington, DC; Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire 2023
Adolph, Barbara; Griffiths, Geoffrey; Hou-Jones, Xiaoting
. Washington, DC; Palmira, Colombia; Washington, DC; Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire 2023
Abstract | View
Africa’s food systems need to provide sufficient affordable, nutritious food for Africa’s population, whilst generating income and employment to support the continent’s economic and social development. However, the long-term functioning of food systems relies on natural capital – the natural resources and ecosystems that provide the inputs needed for food production. These resources are currently being depleted and degraded at an alarming rate, with significant impacts on biodiversity, climate change, and ultimately, on the ability of food systems to fulfil their functions. This study was commissioned jointly by the Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF), in cooperation with the Alliance of Bioversity International, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) of the CGIAR (formally known as the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research), and the African Development Bank (AfDB), to inform their engagement with key stakeholders in Africa and elsewhere, whose decisions today will influence the future of Africa’s food systems – and with that, the future of the continent overall. The report analyses the main trends and drivers of Africa’s food systems, how food systems have responded to these drivers, and what the resulting environmental impacts of these responses have been across the continent. It identifies policy-levers for engagement in the food systems space and concludes with recommendations on how to move away from an unsustainable “business as usual” trajectory. The analysis was largely based on a review and analysis of publicly available literature and data.
Lifting quality constraints to agricultural technology adoption in the Ugandan market for maize seed
Miehe, Caroline; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Sparrow, Robert; Spielman, David J.. 2023
Miehe, Caroline; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Sparrow, Robert; Spielman, David J.. 2023
Abstract | View
Agricultural technology remains under-adopted among smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. We investigate how the (perceived) quality of an agricultural input affects its adoption by means of two interventions. Firstly, agro-input dealers could lack knowledge how to handle and store maize seed, leading to poor average quality in seed shops. A dealer training is expected to improve seed quality and subsequently adoption on the farm. Secondly, as the sellers of maize seed have more information about its quality than the buyers, we hypothesize that this information asymmetry leads to poor seed quality offered by some dealers. To overcome this classic lemon technology problem, we implement a crowd-sourced information clearinghouse like yelp.com, meaning that we collect and disseminate farmers’ ratings of seed quality to make it more observable to dealers and farmers. Both interventions are tested in a randomized control trial among 350 agro-input dealers and 3500 smallholder farmers in Uganda. We find that the dealer training does not have a clear positive impact on seed dealers or their customers. On the other hand, clearinghouse treated farmers are more likely to switch to different seed shops. Treated dealers anticipate this and increase their efforts to outperform their competitors, and therefore sell and earn more. Clearinghouse treated smallholders are more likely to adopt improved maize seed, and thus harvest more than control farmers. Hence, a clearinghouse which solves the information asymmetry between sellers and buyers clearly improves the Ugandan market for maize seed.
Breeding efforts on grain micronutrient enhancement in pearl millet
Govindaraj, Mahalingam; Pujar, Mahesh. 2023
Govindaraj, Mahalingam; Pujar, Mahesh. 2023
DOI : 10.1007/978-981-19-4169-6_7
A field experiment on bargaining for seed reveals bias against women agripreneurs: Summary of findings and policy recommendations
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Nabwire, Leocardia. 2023
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Nabwire, Leocardia. 2023
Abstract | View
This policy note summarizes results from a Lab-in-the-field experiment1 in eastern Uganda, where a representative sample of 760 smallholder maize farmers were given the opportunity to bargain over a bag of maize seed from either a male or female seller. Specifically, we test whether the gender of the seed seller impacts the seed buyer’s negotiation strategies and the eventual outcomes in bilateral price negotiations. The findings reveal that buyers confronted with a female seller were less likely to accept the seller’s initial offer price and responded with a lower counter price compared to farmers faced with a male seller. Negotiations, on average, took one additional round when the seller was a woman and resulted in a transaction price that was almost 9 percent lower. These results relate to previous research with agro-input dealers in Uganda which showed that female managed/owned agro-input shops are perceived less favorable in terms of quality of seed sold and price competitive ness. Policies and programs working to advance women’s empowerment through agribusiness need to recognize these gendered biases, and increase investment in public campaigns, extension and training to change attitudes towards women entrepreneurs.
Lump-sum transfers for agriculture, support services, and household decision making
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Godlonton, Susan. 2023
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Godlonton, Susan. 2023
Abstract | View
We study the impact of one-season transfers framed for agricultural investment combined with agricultural support services on decision making among smallholder households in Senegal and Malawi using data from randomized control trials. In Senegal, we find evidence that the program increased the decision power of male household heads at the expense of other males in the household after two years. We cannot disentangle the impacts of the farm planning program and the lump sum transfer that comprised that program. In Malawi, we observe that over two years male program recipients exhibit increased decisionmaking power, while male non-recipients see reductions in decision-making power. These results are broadly due to both the transfers and the intensive agricultural support services. Changes in decision power seem to flow not just from control of income, but also from shifting household norms linked to program participation. Only in Malawi do we note some suggestive evidence that decision making power increases among female program recipients.
The DQQ is a valid tool to collect population-level food group consumption data: A study among women in Ethiopia, Vietnam, and Solomon Islands
Uyar, Betül T.M.; Talsma, Elise F.; Herforth, Anna W.; Trijsburg, Laura E.; Vogliano, Chris; Pastori, Giulia; Bekele, Tesfaye Hailu; Huong, Le Thi; Brouwer, Inge D.. 2023
Uyar, Betül T.M.; Talsma, Elise F.; Herforth, Anna W.; Trijsburg, Laura E.; Vogliano, Chris; Pastori, Giulia; Bekele, Tesfaye Hailu; Huong, Le Thi; Brouwer, Inge D.. 2023
DOI : 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.014
Abstract | View
Background
The Diet Quality Questionnaire (DQQ) is a rapid dietary assessment tool designed to enable feasible measuring and monitoring of diet quality at population level in the general public.
The Diet Quality Questionnaire (DQQ) is a rapid dietary assessment tool designed to enable feasible measuring and monitoring of diet quality at population level in the general public.
Objectives
To evaluate validity of the DQQ for collecting population-level food group consumption data required for calculating diet quality indicators by comparing them with a multipass 24-h dietary recall (24hR) as the reference.
Methods
Cross-sectional data were collected among female participants aged 15–49 y in Ethiopia (n = 488), 18–49 y in Vietnam (n = 200), and 19–69 y in Solomon Islands (n = 65) to compare DQQ and 24hR data in proportional differences in food group consumption prevalence, percentage of participants achieving Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W), percent agreement, percentage misreporting food group consumption, and diet quality scores of Food Group Diversity Score (FGDS), noncommunicable disease (NCD)-Protect, NCD-Risk, and the Global Dietary Recommendation (GDR) score using a nonparametric analysis.
Results
The mean (standard deviation) percentage point difference between DQQ and 24hR in population prevalence of food group consumption was 0.6 (0.7), 2.4 (2.0), and 2.5 (2.7) in Ethiopia, Vietnam, and Solomon Islands, respectively. Percent agreement of food group consumption data ranged from 88.6% (10.1) in Solomon Islands to 96.3% (4.9) in Ethiopia. There was no significant difference between DQQ and 24hR in population prevalence of achieving MDD-W except for Ethiopia (DQQ 6.1 percentage points higher, P < 0.01). Median (25th–75th percentiles) scores of FGDS, NCD-Protect, NCD-Risk, and GDR score were comparable between the tools.
Seasonality and nutrition-sensitive farming in rural Northern Ghana
de Jager, Ilse; van de Ven, Gerrie W. J.; Giller, Ken E.; Brouwer, Inge D. . 2023
de Jager, Ilse; van de Ven, Gerrie W. J.; Giller, Ken E.; Brouwer, Inge D. . 2023
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01325-5
Abstract | View
In rural sub-Saharan Africa, where malnutrition in all its forms is rife, the greatest gap between the availability of foods and the foods needed for a nutritious diet are faced during the ‘hunger season’. We investigated what rural households in Northern Ghana would need to grow to ensure year-round availability of a nutrient adequate diet or the income required to fulfil their dietary needs. We applied linear programming to model different scenarios and interventions. Our results provide three major insights. First, considering seasonality is crucial in nutrition-sensitive farming. Ensuring a nutritious diet year-round requires enhanced availability of vegetables and fruits throughout the year. Second, although staple crops do not provide the full range of essential nutrients, increasing their yields allows for a reduction of field size, freeing up space for the production of other foods belonging to a nutritious diet, such as vegetables. Third, small farms are unable to produce sufficient food to cover their needs. They depend on income both from agriculture and other sources, and the availability of types of foods on markets to meet their dietary needs. Our study shows the value of modelling the range of dietary effects from agricultural interventions in a specific context, using a local feasible nutritious diet as a starting point and taking seasonality into account.
Ethiopia Strategy Support Program (ESSP) 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Unit root tests: Common pitfalls and best practices
Traore, Fousseini; Diop, Insa. Washington, DC 2022
Traore, Fousseini; Diop, Insa. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134944
Abstract | View
Since the seminal paper by Granger and Newbold (1974) on spurious regressions, applied econometricians have become aware of the consequences of unit roots in empirical analysis with time series data. Yet one can still find many published papers with unit root tests implemented in an inappropriate way. The objective of this Technical Note is to highlight the common pitfalls and best practices when testing for unit roots. In addition to the theoretical discussion, we provide examples using price data from Kenya, Mali, Togo, and South Africa to illustrate the procedures we think are worth following.
A unique opportunity for food systems transformation in Rwanda
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Rwanda has made remarkable progress in the past two decades, highlighted by rapid economic growth and sharp reductions in poverty. During this period, the country emerged as a leader among sub-Saharan African countries in promoting innovation, gender equality, and an enabling business environment. The government remains strongly committed to ambitious development goals, efficiency and transparency in implementation, strong collaboration with the private sector, and diplomacy through regional and global partnerships.
Livestock, livestock products and fish, December 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets and food security in Malawi.
Selected legumes, roots & tubers and other cereals, December 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Quarterly market report for selected legumes, roots, tubers, and other cereals, October to December 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This quarterly market report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly and monthly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Quarterly market report for animal products, October to December 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This quarterly market report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly and monthly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
IFPRI key facts series: Key facts sheet on agricultural commercialization
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Four out of five Malawian households engage in some crop production. Rural households are most likely to farm – nine out of ten do so. However, even in towns and cities, almost one-third of urban households engage in some farming. However, only 60 percent of households engaged in farming reported selling any of what they harvested – while almost 70 percent of farming households in the Central region sell some of their harvest, just under 60 percent in the Northern region and 45 percent in the Southern region do so. The commercial importance of the crops produced by farming households differ: Maize, sorghum, finger millet, pearl millet, and cassava predominantly are grown for own consumption. Soyabean, tobacco, cotton, and Irish potato are produced primarily for sale. Rice, groundnut, pigeonpea, bean/cowpea, and sweet potato are all important for subsistence, while also sold. Trends are seen of increased shares of farming households both producing and selling several of these crops. Farming households in the Southern region are much less likely to sell the maize they produce than households in the other two regions. A slightly greater share of the maize consumed by Malawian households is purchased rather than own-produced. While this is the case for urban households, as expected, it also holds for rural households. Greatest reliance on the market for maize by rural households occurs in the months up to January. For the period October 1999 to February 2020, about 70 percent of all maize consumed by Malawian households, whether in rural communities or in urban centers, was obtained from the market.
Evaluating cereal market (dis)integration in Sudan
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina Alaaeldin; Breisinger, Clemens; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina Alaaeldin; Breisinger, Clemens; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134968
Abstract | View
This paper evaluates spatial market and price transmission in cereal markets in Sudan, focusing on wheat and sorghum, two major cereal crops. We use comprehensive and long-ranging monthly cereal price data and a multivariate vector of error-correction cointegration models (VECM) to characterize both short-term and long-term price transmissions across local cereal markets. We find that among the 15 local wheat markets and 18 sorghum markets we can only detect significant spatial market integration among 7 wheat and 10 sorghum markets. Despite some strong spatial market integration among a few neighboring markets, there is no market integration between several regions. For example, cereal markets in Darfur are not integrated with cereal markets in the rest of the country. Among integrated markets, we observe significant variations in the strength of price transmission elasticities as well as speed of adjustment to longterm equilibrium, which implies that shocks (and price policies) in some markets can affect only some other markets. Most of the strong price transmission and spatial market dependence follow existing trade flows and road networks, insinuating that infrastructural barriers may be obstructing spatial market integration. We also find that markets in production surplus states are less responsive to price changes in neighboring markets than those located in cereal deficit states. Finally, we also observe relatively stronger spatial integration and short-term adjustment in sorghum markets than wheat markets. Shocks to sorghum prices in sorghum producing markets have permanent impact while shocks to wheat prices in wheat producing markets endure transitory effects. These findings have important policy implications for improving the efficiency of cereal markets in Sudan and other similar settings.
Wheat subsidies, wheat markets and food security in Sudan: Current state and options for the future
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelaziz, Fatma; Abdelfattah, Lina Alaaeldin; Breisinger, Clemens; Dorosh, Paul A.; Resnick, Danielle; Siddig, Khalid; William, Amy. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelaziz, Fatma; Abdelfattah, Lina Alaaeldin; Breisinger, Clemens; Dorosh, Paul A.; Resnick, Danielle; Siddig, Khalid; William, Amy. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134970
Abstract | View
This policy note summarizes the key findings from the following four research papers prepared by the International Food Policy Research Institute with financial support by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID):
1. Bottlenecks in Sudan’s Wheat Value Chains: Insights from Surveys
2. Evaluating Cereal Market (Dis)Integration in Sudan
3. Distributional Consequences of Wheat Policy in Sudan: A Simulation Model Analysis
4. Political Economy of Wheat Value Chains in Post-Revolution Sudan
1. Bottlenecks in Sudan’s Wheat Value Chains: Insights from Surveys
2. Evaluating Cereal Market (Dis)Integration in Sudan
3. Distributional Consequences of Wheat Policy in Sudan: A Simulation Model Analysis
4. Political Economy of Wheat Value Chains in Post-Revolution Sudan
Predictors of discordance and concordance in reporting of intimate partner violence: Evidence from a large sample of rural Ethiopian couples
Leight, Jessica; Deyessa, Negussie; Sharma, Vandana. Washington, DC 2022
Leight, Jessica; Deyessa, Negussie; Sharma, Vandana. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134971
Abstract | View
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major worldwide health challenge, and addressing this challenge requires high-quality data. This analysis uses a large-scale survey of 5,033 households in rural Ethiopia in which both men and women were surveyed about past-year IPV in order to quantify the degree of discordance, including both husband only reporting and wife only reporting, for multiple forms of IPV (emotional, physical and sexual). In addition, logistic regression is employed to analyze the effects of demographic characteristics and individual norms and behaviors on the probability of discordant reporting. The results suggest that almost half of households (44%) are characterized by discordant reporting in at least one dimension of IPV. Given the high level of discordance, 61.4% of households report any physical and/or sexual IPV using the household-level measure, compared to a rate of 41.9% from the women’s data only. In addition, men who report more gender-equitable attitudes and behaviors (failing to concur with justifications for IPV, reporting higher support for gender equitable norms, and reporting a higher level of female engagement in decision-making and intrahousehold task-sharing) are more likely to be members of wife only reporting households: i.e., they are less likely to report perpetration of IPV. Women who report more gender-equitable attitudes and behaviors, by contrast, are more likely to be members of husband only reporting households.
Agricultural R&D investments and policy development goals in Sub-Saharan Africa: Assessing prioritization of value chains in Senegal
Benfica, Rui. Washington, DC 2022
Benfica, Rui. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134972
Abstract | View
This paper looks at the prioritization of agricultural value chains (VCs) for the allocation of R&D resources that maximize development outcomes (poverty, growth, jobs, and diets). Considering that growth in VCs affects those various outcomes differently, as expansion pathways result in the diverse use of production factors and inputs, trade-offs from linkages across sectors, and changes throughout the agri-food system, this analysis uses (i) the RIAPA dynamic computable general equilibrium model to identify which agricultural VCs, when expanded through TFP growth, provide the strongest effects on the development outcomes of interest; (ii) the perpetual inventory model (PIM) to represent the lagged effect of research through knowledge stocks of agricultural R&D investments; and (iii) information on the elasticities of VC agricultural activity TFP with respect to agricultural R&D knowledge stocks, to discuss the VC priority allocations of R&D resources in Senegal. Results indicate that no one VC (crop- or livestock-related) is the most effective at improving all development outcomes. When accounting for policy preferences that attribute relative priority weight to development objectives, results (based on a ranking scale) indicate that R&D investments for maximizing development objectives can be most effective in Senegal’s VCs for traditional export crops (growth, diets, jobs, and to some extent poverty), groundnuts (poverty, diets, and jobs), rice (poverty and jobs), poultry/eggs (diets and jobs), sorghum/millet (poverty and growth), and cattle (diets and growth). Other promising VCs with potential effects at scale if strategically targeted include vegetables (poverty, diets, and jobs), oilseeds (poverty and growth), and fruits (diets and jobs). While these results can inform strategies aimed at improving multiple development outcomes, future modeling needs to focus on deepening the standardization and integration of R&D investments costs into the framework, disentangle the relevance of different types of R&D investments sources, and bring together other factors and complementary agrifood system investment dimensions relevant to sustainable and inclusive agricultural VC growth.
Guiding principles of AIP reform
De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Washington, DC 2022
De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134975
Using outcome trajectory evaluation to assess HarvestPlus’ contribution to the development of national biofortification breeding programs
Douthwaite, Boru; Johnson, Nancy L.; Wyatt, Amanda. Washington, DC 2022
Douthwaite, Boru; Johnson, Nancy L.; Wyatt, Amanda. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134976
Abstract | View
While the key role that policy plays in sustainable development has long been recognized, rigorously documenting the influence of research on policy outcomes faces conceptual, empirical and even political challenges. Addressing these challenges is increasingly urgent since improving policies—broadly defined—is at the heart of the structural transformation agenda. This paper describes the use of a new evaluation method—outcomes trajectory evaluation (OTE), based on both evaluation and policy process theory—to explore the influence of HarvestPlus, a large and complex research for development program focused on improving nutrition, on a specific policy outcome, namely the establishment of crop biofortification breeding programs in national agricultural research institutes in Bangladesh, India and Rwanda. The findings support claims of significant HarvestPlus contributions to the establishment of the programs while also raising issues that need to be monitored moving forward to ensure sustainability. The paper also discusses the pros and cons of the OTE approach in terms of both methodological rigor and program learning. In particular, the fact that HarvestPlus is a long-running program allows us to reflect on how a “backward looking” approach such as OTE builds on and complements the more “forward looking,” theory of change-based approaches that informed HarvestPlus programming and evaluation during its earlier, highly-successful phases. Such a long-run perspective is rare in development evaluation and it offers important lessons for how to think about and plan for evaluation over the course of a complex agriculture research for development program.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, January 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Mismeasurement and efficiency estimates: Evidence from smallholder survey data in Africa
Abay, Kibrom A.; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Chamberlin, Jordan. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Chamberlin, Jordan. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134983
Abstract | View
Smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is commonly characterized by high levels of technical inefficiency. However, much of this characterization relies on self-reported input and production data, which are prone to systematic measurement error. We theoretically show that non-classical measurement error introduces multiple identification challenges and sources of bias in estimating smallholders’ technical inefficiency. We then empirically examine the implications of measurement error for the estimation of technical inefficiency using smallholder farm survey data from Ethiopia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Tanzania. We find that measurement error in agricultural input and production data leads to a substantial upward bias in technical inefficiency estimates (by up to 85 percent for some farmers). Our results suggest that existing estimates of technical efficiency in sub-Saharan Africa may be severe underestimates of smallholders’ actual efficiency and what is commonly attributed to farmer inefficiency may be an artifact of mismeasurement in agricultural data. Our results raise questions about the received wisdom on African smallholders’ production efficiency and prior estimates of the productivity of agricultural inputs. Improving the measurement of agricultural data can improve our understanding of smallholders’ production efficiencies and improve the targeting of productivity-enhancing technologies.
Return to quality in rural agricultural markets: Evidence from wheat markets in Ethiopia
Do Nascimento Miguel, Jérémy. Washington, DC 2022
Do Nascimento Miguel, Jérémy. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134984
Abstract | View
In many Sub-Saharan countries, farmers cannot meet the growing urban demand for higher quality products, leading to increasing dependency on imports. While the literature has focused on production-side constraints to enhancing smallholder farmers’ output quality, there is scarce evidence of market-side constraints. Using a unique sample of 60 wheat markets in Ethiopia, I examine the relationship between the price obtained by farmers and the quality supplied. Using objective and precise measures of observable (impurity content) and unobservable (flour extraction rate and moisture level) quality attributes, no evidence was found of a strong correlation between the two, suggesting that observable attributes cannot serve as proxies for unobservable ones. Transaction prices further reflect this, indicating that, markets only reward quality attributes that are observable at no cost. However, these results hide cross-market heterogeneity. Observable quality attributes are better rewarded in larger and more competitive markets, while unobservable attributes are rewarded in the presence of grain millers and/or farmer cooperatives on the market site. Both regression and machine learning approaches support these findings.
Investing in dates, poultry, olive, and medicinal and aromatic plants value chains in Egypt: Assessing the economy-wide impacts
El-Kersh, Mohamed; Atef, Mohamed; Ali, Alaa; Farghaly, Lobna; Abderabuh, Zainab; Abdelradi, Fadi; Abdou, Khaled; Abdelaziz, Ehab; Faris, Victor; Nasr, Saleh; Nassar, Yasmin; Nassar, Zaki; Raouf, Mariam; Wiebelt, Manfred. Washington, DC 2022
El-Kersh, Mohamed; Atef, Mohamed; Ali, Alaa; Farghaly, Lobna; Abderabuh, Zainab; Abdelradi, Fadi; Abdou, Khaled; Abdelaziz, Ehab; Faris, Victor; Nasr, Saleh; Nassar, Yasmin; Nassar, Zaki; Raouf, Mariam; Wiebelt, Manfred. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134986
Abstract | View
This policy note summarizes an evaluation of public investment options for Egypt’s agri-food system conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation of the Government of Egypt and Cairo University. We quantitatively assess the expected economy-wide impacts of investing in four promising agricultural value-chains: dates, poultry, olives, and medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP). As part of the analysis, a range of agriculture-related public investments along the value-chains are considered, including spending to expand farm production and promotion of downstream agri-processing and marketing. We use two IFPRI structural models. The Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) economywide model is used to capture linkages between economic sectors, households, and rural-urban economies and to measure changes in economic growth, household welfare, and employment within and beyond the agri-food system. RIAPA is linked to the Agricultural Investment and Data Analysis (AIDA), the second model, which tracks investment impacts and costs over time. Inter alia, we find that: Investments into each of the four agricultural value chains enhance growth, create additional employment opportunities, improve household welfare, and reduce poverty. The MAP and poultry value chains are the most promising value chains with regard to all four evaluation criteria. However growth generation is largest if investment is concentrated in the MAP value chain, while investment into the poultry value chain has the strongest impacts on job creation and poverty reduction. Investments into primary production and processing, besides having a strong direct impact on the value chain growth, generate significant indirect effects inside and outside the agrifood system. These indirect effects are largest for the MAP value chain.
Resilience of urban value chains during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from dairy and vegetable chains in Ethiopia
Hirvonen, Kalle; Mohammed, Belay; Habte, Yetimwork; Tamru, Seneshaw; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Minten, Bart. Washington, DC 2022
Hirvonen, Kalle; Mohammed, Belay; Habte, Yetimwork; Tamru, Seneshaw; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Minten, Bart. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294226_12
Abstract | View
At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, many researchers and international organizations voiced concerns about the resilience of food value chains amid lockdowns and border closures, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (Laborde et al. 2020; Reardon, Bellemare, and Zilberman 2020; Resnick 2020). This chapter explores the pandemic’s effects on dairy and vegetable value chains in Ethiopia’s capital through mid-2021. Despite early fears about the pandemic’s impacts, survey data show that these urban value chains quickly rebounded after an initial period of fragility, demonstrating resilience over the research period. Amid tremendous uncertainty and market volatility, most value chain actors also indicated that the pandemic had not negatively affected their business activities.
Uneven recovery and a lingering food crisis during the COVID-19 pandemic for rural safety net transfer recipients in Ethiopia
Gilligan, Daniel O.; Berhane, Guush; Hirvonen, Kalle; Kumar, Neha; Leight, Jessica. Washington, DC 2022
Gilligan, Daniel O.; Berhane, Guush; Hirvonen, Kalle; Kumar, Neha; Leight, Jessica. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294226_18
Abstract | View
In the first few months of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers at IFPRI and elsewhere worked quickly with their partners in government, the private sector, and survey firms to provide evidence on the immediate impacts of the COVID-19 health crisis and related restrictions in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, systematic evidence on the effects of the crisis has been more limited in the ensuing months up to and after the one-year anniversary of the pandemic. Early analysis of economic models of the crisis suggested that its economic effects would be severe in the short run and greatest in Africa south of the Sahara, where the pandemic and related lockdowns were projected to depress incomes of both urban workers and rural households (Laborde, Martin, and Vos 2021). Phone surveys and rapid assessments conducted in the first weeks of the pandemic reported significant job losses in both rural and urban areas (Wieser et al. 2020), disruptions to urban food value chains (Tamru, Hirvonen, and Minten 2020), and declines in household dietary diversity in Addis Ababa (Hirvonen, de Brauw, and Abate 2021). In the time since those initial projections and rapid surveillance surveys were conducted, researchers have revisited the same samples to analyze the medium-term effects of the pandemic. In addition, they have gathered information on households at the economic margins of society and those considered to be less affected by the pandemic by virtue of their sector of employment or remote location.
Selected country experiences during the pandemic: Policy responses and CGIAR support
Andam, Kwaw S.; Ezekannagha, Oluchi. Washington, DC 2022
Andam, Kwaw S.; Ezekannagha, Oluchi. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294226_28
Abstract | View
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, CGIAR pivoted its research planning to better support countries as they responded to the crisis. Despite the unprecedented, highly disruptive nature of the pandemic, CGIAR’s collaborative country work has enhanced engagement across the agrifood sector, leveraged existing capacities, and improved awareness of vulnerabilities within value chains. The insights gained from this experience may ultimately prove useful in addressing other longstanding challenges as well. In this chapter, we recount selected country experiences during the pandemic and the response of the international agricultural research system to support these countries. In the section on country experiences, we draw from IFPRI’s COVID-19 Policy Response Portal (CPR) to focus on lockdown policies in Bangladesh, Kenya, and Nigeria. We describe the steps taken by governments in these countries to address challenges in the agrifood sector and provide social protection to the vulnerable.
Ethiopia’s social safety net effective in limiting COVID-19 impacts on rural food insecurity
Abay, Kibrom A.; Berhane, Guush; Hoddinott, John F.; Tafere, Kibrom. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Berhane, Guush; Hoddinott, John F.; Tafere, Kibrom. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294226_21
Abstract | View
The COVID-19 pandemic is undermining food and nutrition security on a global scale. IFPRI estimates show that globally, 80–140 million people were at risk of falling into extreme poverty in 2020, more than half in Africa south of the Sahara. The World Food Programme estimated that globally, the number of people facing acute food insecurity could double in the same period. These impacts — stemming from lost incomes due to lockdowns, fear of exposure, and medical expenses, as well as disruptions in food markets and value chains — are severely testing social protection systems in many countries. How effective are those systems in blunting these effects?
COVID-19-induced disruptions of school feeding services exacerbate food insecurity in Nigeria
Abay, Kibrom A.; Amare, Mulubrhan; Tiberti, Luca; Andam, Kwaw S.; Wang, Michael. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Amare, Mulubrhan; Tiberti, Luca; Andam, Kwaw S.; Wang, Michael. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294226_23
Abstract | View
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated lockdown policies have disrupted education, health, and nutrition services globally, with severe implications for children’s well-being. As the pandemic spread, more than 190 countries implemented countrywide school closures, affecting 1.6 billion children around the world. In addition to the direct effects on learning, these closures affect household food security by interrupting school feeding services.
Despite COVID-19, food consumption remains steady in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
de Brauw, Alan; Hirvonen, Kalle; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse. Washington, DC 2022
de Brauw, Alan; Hirvonen, Kalle; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294226_04
Abstract | View
There is substantial concern that global food insecurity is increasing as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Organizations such as the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Food Programme (WFP), and CGIAR are trying to get a clear picture of the growing challenges people may be facing, but the nature of the pandemic makes data on food security and daily living hard to obtain. Because face-to-face surveys have largely not been possible during the pandemic, much of what we know about actual changes in food security status comes from phone surveys. These surveys suggest large proportions of respondents are facing falling incomes; the World Bank reports declines in incomes and food security where they have conducted phone surveys.
Extraordinary COVID-19 social support programs in South Africa yield economic benefits during the pandemic period
Gabriel, Sherwin; van Seventer, Dirk; Arndt, Channing; Davies, Robert J.; Harris, Laurence; Robinson, Sherman; Wilf, Jenna. Washington, DC 2022
Gabriel, Sherwin; van Seventer, Dirk; Arndt, Channing; Davies, Robert J.; Harris, Laurence; Robinson, Sherman; Wilf, Jenna. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294226_24
Abstract | View
Since the onset of economic downturns caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have struggled with uneven recoveries across sectors, as some types of workers and industries were better able to resume their activities than others. Even in the best-case scenarios, recovery would have been precarious, but the spread of new virus variants has cast doubt on the hopes for rapid reopening and recovery, especially for low- and middle-income countries with low vaccination rates.
COVID-19’s varied impacts on fresh fruit and vegetable supply chains in Senegal
Fabry, Anna; Van Hoyweghen, Kaat; Feyaerts, Hendrik; Wade, Idrissa; Maertens, Miet. Washington, DC 2022
Fabry, Anna; Van Hoyweghen, Kaat; Feyaerts, Hendrik; Wade, Idrissa; Maertens, Miet. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294226_17
Abstract | View
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Senegal declared a state of emergency on March 23, 2020, followed by a range of policy measures to prevent the spread of the coronavirus: Transport was significantly restricted, wet markets were closed, and shops were required to limit their hours. These moves disrupted food supply chains, in particular, those for highly perishable products such as fresh fruits and vegetables (FFV).
Selected legumes, roots & tubers and other cereals, January 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Livestock, livestock products and fish, January 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets and food security in Malawi.
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on women and men in Kaduna and Cross River states of Nigeria
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti. Washington, DC 2022
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135040
Abstract | View
The study was conducted in Kaduna State and Cross River State in Nigeria. It was designed as a longitudinal panel study with five rounds of data collection. The study used primary quantitative data collected using structured questionnaires administered through phone-based surveys. The study sample was drawn using systematic random sampling from an earlier in-person survey conducted by IFPRI for the Agro Processing, Productivity Enhancement and Livelihood Improvement Support’ (APPEALS) project. Figure 1 provides a detailed description on the study timeline and sample size covered in each round.
Women’s empowerment and COVID-19: A case study from Kenya
van Biljon, Chloe; Seymour, Greg. Washington, DC 2022
van Biljon, Chloe; Seymour, Greg. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135041
Abstract | View
Research shows that the experience of the COVID-19 pandemic varied greatly by country, class, race and gender (Pangborn & Rea, 2020). In this study we aim to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic affected empowered and disempowered individuals differently. This policy note summarizes how income was affected by the pandemic, followed by an assessment of coping mechanisms with the crisis and their interactions with women’s empowerment.
Gendered impacts of COVID-19: Insights from 7 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti; Ringler, Claudia; Bryan, Elizabeth; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Washington, DC 2022
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti; Ringler, Claudia; Bryan, Elizabeth; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135042
Abstract | View
It is widely recognized that periods of crisis affect men and women differently, mediated by their access to resources and information, as well as social and institutional structures that may systematically disadvantage women from being able to access relief, institutional support, and rehabilitation. To capture the gendered impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns, we conducted phone surveys in seven countries spread across Asia and Africa. The study was designed as a longitudinal panel study with five rounds of data collection in Ghana, Nepal, Nigeria, and Senegal, and three rounds of data collection in Kenya, Niger, and Uganda. Both men and women were administered the same survey, with some modifications made across countries to adapt to local contexts. This report gives an overview of our findings covering several topics including income loss, coping strategies, labor and time use, food and water insecurity and child education outcomes. We find widespread reports of income loss, which declined over time, but increased again as countries experienced a resurgence in COVID-19 cases and fatality. We find that households first depleted savings when faced with income loss and over time, use of savings reduced while other measures began to be adopted. Women reported greater food and water insecurity compared to men, including worrying about insufficient food and eating less than usual. This is particularly worrying since a large proportion of women also did not have adequately diverse diets. Moderate to severe water insecurity was reported in many of the countries, and as with food insecurity, women were more likely to report issues with accessing water for drinking and other household activities. In some countries, additional modules were added to capture country specific issues of policy relevance, such agriculture extension, mental health, and child marriage. The results make it clear that proactive investments will be needed, including social safety nets, favorable credit policies, nutrition and water investments, to ensure that the crisis does not further widen the gender gap in resources and achievements in rural areas of low- and middle-income countries.
Synopsis: Public investment prioritization for Rwanda's agricultural transformation: Benefits of an increase in public spending on agriculture under PSTA4
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe. Washington, DC 2022
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135043
Abstract | View
Although public spending under the fourth Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture 2018– 2021 (PSTA 4) is generally well structured and cost-effective, funding has been largely stagnant— and even declining, when measured in constant prices—during PSTA’s first four years. This note summarizes the effects of a modest reallocation of public spending under PSTA 4 towards greater cost-effectiveness, as well as a modest increase in PSTA 4 spending. Results draw on an economywide modeling tool designed to prioritize public resources around four key development goals: economic growth, employment creation, poverty reduction, and diet quality improvement.
Synopsis: Public investment for Rwanda's inclusive agricultural transformation: A midterm assessment of the contribution of PSTA4
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe. Washington, DC 2022
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135044
Abstract | View
Rwanda’s fourth Strategic Plan for the Transformation of Agriculture (PSTA 4), which extends from 2018 to 2024, is currently at its midpoint. This note highlights the contribution of PSTA 4 in its first half (2018–2021) to four key development outcomes: economic growth, job creation, poverty reduction, and diet quality improvement.
Public investment prioritization for Rwanda’s inclusive agricultural transformation: Evidence from rural investment and policy analysis modeling
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe. Washington, DC 2022
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Benimana, Gilberthe. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135045
Abstract | View
As Rwanda is expected to return to its rapid growth trajectory following the COVID-19 pandemic, agriculture will continue to play a central role in the structural transformation of the entire economy. To this end, the Government of Rwanda continues to invest in the agricultural sector by building on Strategic Plans for the Transformation of Agriculture (PSTAs) that began in the early 2000s. The challenging question is how to prioritize public expenditures across a broad portfolio of policies and programs. Ambitious plans, whether in the short or long term, require difficult decisions. The prioritization of public investment becomes even more complex as Rwanda’s structural transformation advances and as new investments—beyond the farm—become critically important for the agricultural sector. The structural transformation process itself means that as agriculture becomes more integrated with the rest of the economy, public resource allocations need to address a wider range of issues across the entire food system; these include nutrition-sensitive food production systems, inclusive value chain development, nonfarm rural enterprise development, and climate-resilient sustainable intensification of both crops and livestock.
This study provides evidence that is designed to assist the Government of Rwanda in its selection of agricultural policy, investment, and expenditure portfolios that reflect the country’s broad focus on its food system and structural transformation. This process of prioritization will need to incorporate multiple public investments targeting multiple development outcomes and will need to be grounded in the costeffective use of public resources in a largely market-led transformation process. This data-driven and evidence-based approach must critically underpin an informed investment prioritization process that helps achieve ambitious targets in an environment constrained by limited public resources. The study uses the Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) economywide model developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), with contributions from colleagues at the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) and the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). The study draws on data from multiple sources as well as expert insights to inform the application of RIAPA’s Agricultural Investment for Data Analyzer (AIDA) module as a tool to measure the impacts of alternative public expenditure options on multiple development outcomes. Using this integrated modeling framework, the study links agricultural and rural development spending to four specific outcomes: economic growth, job creation, poverty reduction, and diet quality improvement; at the same time, it considers the synergies and tradeoffs associated with the different investment options in the transformation process.
The paper first assesses the contribution of public expenditures to agricultural and rural development under the fourth Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation (PSTA 4) that extends between 2018 and 2024. These findings are important, given the fact that since the beginning of PSTA 4, the budget allocated to MINAGRI (measured in constant prices) has stagnated. Our results suggest that increased spending on agriculture is well justified and that such spending is essential if the Government of Rwanda is to achieve its long-term development goals.
This study provides evidence that is designed to assist the Government of Rwanda in its selection of agricultural policy, investment, and expenditure portfolios that reflect the country’s broad focus on its food system and structural transformation. This process of prioritization will need to incorporate multiple public investments targeting multiple development outcomes and will need to be grounded in the costeffective use of public resources in a largely market-led transformation process. This data-driven and evidence-based approach must critically underpin an informed investment prioritization process that helps achieve ambitious targets in an environment constrained by limited public resources. The study uses the Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) economywide model developed by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), with contributions from colleagues at the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI), the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MINECOFIN) and the National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR). The study draws on data from multiple sources as well as expert insights to inform the application of RIAPA’s Agricultural Investment for Data Analyzer (AIDA) module as a tool to measure the impacts of alternative public expenditure options on multiple development outcomes. Using this integrated modeling framework, the study links agricultural and rural development spending to four specific outcomes: economic growth, job creation, poverty reduction, and diet quality improvement; at the same time, it considers the synergies and tradeoffs associated with the different investment options in the transformation process.
The paper first assesses the contribution of public expenditures to agricultural and rural development under the fourth Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation (PSTA 4) that extends between 2018 and 2024. These findings are important, given the fact that since the beginning of PSTA 4, the budget allocated to MINAGRI (measured in constant prices) has stagnated. Our results suggest that increased spending on agriculture is well justified and that such spending is essential if the Government of Rwanda is to achieve its long-term development goals.
Assessing the development impacts of bio-innovations: The case of genetically modified maize and cassava in Tanzania
Benfica, Rui; Zambrano, Patricia; Chambers, Judith A.; Falck-Zepeda, José Benjamin. Washington, DC 2022
Benfica, Rui; Zambrano, Patricia; Chambers, Judith A.; Falck-Zepeda, José Benjamin. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135055
Abstract | View
Tanzania’s agriculture faces persistent low crop productivity due to endogenous and exogenous factors, particularly low and unpredictable rainfall, and the incidence of pests. To address these challenges, the government and partners are making efforts to develop and deploy Genetically Modified (GM) Maize varieties with drought tolerance and insect resistant traits (WEMA), and Cassava Brown Streak Disease (CBSD) resistant varieties. This analysis overcomes limitations from earlier assessments of the impacts of those GM crops by accounting for trade-offs in resource competition and considering the indirect effects of adoption and yield gains from GM maize and cassava varieties on the broader economy, the Agri-Food System (AFS), and on household level outcomes. It extends the BioRAPP analysis to an ex-ante economywide framework. We reveal several findings. First, GM maize and cassava (individually and jointly) have positive impacts in the economy, the AFS, and the poverty, particularly in rural areas and among the poorest households. Second, given its relatively greater relevance in output and employment, and the stronger linkages in the AFS, the effects of GM maize on GDP and AFS growth, and poverty is relatively stronger than those from GM cassava. Third, as expected, relatively greater effects are found in higher adoption and high yield gains scenarios, and, in each scenario, the effects on the poorest households are greater than that for the higher quintiles. Furthermore, differential impact across scenarios is also greater amongst the poorest, while the differences are minimal for the top quintile. Finally, the high variation of results across scenarios, and the significant effects of the high adoption/high yield change scenario, suggest that efforts will be critical to ensure the realization of the maximization of adoption rates while ensuring the materialization of the yield growth potential of the GM varieties through the efficient use of technical recommendations on crop production management, and the introduction of the right investments and policy incentives.
Near-real-time welfare and livelihood impacts of an active civil war: Evidence from Ethiopia
Abay, Kibrom A.; Tafere, Kibrom; Berhane, Guush; Chamberlin, Jordan; Abay, Mehari Hiluf. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Tafere, Kibrom; Berhane, Guush; Chamberlin, Jordan; Abay, Mehari Hiluf. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135056
Abstract | View
Ethiopia is currently embroiled in a large-scale civil war that has continued for more than a year. Using unique High-Frequency Phone Survey (HFPS) data, which spans several months before and after the outbreak of the war, this paper provides fresh evidence on the ex durante impacts of the conflict on the food security and livelihood activities of affected households. We use difference-in-differences estimation to compare trends in the outcomes of interest across affected and unaffected regions (households) and before and after the outbreak of the civil war. Seven months into the conflict, we find that the outbreak of the civil war increased the probability of moderate to severe food insecurity by 38 percentage points. Using the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) on households’ exposure to violent conflict, we show that exposure to one additional battle leads to 1 percentage point increase in the probability of moderate to severe food insecurity. The conflict has reduced households’ access to food through supply chain disruptions while also curtailing non-farm livelihood activities. Non-farm and wage related activities were the most affected by the conflict while farming activities were relatively more resilient. Similarly, economic activities in urban areas were much more affected than those in rural areas. These substantial impact estimates, which are likely to be underestimates of the true average effects on the population, constitute novel evidence on the near-real-time impacts of an on-going civil conflict, providing direct evidence on how violent conflict disrupts the functioning of market supply chains and livelihoods activities. Our work highlights the potential of HFPS to monitor active and large-scale conflicts, especially in contexts where conventional data sources are not immediately available.
Investing in dates, poultry, olive, and medicinal and aromatic plants value chains in Egypt: Assessing the economy-wide impacts [in Arabic]
El-Kersh, Mohamed; Atef, Mohamed; Ali, Alaa; Farghaly, Lobna; Abderabuh, Zainab; Abdelradi, Fadi; Abdou, Khaled; Abdelaziz, Ehab; Faris, Victor; Nasr, Saleh; Nassar, Yasmin; Nassar, Zaki; Raouf, Mariam; Wiebelt, Manfred. Washington, DC 2022
El-Kersh, Mohamed; Atef, Mohamed; Ali, Alaa; Farghaly, Lobna; Abderabuh, Zainab; Abdelradi, Fadi; Abdou, Khaled; Abdelaziz, Ehab; Faris, Victor; Nasr, Saleh; Nassar, Yasmin; Nassar, Zaki; Raouf, Mariam; Wiebelt, Manfred. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135057
Abstract | View
This policy note summarizes an evaluation of public investment options for Egypt’s agri-food system conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation of the Government of Egypt and Cairo University. We quantitatively assess the expected economy-wide impacts of investing in four promising agricultural value-chains: dates, poultry, olives, and medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP). As part of the analysis, a range of agriculture-related public investments along the value-chains are considered, including spending to expand farm production and promotion of downstream agri-processing and marketing. We use two IFPRI structural models. The Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) economywide model is used to capture linkages between economic sectors, households, and rural-urban economies and to measure changes in economic growth, household welfare, and employment within and beyond the agri-food system. RIAPA is linked to the Agricultural Investment and Data Analysis (AIDA), the second model, which tracks investment impacts and costs over time. Inter alia, we find that: Investments into each of the four agricultural value chains enhance growth, create additional employment opportunities, improve household welfare, and reduce poverty. The MAP and poultry value chains are the most promising value chains with regard to all four evaluation criteria. However growth generation is largest if investment is concentrated in the MAP value chain, while investment into the poultry value chain has the strongest impacts on job creation and poverty reduction. Investments into primary production and processing, besides having a strong direct impact on the value chain growth, generate significant indirect effects inside and outside the agrifood system. These indirect effects are largest for the MAP value chain.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, February 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Farmers' perspective on the implementation of the affordable inputs programme: Insights from nationally representative household and community surveys
Ragasa, Catherine; Carrillo, Lucia; Balakasi, Kelvin. Washington, DC 2022
Ragasa, Catherine; Carrillo, Lucia; Balakasi, Kelvin. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135061
Abstract | View
This note provides an assessment of the first year of implementation of the Affordable Inputs Programme (AIP) from the perspective of rural households and communities in Malawi. The data come from a nationally representative panel survey of 2,449 rural households in 299 communities. At the household level, users of inorganic fertilizer, the amount applied per farmer, and productivity and production all increased in the 2020/21 cropping season compared to the 2015/16 and 2017/18 seasons. Almost all sampled communities reported more positive experiences with AIP than with the previous Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP), mainly because of the expanded coverage and greater number of beneficiaries. However, farmers reported major challenges in the computerized system (or network) for verifying beneficiaries, limited number of selling points, and limited and late supply of inputs, causing congestion and different forms of corruption and harassment in the selling points. The network, number of selling depots, procurement processes, input-provider selection processes, and governance must improve for more farming households to realize benefits from AIP. Further, AIP must be accompanied in the long term by better soil management practices.
SACRED: Systematic Analysis for Climate Resilient Development
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Physical climate vulnerability is often assessed using three key methodologies: indicator-based methods (e.g., a vulnerability index), model and GIS-based (quantitative approaches), and participatory approaches (e.g., cognitive mapping, interviews, and surveys). Each methodology has its own strengths and weaknesses and a combination of approaches is often considered ideal.
With respect to physical risks and impacts, IFPRI maintains a framework labelled SACRED (Systematic Analysis for Climate Resilient Development). This framework has been applied throughout Africa as well as in Asia. A schematic of the framework is shown below.
Key features of the SACRED framework are:
· Focus on a country or region rather than the globe.
· Structural approach. The component models of the SACRED framework are typically bottom-up and drawn from first principles.
· Completeness. All relevant climate change impact channels are treated in a coherent framework.
· Flexibility. It is important that the elements of the SACRED modelling interact appropriately with one another; however, the exact modelling frameworks are flexible.
· Risk and uncertainty. The SACRED framework is on the cutting edge when it comes to incorporating the likely frequency, severity, and economic implications of extreme events.
Relative to many integrated assessment model (IAM) frameworks, the SACRED framework is detailed with granular representations of key features such as water systems, agriculture, and infrastructure. In addition, the economic model within SACRED has strong detail in water and in regional agriculture. As a result, it meshes well with the bio-physical modelling approaches that are key to appropriately representing climate change within the economic model.
Key components of the framework are:
1. Incorporating both climate uncertainty and weather variability.
2. Using biophysical modelling to evaluate climate/weather impact on agricultural production.
3. Using water and hydrological models to assess future climate impact on irrigation, hydropower, droughts, and flooding.
4. Using both climate and water models to inform the assessment of damages from extreme events such as flooding, storm surge, and salinization on agriculture, infrastructure, and other capital.
5. When necessary, using additional models to assess options for the energy sector and to compute changes in greenhouse gas emissions.
6. Using an economic model to assess impact on GDP, welfare, employment, prices, and trade.
With respect to physical risks and impacts, IFPRI maintains a framework labelled SACRED (Systematic Analysis for Climate Resilient Development). This framework has been applied throughout Africa as well as in Asia. A schematic of the framework is shown below.
Key features of the SACRED framework are:
· Focus on a country or region rather than the globe.
· Structural approach. The component models of the SACRED framework are typically bottom-up and drawn from first principles.
· Completeness. All relevant climate change impact channels are treated in a coherent framework.
· Flexibility. It is important that the elements of the SACRED modelling interact appropriately with one another; however, the exact modelling frameworks are flexible.
· Risk and uncertainty. The SACRED framework is on the cutting edge when it comes to incorporating the likely frequency, severity, and economic implications of extreme events.
Relative to many integrated assessment model (IAM) frameworks, the SACRED framework is detailed with granular representations of key features such as water systems, agriculture, and infrastructure. In addition, the economic model within SACRED has strong detail in water and in regional agriculture. As a result, it meshes well with the bio-physical modelling approaches that are key to appropriately representing climate change within the economic model.
Key components of the framework are:
1. Incorporating both climate uncertainty and weather variability.
2. Using biophysical modelling to evaluate climate/weather impact on agricultural production.
3. Using water and hydrological models to assess future climate impact on irrigation, hydropower, droughts, and flooding.
4. Using both climate and water models to inform the assessment of damages from extreme events such as flooding, storm surge, and salinization on agriculture, infrastructure, and other capital.
5. When necessary, using additional models to assess options for the energy sector and to compute changes in greenhouse gas emissions.
6. Using an economic model to assess impact on GDP, welfare, employment, prices, and trade.
Selected publications related to SACRED
Special Issue of Climatic Change on the Zambezi River Valley. Table of contents here:
1) Arndt, C., and F. Tarp. 2015. Climate Change Impacts and Adaptations: Lessons Learned from the Greater Zambezi River Valley and Beyond. Climatic Change. 130(1):1-8.
2) Schlosser, C.A., K. Strzepek. 2015. Regional climate change of the greater Zambezi River Basin: a hybrid assessment. Climatic Change 130:9-19.
3) Arndt, C., Fant, C., Robinson, S. et al. 2015. Informed selection of future climates. Climatic Change 130, 21-33.
4) Fant, C., Y. Gebretsadik, A. McCluskey, and K. Strzepek. 2015. An uncertainty approach to assessment of climate change impacts on the Zambezi River Basin. Climatic Change 130:35-48
5) Chinowsky, P.S., A.E. Schweikert, N.L. Strzepek and K. Strzepek. 2015. Infrastructure and climate change: a study of impacts and adaptations in Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia. Climatic Change 130:49-62.
6) Arndt, C., and J. Thurlow. 2015. Climate uncertainty and economic development: evaluating the case of Mozambique to 2050. Climatic Change 130:63-75.
Akpalu, W. and M. Bezabih. 2015. Tenure Insecurity, Climate Variability and Renting out Decisions among Female Small-Holder Farmers in Ethiopia. Sustainability 7(6):7926-7941.
Akpalu, W., C. Arndt, and I. Matshe. 2015. Introduction to the special issue on the economics of climate change in developing countries: Selected studies of impacts and adaptations in Sub-Saharan Africa and South-East Asia. Sustainability. 7(2015):12122-12126.
Akpalu, W., I. Dasmani, and A.K. Normanyo. 2015. Optimum Fisheries Management under Climate Variability: Evidence from Artisanal Marine Fishing in Ghana. Sustainability 7(6):7942-7958.
Amisigo, B.A., A. McCluskey, and R. Swanson. 2015. Modeling Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources and Agriculture Demand in the Volta Basin and other Basin Systems in Ghana. Sustainability 7(6):6957-6975.
Arndt, C., C.A. Schlosser, K. Strzepek, and J. Thurlow. 2014. Climate Change and Economic Growth Prospects for Malawi: An Uncertainty Approach. Journal of African Economies. 23(4): ii83-ii107
Arndt, C., C.A. Schlosser, K. Strzepek, and J. Thurlow. 2014. Climate Change and Economic Growth Prospects for Malawi: An Uncertainty Approach. Journal of African Economies. 23(4): ii83-ii107
Arndt, C., F. Asante and J. Thurlow. 2015. Implications of Climate Change for Ghana’s Economy. Sustainability 7(6):7214-7231.
Arndt, C., F. Tarp, and J. Thurlow. 2015. The Economic Costs of Climate Change: A Multi-Sector Impact Assessment for Vietnam. Sustainability 7(4):4131-4145.
Arndt, C., P. Chinowsky, C. Fant, S. Paltsev, A. Schlosser, K. Strzepek, F. Tarp, and J. Thurlow. 2019. Climate change and developing country growth: The cases of Malawi, Mozambique, and Zambia. Climatic Change 154(3-4): 335-349.
Berhanu, W. and F. Beyene. 2015. Climate Variability and Household Adaptation Strategies in Southern Ethiopia. Sustainability 7(6):6353-6375.
Chinowsky, P.S., A.E. Schweikert, N. Strzepek, and K. Strzepek. 2015. Road Infrastructure and Climate Change in Vietnam. Sustainability 7(5):5452-5470.
Cullis, J., T. Alton, C. Arndt, A. Cartwright, A. Chang, S. Gabriel, Y. Gebretsadik, F. Hartley, G. de Jager, K. Makrelov, G. Robertson, A. C. Schlosser, K. Strzepek, and J. Thurlow. 2015. An Uncertainty Approach to Modelling Climate Change Risk in South Africa. WIDER Working Paper 2015/045
Enahoro, D., Sircely, J., Boone, R. B., Oloo, S., Komarek, A. M., Bahta, S., … Rich, K. M. 2021. Feed biomass production may not be sufficient to support emerging livestock demand: Model projections to 2050 in Southern Africa. SocArXiv.
Hachigonta, Sepo, ed.; Nelson, Gerald C., ed.; Thomas, Timothy S., ed.; Sibanda, Lindiwe M., ed. 2013. Southern african agriculture and climate change: A comprehensive analysis. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Hartley, F., S. Gabriel, J. Cullis, and C. Arndt. 2021. Climate uncertainty and agricultural vulnerability in South Africa. SA-TIED Working Paper 162
Manuel, L., E. Tostão, O. Vilanculos, G. Mandlhate, and F. Hartley. 2020. Economic implications of climate change in Mozambique. SA-TIED Working Paper #136
Neumann, J.E., K.A. Emanuel, S. Ravela, L.C. Ludwig, and C. Verly. 2015. Risks of Coastal Storm Surge and the Effect of Sea Level Rise in the Red River Delta, Vietnam. Sustainability 7(6):6553-6572.
Ngoma, H., P. Lupiya, M. Kabisa, and F. Hartley. 2020. Impacts of climate change on agriculture and household welfare in Zambia: An economy-wide analysis. SA-TIED Working Paper #132
Payet-Burin, Raphael; Kenneth Strzepek. 2021. Development of a modelling framework to analyze the interrelations between the water, energy, and food systems in the Zambezi River Basin. SA-TIED Working Paper 182.
Payet-Burin, Raphael; Kenneth Strzepek. 2021. Interrelations between the water, energy and food systems and climate change impacts in the Zambezi River Basin. SA-TIED Working Paper 181.
Robinson, Sherman; Mason d'Croz, Daniel; Islam, Shahnila; Sulser, Timothy B.; Robertson, Richard D.; Zhu, Tingju; Gueneau, Arthur; Pitois, Gauthier; and Rosegrant, Mark W. 2015. The International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT): Model description for version 3. IFPRI Discussion Paper 1483. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
Schlosser, Adam; Sokolov, Andrei; Strzepek, Kenneth M.; Thomas, Timothy S.; Gao, Xiang; and Arndt, Channing. 2020. The changing nature of hydroclimatic risks across Southern Africa. SA-TIED Working Paper 101.
Simbanegavi, W. and C. Arndt. 2014. Climate Change and Economic Development in Africa: An Overview. Journal of African Economies. 23(4): ii4-ii16.
Tembo, B., S. Sihubwa, I. Masilokwa, and M. Nyambe-Mubanga. 2020. Economic implications of climate change in Zambia. SA-TIED Working Paper #137
Twerefou, D.K., P. Chinowsky, K. Adjei-Mantey, Strzepek, N.L. 2015. The Economic Impact of Climate Change on Road Infrastructure in Ghana. Sustainability. 2015; 7(9):11949-11966.
Remote sensing data for monitoring agricultural production and economic activity: Application in Egypt
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelradi, Fadi; Kassim, Yumna; Guo, Zhe. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelradi, Fadi; Kassim, Yumna; Guo, Zhe. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135067
Abstract | View
This policy note showcases two examples on how remote sensing data can be used for monitoring agricultural production and economic activities. The first case aims to generate granular data on agricultural production, which remain scarce in Egypt and the MENA region. The second case demonstrates the potential of remote sensing data to monitor economic activities during the COVID19 pandemic. Based on these data and together with other recent findings, we provide the following recommendations to facilitate post-COVID-19 recovery in Egypt:
► Targeting of stimulus and recovery packages based on the economic repercussions experienced across geographies and sectors
► Identifying and supporting promising value chains which experienced a significant slowdown in economic activities
► Diversifying economic activities and markets to improve the resilience of agri-food systems.
► Investment in data infrastructure to monitor and respond to future shocks. This may be supported by scale up of digital solutions, which proved to be effective in sustaining business activities even during the pandemic.
► Targeting of stimulus and recovery packages based on the economic repercussions experienced across geographies and sectors
► Identifying and supporting promising value chains which experienced a significant slowdown in economic activities
► Diversifying economic activities and markets to improve the resilience of agri-food systems.
► Investment in data infrastructure to monitor and respond to future shocks. This may be supported by scale up of digital solutions, which proved to be effective in sustaining business activities even during the pandemic.
Remote sensing data for monitoring agricultural production and economic activity: Application in Egypt [in Arabic]
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelradi, Fadi; Kassim, Yumna; Guo, Zhe. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelradi, Fadi; Kassim, Yumna; Guo, Zhe. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135068
Abstract | View
This policy note showcases two examples on how remote sensing data can be used for monitoring agricultural production and economic activities. The first case aims to generate granular data on agricultural production, which remain scarce in Egypt and the MENA region. The second case demonstrates the potential of remote sensing data to monitor economic activities during the COVID19 pandemic. Based on these data and together with other recent findings, we provide the following recommendations to facilitate post-COVID-19 recovery in Egypt:
► Targeting of stimulus and recovery packages based on the economic repercussions experienced across geographies and sectors
► Identifying and supporting promising value chains which experienced a significant slowdown in economic activities
► Diversifying economic activities and markets to improve the resilience of agri-food systems.
► Investment in data infrastructure to monitor and respond to future shocks. This may be supported by scale up of digital solutions, which proved to be effective in sustaining business activities even during the pandemic.
► Targeting of stimulus and recovery packages based on the economic repercussions experienced across geographies and sectors
► Identifying and supporting promising value chains which experienced a significant slowdown in economic activities
► Diversifying economic activities and markets to improve the resilience of agri-food systems.
► Investment in data infrastructure to monitor and respond to future shocks. This may be supported by scale up of digital solutions, which proved to be effective in sustaining business activities even during the pandemic.
Post-harvest losses in potato in Nyandarua County
Scollard, Phoebe; Hoffmann, Vivian; Kago, Kennedy; Parker, Monica. Washington, DC 2022
Scollard, Phoebe; Hoffmann, Vivian; Kago, Kennedy; Parker, Monica. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Irish potato is the second most important food crop in Kenya after maize (Kaguongo et al., 2014). Potato production in Kenya is expected to grow, as farmers are being encouraged both by climate shifts and by the government to diversify their production from reliance on maize. Many farmers are opting to grow potato because it is fast-maturing compared to maize and can be used to bridge the gap during shortages of the staple grain (ibid). However, significant barriers exist to more productive and profitable potato cultivation in East Africa, including low quality of seed potato, poor disease and soil fertility management, and high rates of post-harvest losses (Schulte-Geldermann, 2013). Average potato yields in Nyandarua County are 3-4 tonnes per acre per season, well below the 10 tonnes per hectare that can be realised by professional farmers using certified seed and sound agricultural practices (Kaguongo et al., 2014).
Post-harvest losses and food safety in tomatoes produced in Laikipia County
Gatere, Lydiah; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Scollard, Phoebe. Washington, DC 2022
Gatere, Lydiah; Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Scollard, Phoebe. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135070
Abstract | View
Kenya is one of the main producers of tomato within Africa south of the Sahara, with an estimated market value of USD 237 million as of 2012, most of which was produced for the national market (Sibomana et al., 2016). Within Laikipia, the total value of tomato production was estimated as 148.5 million KSh in 2014 (Ministry of Agriculture). Due to their softness and perishability, tomatoes have significant potential for both quality and quantity losses postharvest.
Expected impacts of increases in international prices of fertilizer in Rwanda: Estimates from a microsimulation
Spielman, David J.; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Ndikumana, Sosthene; Benimana, Gilberthe; Ingabire, Chantal. Washington, DC 2022
Spielman, David J.; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Ndikumana, Sosthene; Benimana, Gilberthe; Ingabire, Chantal. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135073
Abstract | View
International fertilizer prices have increased rapidly since 2020 due to multiple factors. This note assesses the impact of these price increases on Rwanda’s agriculture sector, with an emphasis on implications for crop production, subsidy costs, and the Government of Rwanda’s agricultural budget.
Using data from the Seasonal Agricultural Surveys, we simulate the impact of increasing fertilizer prices on fertilizer demand and use, which in turn affects fertilizer value-cost ratios at the plot level and, ultimately, maize, rice, and Irish potato output and the Government’s fertilizer subsidy bill. Findings indicate the following
• At current subsidy rates and market prices, national output across all seasons could decrease by up to 3 percent for maize, 2 percent for rice, and 12 percent for Irish potato under strong assumptions about farmers’ sensitivity to fertilizer prices. Weaker assumptions about their sensitivity result in much smaller decreases in output.
• At current subsidy rates and market prices, the fertilizer subsidy bill may increase from 7 percent of MINAGRI’s budget—inclusive of funds earmarked for districts—to 12 percent.
Ultimately, the policy challenge will be to determine whether a return to the original subsidy levels and rates is feasible and under what conditions. In the short term, volatility in international fertilizer prices may continue, particularly in light of the conflict in Ukraine, making it necessary to maintain the current subsidy regime. But I the medium term, it is possible to move towards market prices for fertilizer without dramatically affecting output, thereby providing more fiscal space for other priorities.
Using data from the Seasonal Agricultural Surveys, we simulate the impact of increasing fertilizer prices on fertilizer demand and use, which in turn affects fertilizer value-cost ratios at the plot level and, ultimately, maize, rice, and Irish potato output and the Government’s fertilizer subsidy bill. Findings indicate the following
• At current subsidy rates and market prices, national output across all seasons could decrease by up to 3 percent for maize, 2 percent for rice, and 12 percent for Irish potato under strong assumptions about farmers’ sensitivity to fertilizer prices. Weaker assumptions about their sensitivity result in much smaller decreases in output.
• At current subsidy rates and market prices, the fertilizer subsidy bill may increase from 7 percent of MINAGRI’s budget—inclusive of funds earmarked for districts—to 12 percent.
Ultimately, the policy challenge will be to determine whether a return to the original subsidy levels and rates is feasible and under what conditions. In the short term, volatility in international fertilizer prices may continue, particularly in light of the conflict in Ukraine, making it necessary to maintain the current subsidy regime. But I the medium term, it is possible to move towards market prices for fertilizer without dramatically affecting output, thereby providing more fiscal space for other priorities.
Selected legumes, roots & tubers and other cereals, February 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Transforming African agricultural markets through digital innovations: What we (do not) know
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Chamberlin, Jordan; Kassim, Yumna; Spielman, David J.; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul, Jr.. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Chamberlin, Jordan; Kassim, Yumna; Spielman, David J.; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul, Jr.. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135075
Abstract | View
This policy note synthesizes the key messages and lessons from existing evidence and trends in the development, deployment and scale up of ICT-enabled marketing tools. It is based on the recently published discussion paper titled “Digital tools and agricultural market transformation in Africa: Why are they not at scale yet, and what will it take to get there”.
Key messages
• Many digital innovations have been developed and deployed in recent years in Africa, many of which have only been implemented at pilot stages, with limited evidence of successful scaling.
• There remains significant marketing and institutional constraints hindering the development of some of these digital innovations, which may further explain disparate progress in countries.
• Differential access to digital innovations across genders and different typologies of households may trigger alternative variants of digital divide.
• Although the landscape of digital innovations in Africa offers several reasons to remain optimistic, the prevailing disconnect between pilots and scale-ups merits further evaluation.
Key messages
• Many digital innovations have been developed and deployed in recent years in Africa, many of which have only been implemented at pilot stages, with limited evidence of successful scaling.
• There remains significant marketing and institutional constraints hindering the development of some of these digital innovations, which may further explain disparate progress in countries.
• Differential access to digital innovations across genders and different typologies of households may trigger alternative variants of digital divide.
• Although the landscape of digital innovations in Africa offers several reasons to remain optimistic, the prevailing disconnect between pilots and scale-ups merits further evaluation.
Livestock, livestock products and fish, February 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets and food security in Malawi.
Linked Economic and Animal Systems (LEAS) model
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Linked Economic and Animal Systems (LEAS) model is a systems-based analytical approach linked with RIAPA through several handshake variables (price and quantities) depicting information flows both ways. The LEAS model was developed in response to major implications that emerge from the recent literature on livestock systems in developing countries, including the need for a livestock systems approach that accounts for the downstream linkages connecting producers and consumers, the reliance of the livestock sector development on the future trajectory of the broader economy, and the need for a holistic approach that helps prioritize livestock sector interventions. The LEAS model incorporates a well-disaggregated herd dynamics module (HDM) linked to RIAPA that in turn passes information to microsimulation modules that help trace changes in poverty, household consumption, and dietary diversity. The HDM is a lifecycle (stock-flow) module that tracks annual herd/flock size disaggregated by age, sex, breed/strain, and agroecology zone. It estimates reproduction, births, deaths, and offtakes (slaughtering) for different types of animals (such as cattle, chickens, sheep, and goats). Given information on consumer demand for animal products and the profitability of animal offtake activities, the HDM estimates offtake level, remaining herd size, and annual feed requirement. Several policy interventions are embedded within the HDM, such as public-provision of medicines to improve animal health or access to improved feed to increase on-farm livestock productivity. Environmental variables such as forage supply and biophysical carrying capacity are incorporated to capture the impact of climate on herd stock and productivity. The HDM also incorporates parameters and variables for analyzing shocks (drought, disease, etc.) to the livestock system. The HDM is currently calibrated for cattle, but can easily be adapted to study other livestock systems including small ruminants and poultry. The LEAS model has been used to assess the implications of national development scenarios on the livestock sector performance, and the response of cattle herds to weather shocks.
Investir dans la formation professionnelle des jeunes: Programme de formation professionnelle des secteurs agropastoral et halieutique du Cameroun
Lhoste, Frédéric; Takamgang, Martial Franck. Rome, Italy 2022
Lhoste, Frédéric; Takamgang, Martial Franck. Rome, Italy 2022
DOI : 10.4060/cb7819fr
Abstract | View
L’investissement dans les agriculteurs, c’est-à-dire le capital humain de l’agriculture, est crucial pour relever les défis que posent nos systèmes agroalimentaires. Une étude mondiale effectuée par le Centre d’investissement de la FAO et l'Institut international de recherche sur les politiques alimentaires, avec l’appui du Programme de recherche du GIAR sur les politiques, les institutions et les marchés, ainsi que de l'Unité de recherche et de vulgarisation de la FAO, est consacrée à l’investissement dans le capital humain de l’agriculture, depuis ses tendances jusqu’à des initiatives prometteuses. Le Programme d’appui à la rénovation et au développement de la formation professionnelle dans les secteurs agropastoral et halieutique du Cameroun constitue l’une des neuf études de cas qui y figurent. Ce programme, qui s’inscrit dans la dynamique formation-intégration préparant les jeunes à des emplois dans les secteurs agropastoral et halieutique, a contribué à renforcer leurs compétences entrepreneuriales et sociales. Le succès du modèle repose sur la promotion de valeurs communes centrée sur le projet de vie du jeune, la participation à la formation de professionnels et des familles et le renforcement de l’expertise nationale en matière de conception, de mise en œuvre et d'évaluation du modèle. Cette publication fait partie de la collection Country Investment Highlights du programme Knowledge for Investment (K4I) du Centre d'investissement de la FAO.
Resilience in the Malawi agri-food system amid the COVID-19 crisis: Evidence from a 2021 nationally representative household survey
Ragasa, Catherine; Balakasi, Kelvin; Carrillo, Lucia. Washington, DC 2022
Ragasa, Catherine; Balakasi, Kelvin; Carrillo, Lucia. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135832
Abstract | View
This report provides a farm-level analysis of the effects of the COVID-19 crisis, 12–15 months in, using a nationally representative rural household survey conducted in June–July 2021. We draw three major observations from the survey. First, farming activities, access to inputs and extension services, production, and sales were largely unaffected by the crisis. There were temporary challenges in accessing inputs during lockdown and mobility restrictions, and input prices and transportation costs increased; however, production and sales volume and value were largely unaffected. Second, although farming was not affected, other nonfarm livelihoods of a large proportion of farmers were negatively affected because of lower demand and fewer buyers. Eighty-two percent of rural households were engaged in various nonfarm livelihoods, and 32 percent reported negative impacts of the crisis on their nonfarm incomes. Third, direct responses from sample households indicate no negative impacts of the crisis on food access and food consumption by most rural households. Comparisons between 2018 and 2021 of various food security indicators show improvements in food access and dietary diversity. Improvements are likely attributable to better harvests overall and greater awareness of the need to eat healthy and nutritious foods to combat COVID-19 and other diseases. Results show overall resilience of rural households and the agriculture sector amid the COVID-19 crisis. Nonetheless, the survey was conducted right after harvest, and the situation needs to be monitored during the lean season.
Prioritizing development policy research in Sudan: An innovative approach to guide IFPRI’s Sudan Strategy Support Program
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Breisinger, Clemens; Dorosh, Paul A.; Kassim, Yumna. Washington, DC 2022
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid; Breisinger, Clemens; Dorosh, Paul A.; Kassim, Yumna. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135835
Abstract | View
This paper presents an innovative approach to prioritizing development policy research in Sudan with the specific objective of informing the research agenda of the Sudan Strategy Support Program (Sudan SSP) of the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
The key steps in this process were:
A review of relevant priority setting methods and existing government strategies,
Pre-selection of research themes,
Selection of national and international experts,
Design and conduct priority setting workshop; and
Priority matrix construction and paper writing.
The paper suggests key research priorities for Sudan, which are both highly relevant to Sudan’s current and future development policy agenda and consistent with IFPRI’s own comparative advantage and strategy. It identifies research areas and topics under five main themes, namely:
1. Agricultural production,
2. Markets and trade,
3. Livelihoods and nutrition,
4. Development strategy and investment planning, and
5. Increasing resilience of farming under growing climate challenges.
Tackling the priority research tasks identified in this paper, for these five themes, is expected to help reduce poverty and improve food and nutrition security in Sudan. However, strengthening the links between policy research and decision-making will be crucial to ensure that evidence-based solutions are relevant and have a positive impact on people’s lives.
The key steps in this process were:
A review of relevant priority setting methods and existing government strategies,
Pre-selection of research themes,
Selection of national and international experts,
Design and conduct priority setting workshop; and
Priority matrix construction and paper writing.
The paper suggests key research priorities for Sudan, which are both highly relevant to Sudan’s current and future development policy agenda and consistent with IFPRI’s own comparative advantage and strategy. It identifies research areas and topics under five main themes, namely:
1. Agricultural production,
2. Markets and trade,
3. Livelihoods and nutrition,
4. Development strategy and investment planning, and
5. Increasing resilience of farming under growing climate challenges.
Tackling the priority research tasks identified in this paper, for these five themes, is expected to help reduce poverty and improve food and nutrition security in Sudan. However, strengthening the links between policy research and decision-making will be crucial to ensure that evidence-based solutions are relevant and have a positive impact on people’s lives.
Roles of public expenditures and public investments on the demand and productivity of agricultural inputs/services: Some insights from Nigeria
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Edeh, Hyacinth; Andam, Kwaw S.. Washington, DC 2022
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Edeh, Hyacinth; Andam, Kwaw S.. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135843
Abstract | View
Knowledge gaps remain as to how longer-term public investments (PI) such as agricultural research and development (R&D), and short-term interventions through other public expenditures in agriculture (PEA) complement each other in enhancing productivity and efficiency in the agrifood sector. This study attempts to partly fill this gap by using nationally representative panel household survey data, subnational PEA data, locations of national agricultural R&D, and various spatial agroclimatic data in Nigeria. The analyses generally indicate that marginal returns to agricultural inputs/services (fertilizer, agricultural mechanization, irrigation, extension, agricultural equipment, and family labor) often increase by PI that raise overall agroclimatic similarity (AS) (through R&D locations), as well as increase PEA-share by subnational governments. There is often complementarity between these PI and PEA, particularly for extension services, investment in agricultural equipment, irrigation, and in the northern part of the country. Promoting further adoptions of modern inputs/services, increasing PEA-share, and selecting PI for agricultural R&D given in-country variations in agroclimatic conditions can help raise agricultural profitability and incomes in Nigeria.
Impacts of the war in Ukraine on Malawi
De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Washington, DC 2022
De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135869
Abstract | View
Although geographically distant, there are multiple channels through which Russia’s invasion of Ukraine can affect the lives of Malawians. Before the invasion, Russia’s and Ukraine’s exports accounted for about 12% of total calories (Glauber and Laborde, 2022) traded in the world, and the two countries were among the top five global exporters for many important cereals and oilseeds, including wheat, barley, sunflowers and maize (Figure 1). Ukraine is also an important source of sunflower seed oil, supplying about 50% of the global market. These exports have now largely seized as a result of war-related disruptions to production and logistics as well as economic sanctions on Russia and Belarus, its ally. This shock reduction of supply is driving up food commodity prices worldwide and will continue to do so while the current situation persists. The ongoing fighting has already disrupted the planting of barley and will soon disrupt the planting of maize, wheat, and oilseeds. The choke on global supply will thus continue for months (if not years) to come.
Weather variability and extreme shocks in Africa: Are female or male farmers more affected?
Nico, Gianluigi; Azzarri, Carlo. Washington, DC 2022
Nico, Gianluigi; Azzarri, Carlo. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135870
Abstract | View
Agriculture in Africa has been traditionally seen as an important employment provider, supporting agriculture-based livelihoods of the vast majority of the African population, (James, 2014; World Bank, 2011) and absorbing the largest share of the employed population. Data suggest that almost 224 million people aged 15 and above are directly engaged in agriculture in Africa (ILO, 2021), corresponding to nearly half of the total employed population in the continent and absorbing ¼ of global agricultural employment.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, March 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
IFPRI key facts series: Food and nutrition security
Banda, Chimwemwe. Washington, DC 2022
Banda, Chimwemwe. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This is a second Food and Nutrition Key Facts sheet in a series of Key Facts sheets that IFPRI is producing based on Integrated Household Surveys (IHS). The purpose of the series is to present data relevant to key policy issues on agriculture, food systems, and development topics in Malawi. Other Key Facts Sheets are available on our website at massp.ifpri.info.
An assessment of Sudan’s wheat value chains: Exploring key bottlenecks and challenges
Abdelaziz, Fatma; William, Amy; Abay, Kibrom A.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2022
Abdelaziz, Fatma; William, Amy; Abay, Kibrom A.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135876
Abstract | View
Wheat is a strategic and political good in Sudan and has played a central role in the country’s economy during successive regimes. Disruptions in Sudan’s wheat value chain usually leads to shortages of wheat bread, price spikes, and political unrest. With the objective of ensuring sufficient grain supplies for domestic consumption, Sudan’s domestic and imported wheat sectors have been subject to several government interventions over the last decades. Most interventions have focused on and aimed to (i) stimulate domestic production, (ii) ensure a reliable flow of wheat imports to compensate for low domestic wheat production, and (iii) monitor wheat flour and bread distribution processes to limit leakage and wastage.
Sudan has two distinct wheat value chains: one for imported wheat and one for domestic wheat. The imported wheat value chain involves three major actors: milling companies, wheat flour agents, and bakeries. The domestic (locally produced) wheat value chain involves four main actors: wheat producers, wheat grain wholesalers, wheat grain retailers, and consumers. To understand the landscape of the wheat sector in Sudan, this report relies on rapid assessment surveys of the main wheat value chain actors. The aim is to closely identify different value chain actors’ distinct roles of the and to explore their linkages. The report evaluates and identifies key bottlenecks that likely cause wheat and bread supply disruptions while also shedding light on untapped opportunities and possible policy options to improve the functioning of Sudan’s wheat sector. We document wheat value chain actors’ policy preferences, which vary depending on whether actors are engaged in the domestic or the imported value chain. The report highlights the differential impact of COVID-19 and related mobility restrictions on wheat value chain members. For example, while wheat production remains mostly unaffected by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the marketing, trade, and distribution of wheat and wheat flour has been adversely affected by it.
Sudan has two distinct wheat value chains: one for imported wheat and one for domestic wheat. The imported wheat value chain involves three major actors: milling companies, wheat flour agents, and bakeries. The domestic (locally produced) wheat value chain involves four main actors: wheat producers, wheat grain wholesalers, wheat grain retailers, and consumers. To understand the landscape of the wheat sector in Sudan, this report relies on rapid assessment surveys of the main wheat value chain actors. The aim is to closely identify different value chain actors’ distinct roles of the and to explore their linkages. The report evaluates and identifies key bottlenecks that likely cause wheat and bread supply disruptions while also shedding light on untapped opportunities and possible policy options to improve the functioning of Sudan’s wheat sector. We document wheat value chain actors’ policy preferences, which vary depending on whether actors are engaged in the domestic or the imported value chain. The report highlights the differential impact of COVID-19 and related mobility restrictions on wheat value chain members. For example, while wheat production remains mostly unaffected by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the marketing, trade, and distribution of wheat and wheat flour has been adversely affected by it.
Determinants of resilience for food and nutrition security in South Sudan
Ulimwengu, John M.; Thomas, Timothy S.; Marivoet, Wim; Benin, Samuel. Washington, DC 2022
Ulimwengu, John M.; Thomas, Timothy S.; Marivoet, Wim; Benin, Samuel. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135877
Abstract | View
The paper analyzes the determinants of long-term individual and community resilience for food and nutrition security in South Sudan using data from multiple sources including key informant interviews, household and community surveys, and georeferenced secondary data on climate, agricultural production, irrigation, and market access. Major agricultural development constraints as well as incidence of and responses to shocks and conflict are described. Climate-crop modeling and simulation methods are used to evaluate the constraints and to identify crop investment options. Then, a spatial typology of food and nutrition security is used to evaluate the constraints along the production-to-nutrition pathway to identify interventions that target different segments of the chain and options for improving agriculture and broader development outcomes. These are classified into production, access, and utilization efficiencies, and whether the underlying constraints are structural (i.e., level of efficiency remains the same over time) or stochastic (i.e., level of efficiency changes over time). The analysis is focused on about a dozen selected counties.
The results show that development challenges are being compounded by climate change, with significant increases in the mean annual rainfall and daily maximum temperature for the warmest month. Between 1975 and 2016 for example, the mean annual rainfall in the selected counties increased by 40-111 mm/year, with a rise in the intensity of 0.2-1.3 mm per event. The daily maximum temperature for the warmest month increased by 2.0-3.2°C. If these trends (especially for temperature) continue to 2050, crop yields are projected to decline in the selected counties on average by 12-23% for sorghum, 9-18% for maize, 19-30% for groundnuts, and 16-24% for cassava. In general, there is an inverse-U-shaped the relationship between temperature and yields. While the peak of the inverse U varies by crop, time of the growing season, and other factors, crops in South Sudan are typically on the downward sloping side of the inverse U implying that increases in temperature will decrease yields (and at an increasing rate).
Results of a spatial typology show that a majority (78%) of the selected counties are classified as having medium production efficiency and 22% as low production efficiency, none with high production efficiency. With respect to access to nutritious food, 55%, 29%, and 17% of the counties are classified as low, medium, and high access efficiency, respectively. And regarding the conversion of food access into nutritional status, 37%, 26%, and 37% are classified as low, medium, and high utilization efficiency, respectively. Whereas production efficiency mostly remains constant over time, (with only 24% of the counties recording substantial changes in efficiency level), access and utilization efficiency appear more volatile (with substantial changes observed in 52% of the counties). These results suggest that the access segment of the production-to-nutrition value chain is the most constraining, followed by the utilization segment.
The differences in the results across counties reflect differences in development constraints across the country, which are also described. Implications of the results for building long-term individual and community resilience are discussed, in addition to areas for further research. Given the complex nature of crises facing South Sudan, our findings call for a comprehensive policy approach to address not only the urgent humanitarian crisis but also to help restore agricultural production systems as well as support communities to cope, recover, and build their
vii
resilience to shocks and crises. This is in line with the Partnership for Recovery and Resilience (PfRR) integrated programme framework for resilience which comprises four pillars: i) re-establish access to basic services, ii) rebuild trust in people and institutions, iii) restore productive capacities, and iv) nurture effective partnerships.
The results show that development challenges are being compounded by climate change, with significant increases in the mean annual rainfall and daily maximum temperature for the warmest month. Between 1975 and 2016 for example, the mean annual rainfall in the selected counties increased by 40-111 mm/year, with a rise in the intensity of 0.2-1.3 mm per event. The daily maximum temperature for the warmest month increased by 2.0-3.2°C. If these trends (especially for temperature) continue to 2050, crop yields are projected to decline in the selected counties on average by 12-23% for sorghum, 9-18% for maize, 19-30% for groundnuts, and 16-24% for cassava. In general, there is an inverse-U-shaped the relationship between temperature and yields. While the peak of the inverse U varies by crop, time of the growing season, and other factors, crops in South Sudan are typically on the downward sloping side of the inverse U implying that increases in temperature will decrease yields (and at an increasing rate).
Results of a spatial typology show that a majority (78%) of the selected counties are classified as having medium production efficiency and 22% as low production efficiency, none with high production efficiency. With respect to access to nutritious food, 55%, 29%, and 17% of the counties are classified as low, medium, and high access efficiency, respectively. And regarding the conversion of food access into nutritional status, 37%, 26%, and 37% are classified as low, medium, and high utilization efficiency, respectively. Whereas production efficiency mostly remains constant over time, (with only 24% of the counties recording substantial changes in efficiency level), access and utilization efficiency appear more volatile (with substantial changes observed in 52% of the counties). These results suggest that the access segment of the production-to-nutrition value chain is the most constraining, followed by the utilization segment.
The differences in the results across counties reflect differences in development constraints across the country, which are also described. Implications of the results for building long-term individual and community resilience are discussed, in addition to areas for further research. Given the complex nature of crises facing South Sudan, our findings call for a comprehensive policy approach to address not only the urgent humanitarian crisis but also to help restore agricultural production systems as well as support communities to cope, recover, and build their
vii
resilience to shocks and crises. This is in line with the Partnership for Recovery and Resilience (PfRR) integrated programme framework for resilience which comprises four pillars: i) re-establish access to basic services, ii) rebuild trust in people and institutions, iii) restore productive capacities, and iv) nurture effective partnerships.
Forsa pilot program and evaluation plan
El Shabrawy, Atef; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Palloni, Giordano; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2022
El Shabrawy, Atef; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Palloni, Giordano; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135878
Abstract | View
Forsa, which means “Opportunity” in Arabic, is a new economic inclusion program of the government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Implemented by the Ministry of Social Solidarity, the program aims to graduate beneficiaries of the national cash transfer program, the Takaful & Karama Program (TKP), from being dependent on transfers from TKP to economic self-reliance by enabling them to engage in wage employment or sustainable economic enterprises. The most recent World Bank Economic Inclusion report (Andrews et al. 2021) highlights a recent increase globally in such graduation or economic inclusion programs, which now reach around 92 million beneficiaries from 20 million households across more than 75 countries. This rapid growth is raising demand for evidence on best practices in graduation program implementation. Egypt’s experience with Forsa can contribute to such guidance.
Forsa pilot program and evaluation plan [in Arabic]
El Shabrawy, Atef; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Palloni, Giordano; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2022
El Shabrawy, Atef; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Palloni, Giordano; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135879
Abstract | View
Forsa, which means “Opportunity” in Arabic, is a new economic inclusion program of the government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Implemented by the Ministry of Social Solidarity, the program aims to graduate beneficiaries of the national cash transfer program, the Takaful & Karama Program (TKP), from being dependent on transfers from TKP to economic self-reliance by enabling them to engage in wage employment or sustainable economic enterprises. The most recent World Bank Economic Inclusion report (Andrews et al. 2021) highlights a recent increase globally in such graduation or economic inclusion programs, which now reach around 92 million beneficiaries from 20 million households across more than 75 countries. This rapid growth is raising demand for evidence on best practices in graduation program implementation. Egypt’s experience with Forsa can contribute to such guidance.
Livestock, livestock products and fish, March 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets and food security in Malawi.
Selected legumes, roots & tubers and other cereals, March 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Information, pesticide safety behaviors, and toxicity risk perceptions: Evidence from Zambia and Mozambique
Goeb, Joseph; Smart, Jenny; Snyder, Jason; Tschirley, David. Washington, DC 2022
Goeb, Joseph; Smart, Jenny; Snyder, Jason; Tschirley, David. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135883
Abstract | View
Purpose: Pesticide safety is a growing global concern particularly in developing countries as farmers increase their use of toxic pesticides that can negatively affect farmer and environmental health. Previous literature recommends improving farmer access to information to boost productivity, sustainability, and safety behaviors but has little to say on which information sources have the greatest impacts. This paper explores the relationships between information from different sources and toxicity knowledge and safety behaviors using an innovative metric of exposure.
Data: This study uses regression analysis of data from 877 horticultural producers serving markets in Maputo, Mozambique and Lusaka, Zambia.
Findings: Formal extension advice is limited, and farmers rely heavily on their social networks for information. High-level messages of pesticide health risks and safety practices are effectively being communicated through formal methods of government extension, NGOs and even private agro-dealer networks. However, information through social networks appears to do a better job of communicating more nuanced messages of pesticide toxicities and varied health risks by toxicity class.
Practical implications: Farmers need reliable pesticide information to increase crop production while minimizing risks. This study shows that efforts should be taken to increase farmer trust in formal extension channels, and that social networks should be leveraged improve dissemination of pesticide information .
Originality: Despite a consensus that more information needs to reach farmers to improve their pesticide safety practices, this paper is one of the few studies that explores the relationships between different information sources and behaviors and perceptions. We construct novel metrics of toxicity knowledge and safety behavior.
Data: This study uses regression analysis of data from 877 horticultural producers serving markets in Maputo, Mozambique and Lusaka, Zambia.
Findings: Formal extension advice is limited, and farmers rely heavily on their social networks for information. High-level messages of pesticide health risks and safety practices are effectively being communicated through formal methods of government extension, NGOs and even private agro-dealer networks. However, information through social networks appears to do a better job of communicating more nuanced messages of pesticide toxicities and varied health risks by toxicity class.
Practical implications: Farmers need reliable pesticide information to increase crop production while minimizing risks. This study shows that efforts should be taken to increase farmer trust in formal extension channels, and that social networks should be leveraged improve dissemination of pesticide information .
Originality: Despite a consensus that more information needs to reach farmers to improve their pesticide safety practices, this paper is one of the few studies that explores the relationships between different information sources and behaviors and perceptions. We construct novel metrics of toxicity knowledge and safety behavior.
Regional developments [in 2022 Global Food Policy Report]
Njuki, Jemimah; Benin, Samuel; Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Mwongera, Caroline; Breisinger, Clemens; Elmahdi, Amgad; Kassim, Yumna; Perez, Nicostrato D.; Akramov, Kamiljon T.; Djumaboev, Kahramon; Romashkin, Roman; Mukherji, Aditi; Kishore, Avinash; Rashid, Shahidur; Chen, Kevin Z.; Zhan, Yue; Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio; Navarrete-Frias, Carolina; Piñeiro, Valeria. Washington, DC 2022
Njuki, Jemimah; Benin, Samuel; Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Mwongera, Caroline; Breisinger, Clemens; Elmahdi, Amgad; Kassim, Yumna; Perez, Nicostrato D.; Akramov, Kamiljon T.; Djumaboev, Kahramon; Romashkin, Roman; Mukherji, Aditi; Kishore, Avinash; Rashid, Shahidur; Chen, Kevin Z.; Zhan, Yue; Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio; Navarrete-Frias, Carolina; Piñeiro, Valeria. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294257_13
Abstract | View
Climate change is a truly global threat, but its impacts differ around the world. Regions and countries urgently need to identify and implement policy responses that reflect local needs and opportunities. This section examines the effects of climate change on national and regional food systems in Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Central Asia, South Asia, East and Southeast Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. For each major region, promising innovations and policy directions to promote the resilience and sustainability of food systems are considered:
- Scaling up social protection programs in Africa south of the Sahara
- Strengthening the focus on climate adaptation in Africa
- Rethinking water use in the Middle East and North Africa
- Promoting climate-smart practices and crop diversification in Central Asia
- Reforming agricultural support policies in South Asia
- Improving financing for climate change mitigation and adaptation in East and Southeast Asia
- Supporting global food security and sustainability in Latin America and the Caribbean
- Scaling up social protection programs in Africa south of the Sahara
- Strengthening the focus on climate adaptation in Africa
- Rethinking water use in the Middle East and North Africa
- Promoting climate-smart practices and crop diversification in Central Asia
- Reforming agricultural support policies in South Asia
- Improving financing for climate change mitigation and adaptation in East and Southeast Asia
- Supporting global food security and sustainability in Latin America and the Caribbean
COVID-19 and food (in)security in Africa: Review of the emerging empirical evidence
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel; Gebrekidan, Bisrat. Washington, DC 2022
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel; Gebrekidan, Bisrat. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135904
Abstract | View
COVID-19 risks rolling back many of the efforts and global successes recorded in reducing poverty and food insecurity. We undertake a systematic review of the growing microeconomic literature on the association between COVID-19 and food (in)security in Africa, discussing its implications for food policy and research. In doing so, we highlight some of the methodological weaknesses in answering policy-relevant questions on the causal link between COVID-19 and food insecurity. We also review the various coping strategies households are using to build resilience to COVID-19 and explore the role of social protection and other tools in mitigating some of the negative effects of COVID-19.
This review provides evidence that COVID-19 is associated with food insecurity both ex-ante and ex-durante. There are many attempts to suggest this relationship may be causal with some robust methods in some contexts, but data limitations prevail which constrains causal learning. We also find evidence that income losses, loss of employment, and heightened food prices may be mediating the relationship between COVID-19 and food insecurity. Going further, we additionally review the mitigating role of social protection and remittances in reducing the negative effects of COVID-19 on food insecurity. Relatedly, we also show evidence that households are using various coping strategies such as food rationing and dietary change to cushion themselves against the COVID-19 shock but most of these measures remain adversely correlated with food insecurity. We end with a discussion on some potential interesting areas where future efforts can be geared to improve learning on the relationship between COVID-19, food insecurity, and building resilience to shocks.
This review provides evidence that COVID-19 is associated with food insecurity both ex-ante and ex-durante. There are many attempts to suggest this relationship may be causal with some robust methods in some contexts, but data limitations prevail which constrains causal learning. We also find evidence that income losses, loss of employment, and heightened food prices may be mediating the relationship between COVID-19 and food insecurity. Going further, we additionally review the mitigating role of social protection and remittances in reducing the negative effects of COVID-19 on food insecurity. Relatedly, we also show evidence that households are using various coping strategies such as food rationing and dietary change to cushion themselves against the COVID-19 shock but most of these measures remain adversely correlated with food insecurity. We end with a discussion on some potential interesting areas where future efforts can be geared to improve learning on the relationship between COVID-19, food insecurity, and building resilience to shocks.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, April 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
The Russia-Ukraine crisis: Implications for global and regional food security and potential policy responses
Abay, Kibrom A.; Breisinger, Clemens; Glauber, Joseph W.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Laborde Debucquet, David; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Breisinger, Clemens; Glauber, Joseph W.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Laborde Debucquet, David; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135913
Abstract | View
This paper analyzes the implications of the Russian-Ukraine crisis on global and regional food security. We start with a global vulnerability analysis to identify most vulnerable regions and countries. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is particularly vulnerable to trade shocks because of its high food import dependence. Thus, we provide descriptive evidence characterizing how food systems and policies impact vulnerability to the price shock in selected MENA countries: Egypt, Sudan, and Yemen. Within these countries, we show that the crisis will differentially impact poor and non-poor households as well as rural and urban households. Although the absolute level of food insecurity may still be higher in rural areas where larger numbers of poor households are located, urban poor are likely to suffer most because of the Russia-Ukraine crisis and associated hikes in food prices, especially in those countries where social protection and food subsidies are missing. On the policy side, we review lessons from previous food crises and identify actions needed to take (and to avoid) to protect most vulnerable countries and households in the short-term while also highlighting long-term policy options to diversify food, fertilizer and energy production and trade.
Scaling up radio and ICTs for enhanced extension delivery and development impact: Quantitative baseline report
Ragasa, Catherine; Carrillo, Lucia; Balakasi, Kelvin. Washington, DC 2022
Ragasa, Catherine; Carrillo, Lucia; Balakasi, Kelvin. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135917
Abstract | View
This report summarizes the baseline data that describe the rural population of five districts in Malawi targeted in the Scaling up Radio and ICTs for Enhanced Extension Delivery (SRIEED) II project that started in 2020 and ends in 2024. It also provides the impact evaluation strategy for the overall project as well as a causal impact evaluation of a major component of the project (impact ICT hubs).
Quarterly market report for animal products, January to March 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This quarterly market report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly and monthly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Quarterly market report for selected legumes, roots, tubers, and other cereals, January to March 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This quarterly market report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly and monthly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
IFPRI key facts series: Key facts sheet on employment
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Synopsis: Rwanda’s food systems transformation: A diagnostic of the public policy landscape shaping the transformation process
Dusingizimana, Petronille; Kazungu, Jules; Lalui, Armin; Milani, Peiman; Munanura, James; Nsabimana, Aimable; Sindi, Julius Kirimi; Spielman, David J.; Umugwaneza, Maryse. Washington, DC 2022
Dusingizimana, Petronille; Kazungu, Jules; Lalui, Armin; Milani, Peiman; Munanura, James; Nsabimana, Aimable; Sindi, Julius Kirimi; Spielman, David J.; Umugwaneza, Maryse. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135924
Abstract | View
As Rwanda journeys towards a broad-based social and economic transformation, there are opportunities for the country’s food systems to become a key driver on that journey. This idea has attracted considerable attention in the national consultations conducted in the run-up to the United Nations Food Systems Summit (UNFSS) in September 2021, at the summit itself, in the post-summit actions that Rwanda is now pursuing, and in a series of prior case studies on Rwanda’s food system (Adolph et al. 2021; Guijt et al. 2021; Malabo Montpellier Panel 2021).
This note summarizes a recent diagnostic of Rwanda’s food systems and the policy landscape that shapes them. Emphasis is placed on six inter-related clusters: diet quality and nutrition security; livelihoods equity; environmental resilience; agricultural productivity; infrastructure capacity; and financing and investment.
Overall findings suggest an opportunity for a tangible shift in how public policy in Rwanda approaches its food systems and how the systems contribute to the broader national transformation process. We offer several policy recommendations to support the design of a coherent country strategy and policy framework. First, strengthen existing entities and mechanisms, and innovate on them. Second, develop a national food systems transformation strategy that is integrative, multi-sectoral, and action-oriented. Third, innovate on existing programs. Fourth, allow for learning through both success and failure. Fifth, invest in rigorous impact evaluation.
This note summarizes a recent diagnostic of Rwanda’s food systems and the policy landscape that shapes them. Emphasis is placed on six inter-related clusters: diet quality and nutrition security; livelihoods equity; environmental resilience; agricultural productivity; infrastructure capacity; and financing and investment.
Overall findings suggest an opportunity for a tangible shift in how public policy in Rwanda approaches its food systems and how the systems contribute to the broader national transformation process. We offer several policy recommendations to support the design of a coherent country strategy and policy framework. First, strengthen existing entities and mechanisms, and innovate on them. Second, develop a national food systems transformation strategy that is integrative, multi-sectoral, and action-oriented. Third, innovate on existing programs. Fourth, allow for learning through both success and failure. Fifth, invest in rigorous impact evaluation.
Rwanda’s food systems transformation: A diagnostic of the public policy landscape shaping the transformation process
Dusingizimana, Petronille; Kazungu, Jules; Lalui, Armin; Milani, Peiman; Munanura, James; Nsabimana, Aimable; Sindi, Julius Kirimi; Spielman, David J.; Umugwaneza, Maryse. Washington, DC 2022
Dusingizimana, Petronille; Kazungu, Jules; Lalui, Armin; Milani, Peiman; Munanura, James; Nsabimana, Aimable; Sindi, Julius Kirimi; Spielman, David J.; Umugwaneza, Maryse. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135925
Abstract | View
This paper provides a diagnostic of Rwanda’s food systems and the policy landscape that shapes it. It aims to inform national and local conversations on Rwanda’s food systems transformation—an idea that has attracted considerable attention in national consultations conducted in the run-up to the United Nations Food Systems Summit in September 2021, at the summit itself, and in the post-summit actions that Rwanda is now pursuing.
A food system comprises the full range of actors and activities originating from agriculture, livestock, forestry, or fisheries, as well as the broader economic, societal, and natural environments in which they operate. An inclusive and sustainable food systems transformation is a process of growth and development that is profitable for the full range of individual actors engaged in the system, beneficial for society including marginalized and vulnerable groups, and advantageous for the natural environment.
Rwanda’s journey towards a food systems transformation is well captured in Vision 2050, the National Strategy for Transformation (NST 1), and strategic plans for sectors such as agriculture, health, nutrition, commerce, and the environment. Their priorities are echoed in ongoing programs and investments of the government, its development partners, the private sector, and civil society.
Nonetheless, there are still challenges facing Rwanda’s efforts to sustain and accelerate progress along this journey. Efforts to overcome these challenges call for a deeper and more significant shift in thinking—informed by the food systems perspective—that is highlighted by stronger multi-sectoral approaches to problem-solving.
Overall findings suggest an opportunity for a tangible shift in how public policy in Rwanda approaches its food systems and how the systems contribute to the broader national transformation process. This means addressing how balances are struck—and tradeoffs are managed—between and among agriculture, nutrition, health, and the environment in the face of a climate crisis. It also means giving greater attention to the demand-side drivers in Rwanda’s food system, recognizing that singularly focused supply-side strategies rarely succeed in isolation. Finally, it means deepening the integration of policies and policy actors in the design and implementation phases of interventions that shape the food system.
We offer several recommendations to translate abstract ideas into a coherent and focused set of actions in the policy space.
1. Strengthen existing entities and mechanisms rather than create new ones.
2. Develop a national food systems transformation strategy that is integrative, multi-sectoral, and action-oriented.
3. Innovate on existing programs.
4. Allow for learning through both success and failure.
5. Invest in rigorous impact evaluation.
These actions aim to strengthen the policy environment that enables a truly broad-based food systems transformation. This enabling environment is itself an outcome of broad-based national conversations, integration across sectors, domains, and levels; and the encouragement of policy and program innovation.
A food system comprises the full range of actors and activities originating from agriculture, livestock, forestry, or fisheries, as well as the broader economic, societal, and natural environments in which they operate. An inclusive and sustainable food systems transformation is a process of growth and development that is profitable for the full range of individual actors engaged in the system, beneficial for society including marginalized and vulnerable groups, and advantageous for the natural environment.
Rwanda’s journey towards a food systems transformation is well captured in Vision 2050, the National Strategy for Transformation (NST 1), and strategic plans for sectors such as agriculture, health, nutrition, commerce, and the environment. Their priorities are echoed in ongoing programs and investments of the government, its development partners, the private sector, and civil society.
Nonetheless, there are still challenges facing Rwanda’s efforts to sustain and accelerate progress along this journey. Efforts to overcome these challenges call for a deeper and more significant shift in thinking—informed by the food systems perspective—that is highlighted by stronger multi-sectoral approaches to problem-solving.
Overall findings suggest an opportunity for a tangible shift in how public policy in Rwanda approaches its food systems and how the systems contribute to the broader national transformation process. This means addressing how balances are struck—and tradeoffs are managed—between and among agriculture, nutrition, health, and the environment in the face of a climate crisis. It also means giving greater attention to the demand-side drivers in Rwanda’s food system, recognizing that singularly focused supply-side strategies rarely succeed in isolation. Finally, it means deepening the integration of policies and policy actors in the design and implementation phases of interventions that shape the food system.
We offer several recommendations to translate abstract ideas into a coherent and focused set of actions in the policy space.
1. Strengthen existing entities and mechanisms rather than create new ones.
2. Develop a national food systems transformation strategy that is integrative, multi-sectoral, and action-oriented.
3. Innovate on existing programs.
4. Allow for learning through both success and failure.
5. Invest in rigorous impact evaluation.
These actions aim to strengthen the policy environment that enables a truly broad-based food systems transformation. This enabling environment is itself an outcome of broad-based national conversations, integration across sectors, domains, and levels; and the encouragement of policy and program innovation.
Poster on poverty in Malawi, 2019-2020
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The incidence of poverty at the district level is represented by the poverty headcount ratio, which shows the proportion of the population with consumption expenditures below the national poverty line (MWK 165,879 per person per year, in April 2019 prices). The size of each district represents the number of poor people. Each district is also shaded according to the size of its poverty gap. This is the additional consumption expenditure that it would take to bring an average poor person up to the poverty line, expressed as a shortfall from the poverty line. The map thus shows the depth of poverty throughout Malawi.
IFPRI key facts series: Key facts sheet on poverty
Banda, Chimwemwe; Duchoslav, Jan. Washington, DC 2022
Banda, Chimwemwe; Duchoslav, Jan. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This is the fourth in a series of Key Facts sheets that IFPRI is producing based on the Integrated Household Surveys (IHS). The purpose of the series is to present data relevant to key policy issues on agriculture, food systems, and development topics in Malawi. Other Key Facts Sheets are available on our website at massp.ifpri.info.
Financial access of midstream agricultural firms in Africa: Evidence from the LSMS-ISA and World Bank enterprise surveys
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Pulido, Cristhian. Washington, DC 2022
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Pulido, Cristhian. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135932
Abstract | View
The midstream of agricultural value chains are rapidly changing in response to shifting domestic and international demand. While the performance of this segment may have important implications for the entire sector, evidence on midstream actors and their financial needs remain thin. We use data from both the Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture and the World Bank Enterprise Survey from seven African countries to identify these agricultural midstream firms and assess their access to formal credit, comparing them to other, non-agricultural midstream firms. We find that the identified agricultural midstream firms are larger and more productive than their non-agricultural midstream counterparts and are less likely to report barriers to accessing credit, though overall access levels remain low. Among agricultural midstream firms, those owned or managed by women are more likely to report barriers to accessing credit. Taken together, these findings help build our understanding about the financial needs of micro-, small-, and medium-size enterprises in the agricultural midstream.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, May 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Regulation of agricultural markets in Malawi
Duchoslav, Jan; Nyondo, Christone; Comstock, Andrew R.; Benson, Todd. Washington, DC 2022
Duchoslav, Jan; Nyondo, Christone; Comstock, Andrew R.; Benson, Todd. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135939
Abstract | View
Agriculture holds special significance in Malawi, because most Malawian households depend primarily on this sector for income and food security. Therefore, legislation surrounding the agricultural sector, and the foundation it lays for the sector’s governance, are fundamental to the development prospects of the country. At their best, agricultural laws encourage farmers, traders (both domestic and international), and processors of agricultural commodities to fully engage and further invest in the agricultural sector. At their worst, they undermine confidence to do so.
Smallholder irrigation technology diffusion in Mali: Insights from stakeholder mapping
Houeto, Dede Aduayom; Diamoutene, Abdoul K.; Diop, Loty; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2022
Houeto, Dede Aduayom; Diamoutene, Abdoul K.; Diop, Loty; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135941
Abstract | View
Small-scale irrigation has significant potential to increase crop productivity in Mali, in particular given growing climate change impacts on the country and region. While large-scale development is substantial, small, private irrigation remains limited, affecting food and particularly nutrition security as small-scale technologies are more likely to be used for high-value vegetable crops. To better understand the challenges and opportunities in the diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies, two workshops were organized in 2021 at the national and regional levels, respectively, to consider national and local factors supporting the diffusion of small-scale irrigation technologies. Key constraints identified were a lack of linkages between intermediary organizations in the small-scale irrigation diffusion process, such as commodity associations, financial institutions and technology vendors with government agencies in charge of irrigation, limiting the sharing of consistent and effective information across entities; the lack of a clear policy framework and long-term guidance for private individual irrigation; an associated lack of targeted technology development including limited adaptation to different local contexts, missing financial products linked to irrigation technology, and inadequate capacity building of farmers through extension services and demonstration sites. Workshop participants suggested a dedicated platform for more effective information exchange across the key actors identified in the events, improved capacity building on private irrigation, and a supportive policy and financial environment to ensure growth and sustainability of small-scale irrigation development in the country.
Kenya: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Oseko, Edwin Ombui; Pradesha, Angga; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Mbuthia, Juneweenex; Omune, Lensa; Oseko, Edwin Ombui; Pradesha, Angga; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135942
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the increase occurring since February. There is wide variation across products, with real maize prices increasing by only 11 percent, and rice prices declining by 13 percent. The price of crude oil and natural gas has also risen substantially, and the weighted average price of fertilizer has doubled. With these changes in global prices, many developing countries and their development partners are concerned about the implications for economic stability, food security, and poverty.
Nigeria: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Andam, Kwaw S.; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Pradesha, Angga; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Andam, Kwaw S.; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Pradesha, Angga; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135945
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February (Figure 1). Wide variation exists across products, with real maize prices increasing by only 11 percent and rice prices declining by 13 percent. The price of crude oil and natural gas has also risen substantially, while the weighted average price of fertilizer has dou-bled. With these changes in global prices, many developing countries and their development part-ners are concerned about the implications for economic stability, food security, and poverty.
Ethiopia: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Kedir Jemal, Mekamu; Smart, Jenny; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Kedir Jemal, Mekamu; Smart, Jenny; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135948
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February (Figure 1). Wide variation exists across products, with real maize prices increasing by only 11 percent and rice prices declining by 13 percent. The price of crude oil and natural gas has also risen substantially, while the weighted average price of fertilizer has dou-bled. With these changes in global prices, many developing countries and their development part-ners are concerned about the implications for economic stability, food security, and poverty.
Mali: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135949
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the increase occurring since February (Figure 1). Wide variation exists across products, with real maize prices increasing by only 11 percent and rice prices declining by 13 percent. The price of crude oil and natural gas has also risen substantially, while the weighted average price of fertilizer has dou-bled. With these changes in global prices, many developing countries and their development part-ners are concerned about the implications for economic stability, food security, and poverty.
Senegal: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135950
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February (Figure 1).
Niger: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135951
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February (Figure 1). Wide variation exists across products, with real maize prices increasing by only 11 percent and rice prices declining by 13 percent. The price of crude oil and natural gas has also risen substantially, while the weighted average price of fertilizer has dou-bled. With these changes in global prices, many developing countries and their development part-ners are concerned about the implications for economic stability, food security, and poverty.
Uganda: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135952
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February (Figure 1).
Tanzania: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135958
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February (Figure 1).
Malawi: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Duchoslav, Jan; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Duchoslav, Jan; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135959
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February (Figure 1).
Are fertilizer subsidies in Malawi value for money?
De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Washington, DC 2022
De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135960
Abstract | View
It is easy enough to calculate how much the Government of Malawi spends on subsidizing chemical fertilizer. Last year, for example, this was MWK 120 billion (about US$ 150 million) taking up over 50% of the agricultural budget. It is much harder, however, to calculate the benefits that these subsidies bring about and how they stack up against the costs. In this policy note, we combine multiple methods and sources of data to narrow down the range of possible benefit estimates, compare it to the cost of subsidies, and propose changes to current policies to make fertilizer subsidies more efficient and affordable.
Ghana: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James; Asante, Seth; Patil, Pranav. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Thurlow, James; Asante, Seth; Patil, Pranav. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135961
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February (Figure 1). Wide variation exists across products, with real maize prices increasing by only 11 percent, and rice prices declining by 13 percent. The price of crude oil and natural gas has also risen substantially, while the weighted average price of fertilizer has doubled. With these changes in global prices, many developing countries and their development partners are concerned about the implications for economic stability, food security, and poverty.
Pathways from irrigation to prosperity, nutrition and resilience: The case of smallholder irrigation in Mali
Nkonya, Ephraim M.; Magalhaes, Marilia; Kato, Edward; Diaby, Mahamadou; Kalifa, Traore. Washington, DC 2022
Nkonya, Ephraim M.; Magalhaes, Marilia; Kato, Edward; Diaby, Mahamadou; Kalifa, Traore. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135962
Abstract | View
Irrigation is increasingly promoted in Africa south of the Sahara, but the benefit streams of small-scale irrigation in Mali remain largely unknown. This study collected detailed quantitative data of irrigators and non-irrigators in two regions of Mali: Mopti, which is in the Sahelian zone, and Sikasso, the southernmost region of the country, which receives more rainfall. Econometric results show that the irrigation suitability, female household headship, proximity to markets and market participation increase the propensity to irrigate. The results suggest that small-scale irrigation investments have the potential to benefit women farmers directly. We used Two-Stage Weighted treatment effects multivariate regression to identify the impact of irrigation on selected outcomes. The impact assessment results show that crop income and diversification, market participation, employment, and dietary quality were substantially higher in irrigated farms compared to non-irrigated farms. Likewise, irrigating households had higher food security and higher dietary diversity. The results show that irrigation is a key entry point for combatting climate variability and change. However, the low adoption levels of improved water-lifting technologies are a major challenge. Limited promotion of solar and motorized pumps has contributed to the low adoption of these improved water-lifting technologies. A less profitable option, lifting water with a rope-and-bucket system, remains the most common water-lifting technology in the study areas. We find that investing in effective advisory services that target agricultural water management could increase uptake of more profitable irrigation technologies.
Rwanda: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Thurlow, James; Spielman, David J.; Smart, Jenny; Benimana, Gilberthe; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Thurlow, James; Spielman, David J.; Smart, Jenny; Benimana, Gilberthe; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135963
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors have contributed to the crisis, such as export bans and continued supply chain disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic. For example, between June 2021 and April 2022, the global prices of palm oil and wheat increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively. At the same time, the price of fertilizer doubled, while crude oil and natural gas prices have also risen substantially. However, wide variation also exists across commodities, with real maize prices increasing by only 11 percent, and rice prices declining by 13 percent (Figure 1).
Zambia: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Chapoto, Antony; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Subakanya, Mitelo; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Chapoto, Antony; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Ellis, Mia; Pauw, Karl; Smart, Jenny; Subakanya, Mitelo; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135965
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February (Figure 1).
Democratic Republic of the Congo: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Thurlow, James; Ulimwengu, John M.. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Thurlow, James; Ulimwengu, John M.. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.135966
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have risen rapidly in recent months, driven in large part by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and the sanctions imposed on Russia. Other factors, such as export bans, have also contributed to rising prices. Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February (Figure 1).
Impact of COVID-19 on food value chains in Uganda: Results of surveys of farmers, traders, and processors
Nabwire, Leocardia; van Campenhout, Bjorn; Minot, Nicholas; Kabir, Razin; Vos, Rob; Narayanan, Sudha; Rice, Brendan; Aredo, Samson Dejene. Washington, DC 2022
Nabwire, Leocardia; van Campenhout, Bjorn; Minot, Nicholas; Kabir, Razin; Vos, Rob; Narayanan, Sudha; Rice, Brendan; Aredo, Samson Dejene. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
We examined the impact of COVID-19 on food value chains in Uganda, using the case of dairy and maize value chains. These two are important value chains in Uganda (in terms of contribution to food and nutrition security and export earnings), yet distinct in terms of terms of market orientation, organization, degree of vertical coordination and institutional setup.
Does the UN Joint Program for Rural Women’s Economic Empowerment (JP RWEE) deliver on its empowerment objectives?
Quisumbing, Agnes; Gerli, Beatrice; Faas, Simone; Heckert, Jessica; Malapit, Hazel J.; McCarron, Catherine; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Paz, Florencia. Washington, DC 2022
Quisumbing, Agnes; Gerli, Beatrice; Faas, Simone; Heckert, Jessica; Malapit, Hazel J.; McCarron, Catherine; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Paz, Florencia. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136302
Abstract | View
This paper compares the empowerment impacts of the UN Joint Program for Rural Women’s Economic Empowerment (JP RWEE) in Ethiopia, Niger, Nepal, and Kyrgyzstan using the Abbreviated Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (A-WEAI). We assess the extent of empowerment and gender parity, and decompose the sources of disempowerment, separately for men and women and for beneficiary and control groups. We then estimate program impacts on A-WEAI and its component indicators and assess whether estimated impacts are consistent with the activities implemented by the program. We interpret the quantitative results in the light of the qualitative studies undertaken as part of the impact evaluation. Despite the diversity in country and cultural contexts, in all four countries, women are more disempowered than men, although large proportions of men are themselves disempowered. Excessive workload is the most common major contributor to disempowerment, and so is lack of group membership. The program had positive impacts on aggregate empowerment measures for program participants in Niger, Nepal, and Kyrgyzstan. Nevertheless, gender parity improved only in Nepal. The group-based approach was a clear contributor to women’s empowerment in Ethiopia, Nepal, and Kyrgyzstan. In Kyrgyzstan, the GALS/BALI approach contributed to impacts across almost all indicators of empowerment. The positive impact of GALS and GALS/BALI on men and women alike in Kyrgyzstan is consistent with emerging evidence that involving both men and women in gender transformative approaches, rather than focusing on women alone, may be key to effective and sustainable programs. Although impacts on time use were insignificant in the quantitative study, the qualitative work pointed out negative impacts, emphasizing the unintended consequences of increased workload for women who participate in livelihood interventions.
Value chain surveys: What do they cover, and how well?
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Pulido, Cristhian. Washington, DC 2022
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Pulido, Cristhian. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136303
Abstract | View
While agricultural value chains are rapidly evolving (Reardon, 2015; Reardon et al., 2021; Barrett et al., 2022), research attention has increasingly taken notice of the important role played by actors in the ag ricultural midstream. The agricultural midstream consists of activities that take place after production but before final sale to consumers, with existing literature highlighting transportation, trading/wholesaling, processing/packaging, and storage as key activities (Reardon, 2015; Ambler et al., 2022a). However, even as research on the agricultural midstream has been growing, little is known about the poten tial financial needs or capabilities of midstream actors (Ambler et al., 2022a; Bellemare et al., 2021; Reardon and Minten, 2021). If midstream actors face meaningful financial constraints in growing their businesses, it can hinder employment opportunities, increase consumer food prices, depress agricul tural producer prices, or constrain growth more broadly.
Financial needs and the prospects of digital financial services in the agricultural midstream: Phase 1 synthesis
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Pulido, Cristhian. Washington, DC 2022
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Pulido, Cristhian. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136304
Abstract | View
Agricultural commodity value chains (AVCs) are critical for providing income to farmers, creating em ployment opportunities, generating export revenue, and providing affordable and healthy food for con sumers. Agriculture employs 42% of people in South Asia and 53% in sub-Saharan Africa (World Bank, 2022), while agricultural growth has been shown to be three times more effective at poverty reduction than growth in other sectors (de Janvry and Sadoulet, 2009). Though the majority of existing literature has focused on producers and consumers, recent research suggests that value added in the “mid stream” of value chains, the actors between farmgate and final vendors, may be as large as 40% of the total gross value in the agricultural sector (Reardon, 2015; AGRA, 2019). This midstream is comprised predominantly of small and medium size enterprises (SMEs) including traders, transporters, and processors whose potential for growth may be considerably untapped.In general, the high seasonality, geographic dispersion, and unpredictable output of the agricultural sector can make it especially difficult for the financial needs of the midstream to be met, challenges well documented and studied among small-scale producers. While there has been recent, increasing atten tion on the midstream actors in AVCs, focus on their financial needs is rare. If, in fact, they lack much access to financial products, an increase in access could lead to increased employment opportunities in
the midstream, as well as more robust growth. Additionally, recent years have seen the emergence of a number of digital financial services (DFS), including mobile money and digital payment systems, digital credit, and digital marketplaces, all of which hold potential for alleviating meaningful constraints among midstream actors in AVCs. The aim of this project was to take stock of what is known about these midstream AVC actors, their fi nancial needs, and the potential of DFS to help meet those needs. In this synthesis, we summarize les sons from the project’s first phase, which included a literature review, analysis of existing microdata, documentation of previous data targeted at the midstream, and interviews with other experts in the field. We intend to use the lessons from this initial phase to prepare for specialized data collection tai lored to and targeting ident
the midstream, as well as more robust growth. Additionally, recent years have seen the emergence of a number of digital financial services (DFS), including mobile money and digital payment systems, digital credit, and digital marketplaces, all of which hold potential for alleviating meaningful constraints among midstream actors in AVCs. The aim of this project was to take stock of what is known about these midstream AVC actors, their fi nancial needs, and the potential of DFS to help meet those needs. In this synthesis, we summarize les sons from the project’s first phase, which included a literature review, analysis of existing microdata, documentation of previous data targeted at the midstream, and interviews with other experts in the field. We intend to use the lessons from this initial phase to prepare for specialized data collection tai lored to and targeting ident
Gender bias in consumer perceptions: The case of agro-input dealers in Uganda
De, Anusha; Miehe, Caroline; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. Washington, DC 2022
De, Anusha; Miehe, Caroline; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136307
Abstract | View
Faced with incomplete and imperfect information, economic actors rely predominantly on perceptions and often base decisions on heuristics prone to bias. Gender bias in perceptions favoring men has been found in a wide variety of settings and may be an important reason why some sectors remain dominated by men and gender gaps persist. Using ratings of agro-input dealers provided by smallholder farmers in their vicinity, we test if farmers perceive male-managed agro-input shops differently than agro-input shops managed by women. After controlling for observable characteristics at the input dealer level and including fixed effects to account for farmer-level heterogeneity, we find that farmers rate male-managed agro-input outlets higher on a range of attributes related to the dealership in general, as well as when farmers are asked to consider the quality of inputs sold by the dealer. Our results suggest that consumers' biased perceptions continue to be an important entry barrier for women in the subsector, and we conclude that policies and interventions designed to challenge gender norms and customs are needed to correct bias in perceptions.
Livestock, livestock products and fish, May 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets and food security in Malawi.
Key facts series: Key facts sheet on inequality
Hami, Emmanuel. Washington, DC 2022
Hami, Emmanuel. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Across a wide range of inequality measures, survey data measure lower levels of inequality in 2019/20 compared to a decade earlier in 2010/11. The latest survey data put Malawi’s Gini Coefficient at 0.38. The 20% richest households consume about half of the country’s total consumption. The poorest 20% account for only 6% of total consumption. Differences between districts or regions are not the primary contributors to inequality. Differences across households within the same region or district contribute much more to total inequality. Similarly, there is significant inequality among households with heads of similar education levels and among those with similar occupations. These within-group differences contribute more to inequality than the across-group differences. In all the periods under analysis, urban households consumed around twice the consumption of their rural counterparts.
Selected legumes, roots & tubers and other cereals, May 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Livestock, livestock products and fish, April 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets and food security in Malawi.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, June 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Selected legumes, roots & tubers and other cereals, April 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Egypt: Impacts of the Ukraine and global crises on poverty and food security
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelradi, Fadi; Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Raouf, Mariam; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelradi, Fadi; Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Dorosh, Paul A.; Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josee; Raouf, Mariam; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136321
Abstract | View
Global food, fuel, and fertilizer prices have witnessed rapid and significant increase in recent months, driven largely by the fallout from the ongoing war in Ukraine and associated sanctions im-posed on Russia. Other factors, including governments’ responses and export bans, have also con-tributed to rising prices (Laborde and Mamun 2022). Palm oil and wheat prices increased by 56 and 100 percent in real terms, respectively, between June 2021 and April 2022, with most of the in-crease occurring since February 2022.
Kenya commodity price report - January 2022
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Kenya commodity price report - December 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Kenya Commodity Price Report - February 2022
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B.J.K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B.J.K, Maina. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
East Africa commodity price report - January 2022
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2022
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: East Africa is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on price trends and variations in selected maize and rice markets throughout East Africa. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize and rice markets in East Africa, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
East Africa commodity price report - December 2021
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2022
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: East Africa is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on price trends and variations in selected maize and rice markets throughout East Africa. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize and rice markets in East Africa, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
East Africa commodity price report - February 2022
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2022
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: East Africa is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on price trends and variations in selected maize and rice markets throughout East Africa. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize and rice markets in East Africa, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
See it grow: Monitoring the use of stress-tolerant varieties and seed performance
Wellenstein, Hailey; Kramer, Berber. Washington, DC 2022
Wellenstein, Hailey; Kramer, Berber. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136355
Abstract | View
Farming is an inherently high-risk activity, and farmers’ livelihoods depend on a set of interlinked environmental factors including weather, soil conditions, disease, pests, and more. Unfortunately, globally, many of the risks in agricultural production have been exacerbated by increasingly erratic and extreme weather patterns (Porter et al. 2014). One way to mitigate such climate risk is the use of seed varieties that are bred to be resilient to the types of extreme weather that crops regularly suffer, such as drought (Cacho et al. 2020). Use of such seeds can potentially help reduce insurance premiums to more sustainable levels, as drought-tolerant varieties could help mitigate losses from moderate droughts and thus insurance would only be required to cover farmers for losses associated with more severe droughts.
In this project note, we examine to what extent the use of drought-tolerant varieties is associated with improved performance in the context of a crop insurance project in Kenya. We hypothesize that crops grown from drought-tolerant varieties sustain less damage than other varieties. We test this hypothesis and extend our analysis to ask if there are phenological differences between stress-tolerant varieties (STVs) and non-STVs that would affect the period during which insurance coverage is needed. Finally, since both reduced risk exposure and phenological differences could affect insurance payouts, and thereby insurance premiums in the longer run, we examine differences in farmers’ yields and insurance payouts between the two groups.
In this project note, we examine to what extent the use of drought-tolerant varieties is associated with improved performance in the context of a crop insurance project in Kenya. We hypothesize that crops grown from drought-tolerant varieties sustain less damage than other varieties. We test this hypothesis and extend our analysis to ask if there are phenological differences between stress-tolerant varieties (STVs) and non-STVs that would affect the period during which insurance coverage is needed. Finally, since both reduced risk exposure and phenological differences could affect insurance payouts, and thereby insurance premiums in the longer run, we examine differences in farmers’ yields and insurance payouts between the two groups.
Key stakeholders and actions to address Lake Beseka’s challenges in Ethiopia: A social network approach
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Tensay, Teferi M.; Yimam, Seid; Arega, Tiruwork; Beyene, Ephrem G.; Zhang, Wei; Ringler, Claudia;. Washington, DC 2022
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Tensay, Teferi M.; Yimam, Seid; Arega, Tiruwork; Beyene, Ephrem G.; Zhang, Wei; Ringler, Claudia;. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136359
Abstract | View
Lake Beseka is a shallow, saline, endorheic lake in the East African Rift Valley of Ethiopia that has dramatically grown in size due to large-scale irrigation development in its catchment area. Recent artificial connections of the lake with the Awash River system to contain lake size have led to a series of changes and impacts on different water users, but are not reflected in lake and Awash River governance and institutions. Understanding who are the key actors affecting Lake Beseka and strengthening their linkages can help identify solutions that sustainably contain or reduce the lake’s size, improve its water quality, and address costs to nearby and downstream populations as well as the environment. Thus, this study analyzed qualitative data collected from net-mapping – a network analysis that identifies actors or stakeholders as well as linkages and relative power positions among stakeholders. The resulting network reflects the complexity of the water governance system including upstream actors who affect the size and quality of the lake as well as downstream actors who suffer from adverse consequences. The Awash Basin Development Authority, Metehara Sugar Factory, regional bureaus, and federal ministries were identified as the most influential actors affecting how Lake Beseka is used and managed. Actors most affected by the lake expansion and quality problems such as downstream communities currently have no role in the governance of the lake. Metehara Municipality, woreda offices, research institutes, and farmers were considered to have moderate influence. Stakeholders who participated in the net-mapping workshops identified flooding, salinity, water-related conflict, and health effects as the four main challenges of the lake. The study suggests that developing multi-stakeholder partnerships or platforms across most influential and most affected actors could support a more comprehensive understanding of the multiple challenges Lake Beseka is posing. It could also foster the development of more integrated solutions that support the different stakeholders in the lake catchment area and the Awash River Basin.
Gender gaps in sustainable land management and implications for agricultural productivity: Evidence from Ethiopia
Kato, Edward; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2022
Kato, Edward; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136361
Abstract | View
We investigate whether a large-scale watershed program promoting sustainable land management (SLM) in Ethiopia increases adoption of SLM and its benefits on plots owned by women in male-headed households compared to plots owned by their spouses, jointly owned plots as well as plots of female headed households (FHH). The analysis is based on a survey of 500 households and 2900 plots conducted in the Abbay basin of Ethiopia where the SLM program was implemented between 2012 and 2017. Our findings show that the SLM program significantly increased adoption of SLM practices (soil bunds, stone terraces, mulching) in male-headed households but that adoption was centered on jointly owned plots and male-owned plots, with no significant adoption on women-owned plots. The results also show that women in male-headed households are more constrained to participate in SLM programs compared to their counterparts in FHH. Results further show that although FHH were less likely than male-headed households to adopt SLM in watersheds with no SLM interventions, the SLM program significantly increased adoption of soil bunds on plots in FHH. SLM adoption and impacts can likely be further strengthened if a focus on removing women’s constraints is added.
Seasonality and smallholder market participation in Malawi: A baseline report
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Nabwire, Leocardia. Washington, DC 2022
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Nabwire, Leocardia. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136366
Abstract | View
Smallholder farmers in low and middle income countries often sell the bulk of their marketable surplus immediately after the harvest, when prices are at their lowest. As part of a field experiment that tests the effectiveness of both income and expenditure planning to nudge farmers into delaying sales of cash crops, we collected detailed information about market participation from a sample of about 3,500 semi-subsistence farmers in Malawi. In this report, we use this data to describe the situation at baseline, before the intervention was implemented. The focus is on three crops that are (also) important to obtain cash. We provide a detailed account of sales transactions in 2021 and also inquire about price expectations in the near future. We also provide suggestive evidence that prices obtained in the past influence price expectations.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, August 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Regional trade integration in the economic community of central African states
Efogo, Françoise Okah; Kane, Gilles Quentin; Ndoricimpa, Arcade. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Efogo, Françoise Okah; Kane, Gilles Quentin; Ndoricimpa, Arcade. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916437_06
The three great stimulants: An analysis of the cocoa, coffee, and tea value chains in Africa
Aboushady, Nora; Roy, Devesh; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Aboushady, Nora; Roy, Devesh; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916437_04
Africa agriculture trade monitor 2022
Bouët, Antoine, ed.; Odjo, Sunday P., ed.; Zaki, Chahir, ed.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Bouët, Antoine, ed.; Odjo, Sunday P., ed.; Zaki, Chahir, ed.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916437
Abstract | View
The 2022 Africa Agriculture Trade Monitor, a flagship publication of AKADEMIYA2063 and the International Food Policy Research Institute, provides an overview of trade in agriculture in Africa, including analysis of short- and long-term trends and drivers behind Africa’s global trade, intra-African trade, and trade within Africa’s regional economic communities. The 2022 report looks at the impact of the Russia-Ukraine war; Africa’s participation in global value chains; intraregional trade in processed agricultural products; the potential benefits of ambitious implementation of the African Continental Free Trade Area Agreement, and includes focused chapters on value chains for cocoa, coffee, and tea and on trade integration in Economic Community of Central African States.
Africa in world agricultural trade: Participation in global value chains
Odjo, Sunday P.; Diallo, Mariam Amadou. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Odjo, Sunday P.; Diallo, Mariam Amadou. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916437_02
Overview and the Current Crisis
Bouët, Antoine; Odjo, Sunday P.; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Bouët, Antoine; Odjo, Sunday P.; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916437_01
The AfCFTA: The need for ambitious implementation
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traoré, Fousseini. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traoré, Fousseini. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916437_05
Intra-African agricultural trade
Goundan, Anatole; Sall, Leysa M.; Collins, Julia; Glauber, Joseph W.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Goundan, Anatole; Sall, Leysa M.; Collins, Julia; Glauber, Joseph W.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916437_03
Summary and conclusions [in Africa agriculture trade monitor 2022]
Bouët, Antoine; Odjo, Sunday P.; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Bouët, Antoine; Odjo, Sunday P.; Zaki, Chahir. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916437_07
MIRAGRODEP with endogenous tariffs 1.0: Documentation
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traoré, Fousseini. Washington, D.C. 2022
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traoré, Fousseini. Washington, D.C. 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136383
Abstract | View
MIRAGRODEP with endogenous tariffs is a recursive dynamic multi-region, multi-sector Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model based on MIRAGRODEP which in turn is based on MIRAGE (Modelling International Relations Under Applied General Equilibrium). It constitutes an extension of the MIRAGRODEP model that allows the user to perform analysis involving endogenous tariffs such as designing optimal common external tariffs (CET) in customs unions. The model is particularly suitable for trade policy analysis that require designing optimal levels of tariffs for regional trade agreements.
Robust Trade Integration Indicators
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traore, Fousseini. Washington, DC 2022
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traore, Fousseini. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Robust indicators are essential for tracking the progress made in regional trade integration. Although the bias of traditional indexes such as the share of intra-regional trade in total trade have been known for a long time, they continue to be used by various analysts and international organizations. In this technical note, based on the recent literature, we present new robust trade integration indicators that allow analysts to make dynamic and cross region comparisons without ambiguity. These new indicators shed new light in regional integration, particularly in Africa where the level of integration is not as low as one might think.
Impact evaluation report: Egypt’s Takaful Cash Transfer Program: Second round report
El-Enbaby, Hoda; Elsabbagh, Dalia; Gilligan, Daniel; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Koch, Bastien; Kurdi, Sikandra. Washington, DC 2022
El-Enbaby, Hoda; Elsabbagh, Dalia; Gilligan, Daniel; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Koch, Bastien; Kurdi, Sikandra. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136395
Abstract | View
Egypt introduced the Takaful and Karama Program (TKP), a pair of targeted cash transfer schemes in 2015. In 2018, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) completed the first round of impact evaluation of TKP, based on household survey data collected after the first 15 months of the program. In the period between the first-round evaluation and the data collection for this report in January 2022, Egypt faced an enormous economic shock in the COVID-19 pandemic with a complete loss of tourism, which before the crisis was responsible for 12% of GDP and 10% of employment (IMF, 2021). A follow-up evaluation was designed to assess whether impacts estimated from the first round have been sustained and whether longer duration of treatment has led to impacts on additional outcome variables. This follow-up impact evaluation was conducted using a regression discontinuity (RD) design similar to the first round but using a different sample of households much more tightly concentrated around the 4500 thresholds to address concerns about the smaller discontinuity. We find that households invested in assets, particularly productive assets and Takaful households reduced their debt burdens. There were no measurable impacts of the Takaful program on household consumption or poverty, which may be partially explained by changes in household demographics. We also find that Takaful improved school enrollment and attendance and contributed to household’s ability to cope with shocks.
The risk of demand shocks in dairy value chains in Uganda: Policy lessons from the COVID-19 crisis
Nabwire, Leocardia; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; . Washington, DC 2022
Nabwire, Leocardia; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; . Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136397
Abstract | View
This policy note summarizes results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 on dairy value chains in Uganda. We use a stack survey consisting of 1616 dairy farmers, 695 small-scale milk traders, and 93 milk collection centers (MCCs) that were surveyed in-person in late 2018 as the basis for follow-up telephone interviews in 2020 and 2021. We find that the COVID-19 crisis mainly affected the dairy value chain through a reduction in demand as international trade reduced and households reduced consumption of more expensive foods due to income losses. As a result, prices drastically reduced at multiple stages of the value chain, and the number of actors affected by the price decrease worsened as the pandemic persisted. In general, we see that while dairy business closures during COVID-19 are limited, the joint reduction in demand and price leads to widespread reductions in scale of operation, dairy revenues and household income, although these somewhat recover over time, especially among MCCs. In the long-run, policy efforts to increase and stabilize local and export demand for dairy products seems most promising. For example, the government may institute policies that promote consumption of dairy products in schools and homes through information campaigns or temporary dairy vouchers. Government should also make it a priority to keep international trade flowing.
Informality and the impact of COVID-19 on maize value chains in Uganda: Key findings and policy implications
Nabwire, Leocardia; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. Washington, DC 2022
Nabwire, Leocardia; Van Campenhout, Bjorn. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136398
Abstract | View
This policy note summarizes results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 on maize value chains in Uganda, which are characterized by a high degree of informality. We use a stack survey consisting of 1525 smallholder maize farmers, 341 informal traders, and 174 millers that were surveyed in-person in 2019 as the basis for follow-up telephone interviews in 2020 and 2021. We find that the impact of COVID-19 and associated measures manifests itself more downstream the value chain (at the level of the traders and particularly the millers). Closures and reductions in volumes passing through the chain seemed limited but worsen as the pandemic persists. Government measures such as a reduction of interest rates seemed to have brought some relief for traders and millers. However, all value chain actors report substantial reductions in maize revenues, household income and food security, as actors in informal value chains seem to rely on various activities to make ends meet. As a result, informal value chains such as maize in Uganda may be less able to adapt to common shocks in the long run. The appropriate policy response therefore would be to supplement some of the mitigating policies targeting businesses with more long run social protection policies to also benefit value chain actors upstream.
A photographic food atlas with portion sizes of commonly consumed foods in Accra, Ghana
Folson, Gloria; Bannerman, Boateng; Ador, Gabriel; Atadze, Vicentia; Akoto, Saudatu; Asante, Stephen; Abbeyquaye, Joseph; Anang-Tetteh, Audrey; Guri, Erica; Ibrahim, Gabriel; Alhassan, Jamil; Tetteh, Matilda; Afuanimaa, Belinda; Koch, Bastien; McCloskey, Peter; Gangupantulu, Rohit; Braga, Bianca C.; Hughes, David; Gelli, Aulo. Washington, DC 2022
Folson, Gloria; Bannerman, Boateng; Ador, Gabriel; Atadze, Vicentia; Akoto, Saudatu; Asante, Stephen; Abbeyquaye, Joseph; Anang-Tetteh, Audrey; Guri, Erica; Ibrahim, Gabriel; Alhassan, Jamil; Tetteh, Matilda; Afuanimaa, Belinda; Koch, Bastien; McCloskey, Peter; Gangupantulu, Rohit; Braga, Bianca C.; Hughes, David; Gelli, Aulo. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136400
Abstract | View
This Food Atlas provides a photograph series of 68 meals commonly consumed by adolescent girls in Accra, Ghana. It consists of pictures of four portion sizes per meal, including weights.
The main aim of this Food Atlas is to enable accurate portion-size estimation; during food consumption surveys, these images can be shown to respondents to aid them in describing the quantity of food consumed. The Food Atlas can also to aid in estimating, quantifying, educating, and counseling on appropriate portions of food in order to help improve dietary intake.
The meals were chosen using data collected during a previous study conducted at the Department of Nutrition, NMIMR, “Dietary Patterns and Cardio-metabolic Risk in Urban Dwelling Adolescents” (IRB Study Number 001/17-18), aimed at understanding the eating patterns, physical activity levels and their association with measures of adiposity, blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar among adolescents between ages 10 and 17.
All recipes were compiled with the aid of a professional caterer who had experience cooking for adolescents in a school setting.
The main aim of this Food Atlas is to enable accurate portion-size estimation; during food consumption surveys, these images can be shown to respondents to aid them in describing the quantity of food consumed. The Food Atlas can also to aid in estimating, quantifying, educating, and counseling on appropriate portions of food in order to help improve dietary intake.
The meals were chosen using data collected during a previous study conducted at the Department of Nutrition, NMIMR, “Dietary Patterns and Cardio-metabolic Risk in Urban Dwelling Adolescents” (IRB Study Number 001/17-18), aimed at understanding the eating patterns, physical activity levels and their association with measures of adiposity, blood pressure, and fasting blood sugar among adolescents between ages 10 and 17.
All recipes were compiled with the aid of a professional caterer who had experience cooking for adolescents in a school setting.
Targeting hunger or votes? The political economy of humanitarian transfers in Malawi
Duchoslav, Jan; Kenamu, Edwin; Thunde, Jack. Washington, DC 2022
Duchoslav, Jan; Kenamu, Edwin; Thunde, Jack. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136401
Abstract | View
Do electoral considerations play a role in the targeting of humanitarian transfers? We analyze the targeting of direct cash and food transfers distributed in Malawi in response to an exceptionally poor harvest following a late and erratic rainy season of 2015-16. Combining household survey data on transfers with a remotely sensed measure of drought and with the results of the 2014 and 2019 parliamentary elections, we show that transfers were disproportionately targeted at marginal constituencies. Rather than distributing the transfers based solely on need or mobilizing its tribal base, the government attempted to persuade swing voters to support its candidates in the next elections. We nd no evidence that this strategy was successful at increasing the vote of ruling party candidates in subsequent elections.
The impact of market system development approaches: The case of InovAgro in Mozambique
Amare, Mulubrhan; Zavale, Helder; Smart, Jenny; Ghebru, Hosaena. Washington, DC 2022
Amare, Mulubrhan; Zavale, Helder; Smart, Jenny; Ghebru, Hosaena. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294363
Abstract | View
Market system development (MSD) approaches aim to address market failures and frictions that frequently impede adoption of modern yield-enhancing agricultural practices in sub-Saharah Africa. This brief examines the impact of an MSD intervention (InovAgro) in Mozambique that was designed to increase incomes and improve economic security for poor smallholder farmers through improved productivity and development of high-potential value chains. Findings include increases in use of inputs and access to market information, as well as important spillover effects for many small-scale farmers beyond the direct beneficiaries, and high costs-effectiveness of the MSD intervention.
Income mobility of rural households: Are female headed households participating in Ethiopia’s economic growth?
Warner, James; Mekonnen, Yalew. Washington, DC 2022
Warner, James; Mekonnen, Yalew. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136403
Abstract | View
Over the last decade, Ethiopia has had one of the fastest growing economies in the world with annual growth rates averaging approximately 9.2% and 5.3% for the overall economy and the agricultural sector, respectively. Concomitant with this growth has been falling poverty rates and slightly rising inequality. While average growth has been strong, relatively little research has been performed on mobility within income quartiles, particularly among rural households. Using a panel of 1,899 households, taken from three rural household surveys carried out between 2012-2019, this paper explores the overall levels and trends of recent income mobility in rural Ethiopia. We conclude that female headed households, at the lower asset quartiles, are earning less income, marketing a smaller share of cereal crops, and experiencing less growth which, unlike comparable male headed households in lower quartiles, is leading to relative stagnation, and rising inequality. The implications for policymakers are important for improved targeting for pro-poor growth strategies as well as a better understanding of the heterogenous economic status of female headed households in rural Ethiopia more generally.
Schooling impacts of an unconditional cash transfer program in Mali
Sessou, Eric; Hidrobo, Melissa; Roy, Shalini; Huybregts, Lieven. Washington, DC 2022
Sessou, Eric; Hidrobo, Melissa; Roy, Shalini; Huybregts, Lieven. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136404
Abstract | View
In rural West Africa, the rate of out-of-school children is high and delayed entry to primary school is common, particularly for girls. Using the randomized roll-out of an unconditional cash transfer program (Jigisemejiri) in Mali, we examine its impact on child schooling by age and sex. The program leads to significant improvements in schooling outcomes for girls, but not boys. Improvements among girls are especially salient among younger (ages 6–9) and older (ages 15–18) girls. Pathway analysis reveals that the program reduces the time younger girls spend in agricultural work at home and the time older girls spend in domestic work as well as self-employment. Households in the program also spend more on education for older girls in terms of school fees, materials, and transport.
Can agricultural development projects empower women? A synthesis of mixed methods evaluations using pro-WEAI in the gender, agriculture, and assets project (phase 2) portfolio
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Malapit, Hazel J.; Seymour, Greg; Heckert, Jessica; Doss, Cheryl; Johnson, Nancy; Rubin, Deborah; Thai, Giang; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Myers, Emily; GAAP2 for pro-WEAI Study Team. Washington, DC 2022
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela; Malapit, Hazel J.; Seymour, Greg; Heckert, Jessica; Doss, Cheryl; Johnson, Nancy; Rubin, Deborah; Thai, Giang; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Myers, Emily; GAAP2 for pro-WEAI Study Team. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136405
Abstract | View
Agricultural development projects increasingly include women’s empowerment and gender equality among their objectives, but efforts to evaluate their impact have been stymied by the lack of comparable measures. Moreover, the context-specificity of empowerment implies that a quantitative measure alone will be inadequate to capture the nuances of the empowerment process. The Gender, Agriculture, and Assets Project, Phase 2 (GAAP2), a portfolio of 13 agricultural development projects in nine countries in South Asia and Africa, developed the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI) and qualitative protocols for impact evaluations. Pro-WEAI covers three major types of agencies: instrumental, intrinsic, and collective. This paper synthesizes the results of 11 mixed-methods evaluations to assess these projects’ empowerment impacts. The projects implemented the pro-WEAI and its associated qualitative protocols in their impact evaluations. Our synthesis finds mixed, and mostly null impacts on aggregate indicators of women’s empowerment, with positive impacts more likely in the South Asian, rather than African, cases. There were more significant impacts on instrumental agency indicators and collective agency indicators, reflecting the group-based approaches used. We found few significant impacts on intrinsic agency indicators, except for those projects that intentionally addressed gender norms. Quantitative analysis does not show an association between the types of strategies that projects implemented and their impacts, except for capacity building strategies. This finding reveals the limitations of quantitative analysis, given the small number of projects involved. The qualitative studies provide more nuance and insight: some base level of empowerment and forms of agency may be necessary for women to participate in project activities, to benefit or further increase their empowerment. Our results highlight the need for projects to focus specifically on empowerment, rather than assume that projects aiming to reach and benefit women automatically empower them. Our study also shows the value of both a common metric to compare empowerment impacts across projects and contexts and qualitative work to understand and contextualize these impacts.
How do quantitative gender indicators compare to qualitative findings in the analysis of gender differences in agricultural productivity? Evidence from Uganda
Welk, Lukas; Bosch, Christine; Bryan, Elizabeth; Kato, Edward; Seymour, Greg; Birner, Regina. Washington, D.C. 2022
Welk, Lukas; Bosch, Christine; Bryan, Elizabeth; Kato, Edward; Seymour, Greg; Birner, Regina. Washington, D.C. 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136407
Abstract | View
In sub-Saharan Africa, female-managed plots often show a significant gap in productivity compared to men's plots. To examine these differences, a variable to determine who in the household controls agricultural plots is needed. There is variability in the ways in which gendered control over agricultural plots is defined and measured across studies. Many studies show that an in-depth analysis of intra-household relationships is necessary, as this is often a major unexplained factor in productivity differences. To contribute to filling this methodological gap, we estimate the productivity gap among male and female farmers in Uganda using three different identification approaches and conduct complementary qualitative research to investigate the underlying causes of these differences. The three approaches to define control over plots are: (1) gender of the plot manager, (2) gender of the main plot-level decision-maker and (3) on gender of decision-maker over income from the sale of crops. Results show significantly different gender productivity gaps of 16% (1), 43% (2) and 60% (3). Qualitative results confirm the variability in the way that households defined plot management, including multiple ways in which decisions are made or activities are distributed within households on jointly managed plots. Mixed-method research designs and improved gender variables for econometric models can contribute to a better understanding of gender productivity differences and better policy making aiming to reduce gender inequalities.
Food budget allocation efficiency: A missing component to help identify robust nutrition policies, with application to Rwanda
Marivoet, Wim. Washington, DC 2022
Marivoet, Wim. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136408
Abstract | View
This paper presents two interrelated innovations to help identify diet-related nutrition policies. The first involves the development of a food budget allocation efficiency measure to quantify suboptimal food preferences, which is one key explanation of poor diets in addition to unaffordability. The second relates to the application of stochastic dominance to a portfolio of dietrelated nutrition policies, defined by various levels of allocation efficiency and affordability. As no full specification is needed, the latter technique is particularly useful when lacking normative guidelines regarding the relative importance of nutrient deficiencies within one-dimensional diet quality measures as well as the exact content of culture-sensitive diets. The analytical innovations are illustrated using a 2013/14 household consumption survey of Rwanda, a country characterized by both high calorie and micronutrient deficiencies. The origins of these poor nutritional outcomes can be traced back to various combinations and levels of affordability and allocation efficiency constraints. By only excluding the most inequality averse diet quality pecification, which may help to account for measurement error, a robust set of policy recommendations can be formulated for two thirds of all observations, most of which should focus on awareness raising activities.
How weather variability and extreme shocks affect women's participation in African agriculture
Nico, Gianluigi; Azzarri, Carlo; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2022
Nico, Gianluigi; Azzarri, Carlo; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136410
Abstract | View
Agriculture is strongly affected by environmental factors, including variability in temperature and precipitation, which in turn shape the livelihoods farmers derive. In this context, the intensity of engagement in agriculture is directly influenced by temperature and rainfall patterns (ILO 2018). Both extreme weather shocks (that is, heat waves, droughts, and floods) and weather variability (that is, changes in temperature and rainfall patterns) can significantly disrupt participation in agriculture and related sectors, particularly when farmers’ capacity to cope with and adapt to these shocks is low. This policy note summarizes the results of a study designed to quantify the impact of climate variability and extreme weather shocks on the intensity of individuals’ participation in the agricultural sector in Africa, where intra-annual weather variability is high, and dependence on rainfed agriculture is significant. The study specifically focused on changes in the number of weekly hours worked in response to weather variability and climate extremes, and explored both the impact on women’s participation and their potential to mitigate the negative effects of these shocks.
Revisiting poverty trends and the role of social protection systems in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abay, Kibrom A.; Yonzan, Nishant; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tafere, Kibrom. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Yonzan, Nishant; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tafere, Kibrom. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136411
Abstract | View
Quantifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on poverty in Africa has been as difficult as predicting the path of the pandemic, mainly due to data limitations. The advent of new data sources, including national accounts and phone survey data, provides an opportunity for a thorough reassessment of the impact of the pandemic and the subsequent expansion of social protection systems on the evolution of poverty in Africa. In this paper, we combine per capita GDP growth from national accounts with data from High-Frequency Phone Surveys for several countries to estimate the net impact of the pandemic on poverty. We find that the pandemic has increased poverty in Africa by 1.5-1.7 percentage points in 2020, relatively smaller than early estimates and projections. We also find that countries affected by Fragility, Conflict, and Violence (FCV) experienced the greatest increases in poverty, about 2.1 percentage points in 2020. Furthermore, we assess and synthesize empirical evidence on the role that social protection systems played in mitigating the adverse impact of the COVID-19 crisis in Africa. We review social protection responses in various African countries, mainly focusing on the impact of these programs and effectiveness of targeting systems. Although the evidence base on the protective role of social protection programs during the pandemic remains scarce, we highlight important findings on the impacts of these programs while also uncovering some vulnerabilities in social protection programming in Africa. We finally draw important lessons related to the delivery, targeting and impact of various social protection programs launched in Africa in response to the pandemic.
An overview of meat processing in Africa
Rich, Karl M.; Schaefer, K. Aleks; Thapa, Bhawna; Hagerman, Amy D.; Shear, Hannah E.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Rich, Karl M.; Schaefer, K. Aleks; Thapa, Bhawna; Hagerman, Amy D.; Shear, Hannah E.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Relative to the literature on live animal production and trade, research on the meat processing sector in Africa is particularly sparse. This belies a sector that is increasingly dynamic, driven by changing demand patterns, evolving marketing channels, and population growth. This chapter aims to redress some of the research gaps by piecing together available data from countries south of the Sahara, combined with a series of case studies, to illustrate the rapid changes that are taking place within the sector. Our analysis focuses on meat as an end product only and does not consider other products derived from animals, notably dairy, where a significant literature exists (particularly in East Africa), and by-products such as hides and skins. We also highlight many of the important constraints affecting the sector to raise awareness of critical policy issues and draw attention to the integrated nature of animal end products alongside livestock production.
Innovation in African food processing enterprises: Patterns and drivers
Tadesse, Getaw; Gachango, Florence. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Tadesse, Getaw; Gachango, Florence. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The need for industrial development in Africa has become more pressing than ever. Industrial development is key for structural transformation, which many African countries are struggling with, to sustain and deepen the observed solid economic growth of the last two decades (Newfarmer, Page, and Tarp 2019; Newman et al. 2016). It has also become a key strategy to tap into growing opportunities such as the high rates of urbanization, the growing labor force and its level of qualification, a high proportion of young people in the population structure, a growing domestic market, an increasing relative size of the middle class, the decrease in the severity of internal political confrontations and attenuation of intercountry armed conflicts, and the development of digital technologies (Ledeneva et al. 2020). Despite the wider narrative of “premature deindustrialization” associated with COVID-19, recent data show that deindustrialization is not the common experience for the majority of African countries and industrial sectors (Lopes and te Velde 2021). This creates another opportunity to renew efforts and refocus policy to promote industrialization.
Agro-parks as drivers of the African food processing sector: Review of conditions for success
Jenane, Chakib; Ulimwengu, John M.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Jenane, Chakib; Ulimwengu, John M.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
In July 2003, African heads of state and government ratified the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Program (CAADP) at the Second Ordinary Assembly of the African Union (AU), held in Maputo, Mozambique. In 2014, they adopted the Malabo Declaration on Accelerated African Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods, in which they recommitted to the principles and values of CAADP and set ambitious targets in five broad areas (enhancing agricultural investment, ending hunger, reducing poverty, boosting intra-African agricultural trade, and enhancing the resilience of livelihoods and production systems). Other stakeholders in the agricultural sector were also brought in to support the initiative; the commitment by the private sector was reflected in the launch of the Grow Africa initiative (Grow Africa 2016), and that of development partners through their tying assistance to progress in implementing CAADP via the Global Agriculture and Food Security Program (GAFSP) and the New Alliance for Food Security and Nutrition (De Schutter 2015).
The dynamics of Africa’s fruit and vegetable processing sectors
Schreinemachers, Pepijn; Ambali, Mwasilwa; Mwambi, Mercy; Olanipekun, Caleb Ibukun; Yegbemey, Rosaine Nerice; Wopereis, Marco C. S.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Schreinemachers, Pepijn; Ambali, Mwasilwa; Mwambi, Mercy; Olanipekun, Caleb Ibukun; Yegbemey, Rosaine Nerice; Wopereis, Marco C. S.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The production of fruits and vegetables (F&V) in Africa has increased 3.3 percent annually during the last 20 years, but only 0.7 percent in per capita terms (FAOSTAT 2022; Figure 3.1). Africa has the lowest per capita production and consumption of F&V in the world, although South Africa, Morocco, and Egypt are large producers and exporters.
2022 Annual trends and outlook report: Agrifood processing strategies for successful food systems transformation in Africa
Jenane, Chakib, ed.; Ulimwengu, John M., ed.; Tadesse, Getaw, ed.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Jenane, Chakib, ed.; Ulimwengu, John M., ed.; Tadesse, Getaw, ed.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.54067/9781737916444
Abstract | View
The 2022 Annual Trends and Outlook Report generates evidence to guide the ongoing transformation of African food systems through well-concerted and targeted policy interventions in the agrifood processing sector. The report explores available and emerging evidence and knowledge in a wide range of policy areas related to the processing segment of agrifood value chains. It confirms the emerging opportunities for agrifood industrialization in Africa driven by increased urbanization and middle-income consumers, and sheds light on key areas for policymakers and partners to design policies and make investments that strengthen the sector and increase its capacity to provide healthy diets for all.
Conclusion [in 2022 Annual trends and outlook report: Agrifood processing strategies for successful food systems transformation in Africa]
Jenane, Chakib; Ulimwengu, John M.; Tadesse, Getaw. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Jenane, Chakib; Ulimwengu, John M.; Tadesse, Getaw. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The 2022 Annual Trends and Outlook Report (ATOR) aims to generate evidence to guide the ongoing transformation of African food systems through well-concerted and targeted policy interventions in the agrifood processing sector. In line with this objective, the report brings together several studies that explore available and emerging evidence and knowledge in a wide range of policy areas related to the processing segment of agrifood value chains. Overall, the studies (1) confirm the emerging opportunities for agrifood industrialization in Africa, driven by increased urbanization and middle-income consumers who look for diversified diets and convenient foods; and (2) shed light on key areas where policymakers and partners should design policies and make investments that strengthen the sector and increase its capacity to provide healthy diets for all.
Tracking key CAADP indicators and implementation processes
Collins, Julia; Makombe, Tsitsi; Tefera, Wondwosen; Yamdjeu, Augustin Wambo. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Collins, Julia; Makombe, Tsitsi; Tefera, Wondwosen; Yamdjeu, Augustin Wambo. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Agriculture is a vital source of livelihoods for more than 60 percent of Africa’s population. Recognizing the need to boost investments and productivity in the sector, in 2003, African leaders adopted the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) as the policy framework for revitalizing agriculture and reducing poverty and food insecurity on the African continent. Following a decade of implementing CAADP, the framework gained momentum in 2014, when African heads of state and government adopted the Malabo Declaration on Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Transformation for Shared Prosperity and Improved Livelihoods. Through the Declaration, they recommitted to upholding CAADP principles and values, which include adopting evidence-based planning, policy efficiency, dialogue, review, and accountability and exploiting regional complementarities. They also pledged to increase investment in agriculture, end hunger and halve poverty by 2025, boost intra-African agricultural trade, enhance resilience to climate variability, and strengthen mutual accountability for actions and results by conducting a continental Biennial Review (BR) of progress made in achieving the commitments (AUC 2014).
The rise of Africa’s processing sector and commercialization of smallholder agriculture
Badiane, Ousmane; Collins, Julia; Glatzel, Katrin; Tefera, Wondwosen. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Badiane, Ousmane; Collins, Julia; Glatzel, Katrin; Tefera, Wondwosen. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Across many parts of Africa, commendable progress has been made in recent years to increase agricultural productivity; reduce hunger, malnutrition, and poverty; create new employment opportunities; and improve the livelihoods of rural communities. Yet, demographic change, urbanization, shifting diets, and climate change mean that pressure is growing on food systems to make more varied and nutritious food available and accessible. Coupled with continued population growth, the significant economic growth experienced over the past two decades has accelerated food demand, leading to rapid increases in food imports despite strong agricultural sector growth (Christiaensen 2020; Seleshi 2021).
Transforming the agrifood processing sector in Africa: The role of industrial clusters
Tabiri, Kwasi Gyabaa; Sakyi, Daniel. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Tabiri, Kwasi Gyabaa; Sakyi, Daniel. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Agriculture and the agrifood processing sector play an important role in many African economies. Agriculture accounted for approximately 53 percent of total employment in Africa south of the Sahara in 2019 while agricultural value added as a percentage of GDP stood at 17.2 percent in 2021 (World Bank 2022). The agrifood processing sector, which forms part of the wider agro-industrial sector,2 is also a key component in the manufacturing sector in many African economies (UNIDO 2012). For example, in Ghana, food manufacturing accounted for more than 33 percent of manufacturing value added in 2015. Moreover, food manufacturing’s share of total manufacturing stood at 14 percent in Egypt in 2018, and 58 percent in Zimbabwe in 2017 (UNIDO INDSTAT 2021). This underscores the fact that although the contribution of agrifood processing to total manufacturing may vary across countries, it remains a significant contributor to many African economies, and to meeting the food security needs of the population.
Agrifood processing in Africa: Status, challenges, and opportunities
Ellis, Mia; Fang, Jared; McMillan, Margaret S.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Ellis, Mia; Fang, Jared; McMillan, Margaret S.. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Ashift from agriculture to manufacturing was one of the hallmarks of job creation, poverty reduction, and rapid growth in low-income countries during the latter half of the 20th century. This experience in earlier decades of structural transformation was characterized by labor-absorbing, productivity-increasing manufacturing. Recent structural change in African countries has been markedly different—productivity gains are realized through reallocation of economic activity away from agriculture without the accompanying within-sector productivity growth in nonagriculture, and manufacturing in particular (Diao, McMillan, and Rodrik 2019; Diao et al., 2021; McMillan and Zeufack 2022). This chapter examines the extent to which agrifood processing follows these trends.
Introduction [in 2022 Annual trends and outlook report: Agrifood processing strategies for successful food systems transformation in Africa]
Jenane, Chakib; Ulimwengu, John M.; Tadesse, Getaw. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Jenane, Chakib; Ulimwengu, John M.; Tadesse, Getaw. Kigali, Rwanda; Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Overall, the economic transformation process requires both diversification and sophistication (specialization) of a country’s production system. Indeed, countries that undergo successful diversification and sophistication are more likely to achieve transformative development goals. In Africa, food systems are transforming, with value chains becoming more complex and purchased, processed, perishable, and high-value food products accounting for larger shares of consumers’ diets (Tschirley et al. 2015a; Tschirley et al. 2015b). The midstream segments of agricultural value chains are increasing in importance in response to demand from urban markets for both greater volumes of food and greater value added (Reardon et al. 2015). Africa’s agrifood processing sector is central to these changes, and growth and development of the sector will help to determine whether the burgeoning demand from urban food markets will be met through local production or through increases in Africa’s already high levels of imports from outside the continent. The processing sector is the conduit through which smallholder farmers reach consumers, and as such it plays an important role in increasing income opportunities for farmers as well as creating employment opportunities along food value chains.
MitigatePlus: Low-emission food systems
Verchot, Louis; Zhang, Wei. 2022
Verchot, Louis; Zhang, Wei. 2022
DOI : 10568/125162
Abstract | View
The MitigatePlus: Low-Emission Food Systems Initiative aims to contribute to low-emission food systems development and reduce net annual greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) from food systems. It forms part of CGIAR’s new Research Portfolio, delivering science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis.
Innovation for Agribusiness (InovAgro): Household- and market-level impacts of value chain interventions
Amare, Mulubrhan; Zavale, Helder; Smart, Jenny; Ghebru, Hosaena. Washington, DC 2022
Amare, Mulubrhan; Zavale, Helder; Smart, Jenny; Ghebru, Hosaena. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136426
Abstract | View
Agriculture, in Mozambique, is characterized by production systems that are based predominantly on rainfed conditions and on low use of yield enhancing agricultural inputs. The Innovation for Agribusiness (InovAgro) interventions were designed to increase incomes for poor smallholder farmers in northern Mozambique. Using a market systems development (MSD) approach, the InovAgro implemented value chain interventions (VCIs) to promote the development of inclusive and sustainable market systems such that the interventions impacts were felt long beyond the project’s lifespan. This study evaluated the impact of the InovAgro VCIs on households (considering a range of outcomes related to farmers’ use of yield-enhancing agricultural inputs, access to information on agricultural input and output markets, maize productivity, women and youth empowerment, and household welfare. The study also explored InovAgro VCIs outcome indicators to evaluate market-level effects, namely: systemic (long-term), sustainability, large-scale (spillover or multiplier), and unintended (positive or negative) effects. We conducted a modified randomized controlled trial (RCT) using a spatial identification strategy to classify beneficiary and nonbeneficiary households; this was supplemented with three waves of household-level panel data (2015, 2017 and 2019). We also complemented key informant interviews (KIIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with local stakeholders, including market actors and local authorities, with two rounds of geospatial data (2017 and 2019). Our findings show that InovAgro VCIs had a positive and significant impact on beneficiaries’ use of yield-boosting agricultural inputs and on access to information on agricultural input and output markets. Our analysis also reveals that the InovAgro VCIs boosted maize productivity and increased the marketable surplus of maize among beneficiaries. InovAgro VCIs were seen to have unintended negative effects on access to, and control over, land by women and youth in the short term; in the longer term; however, these adverse effects were reversed and became positive and significant. Our findings also show that simultaneous exposure to all three VCIs under the complete package had a positive impact on overall household welfare. We also find evidence in support of the InovAgro VCIs having a systemic market effect and producing more sustainable long-term usage of yield-boosting agricultural practices than non-InovAgro VCIs. Our results elucidate that InovAgro VCIs benefitted large numbers of smallholder farmers beyond the project’s direct sphere of influence and targeted beneficiaries. The key takeaway message from our findings is that a more intense VCI, that is, delivery of the complete package, appears to be necessary to achieve a long-term positive effect on overall household welfare.
MitigatePlus: Sistemas alimentarios bajos en emisiones
Verchot, Louis; Zhang, Wei. Montpellier, France 2022
Verchot, Louis; Zhang, Wei. Montpellier, France 2022
DOI : 10568/125163
Abstract | View
La iniciativa MitigatePlus: Sistemas Alimentarios Bajos en Emisiones tiene como objetivo contribuir a la reducción de las emisiones anuales de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en los sistemas alimentarios. Esta iniciativa forma parte del nuevo portafolio de Investigación del CGIAR, que produce ciencia e innovación para transformar los sistemas alimentarios, terrestres e hídricos en un contexto de crisis climática.
Can a gender-sensitive integrated poultry value chain and nutrition intervention among the rural poor increase women’s empowerment in Burkina Faso?
Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Sanou, Armande; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Gelli, Aulo. Washington, DC 2022
Heckert, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Sanou, Armande; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Gelli, Aulo. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136428
Abstract | View
Understanding the types of food systems interventions that foster women’s empowerment and the types of women that are able to benefit from different interventions is important for development policy. SELEVER was a gender- and nutrition-sensitive poultry production intervention implemented in western Burkina Faso from 2017 to 2020 that aimed to empower women. We evaluated SELEVER using a mixed-methods cluster-randomized controlled trial, which included survey data from 1763 households at baseline and endline and a sub-sample for two interim lean season surveys. We used the multidimensional project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI), which consists of 12 binary indicators, underlying count versions of 10 of these, an aggregate empowerment score (continuous) and a binary aggregate empowerment indicator, all for women and men. Women’s and men’s scores were compared to assess gender parity. We also assessed impacts on health and nutrition agency using the pro-WEAI health and nutrition module. We estimated program impact using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) models and examined whether there were differential impacts by flock size or among those who participated in program activities. Program impacts on empowerment and gender parity were null, despite the program’s careful approach to developing a gender-sensitive intervention. Meanwhile, results of the in-depth gender-focused qualitative work conducted near the project mid-point found there was greater awareness in the community of women’s time burden and their economic contributions, but it did not seem that awareness led to increased empowerment of women. We reflect on possible explanations for the null findings. One notable explanation may be the lack of a productive asset transfer, which have previously been shown to be essential, but not sufficient, for the empowerment of women in agricultural development programs. We consider these findings in light of current debates on asset transfers. Unfortunately, null impacts on women’s empowerment are not uncommon, and it is important to learn from such findings to strengthen future program design and delivery.
Policy options for fertilizer subsidy reforms in Rwanda: A simulation-based analysis and synthesis of prior studies
Spielman, David J.; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Ndikumana, Sosthene; Benimana, Gilberthe; Ingabire, Chantal. Washington, DC 2022
Spielman, David J.; Mugabo, Serge; Rosenbach, Gracie; Ndikumana, Sosthene; Benimana, Gilberthe; Ingabire, Chantal. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136429
Abstract | View
Agricultural input subsidies are a prominent feature in the 2018-2024 Strategic Plan for Agricultural Transformation (PSTA 4), which is designed and implemented by the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources (MINAGRI). By reducing the cost of improved seed and inorganic fertilizers, subsidies are designed to accelerate the use of these productivity-enhancing inputs, thereby increasing agricultural yields and output, increasing rural incomes while reducing food prices, and improving food security in line with PSTA 4’s targets. However, questions arise about whether the current input subsidy rates and levels are sufficient to increase crop production and meet the PSTA 4 targets, and whether the subsidy system can be expanded in the current economic climate and fiscal situation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and spike in global fertilizer prices. This paper examines the impact of an increase in the price of fertilizer in Rwanda using seasonal production data from National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda (NISR) in a microsimulation model aimed at three priority crops—maize, rice, and Irish potato—and the three main fertilizers in use—diammonium phosphate (DAP), urea, and NPK.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, September 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and
accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are
intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy
makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are
intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy
makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Cash Transfers, Trust, and Inter-household Transfers: Experimental Evidence from Tanzania
Evans, David; Kosec, Katrina. Washington, DC 2022
Evans, David; Kosec, Katrina. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Institutionalized conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs may affect important as pects of pre-existing, informal safety nets such as inter-household transfers and trust among community members. We use a randomized controlled trial to test the impact of CCTs on various measures of trust and informal safety nets within communities in Tanzania. We find evidence that the introduction of a CCT program increased program beneficiaries’ trust in other community members and their perceived ability to access support from other households (e.g., childcare). Although CCTs reduced the total size of transfers to beneficiary households in the community in the short run (after 1.75 years of transfers), that reduction had disappeared 2.75 years after transfers began. Taken together, our evidence suggests that formal CCT programs do not necessarily crowd out informal safety nets in the longer term, and they may in fact boost trust and support across households.
Does relative deprivation condition the effects of social protection programs on political support? Experimental evidence from Pakistan∗
Kosec, Katrina; Mo, Cecilia Hyunjung. Washington, DC 2022
Kosec, Katrina; Mo, Cecilia Hyunjung. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2
Abstract | View
Could perceived relative economic standing affect citizens’ support for political leaders and insti tutions? We explore this question by examining Pakistan’s national unconditional cash transfer program, the Benazir Income Support Program (BISP). Leveraging a regression discontinuity approach using BISP’s administrative data and an original survey experiment, we find that perceptions of relative deprivation color citizen reactions to social protection. When citizens do not feel relatively deprived, receiving cash transfers has little sustained effect on individuals’ reported level of support for their political system and its leaders. However, when citizens feel relatively worse off, those receiving cash transfers become more politically satisfied, while those denied transfers become more politically disgruntled. Moreover, the magnitude of the reduction in political support among non-beneficiaries is larger than the magnitude of the increase in po litical support among beneficiaries. This has important implications for our understanding of the political ramifications of rising perceived inequality.
Nutrition-relevant policy in West Africa: A comprehensive review
Casu, Laura; Diatta, Ampa Dogui; Uzhova, Irina; Dramé, Mariame; Kaboré, Judith; Touré, Fanta; Becquey, Elodie; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn. Washington, DC 2022
Casu, Laura; Diatta, Ampa Dogui; Uzhova, Irina; Dramé, Mariame; Kaboré, Judith; Touré, Fanta; Becquey, Elodie; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Malnutrition continues to be a major health burden in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and is one of the predominant risk factors for ill health and death, with women and children being most vulnerable. Most countries in the region show variable, little, or no progress in meeting most of the global nutrition goals (Development Initiatives 2020); therefore, stunting and wasting among children under five (U5s), low birth weight, anemia among women of reproductive age (WRA), and the epidemic of overweight/obesity remain priorities for West African policymakers. None of the countries in the region are on track to meet the targets for low birth weight (LBW), anemia among WRA (Development Initiatives 2020), or overweight/obesity; and nutrition-related noncommunicable diseases (NR-NCDs) are on the rise (Verstraeten and Diop 2018; Development Initiatives 2020; Popkin, Corvalan, Grummer-Strawn 2020). With the COVID-19 pandemic aggravating the pre-existing malnutrition burden (Osendarp et al. 2021), and the 2030 deadline for reaching the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) fast approaching, it is a critical time for action. The region’s unequal and limited progress has been attributed to, among other things, political instability and lack of resources (Development Initiatives 2020). Suggestions for ways to achieve SDG Target 17.14 (Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development) have included better implementation of policies and actions in response to specific identified needs and priorities; a further suggested approach is increased coherence and coordination across nutrition-relevant sectors (Pelletier et al. 2012; Gillespie et al. 2013; Hawkes 2016). Policy coherence analysis also promises to be an important tool for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of food policy and practice (Parsons and Hawkes 2019).
CAADP BR data improvements and challenges: A critical analysis of theme 2 in the 3rd BR cycle
Benin, Samuel; Navarro, Dorian; Laborde Debucquet, David; Fynn, Mark; Makhura, Moraka; Moletsane, Atang; Adama, David; Kimathi, Sally; Kaliba, Matildah. Washington, DC 2022
Benin, Samuel; Navarro, Dorian; Laborde Debucquet, David; Fynn, Mark; Makhura, Moraka; Moletsane, Atang; Adama, David; Kimathi, Sally; Kaliba, Matildah. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136447
Abstract | View
To improve the quality of data and reporting for the fourth cycle of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) Biennial Review (BR),1 the African Union (AU) conducted a critical analysis of the process, data, and reporting associated with the third BR. Improving the quality of the BR data will increase the reliability of policy implications derived from rigorous analysis of the data, which may in turn encourage policymakers to implement the resulting recommendations to accelerate agricultural transformation and achieve the goals and targets of the Malabo Declaration.
This note summarizes the critical analysis conducted by the technical working group for Theme 2 (TWG2) on enhancing investment finance in agriculture.2 The analysis is based on review of the BR technical documents, evaluation of the processes for data collection and management, and a check of data consistency, including analysis of outliers, illogical or implausible values, and discrepancies with other publicly available datasets. Preliminary findings of the analysis were discussed at several meetings with stakeholders interested in the theme. The results and recommendations were presented at a general meeting organized by the AU with all the TWGs and stakeholders on August 1–5, 2022, in Yaoundé, Cameroon. This note will be useful for the AU and its technical partners for developing standards and guidelines for conducting uniform critical analyses across the various BR technical working groups.
This note summarizes the critical analysis conducted by the technical working group for Theme 2 (TWG2) on enhancing investment finance in agriculture.2 The analysis is based on review of the BR technical documents, evaluation of the processes for data collection and management, and a check of data consistency, including analysis of outliers, illogical or implausible values, and discrepancies with other publicly available datasets. Preliminary findings of the analysis were discussed at several meetings with stakeholders interested in the theme. The results and recommendations were presented at a general meeting organized by the AU with all the TWGs and stakeholders on August 1–5, 2022, in Yaoundé, Cameroon. This note will be useful for the AU and its technical partners for developing standards and guidelines for conducting uniform critical analyses across the various BR technical working groups.
A historical review of fertilizer policies in Nigeria
Balana, Bedru B.; Fasoranti, Adetunji S.. Washington, DC 2022
Balana, Bedru B.; Fasoranti, Adetunji S.. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136448
Abstract | View
In its endeavor to improve agricultural productivity, food security, and livelihoods, Nigeria has pursued several approaches in fertilizer policy. Most of these approaches revolved around variants of government-financed subsidy programs. This paper assesses the history of fertilizer policies in Nigeria and the tenets of the fertilizer policies in two recent national agricultural policy documents – the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) (2010/11-2016) and the Agricultural Promotion Policy (APP) (2016-2020). Our review results show that despite some recent achievements in ATA and APP, Nigerian fertilizer policies have lacked consistency and continuity, which in turn affected the functioning of supply chains, logistics channels including distribution costs, fertilizer prices, farmers’ access to the input, and, ultimately, application rates and crop productivity. Thus, though Nigeria is one of the leading producers of fertilizer in sub-Saharan Africa, fertilizer consumption and farm application rates are generally low (below 20 percent of the application rate per hectare (ha) in developed countries). Moreover, several exogenous factors including poor infrastructure (especially bad roads), credit constraints, extension services, high fertilizer prices, lack of access to information, security threats, and lack of quality control or assurance also affect the functioning of fertilizer supply chains in Nigeria. The newly adopted national agricultural policy (National Agricultural Technology and Innovation Policy (NATIP) promises to build on ATA and APP and gradually deregulate the fertilizer sector to incentivize private sector investments in local fertilizer production and distribution. NATIP also requires the incorporation of practical approaches to tackle important exogenous constraints. We anticipate NATIP’s commitment to policy continuity and addressing exogenous challenges will bring efficiency and effectiveness to the fertilizer sector in Nigeria.
Transforming food systems in Kenya for a new era of growth and prosperity: Research-based recommendations for the new government
Breisinger, Clemens; Karugia, Joseph; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex. Washington, DC 2022
Breisinger, Clemens; Karugia, Joseph; Keenan, Michael; Mbuthia, Juneweenex. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294370
Abstract | View
The new Kenyan government faces a complex domestic and global environment, and it is widely expected to address key food and agricultural challenges with a new set of policies and programs. This policy brief presents key recommendations from a forthcoming book, Food Systems Transformation in Kenya: Lessons from the Past and Policy Options for the Future, which provides research-based “food for thought and action” to support the Kenyan government’s efforts to improve food security.
Crop commercialization in Ethiopia: Trends, drivers, and impact on well-being
Minot, Nicholas; Warner, James; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Zewdie, Tadiwos. Washington, DC 2022
Minot, Nicholas; Warner, James; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Zewdie, Tadiwos. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136459
Abstract | View
Agricultural transformation refers to a series of changes in agriculture that both reflect and drive rising income and economic development more broadly. While the macroeconomic patterns of agricultural transformation are relatively well documented, less is known about how it is manifested at the household level. Ethiopia makes an excellent case study as it has had one of the fastest growing economies in the world.
An important aspect of this process is agricultural commercialization, that is, the rising share of agricultural output is sold on the market rather than being consumed at home. Agricultural commercialization tends to rise with development with improved infrastructure and communications, the availability of inputs and know-how regarding commercial crop production, and farmers being willing to accept the risks associated with producing crops for the market. Agricultural commercialization is widely believed to allow farmers to earn higher income as they specialize in crops for which they have a comparative advantage.
The analysis makes use of a data from three rural household surveys carried out in Ethiopia by IFPRI in 2012, 2016, and 2019. Each survey used a sample that was representative of the four main agricultural regions of the country (Tigre, Oromia, Amhara, and SNNP) with sample sizes of 3000 to 5000, including 1,900 households that were interviewed in all three rounds. In addition, we incorporate several weather variables based on CHIRPS rainfall data to estimate the effect of the level and variability of rainfall on agricultural commercialization.
An important aspect of this process is agricultural commercialization, that is, the rising share of agricultural output is sold on the market rather than being consumed at home. Agricultural commercialization tends to rise with development with improved infrastructure and communications, the availability of inputs and know-how regarding commercial crop production, and farmers being willing to accept the risks associated with producing crops for the market. Agricultural commercialization is widely believed to allow farmers to earn higher income as they specialize in crops for which they have a comparative advantage.
The analysis makes use of a data from three rural household surveys carried out in Ethiopia by IFPRI in 2012, 2016, and 2019. Each survey used a sample that was representative of the four main agricultural regions of the country (Tigre, Oromia, Amhara, and SNNP) with sample sizes of 3000 to 5000, including 1,900 households that were interviewed in all three rounds. In addition, we incorporate several weather variables based on CHIRPS rainfall data to estimate the effect of the level and variability of rainfall on agricultural commercialization.
Rural income diversification in Ethiopia: Patterns, trends, and welfare impacts
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Regassa, Mekdim; Minot, Nicholas. Washington, DC 2022
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Regassa, Mekdim; Minot, Nicholas. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136460
Abstract | View
Increased diversification of rural households into the rural non-farm economy is an important driver of economic growth and structural transformation in countries like Ethiopia where most people live in rural areas and are largely dependent on seasonal agriculture. In this study, we explore the patterns and trends of diversification and assess its drivers and welfare effects during the recent decade (2012 – 2019) using three rounds of representative household data collected from four major regions in Ethiopia. Our results show that sample households generally adopt a livelihood strategy dominated by farming and that the level of diversification has been stagnant over the period of analysis considered. More importantly, most households continue to draw a substantial share of their income from crop production, followed by livestock. The income from non-farm activities accounts only between 17-23% of the total household income. Upon exploring the link between diversification and welfare outcomes, we find that households with relatively diversified income sources have significantly higher consumption expenditure per capita, consume diverse diets, and live in house with better roof quality. Further analyses reveal that income diversification is positively associated with credit access, membership in social insurance, ownership of assets and wealth, and population density. Conversely, access to relatively large, fertile, and irrigable land discourages diversification. In sum, the results imply the need for a deliberate effort to expand the non-farm economy to tap its full potential for employment generation, income growth, and overall welfare improvements.
Irrigation and agricultural transformation in Ethiopia
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Yimam, Seid. Washington, DC 2022
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Yimam, Seid. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136461
Abstract | View
Ethiopia’s rivers and streams (Figure 1) and its ground water potential of 2.6 billion m3 of groundwater potential (Awulachew et al., 2008) is estimated to have a potential to irrigate 5.3 million hectares of land. So far, less than 5 percent of the potentially irrigable land is currently irrigated, exposing the country’s agriculture to the vagaries of nature. The startling divergence between irrigation potential and utilization has been the subject of policy discussions in the recent decade, which results in a significant impetus towards irrigation development in the country both in expressed commitments and actual investments. For instance, the current 10-year development plan of the country placed irrigation as the main catalyst for accelerated agricultural transformation. In terms of investment, there are at least 13 ongoing large-scale irrigation development projects with a combined command area of more than 400,000 hectares (close to twice the current size of irrigated area by smallholder farmers). The government has also recently allowed duty-free imports of irrigation technologies to encourage small-scale irrigation development.
Pricing farmer contributions under AIP
Banda, Chimwemwe; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan; Jolex, Aubrey. Washington, DC 2022
Banda, Chimwemwe; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan; Jolex, Aubrey. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136462
Abstract | View
The market price of fertilizer in Malawi has, in nominal terms, more than tripled compared to two years ago. The price hikes were both unexpected and beyond the control of the government, linked to global events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. This changed global reality reinforces the need to rethink the way in which Malawi approaches its agricultural input subsidies. A number of options for reforming the AIP have been outlined in recent policy work, but all have medium to long term implementation horizons. We will not repeat these here and instead refer the interested reader to Chadza and Duchoslav (2022), De Weerdt and Duchoslav (2022), and Nyondo et al. (2022). This policy note discusses a strategy that can be implemented readily and immediately, potentially still this year, to ensure that the budget allocated to fertilizer subsidies has the highest possible effect on food security in the country. It also discusses how the strategy, once adopted, can be used to phase out the AIP, while ensuring allocative efficiency within the program. This can be achieved by, each year, fixing the budget at a lower point and conducting the same optimization exercise.
Self-targeted fertilizer subsidies
Banda, Chimwemwe; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan; Jolex, Aubrey. Washington, DC 2022
Banda, Chimwemwe; De Weerdt, Joachim; Duchoslav, Jan; Jolex, Aubrey. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136464
Abstract | View
If Malawi’s fertilizer subsidy program aims to increase food security in the country, it should strive to target the most productive farmers. Subsidy levels can be set to self-target this group of farmers. This would maximize output achieved with subsidized fertilizer and eliminate the need for costly and error-prone top-down targeting. Maximizing the productive capacity of the AIP In a previous policy note, we argued that by setting the farmer contribution to fertilizer subsidized under that Affordable Inputs Programme (AIP) so that farmer demand matches what the program can supply, the government can maximize the total amount of fertilizer available for distribution under the program (Banda et al.,2022). In this note, we argue that a second advantage of this pricing strategy is that it ensures that each subsidized bag of fertilizer has the largest possible yield response, thus maximizing the additional amount of food produced through the program.
Agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: Patterns, trends, and welfare impacts
Berhane, Guush; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Wolle, Abdulazize. Washington, DC 2022
Berhane, Guush; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Wolle, Abdulazize. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136465
Abstract | View
This study examined the patterns, trends, and drivers of agricultural intensification and productivity growth during the recent decade (2012 - 2019) using three rounds of household data collected from four agricultural regions of Ethiopia. The descriptive results indicate a positive trend both in adoption and intensity of inputs and outputs, albeit from a low base and with considerable heterogeneity by access to information, rainfall levels and variability, labor, soil quality, and remoteness, among others. The econometric results show significant association between intensification, yield growth, household dietary diversity, and consumer durables. The results on the association between current yield levels and per capita consumption expenditures are however mixed (i.e., while an increase in cereal yield improves food consumption expenditures, an increase in cash crop yield improves only non-food consumption expenditures). In sum, while the increasing input intensification and the resulting yield gains are associated with improvements in household diets and consumer durables, it falls short to have strong impact on incomes (as measured by total consumption expenditures), indicating that additional efforts must be made to see meaningful impacts on higher order outcomes. Additional welfare improv-ing productivity gains through increased input intensification may require investments in appropriate fer-tilizer blends; investments in improved seeds (to accelerate varietal turnover), ways to mitigate production (rainfall) risk, and investments to remodel Ethiopia’s extension system to provide much needed technical support to farmers on production methods.
Forsa pilot evaluation baseline survey results
Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2022
Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136467
Abstract | View
The Forsa program, launched in 2021 by the Egyptian Ministry of Social Solidarity has been designed as a graduation program targeted to current beneficiaries of the Takaful cash transfer program. To understand how well Forsa supports household income generation and to better understand the beneficiary household characteristics which may relate to program success, the International Food Policy Research Institute in collaboration with the Ministry of Social Solidarity is running a randomized control trial of the pilot Forsa program (see IFPRI MENA Regional Program Policy Note 21 for more details on the program and evaluation design).
A baseline household survey collected in January-February 2022 provides a detailed picture of the eligible households in the targeted communities, including the employment situation and work-related skills of the household members intending to participate in Forsa. The household survey data was collected in the eight governorates of the pilot: Beni-Suef, Sharqia, Qalyoubia, Luxor, Fayoum, Menia, Souhag, and Assuit. 24 households Forsa-eligible households were surveyed in each of 323 communities: 16 households from the pool of current Takaful beneficiaries and 8 from the pool of Takaful rejected applicants. The final sample size was 7,752 households. Each household was asked whether they were willing to enroll in Forsa and, if so, which household member would participate in the trainings. 83% of sampled eligible households indicated willingness to enroll in Forsa. The large majority of these (77%) indicated a preference for the self-employment track.
A baseline household survey collected in January-February 2022 provides a detailed picture of the eligible households in the targeted communities, including the employment situation and work-related skills of the household members intending to participate in Forsa. The household survey data was collected in the eight governorates of the pilot: Beni-Suef, Sharqia, Qalyoubia, Luxor, Fayoum, Menia, Souhag, and Assuit. 24 households Forsa-eligible households were surveyed in each of 323 communities: 16 households from the pool of current Takaful beneficiaries and 8 from the pool of Takaful rejected applicants. The final sample size was 7,752 households. Each household was asked whether they were willing to enroll in Forsa and, if so, which household member would participate in the trainings. 83% of sampled eligible households indicated willingness to enroll in Forsa. The large majority of these (77%) indicated a preference for the self-employment track.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, July 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Impact evaluation report: Egypt’s forsa graduation program
Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2022
Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136469
Abstract | View
Forsa, which means “Opportunity” in Arabic, is a new economic inclusion program of the government of the Arab Republic of Egypt. Implemented by the Ministry of Social Solidarity, the program aims to graduate beneficiaries of the national cash transfer program, the Takaful & Karama Program (TKP), to economic self-reliance by enabling them to engage in wage employment or sustainable economic enterprises. The 2021 World Bank Economic Inclusion report (Andrews et al. 2021) highlights a recent increase globally in such graduation or economic inclusion programs, which now reaches around 92 million beneficiaries from 20 million households across more than 75 countries. This rapid growth has necessitated an increasing demand for evidence on best practices in graduation program implementation. The newly designed Forsa program is based on the graduation approach, but with innovations drawing from theories of behavioral economics as well as creating a network of active youth volunteers for economic empowerment to reduce costs compared to the standard BRAC-inspired model. Forsa also expands the graduation model to include the option of wage-employment, rather than only focusing on self-employment. Evidence on the impact of job training programs linked to wage employment on both job retention and future earnings is mixed (McKenzie 2017), although most such programs do not include cash assistance.
This impact evaluation of the Forsa program in Egypt is intended to contribute to the global evidence on effective graduation program design as well as provide immediate policy-relevant guidance for the Ministry of Social Solidarity. The impact evaluation will measure the degree to which Forsa is successful at increasing household consumption and will investigate which participant groups and program features demonstrate the greatest improvements in household welfare and economic activity.
This impact evaluation of the Forsa program in Egypt is intended to contribute to the global evidence on effective graduation program design as well as provide immediate policy-relevant guidance for the Ministry of Social Solidarity. The impact evaluation will measure the degree to which Forsa is successful at increasing household consumption and will investigate which participant groups and program features demonstrate the greatest improvements in household welfare and economic activity.
Forsa pilot evaluation baseline survey results [in Arabic]
Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2022
Gilligan, Daniel O.; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Yassa, Basma. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136470
Abstract | View
The Forsa program, launched in 2021 by the Egyptian Ministry of Social Solidarity has been designed as a graduation program targeted to current beneficiaries of the Takaful cash transfer program. To understand how well Forsa supports household income generation and to better understand the beneficiary household characteristics which may relate to program success, the International Food Policy Research Institute in collaboration with the Ministry of Social Solidarity is running a randomized control trial of the pilot Forsa program (see IFPRI MENA Regional Program Policy Note 21 for more details on the program and evaluation design).
A baseline household survey collected in January-February 2022 provides a detailed picture of the eligible households in the targeted communities, including the employment situation and workrelated skills of the household members intending to participate in Forsa. The household survey data was collected in the eight governorates of the pilot: Beni-Suef, Sharqia, Qalyoubia, Luxor, Fayoum, Menia, Souhag, and Assuit. 24 households Forsa-eligible households were surveyed in each of 323 communities: 16 households from the pool of current Takaful beneficiaries and 8 from the pool of Takaful rejected applicants. The final sample size was 7,752 households. Each household was asked whether they were willing to enroll in Forsa and, if so, which household member would participate in the trainings. 83% of sampled eligible households indicated willingness to enroll in Forsa. The large majority of these (77%) indicated a preference for the self-employment track.
A baseline household survey collected in January-February 2022 provides a detailed picture of the eligible households in the targeted communities, including the employment situation and workrelated skills of the household members intending to participate in Forsa. The household survey data was collected in the eight governorates of the pilot: Beni-Suef, Sharqia, Qalyoubia, Luxor, Fayoum, Menia, Souhag, and Assuit. 24 households Forsa-eligible households were surveyed in each of 323 communities: 16 households from the pool of current Takaful beneficiaries and 8 from the pool of Takaful rejected applicants. The final sample size was 7,752 households. Each household was asked whether they were willing to enroll in Forsa and, if so, which household member would participate in the trainings. 83% of sampled eligible households indicated willingness to enroll in Forsa. The large majority of these (77%) indicated a preference for the self-employment track.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, October 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
Seed certification and maize, rice and cowpea productivity in Nigeria: An insight based on nationally representative farm household data and seed company location data
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Andam, Kwaw S.; Edeh, Hyacinth O.; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Haile, Beliyou; Kumar, P. Lava; Nwagboso, Chibuzo; Ragasa, Catherine; Spielman, David J.; Wossen, Tesfamichael. Washington, DC 2022
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Andam, Kwaw S.; Edeh, Hyacinth O.; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Haile, Beliyou; Kumar, P. Lava; Nwagboso, Chibuzo; Ragasa, Catherine; Spielman, David J.; Wossen, Tesfamichael. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136474
Abstract | View
Despite the potential importance of seed quality to agricultural productivity growth, many governments in sub-Saharan Africa lack the capacity to expand quality assurance systems even where there is expressed interest. This study aims to evidence the value of quality assurance systems with an analysis of efforts to produce and distribute certified seed in Nigeria. We assess the associations between quantities of certified seeds produced and spatial variations in production locations proxied by headquarter locations of seed companies producing certified seeds, on the one hand, with spatial variations in the use of certified seed, yields, and output at the farm level, on the other hand. Our analysis covers three crops that are important to food security in Nigeria: maize, rice, and cowpea. Our analysis integrates information on seed quantities produced and locations of seed companies with nationally representative panel data from a survey of farm households and spatially explicit rainfall and temperature data. We find a positive relationship between certified seed production in proximity to farm households and farm-level use of certified seeds, yields, and output, although this effect is diminishing at the margin. These diminishing marginal effects may be partly due to two factors. First, the yield gains from certified seeds tend to vary considerably within each state, suggesting that either quality issues persist in the seed supply chain or farmers are not using complementary inputs or appropriate management techniques when using quality seed. Second, it may be that as certified seed becomes more available to farmers, its use spreads from higher-return farms to lower-return farms, thereby diminishing the gains on the extensive margin. Although more rigorous assessments of causal effects and cost-effectiveness are needed to validate these findings, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that there are diminishing returns to seed quality assurance. Policymakers, regulators, and seed providers may benefit from identifying optimal, crop-specific target quantities or rates for certified seed production rather than aiming for certification of all seed produced in a market.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, November 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, policy makers, and other agricultural stakeholders.
The implications of market liberalization and world price movements for wheat price policy in Sudan
Dorosh, Paul; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2022
Dorosh, Paul; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136480
Abstract | View
Wheat is an essential commodity in Sudan and a staple for millions. It is second only to sorghum as a key source of calories. The demand for wheat has grown over the last two decades because of a growing population and changing consumer preferences for bread and other wheat products. Domestic farming provides only about 15 percent of the national wheat requirement. The rest is imported mainly from the Black Sea port (Russia and Ukraine). With the Sudanese wheat growing season approaching, this policy brief observes the movement of domestic and international wheat prices and analyzes the possible implications of a reduction in real prices on production, imports, and consumption of wheat products.
Poverty and the role of social protection systems in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abay, Kibrom A.; Yonzan, Nishant; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tafere, Kibrom. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Yonzan, Nishant; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tafere, Kibrom. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136481
Abstract | View
Key messages
The pandemic increased poverty in Africa by less than expected, approximately 1.5-1.7 percentage points in 2020.
Countries affected by Fragility, Conflict, and Violence (FCV) experienced the greatest increases in poverty.
An emerging literature establishes that social protection programs in Africa during the pandemic had positive impacts and was generally pro-poor, suggesting a key cushion-ing role played by the expansion of social protection on trends in poverty.
However, delivering shock-responsive social protection in Africa continues to face im-portant challenges related to targeting, coverage, timeliness, and financing.
Early targeting analyses for some countries during the pandemic show that targeting was broadly progressive in some countries and regressive in some other countries.
The pandemic increased poverty in Africa by less than expected, approximately 1.5-1.7 percentage points in 2020.
Countries affected by Fragility, Conflict, and Violence (FCV) experienced the greatest increases in poverty.
An emerging literature establishes that social protection programs in Africa during the pandemic had positive impacts and was generally pro-poor, suggesting a key cushion-ing role played by the expansion of social protection on trends in poverty.
However, delivering shock-responsive social protection in Africa continues to face im-portant challenges related to targeting, coverage, timeliness, and financing.
Early targeting analyses for some countries during the pandemic show that targeting was broadly progressive in some countries and regressive in some other countries.
The implications of market liberalization and world price movements for wheat price policy in Sudan [in Arabic]
Dorosh, Paul; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2022
Dorosh, Paul; Siddig, Khalid; Kirui, Oliver K.. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136482
Abstract | View
Wheat is an essential commodity in Sudan and a staple for millions. It is second only to sorghum as a key source of calories. The demand for wheat has grown over the last two decades because of a growing population and changing consumer preferences for bread and other wheat products. Domestic farming provides only about 15 percent of the national wheat requirement. The rest is imported mainly from the Black Sea port (Russia and Ukraine). With the Sudanese wheat growing season approaching, this policy brief observes the movement of domestic and international wheat prices and analyzes the possible implications of a reduction in real prices on production, imports, and consumption of wheat products.
Agricultural intensification in Ethiopia: Patterns, trends, and welfare impacts
Berhane, Guush; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Wolle, Abdulazize. Washington, DC 2022
Berhane, Guush; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Wolle, Abdulazize. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136483
Abstract | View
Ethiopia has made substantial efforts in the last three decades to increase agricultural productivity through modern input intensification and stimulate overall economic growth. Despite the high growth rates in recent decade, Ethiopia’s overall intensification and yield levels remained below what is considered optimal. This study examines the patterns, trends, and drivers of agricultural intensification and productivity growth during the recent decade (2012 - 2019) using three rounds of representative household data collected from the four main agriculturally important regions of the country. The descriptive results indicate a positive trend in both the adoption rate and intensity of inputs and output, albeit from a low base compared to other contexts and with considerable heterogeneity by access to information, rainfall levels and variability, labor, soil quality, remoteness, among others. The econometric results show significant association between intensification, yield growth, household dietary diversity (a proxy measure for food and nutrition security), and consumer durables. However, the results on the association between current yield levels and per capita consumption expenditures are mixed (i.e., while an increase in cereal yield only improve food consumption expenditures, an increase in cash crops yield mainly improve non-food consumption expenditures). In sum, while the increasing input intensification and the resulting yield gains are associated with improvement in household diets and consumer durables, it falls short to have strong impact on incomes (as measured by total consumption expenditures), indicating that more efforts have to be made to see meaningful impacts on higher order outcomes. Additional welfare improving productivity gains through increased input intensifications may require investments to put in place appropriate fertilizer blends linked with localized soil nutrient requirements, investments to generate locally suited improved seeds and appropriate mechanisms to reach farmers, ways to mitigate production (rainfall) risk, and investments to remodel Ethiopia’s extension system to provided much needed technical support to farmers on production methods.
Edutainment, gender and intra-household decision-making in agriculture: A field experiment in Kenya
Aju, Stellamaris; Kramer, Berber; Waithaka, Lilian. Washington, DC 2022
Aju, Stellamaris; Kramer, Berber; Waithaka, Lilian. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136486
Abstract | View
Oftentimes, a man’s opinion is valued over a woman’s, with women expected to take a back seat when decisions are made in their households and in society (Kawarazuka et al., 2019). Such social norms create unequal participation between female and male smallholder farmers in African agriculture. Additionally, it puts women in positions where they can be abused (and tolerate abuse), especially by their spouses. This is a threat to women’s empowerment, increasing gender gaps in society and within families. It is therefore imperative to address societal norms that do not allow a level playing ground for both sexes in agriculture.
Gender implications of agricultural commercialization in Africa: Evidence from farm households in Ethiopia and Nigeria
Berhane, Guush; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Seymour, Greg. Washington, DC 2022
Berhane, Guush; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Seymour, Greg. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136492
Abstract | View
Agricultural commercialization is often pursued as an important driver of agricultural transformation in low-income countries. However, the implications it can have on gendered outcomes are less understood. While agricultural commercialization creates opportunities to increase income, this may come at the expense of change in women’s decision-making agency and control over resources. Understanding the interactions between agricultural commercialization and gender outcomes is thus critical for policymakers aspiring to achieve agricultural transformation while promoting gender equity and the evidence on the links between the two in the context of Africa is scarce and mixed. We use three rounds of Ethiopia’s and Nigeria’s LSMS-ISA panel data to understand the implications of agricultural commercialization to gendered decision-making on crop harvest use, marketing, revenue control, asset ownership, and intrahousehold budget allocation. Results indicate commercialization is associated with decreases in women’s participation in decision-making related to use of harvest, crop marketing, and control over revenue in Ethiopia, but only on harvest use and control over revenue in Nigeria. The association with land ownership is mixed: positive in Ethiopia but negative in Nigeria. Moreover, commercialization is associated with decreases in women’s share of farm-workload but with increases in share of hired labor in Ethiopia. In Ethiopia we also find women’s control over revenue is positively associated with increases in per capita consumption expenditures and dietary diversity, but men’s control is negatively associated with increases in the share of expenditure on children’s shoes and clothes. In Nigeria, women’s control is positively associated with increases in the share of expenditure on women’s shoes and clothes, food gap, and dietary diversity. In sum, we find suggestive evidence that commercialization may further marginalize women’s decision-making agency in Ethiopia and Nigeria. However, conditional on women’s control over proceeds, commercialization tends to improve women’s as well as other members’ welfare. We provide some policy recommendations and directions for future research.
Barriers to adoption of optimal complementary feeding practices in Ethiopia: A formative qualitative investigation: Evidence from SPIR II
Leight, Jessica; Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Mulford, Michael; Tadesse, Elazar. Washington, DC 2022
Leight, Jessica; Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Mulford, Michael; Tadesse, Elazar. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136493
Abstract | View
Since its inception in 2005, the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) has been a cornerstone of the Ethiopian government’s strategy for poverty alleviation, disaster risk management, and rural development. The PSNP provides food or cash transfers targeted to poor households in the form of payments for seasonal labor on public works or as direct support to households. It has played an important role in improving the lives of poor Ethiopian households by reducing household food insecurity, increasing asset holdings, and improving agricultural productivity (Berhane et al. 2014; Hoddinott et al. 2017).
Rural income diversification in Ethiopia: Patterns, trends, and welfare impacts
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Regassa, Mekdim D.; Minot, Nicholas. Washington, DC 2022
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Regassa, Mekdim D.; Minot, Nicholas. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136494
Abstract | View
Increased diversification of rural households into the rural non-farm economy is an important driver of economic growth and structural transformation in countries like Ethiopia where the vast majority of people live in rural areas and are largely dependent on seasonal agriculture. Some of the benefits of diversification include efficient utilization of asset endowments (e.g., labor during dry season) and reduction of risks. In this study we explore the: (i) patterns and trends of diversification, (ii) drivers of diversification including the association between rainfall risk/shocks and diversification, and (iii) welfare effects of diversification during the recent decade using three rounds of representative household data from the four main regions of Ethiopia. We used Cragg’s double-hurdle model, a method that considers the two-step decision making process in diversification (i.e., participation and extent of participation), to identify the determinants of diversification and a fixed-effect and instrumental variable (IV) approaches to understand the links between diversification and household welfare. The descriptive results show that rural households generally adopt a livelihood strategy dominated by farming and that the level of diversification has been stagnant over the period of analysis considered. More importantly, the vast majority of households continue to draw a substantial share of their income from crop production, followed by livestock. The income from non-farm activities accounts only between 17 percent and 23 percent of the total income. The econometrics results show that diversification is positively associated with credit access, membership in social insurance, ownership of mobile phone, relative measure of household wealth, and population density. Conversely, access to relatively large, fertile, and irrigable land discourages diversification into non-farm activities. The analysis on the association between rainfall risks and diversification indicates that rural households use income diversification both as risk mitigation and shock coping strategy. The results on the link between income diversification and household welfare indicate a positive association between diversification and household total consumption expenditure, dietary diversity score, and housing/roof quality. In sum, the results imply the need for a deliberate effort to expand the non-farm economy so as to tap its full potential for employment generation, income growth, and welfare improvements. A starting point could be for agricultural and rural development policies and investments to go beyond promotion of cereal crop production and facilitate participation in high value crop, livestock, aquaculture production. Incentivizing investments in value addition activities that can create and enrich upward and downward linkages in the midstream segment of agricultural value chains is another potential avenue to boost rural non-farm economy.
Barriers to enrollment in secondary school in Ethiopia: A formative qualitative investigation: Evidence from SPIR II
Leight, Jessica; Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Mulford, Michael; Nemera, Ayantu. Washington, DC 2022
Leight, Jessica; Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Mulford, Michael; Nemera, Ayantu. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136495
Abstract | View
Since its inception in 2005, the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) has been a cornerstone of the Ethiopian government’s strategy for poverty alleviation, disaster risk management, and rural development. The PSNP provides food or cash transfers targeted to poor households in the form of payments for seasonal labor on public works or as direct support to households. It has played an important role in improving the lives of poor Ethiopian households by reducing household food insecurity, increasing asset holdings, and improving agricultural productivity (Berhane et al. 2014; Hoddinott et al. 2012).
2022 annual research and policy conference: Agricultural transformation and food security in Sudan
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2022
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136496
Abstract | View
On Monday, October 10th, 2022, the Sudan Strategy Support Program (Sudan SSP) held the inaugural full-day Research and Policy Conference dubbed “Agricultural Transformation and Food Security in Sudan” at the Corinthia Hotel in Khartoum, Sudan. This event was organized in partnership with local and international organizations working on the Food Security and Agricultural Transformation themes in Sudan. They include the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (AOAD), Mamoun Behairy Centre for Economic and Social Studies and Research in Africa (MBC), Sudanese Researcher Foundation (SRF) and the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA). The conference brought together about 120 food security and nutrition experts from civil society, private sector, academia and international organizations and many other online participants who followed the proceedings on a livestream. The conference happened against a backdrop of the timely discussions on the risk of rising poverty and food insecurity to Sudanese people, the impacts of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, climate change, and global increase in fuel and commodity prices and the slow post COVID-19 recovery.
2022 annual research and policy conference: Agricultural transformation and food security in Sudan [in Arabic]
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2022
Kirui, Oliver K.; Siddig, Khalid. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136497
Abstract | View
On Monday, October 10th, 2022, the Sudan Strategy Support Program (Sudan SSP) held the inaugural full-day Research and Policy Conference dubbed “Agricultural Transformation and Food Security in Sudan” at the Corinthia Hotel in Khartoum, Sudan. This event was organized in partnership with local and international organizations working on the Food Security and Agricultural Transformation themes in Sudan. They include the Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (AOAD), Mamoun Behairy Centre for Economic and Social Studies and Research in Africa (MBC), Sudanese Researcher Foundation (SRF) and the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA). The conference brought together about 120 food security and nutrition experts from civil society, private sector, academia and international organizations and many other online participants who followed the proceedings on a livestream. The conference happened against a backdrop of the timely discussions on the risk of rising poverty and food insecurity to Sudanese people, the impacts of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, climate change, and global increase in fuel and commodity prices and the slow post COVID-19 recovery.
Private sector promotion of climate-smart technologies: Experimental evidence from Nigeria
Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Dillon, Andrew; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Adjognon, Guigonan Serge. Washington, DC 2022
Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Dillon, Andrew; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Adjognon, Guigonan Serge. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136499
Abstract | View
Sustainable intensification is predicated on climate-smart agricultural input adoption. We test strategies for promoting the adoption of climate-smart agricultural inputs in Nigeria with a private sector firm. We disentangle the effects of price discount promotions (25 percent discounts) relative to the firm’s standard “business as usual” marketing package. We find that the standard marketing package increases the adoption of climate-smart urea super granule (USG) fertilizer by 24 percentage points while reducing prilled urea utilization by 17 percentage points. Discounts increase adoption of USG by an additional eight percentage points, but are not profitable for the input supply firm as a scalable marketing strategy. Although treatment reduces nitrogen runoff damages valued between USD 43 and 113 per hectare, it did not lead to increased rice yields for farmers.
Marketing and processing of biofortified crops In Uganda: Lessons learnt
HarvestPlus. Kampala, Uganda 2022
HarvestPlus. Kampala, Uganda 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136501
Abstract | View
The USAID-funded MENU Activity implemented by HarvestPlus Uganda set out to increase the production, marketing, and consumption of biofortified crops in Uganda as part of a broader effort to improve the nutritional status of 420,000 Ugandans, particularly women of reproductive age and of children under five. The project objectives were developed around a hypothesis that widespread production and consumption of biofortified staple food crops would result in malnutrition reversal in the target population. To generate enough output for market off-take, any agricultural value chain development starts with the acquisition and utilization of planting materials or seeds. The MENU Activity, therefore, emphasized the multiplication of high-quality planting materials for OSP and seeds for iron-rich beans and the delivery system of these to producers.
Lessons learnt in nutrition education communication and advocacy
HarvestPlus. Kampala, Uganda 2022
HarvestPlus. Kampala, Uganda 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136502
Abstract | View
Introducing biofortified crops as new crops on the market required people to receive the right information as to why they should produce and consume these crops. Nutrition trainings were a platform to disseminate this much needed information. These trainings were designed to give people information on nutritional benefits of biofortified crops and recommended feeding practices for children and women of reproductive age since these were the target audiences. Using cascade model, trainings were conducted for Health and non-health professionals, Community Resource Persons, Village Health Teams (VHTs) and Lead mothers. Trainings were conducted before the crops were distributed to the targeted audience and continued with demonstrations after the crops were harvested. Trainings became one of the tools used in disseminate information and create demand for biofortified crops being promoted.
Meals for nutrition: Orange sweet potato and iron beans products: Recipe book
HarvestPlus. Kampala, Uganda 2022
HarvestPlus. Kampala, Uganda 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136503
Abstract | View
Orange Sweet Potato (OSP) and Iron rich beans can be used in many dishes to enrich their nutritive value, add color and make them attractive to all ages. In baked products, OSP can substitute up to 40% of wheat and can be used as a nutritious thickener in soups. We are sure you will enjoy using these recipes and creatively come up with a wide range of dishes and snacks. These recipes were compiled by Laira Kyazike and Sylvia Magezi.
2021 Social Accounting Matrix for Zambia: A Nexus Project SAM
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Thurlow, James . Washington, DC 2022
Pauw, Karl; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Thurlow, James . Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136513
Abstract | View
The 2021 Zambia Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2021 Social Accounting Matrix for Rwanda: A Nexus Project SAM
Washington, DC 2022
Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136514
Abstract | View
The Nexus Project is a collaboration between IFPRI and its partners, including national statistical agencies and research institutions. Our aim is to improve the quality of social accounting matrices (SAMs) used for computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling. The Nexus Project develops toolkits and establishes common data standards, procedures, and classification systems for constructing and updating national SAMs. This addresses the need for greater transparency and consistency in SAM construction to strengthen model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries. Nexus SAMs allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structure, especially agriculture-food systems. The Nexus Project’s guiding principles are that all data should be traceable to original sources and/or assumptions, and that all SAMs should be freely available online. Greater transparency and accessibility should facilitate more data validation and participation of the modeling community. Statistics are continuously being revised and errors are often only identified when data is used for analysis, and so we welcome your suggestions on how the SAMs can be improved to reflect new and/or better information. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems. The 2021 Rwanda Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. This SAM separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles.
Asymmetric information, sorting, and the gender price gap
Dickinson, Jeffrey; Koo, Jawoo. Washington, DC 2022
Dickinson, Jeffrey; Koo, Jawoo. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136515
Abstract | View
This paper analyzes transaction data from agricultural surveys carried out in five countries in low-and-middle-income countries to test for a difference in the prices received by men and by women marketing the same crop in the same village. In a unique finding, we identify a gap between the price received by women and the price received by men on three separate continents. Echoing similar results from other countries in subSaharan Africa, using mobile phone ownership and use data, we provide evidence to suggest that women farmers likely suffer from unequal access to information. The presence of asymmetric information is therefore indicated to be a limiting factor in women’s ability to receive a fair unit price.
Irrigation and agricultural transformation in Ethiopia
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Yimam, Seid. Washington, DC 2022
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Yimam, Seid. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136517
Abstract | View
Climate change forecasts for Ethiopia predict higher temperature and rainfall and increased variability in rainfall with periodic severe droughts and floods. The increased weather variability threatens the extent of Ethiopia’s agricultural transformation unless it is supported with improved agricultural water management such as irrigation to make smallholder farming resilient to adverse weather events. This study analyzes the role of irrigation on agricultural transformation in Ethiopia by systematically comparing households with irrigated and non-irrigated plots on key agricultural transformation and welfare indictors (i.e., intensification, commercialization, and consumption expenditures). The study used a representative data from the four main agriculturally important regions of the country and employed an endogenous switching regression approach that addresses potential biases from placement of irrigation schemes and the self-selection of farmers to adopt irrigation on their plots. This approach allows for counterfactual analysis on the effect of irrigation if it is adopted on plots or in households without current irrigation as well as the counterfactual realizations of outcome variables if irrigated plots were not irrigated or irrigating households were relying only on rainfed agriculture. The main results show a positive and significant effects of irrigation on intensification, commercialization, and household welfare. Specifically, the results show that farm households with irrigated plots (i) use more fertilizer and agrochemicals, (ii) sell sizable shares of their harvest, and (iii) spend more on food and non-food expenditures. The counterfactual analysis on what would have been the effect of irrigation on currently non-irrigated plots indicate a stronger result across our outcome indicators which further suggest the importance of expanding irrigation in accelerating agricultural transformation and welfare improvement in Ethiopia.
Championing gender in agricultural services in Kenya
Bikketi, Edward; Gumucio, Tatiana; Cecchi, Francesco; Kramer, Berber; Waithaka, Lilian; Waweru, Carol. Washington, DC 2022
Bikketi, Edward; Gumucio, Tatiana; Cecchi, Francesco; Kramer, Berber; Waithaka, Lilian; Waweru, Carol. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136519
Abstract | View
Key messages:
• Champion farmers are male and female influencers recruited to support the delivery of
agricultural services to fellow farmers within their communities (including seeds,
advisories, and crop insurance), thereby promoting gender and social inclusion.
• Providing insurance as a stand-alone product is too expensive to build a sustainable
and cost-effective champion farmer model; there is a need to integrate the model with
other services, including the provision of seeds, and to leverage government subsidies.
• Champion farmers face steep competition from other service providers in the provision
of seeds, but their networks give them opportunities to tap into underserved markets,
as they have connections with women-led farmer collectives.
• Female champion farmers’ socially ascribed gender roles and responsibilities related
to homecare contribute to time poverty and drudgery and potentially inhibit the extent
to which women can benefit from their champion role.
• It is necessary to promote a better understanding of insurance among farmers and
build farmers’ trust in services and products through additional training of champion
farmers, sensitization of farmers, and awareness creation.
• Champion farmers are male and female influencers recruited to support the delivery of
agricultural services to fellow farmers within their communities (including seeds,
advisories, and crop insurance), thereby promoting gender and social inclusion.
• Providing insurance as a stand-alone product is too expensive to build a sustainable
and cost-effective champion farmer model; there is a need to integrate the model with
other services, including the provision of seeds, and to leverage government subsidies.
• Champion farmers face steep competition from other service providers in the provision
of seeds, but their networks give them opportunities to tap into underserved markets,
as they have connections with women-led farmer collectives.
• Female champion farmers’ socially ascribed gender roles and responsibilities related
to homecare contribute to time poverty and drudgery and potentially inhibit the extent
to which women can benefit from their champion role.
• It is necessary to promote a better understanding of insurance among farmers and
build farmers’ trust in services and products through additional training of champion
farmers, sensitization of farmers, and awareness creation.
Do agricultural projects help smallholders transition to better livelihood strategies?
Hazell, Peter; Timu, Anne G.; Savastano, Sara; Massotti, Piero. Washington, DC 2022
Hazell, Peter; Timu, Anne G.; Savastano, Sara; Massotti, Piero. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136520
Abstract | View
Agricultural projects typically aim to promote the uptake of project components amongst targeted farm populations to improve their on-farm productivity within a “theory of change” that leads to improvements in their welfare. While this approach can be an important first step towards improving smallholder livelihoods, it ignores alternative and often superior livelihood options that might arise within the rural transformation process. These options can be particularly important for agricultural value chain projects that generate new market opportunities and secondary off-farm income and employment growth within the rural nonfarm economy. We argue that the design of smallholder projects implemented within regions already undergoing a dynamic transformation and/or on projects which have significant value chain components, should be broadened to assist smallholders make successful transitions to their best livelihood options. For such projects, M&E should also track livelihood transitions as well as the usual assessments of progress made, the achievement of expected goals, and the identification of bottlenecks in implementation. To help operationalize such an approach, we propose a typology of smallholder livelihood strategies that can track transitions over time and illustrate its use with an IFAD funded agricultural value chain project in Malawi. Using econometric methods and available household panel data, we find that the project helped some smallholders transition out of subsistence farming to market farming with a corresponding increase in their per capita incomes. The project also helped some households transition to, or remain with, an off-farm income diversification strategy with favorable per capita income outcomes. This may reflect new opportunities that arose as spillover benefits from the project along local agricultural value chains and within the rural nonfarm economy more broadly. We conclude with some lessons for the design, monitoring and evaluation of future agricultural projects.
Role of agricultural commercialization in the agricultural transformation of Ethiopia: Trends, drivers, and impact on well-being
Minot, Nicholas; Warner, James; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Zewdie, Tadiwos. Washington, DC 2022
Minot, Nicholas; Warner, James; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Zewdie, Tadiwos. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136521
Abstract | View
Agricultural transformation refers to a series of changes in agriculture that both reflect and drive rising income and economic development more broadly. While the macroeconomic patterns of agricultural transformation are relatively well documented, less is known about how it is manifested at the household level. Ethiopia makes an excellent case study as it has had one of the fastest growing economies in the world. This paper focuses on one aspect of this process: agricultural commercialization, that is, the process through which an increasing share of agricultural output is sold on the market rather than being consumed at home. The analysis uses three nationally representative rural household surveys carried out in 2012, 2016, and 2019, including a panel of 1,900 households. The results show that the share of marketed agricultural output has increased significantly over the seven-year period. Somewhat surprisingly, this increase is not due to a shift in crop mix toward more commercial crops but rather an increase in the degree of commercialization of each crop. Using a correlated random effects model, we find marketed share to be significantly related to age of the head of household, farm size, wealth, distance to road, rainfall, rainfall variability, and region. Although endogeneity is a challenge, descriptive statistics and regression analysis further suggest that agricultural commercialization contributes to higher income, largely because commercial crops generate higher returns per hectare than staple grains. The results indicate that there is no clear line between “subsistence” and “commercial” farms. A large majority of farms have some crop sales, while virtually none of them sell all their output. Similarly, the contrast between subsistence crops and cash crops can be misleading. For example, the value of staple cereal sales in Ethiopia is almost three times greater than that of coffee, the main cash crop. We draw lessons from the results for the design of programs to raise rural incomes by facilitating market-oriented agricultural production.
Malawi stories of change in nutrition: Funding for nutrition
Nyirongo, Godwin; Mangwele, Chiya; Bagnall-Oakeley, Hugh; Northcote, Callum; Chalemera, Jacqueline; Nowa, Mphatso; Lupafaya, Phindile; Roschnik, Natalie; Bhaiji, Rashida; Museka Saidi, Tendai; Mhango, Brian . Brighton, UK; London 2022
Nyirongo, Godwin; Mangwele, Chiya; Bagnall-Oakeley, Hugh; Northcote, Callum; Chalemera, Jacqueline; Nowa, Mphatso; Lupafaya, Phindile; Roschnik, Natalie; Bhaiji, Rashida; Museka Saidi, Tendai; Mhango, Brian . Brighton, UK; London 2022
DOI : 10.19088/IDS.2022.078
Abstract | View
Malawi has strong policies and frameworks for nutrition but insufficient funding to implement them. Analyses of government budgets at national level and in 10 districts from financial years 2016/17 to 2022/23, found that domestic budget allocations for nutrition are still well below the 5% of national budget target set by the government. National budget allocations ranged between 0.5% to 3.7% depending on the year. At district level, they ranged from 0.2% to 1.6%, with only one district, in one financial year, exceeding the 1.5% target for district level nutrition budget allocations. Over 95% of nutrition activities in Malawi are currently funded by external donors. The absence of sufficient, consistent and dedicated domestic budget for nutrition at national and district level, means nutrition policies and plans will continue to be driven by, and dependent on, externally funded pilot-scale projects without national reach or ownership. Budget tracking is essential, as it provides data, which all actors can use to hold government to account on their commitments and funding targets.
Malawi stories of change in nutrition: Lessons on advocacy
Nowa, Mphatso; Roschnik, Natalie; Chalemera, Jacqueline; Mhango, Brian; Northcote, Callum; Bhaiji, Rashida; Museka Saidi, Tendai . Brighton, UK; London 2022
Nowa, Mphatso; Roschnik, Natalie; Chalemera, Jacqueline; Mhango, Brian; Northcote, Callum; Bhaiji, Rashida; Museka Saidi, Tendai . Brighton, UK; London 2022
DOI : 10.19088/IDS.2022.080
Abstract | View
Malawi is one of the most committed countries in Africa to improving nutrition, yet it still has one of the highest rates of malnutrition in the region and is struggling to turn commitments into action at scale. The advocacy component of the Afikepo project strengthened capacity of national and district government and Civil Society Organisation (CSO) representatives to plan, budget and advocate for scaling up nutrition commitments at national and in 10 districts. These actions improved awareness, coordination and commitment to prioritise nutrition across sectors, within government, and CSOs and a wide range of actors at national and district level, which in turn improved governance and accountability. However, these actions did not have a substantial effect on domestic funding allocations, which are still heavily reliant on external donors. This brief summarises lessons learned and recommendations from the various advocacy and capacity building efforts over the past four years.
Malawi stories of change in nutrition: Evidence review
Roschnik, Natalie; Northcote, Callum; Chalemera, Jacqueline; Nowa, Mphatso; Lupafaya, Phindile; Bhaiji, Rashida; Museka Saidi, Tendai; Mhango, Brian. Brighton, UK; London 2022
Roschnik, Natalie; Northcote, Callum; Chalemera, Jacqueline; Nowa, Mphatso; Lupafaya, Phindile; Bhaiji, Rashida; Museka Saidi, Tendai; Mhango, Brian. Brighton, UK; London 2022
DOI : 10.19088/IDS.2022.079
Abstract | View
A review of evidence was conducted to understand the trends and determinants of malnutrition and identify interventions and programmes that improved maternal and child nutrition in Malawi. While children are less malnourished than two decades ago, one in three children remains stunted (37%) and 63% are anaemic. Children born from younger and less educated mothers, or from poorer rural households are more likely to be malnourished. One in ten children are born with a low birth weight (< 2.5kgs), with nearly half of them stunted by age two. The main causes of malnutrition include recurring sickness, poor infant and young child feeding and hygiene practices and low use of health and nutrition services, influenced by a wide range of factors, including food insecurity, poverty, gender inequality and food taboos. Programme evaluations and intervention trials have shown mixed results but overall highlight the need to address the multiple underlying drivers of malnutrition, rather than focus on one intervention.
Malawi stories of change in nutrition: Overview
Harris, Jody; Chalemera, Jacqueline; Nowa, Mphatso; Saha, Devanik; Mhango, Brian; Lupafya, Phindile; Museka Saidi, Tendai; Northcote, Callum; Bhaiji, Rashida; Roschnik, Natalie. Brighton, UK; London 2022
Harris, Jody; Chalemera, Jacqueline; Nowa, Mphatso; Saha, Devanik; Mhango, Brian; Lupafya, Phindile; Museka Saidi, Tendai; Northcote, Callum; Bhaiji, Rashida; Roschnik, Natalie. Brighton, UK; London 2022
DOI : 10.19088/IDS.2022.077
Abstract | View
Malawi has made significant progress in improving nutrition outcomes in the past decades. Despite this, the rates of stunting and anaemia remain high and overweight and obesity amongst women is rising. Malawi remains one of the most committed countries to nutrition, ranking 3rd out of 45 African countries on the Hunger and Nutrition Commitment Index, but effective implementation of policies is still challenging. Progress is being inhibited by a lack of dedicated budget lines for nutrition at district level, over reliance on external donors, poor coordination and competing priorities for limited resources within sectoral budgets. The pandemic, climate change and the Ukraine war have disrupted food systems, increased prices of fuel, fertilizer, and food, and caused loss of harvest and livelihoods, threatening to reverse decades of progress. Positive and coordinated action is needed to increase financial commitment to food and nutrition security, ensure nutrition is prioritised in the nation’s economic and development agenda, and continue Malawi’s progress to reducing malnutrition.
The role of spatial inequalities on youth migration decisions: Empirical evidence from Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan. Washington, DC 2022
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136528
Abstract | View
We combine nationally representative data from Nigeria with spatiotemporal data from remote sensing and other sources to study how young migrants respond to observable characteristics of potential destinations, both in absolute terms and relative to origin locations. Migrants prefer destinations with better welfare, land availability and intensity of economic activity. We also find that migrants prefer shorter distances and those destinations with better urban amenities and infrastructure. However, responses vary by type of migrant and migration. For example, rural-rural migrants are more responsive to land availability and agricultural potential, while rural-urban and urban-urban migrants are more responsive to welfare and economic vibrancy (measured by nightlight intensity) in destinations. Distance induces varying impact on migration choices of poor and non-poor migrants as well as across more educated and less educated migrants. Longer distances discourage migration for female migrants, poorer migrants and less educated migrant while the implication for the non-poor and more educated migrants appears to be negligible. This is intuitive because poorer and less educated migrants have liquidity constraints to finance high migration costs. Our results suggest potential scope for predicting how labor mobility responds to alternative regional development policies.
Rwanda’s agrifood system: Structure and drivers of transformation
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Mugabo, Serge; Pauw, Karl; Rosenbach, Gracie; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; Mugabo, Serge; Pauw, Karl; Rosenbach, Gracie; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136529
Abstract | View
This paper assesses the structure of Rwanda’s current and evolving agrifood system and its contribu-tion to national development. The paper reiterates the point that Rwanda’s agrifood system stretches well beyond primary agriculture and creates jobs and income opportunities throughout the economy. While off-farm components of Rwanda’s agrifood system have generally grown more rapidly than pri-mary agriculture in recent years, growth varies across value chains of the agrifood system in the stud-ied period. The growth diagnostic in this paper reveals that it is domestic markets that have driven the recent growth in Rwanda’s AFS other than exports.
The paper’s forward-looking analysis assesses potentially differential impacts of value-chain develop-ment efforts on broad development outcomes. The analysis measures the synergies and trade-offs of value-chain development in the context of an inclusive agricultural transformation. Such analysis is conducted using the Rwanda Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model – an adaption of IFPRI’s Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) model to the Rwandan context.
The modeling results indicate that value chains differ considerably in their effectiveness in achieving development goals and there are significant trade-offs among different development goals from pro-moting a specific value chain. The value chains that make a larger contribution to growth or job crea-tion are not necessarily effective in reducing poverty or improving dietary quality – for example, value chains for coffee and tea – while value chains that play an important role in improving dietary quality may contribute less to job creation – such as vegetables or fruits. While there is no single value chain that can achieve all development goals effectively, it is possible to select a diversified set of value chains that complement each other in achieving different development goals. This latter strategy is a more realistic approach to growth and development.
The paper’s forward-looking analysis assesses potentially differential impacts of value-chain develop-ment efforts on broad development outcomes. The analysis measures the synergies and trade-offs of value-chain development in the context of an inclusive agricultural transformation. Such analysis is conducted using the Rwanda Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model – an adaption of IFPRI’s Rural Investment and Policy Analysis (RIAPA) model to the Rwandan context.
The modeling results indicate that value chains differ considerably in their effectiveness in achieving development goals and there are significant trade-offs among different development goals from pro-moting a specific value chain. The value chains that make a larger contribution to growth or job crea-tion are not necessarily effective in reducing poverty or improving dietary quality – for example, value chains for coffee and tea – while value chains that play an important role in improving dietary quality may contribute less to job creation – such as vegetables or fruits. While there is no single value chain that can achieve all development goals effectively, it is possible to select a diversified set of value chains that complement each other in achieving different development goals. This latter strategy is a more realistic approach to growth and development.
Agricultural extension: Global status and performance in selected countries [in Japanese]
Davis, Kristin E., ed.; Babu, Suresh Chandra, ed.; Ragasa, Catherine, ed.. Washington, DC 2022
Davis, Kristin E., ed.; Babu, Suresh Chandra, ed.; Ragasa, Catherine, ed.. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136539
Abstract | View
農業の変革と発展は、開発途上国の10億人以上の小規模農家をはじめ農村に 暮らす人々の生活にとって非常に重要である農業改良普及は、こうした変革 において重要な役割を果たし、アドバイス、情報提供、イノベーション、関係の仲介・促進、リスクや災害への対応などにより農民を支援することがで きる。本書は、農業改良普及の世界的な概要を示し、国および地域レベルの 改良普及システムを評価・比較し、以下の分野における改良普及アプローチ のパフォーマンスを検証している。本書は、一次データと二次データの両方 を用いて、共通かつ包括的な方法を適用することにより、改良普及に関する 研究に寄与するものである。改良普及制度の評価には、事例や地域間での比 較を可能にする「ベストフィット・アプローチ」という枠組みがある。その 枠組みは、成果を向上させ、財政的な持続可能性を高め、より大きな規模を 達成するためのガバナンス、能力、管理、助言方法などの改革を支援する手 がかりとなる。本書は、政策立案者、農業改良普及員、その他農業開発に関わる人々にとって、貴重な資料となると確信する。
Micro insights on the pathways to agricultural transformation: Comparative evidence from Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa
Amare, Mulubrhan; Parvathi, Priyanka; Nguyen, Trung Thanh. Washington, D.C. 2022
Amare, Mulubrhan; Parvathi, Priyanka; Nguyen, Trung Thanh. Washington, D.C. 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136546
Abstract | View
Most studies of agricultural transformation document the impact of agricultural income growth on macroeconomic indicators of development. Much less is known about the micro-scale changes within the farming sector that signal a transformation precipitated by agricultural income growth. This study provides a comparative analysis of the patterns of micro-level changes that occur among small-holder farmers in Uganda and Malawi in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and Thailand and Vietnam in Southeast Asia (SEA). Our analysis provides several important insights on agricultural transformation in these two regions. First, agricultural income in all examined countries is vulnerable to changes in precipitation and temperature, an effect that is nonlinear and asymmetric. SSA countries are more vulnerable to these weather changes. Second, exogenous increases in agricultural income in previous years improve non-farm income and trigger a change in labor allocation within the rural sector in SEA. However, this is opposite in SSA where the increase in agricultural income reduces non-farm income, indicating a substitution effect between farm and non-farm sectors. These findings reveal clear agricultural transformation driven by agricultural income in SEA, but no similar evidence in SSA.
Innovations and policy design for development for cross-value chain services (logistics and financial services)
Balana, Bedru; Olanrewaju, Opeyemi; Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Kadjo, Didier; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Liverpool-Tassie, Saweda Onipede; Abdoulaye, Tahirou. Washington, DC 2022
Balana, Bedru; Olanrewaju, Opeyemi; Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Kadjo, Didier; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Liverpool-Tassie, Saweda Onipede; Abdoulaye, Tahirou. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136552
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WP3 intends to address the question: How can cross-food value chain and market services function better to increase employment and boost income of smallholders and SMEs? The WP focuses on two types of cross-value chain services, logistics and financial services. (1) logistics services – supply chain management, transportation, traceability, digital platforms for e-com merce, and (cold) storage. (2) value-chain financial services – mainly focusing on digital financial services (DFS) that facilitate trans actions, savings, access to and use of credit, and insurance.The logistics services in agri-food systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are often tar geted at large-scale enterprises with greater market power and less accessible to smallholder farmers and small and micro enterprises (SMEs). WP3 aims to assess the ways in which these emerging logistics services (including digital platforms) can be cost-effectively targeted at smallholder farmers and agri-food SMEs. Regarding DFS, the WP will investigate cost-effective ways of improving access to and adoption of DFS among smallholders and agri-food SMEs, especially among women and youth. Though these emerging DFS appear to have a high potential to benefit smallholders and SMEs across the agri-food value chains in LMICs, they need a reliable internet connection, a suitable mobile phone network, and a broad network of mobile money agents to be effective. WP3 thus aims to identify innovations/emerging logistics and DFS and test their effectiveness to smallholders and SMEs using randomized control trials (RCTs) in pilots, with the goal of country-specific scalable designs.
Scoping study on Ethiopian sesame value chain
Kassie, Girma T.; Worku, Yonas; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Asnake, Woinishet; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse. Washington, DC 2022
Kassie, Girma T.; Worku, Yonas; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Asnake, Woinishet; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136553
Abstract | View
The Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) is the largest non-profit public agricultural research group globally. Recently, it has restructured itself into One-CGIAR with the intention of integrating its capabilities, knowledge, assets, people, and global presence for a new era of intercon nected and partnership-driven research towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One-CGIAR led the development of about 30 initiatives that aimed at addressing one more of the key impact areas of SDGs. One of these initiatives is “Rethinking Food Markets and Value Chains for Inclu sion and Sustainability,” referred to as rethinking markets in short. Rethinking Markets Initiative aims to provide evidence on what types of bundled innovations, incentive structures, and policies are most effec tive for creating more equitable sharing of income and employment opportunities in growing food markets, while reducing the food sector’s environmental footprint. The initiative has four work packages addressing different but interrelated issues and that are being implemented in one or more countries. Work Package 1 (WP1) is about making globally integrated value chains inclusive, efficient, and environmentally sustainable.
Impacts of implementing the bottom-up economic plan of jobs, poverty, and food security in Kenya
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Kiriga, Benson; Laichena, Joshua; Mbuthia, Juneweenx; Ngugi, Rose; Omune, Lensa; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
Breisinger, Clemens; Diao, Xinshen; Kiriga, Benson; Laichena, Joshua; Mbuthia, Juneweenx; Ngugi, Rose; Omune, Lensa; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136555
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This policy note presents results from an economy-wide model to assess the expected impacts of implementing the Bottom-Up Economic Plan in Kenya. The economywide modeling results suggest that the design of the Bottom-Up Economic Plan is consistent with its goals of achieving broad-based growth and benefiting the poor, particularly the poorest of the poor at the bottom of the pyramid. We estimate that 5 million jobs will be created, 5.5 million people will move out of poverty, and 2.9 million people will be lifted out of hunger by 2027 under the implementation of the Plan scenario, as compared to today. The structural transformation envisaged in the Plan is key for achieving higher middle-income status. Growth driven by productivity-enhancing private investments (especially in domestic manufacturing) and exports will lead to the acceleration of structural change. Growth led by the agricultural sector is far more effective at reducing poverty than a similar level of growth coming from nonagricultural sectors.
Digital agriculture platforms: Understanding innovations in rural finance and logistics in Uganda’s agrifood sector
Ajambo, Susan; Ogutu, Sylvester; Birachi, Eliud; Kikulwe, Enoch. Washington, DC 2022
Ajambo, Susan; Ogutu, Sylvester; Birachi, Eliud; Kikulwe, Enoch. Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136590
Abstract | View
Agriculture is the mainstay of Uganda’s economy, contributing about 25% of the GDP, a third of the ex port earnings and almost all the country’s food requirements. Yet, the sector still faces various chal lenges that affect production and the income derived from it. Systemic issues impact smallholder farm ers' livelihoods across markets, land, skills, and capital, with cross-cutting social exclusion issues. Ef fective application of digital agricultural technologies has emerged as a catalyst in addressing produc tivity and efficiency challenges and enhancing inclusiveness in agri-food systems. Digital technologies have shown potential to address bottlenecks in access to extension services, marketing systems, suita ble financial products, reliable weather information, transport services and logistics as well as supply chain management. Scaling of digital agricultural technologies in Uganda is critical for improving productivity and addressing challenges in the agricultural sector. However, for scaling to be undertaken effectively and inclusively, there is need to address the barriers that limit the use of digital innovations for some populations. However, the issues surrounding scaling and inclusivity of digital services are not well understood. This study therefore sought to contribute to bridging this knowledge gap through an assessment of the existing digitally enabled innovative cross-value chain services to gain insights into how the services are addressing inefficiencies, creating opportunities for improving efficiency and inclu siveness as well as identifying promising innovations for scaling. Specifically, the study focused on in novations in finance and logistics for value chains. For finance, the study specifically looked at digital payments, credit, and insurance, while for logistics, the focus was on supply chain management, trans portation, traceability, digital platforms for e-commerce, and (cold) storage across value chains.
Financial services in refugee hosting areas: Can they promote inclusion? Lessons from the SHARPE project in Ethiopia
de Brauw, Alan; Roy, Shalini; Tefera, Mulugeta. London, England; Washington, DC 2022
de Brauw, Alan; Roy, Shalini; Tefera, Mulugeta. London, England; Washington, DC 2022
DOI : 10.51744/CEB4
Abstract | View
Digital financial inclusion is important to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Digital financial tools, such as mobile money, can, in principle, be used by anyone with a cell phone. There are several different ways that mobile money and services surrounding mobile money can help reduce poverty. For example, research demonstrates that mobile money helps increase remittances from labour migrants. It also helps households to weather negative shocks to income. In addition, it helps encourage investments whether on-farm or in self-employment activities.
Educator incentives and educational triage in rural primary schools
Gilligan, Daniel; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Kasirye, Ibrahim; Lucas, Adrienne M.; Neal, Derek. Madison, WI 2022
Gilligan, Daniel; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Kasirye, Ibrahim; Lucas, Adrienne M.; Neal, Derek. Madison, WI 2022
DOI : 10.3368/jhr.57.1.1118-9871R2
Abstract | View
In low-income countries, primary school student achievement is often far below grade level and dropout rates remain high. Further, some educators actively encourage weaker students to drop out before reaching the end of primary school to avoid the negative attention that a school receives when its students perform poorly on their national primary leaving exams. We report the results of an experiment in rural Uganda that sought to both promote learning and reduce dropout rates. We offered bonus payments to grade six (P6) teachers that rewarded each teacher for the math performance of each of her students relative to comparable students in other schools. This Pay for Percentile (PFP) incentive scheme did not improve overall P6 math performance, but it did reduce dropout rates. PFP treatment raised attendance rates a full year after treatment ended from .56 to .60. In schools with math books, treatment increased these attendance rates from .57 to .64, and PFP also improved performance on test items covered by P6 books. PFP did not improve any measure of attendance, achievement, or attainment in schools without books.
Food consumption–production response to agricultural policy and macroeconomic change in Nigeria
Ecker, Olivier; Hatzenbuehler, Patrick L.. 2022
Ecker, Olivier; Hatzenbuehler, Patrick L.. 2022
DOI : 10.1002/aepp.13161
Abstract | View
Achieving agricultural transformation and farmer resilience in resource‐dependent developing countries like Nigeria is complicated by volatile macroeconomic conditions, which disrupt agricultural supply chains through income, foreign exchange, and risk‐mitigation effects. This study examines the food consumption–production linkage in Nigeria at a time when the national Agricultural Transformation Agenda was implemented and an economic crisis was unfolding. Many farm households responded to expected shocks by planting more staple foods for own consumption at the expense of agricultural commercialization, income growth, and dietary diversification. A policy initiative to improve access to modern farm inputs appeared to mitigate these adverse effects.
Monitoring water for conservation: A proof of concept from Mozambique
Christian, Paul; Kondylis, Florence; Mueller, Valerie; Zwager, Astrid; Siegfried, Tobias. 2022
Christian, Paul; Kondylis, Florence; Mueller, Valerie; Zwager, Astrid; Siegfried, Tobias. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/ajae.12209
Abstract | View
Management of common‐pool resources in the absence of individual pricing can lead to suboptimal allocations. High‐frequency data from three irrigation schemes in Mozambique reveal patterns consistent with water inefficiency. Farmers use the amount of water required at the most sensitive stage of production as a benchmark for all allocations in the crop cycle. We demonstrate that these rule‐of‐thumb approaches create scarcity at the plot level despite schemes having sufficient water to meet farmers’ individual demands. We therefore explore the possibility of a feedback tool that visually communicates to farmers the potential to conserve by varying water applications at each stage of the crop cycle. To test the importance of tailoring the information to farmers’ own settings, we randomize a set of farmers to also receive visualizations comparing water requirements with each farmer's water use in the same season of the previous year. The experiment fails to detect an additional effect of individualized comparative feedback relative to a general information treatment. Water measurement shows that the gains from correcting observed misallocations of water in terms of water savings and avoided scarcity is potentially large as a share of water used in the agricultural sector. These findings support additional testing of feedback tools to encourage water conservation but not the expensive investments that would be required to generate feedback based on individual metering for all targeted farmers.
Paying for digital information: Assessing farmers’ willingness to pay for a digital agriculture and nutrition service in Ghana
Hidrobo, Melissa; Palloni, Giordano; Aker, Jenny; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Ledlie, Natasha. 2022
Hidrobo, Melissa; Palloni, Giordano; Aker, Jenny; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Ledlie, Natasha. 2022
DOI : 10.1086/713974
Business training and mentoring: Experimental evidence from women-owned microenterprises in Ethiopia
Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab; Bastian, Gautam; Goldstein, Markus. 2022
Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab; Bastian, Gautam; Goldstein, Markus. 2022
DOI : 10.1086/714592
Does rainfall variability explain low uptake of agricultural credit? Evidence from Ethiopia
Abay, Kibrom A.; Koru, Bethelhem; Chamberlin, Jordan; Berhane, Guush. 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Koru, Bethelhem; Chamberlin, Jordan; Berhane, Guush. 2022
DOI : 10.1093/erae/jbab013
Malawi’s slowly changing employment landscape and its implications for youth
Benson, Todd; Baulch, Bob; Lifeyo, Yanjanani; Mkweta, Priscilla. 2022
Benson, Todd; Baulch, Bob; Lifeyo, Yanjanani; Mkweta, Priscilla. 2022
DOI : 10.1080/0376835X.2021.1915750
Does accountability undermine service delivery? The impact of devolving agriculture in Ghana
Resnick, Danielle. 2022
Resnick, Danielle. 2022
DOI : 10.1057/s41287-021-00408-x
Abstract | View
In recent years, many developing countries have devolved services to locally elected governments. Although this may strengthen downwards accountability to citizens, does devolution improve service provision? Ghana began devolving agriculture in 2012 to its Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assemblies (MMDAs). Drawing on an original survey with 80 District Directors of Agriculture and 960 households, as well as district-level budget data and interviews with national and local government stakeholders, this paper shows that agricultural expenditures and services have been negatively affected by the transition. The imperative of electoral accountability encourages assembly members to de-prioritize agriculture in the budget process in favor of more visible goods and services. Budget allocations, however, do reflect the preferences of local citizens, a majority of whom value using elections to sanction their district politicians. The findings indicate that devolution may increase accountability but result in sectoral trade-offs in service provision, which may undermine national policy objectives.
Improving livelihoods through postharvest loss management: Evidence from Nigeria
Balana, Bedru; Aghadi, Crystal N.; Ogunniyi, Adebayo. 2022
Balana, Bedru; Aghadi, Crystal N.; Ogunniyi, Adebayo. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-021-01196-2
Do private consultants promote savings and investments in rural Mozambique?
Christian, Paul; Glover, Steven; Kondylis, Florence; Mueller, Valerie; Ruzzante, Matteo; Zwager, Astrid. 2022
Christian, Paul; Glover, Steven; Kondylis, Florence; Mueller, Valerie; Ruzzante, Matteo; Zwager, Astrid. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12672
Economic evaluation of an early childhood development center–based agriculture and nutrition intervention in Malawi
Gelli, Aulo; Kemp, C. G.; Margolies, Amy; Twalibu, Aisha; Katundu, Mangani; Levin, Carol E.. 2022
Gelli, Aulo; Kemp, C. G.; Margolies, Amy; Twalibu, Aisha; Katundu, Mangani; Levin, Carol E.. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-021-01203-6
Abstract | View
Malnutrition is a leading cause of death and disability among children in low-income countries. Nutrition-sensitive interventions show promise in increasing food access and improving diets. There are possible synergies of integrating these programs with other sectors, improving effectiveness by leveraging resources. However, economic evaluations of these multi-sectoral programs are limited. We aimed to estimate the cost efficiency, cost-effectiveness, benefit-cost ratio, and net benefit of using community-based early childhood development (ECD) centers as platforms for an intervention promoting agricultural production and nutrition among households with young children in Malawi. The intervention was costed using bottom-up micro-costing and top-down expenditure analysis with a societal perspective and a 12-month horizon. Effectiveness estimates were derived from a cluster-randomized control trial. Premature deaths and stunting cases averted were estimated using the Lived Saved Tool. We calculated DALYs averted, and the value of three benefits streams resulting from reductions in premature mortality, increases in lifetime productivity and household agricultural productivity. We transferred the US value of a statistical life (VSL) to Malawi using an income elasticity of 1.5, and a 10% discount rate. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted using a Monte Carlo model. The intervention cost $197,377, reaching 4,806 beneficiaries at $41 per beneficiary, $595 per case of stunting, $18,310 per death, and $516 per DALY averted. Net benefit estimates ranged from $507,589 to $4,678,258, and benefit-cost ratios from 3.57 to 24.70. Sensitivity analyses confirmed a positive return on investment. Implementing agriculture-nutrition interventions through ECD platforms may be an efficient use of resources in Malawi and similar contexts.
The impact of an integrated value chain intervention on household poultry production in Burkina Faso: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial
Leight, Jessica; Awonon, Josué; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; Gelli, Aulo. 2022
Leight, Jessica; Awonon, Josué; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; Gelli, Aulo. 2022
DOI : 10.1080/19439342.2021.1968932
Accelerating pond aquaculture development and resilience beyond COVID: Ensuring food and jobs in Ghana
Ragasa, Catherine; Agyakwah, Seth Koranteng; Asmah, Ruby; Mensah, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku; Amewu, Sena; Oyih, Mathew. 2022
Ragasa, Catherine; Agyakwah, Seth Koranteng; Asmah, Ruby; Mensah, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku; Amewu, Sena; Oyih, Mathew. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737476
Abstract | View
Over the past decade, the aquaculture sector in Ghana has experienced tremendous growth—driven mainly by large-scale cage aquaculture. Pond aquaculture, traditionally extensive and with limited external inputs, has been transforming over the same period. Farm profitability was wide-ranging, between −12.00 and 46.00 Ghanaian cedi (GHC) per square meter (m2), with an average of GHC 8.82/m2 for farmers active in 2019. Despite wide variability in production and profits, the majority of farmers experienced positive profits—on average, GHC 3.24 per kilogram of tilapia produced, or a 27% profit margin. Farmers who adopted good aquaculture practices and intensified their production have high productivity and positive profits. Nonetheless, the cost to produce 1 kg of tilapia in Ghana (roughly US$1.51 on average) was much higher than in other major tilapia-producing countries (averaging roughly US$0.78 to 1.29). COVID crisis further affected fish farmers: 54% experienced difficulties in accessing inputs, 56% experienced difficulties selling their fish, and farmgate fish prices went down in April–August, although slowly bounced back by end of 2020. Improving the competitiveness and resilience of Ghanaian tilapia sector will require improved seed, increased adoption of good management practices, lower-cost quality feed, and enabling policies and regulations.
Cash transfers, migration, and gender norms
Hidrobo, Melissa; Mueller, Valerie; Roy, Shalini. 2022
Hidrobo, Melissa; Mueller, Valerie; Roy, Shalini. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/ajae.12261
Abstract | View
Although migration remains crucial for economic development, financial constraints may limit individual ability to migrate. A recent literature demonstrates that social protection programs encourage migration; however, how norms shape the migration decision of women and men are rarely considered. Analysis of 2209 panel households (2014–2016) in Mali suggests that men predominantly move for employment, whereas women move to rural areas for marriage and urban areas for employment. We then test, in the context of a large-scale randomized controlled trial, how a cash transfer (CT) program in Mali affects the migration patterns of men and women. We find the probability of rural–rural migration among men in beneficiary households increases by 0.9 percentage points (an effect size of 100%), whereas the probability of rural–urban migration among women decreases by 0.2 percentage points (an effect size of 50%). We find no impacts on average women's rural–rural migration or men's rural–urban migration. However, women in less poor beneficiary households are more likely to engage in rural–rural migration as a result of the CT, whereas women in poorer beneficiary households realize no immediate impact. Our findings indicate that the provision of cash potentially fosters investment in profitable endeavors outside of subsistence agriculture for men but may also affect the marital migration of women.
Trends and factors associated with the nutritional status of adolescent girls in Ghana: A secondary analysis of the 2003-2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (GDHS) data
Azupogo, Fusta; Abizari, Abdul-Razak; Aurino, Elisabetta; Gelli, Aulo; Osendarp, Saskia J. M.; Bras, Hilde; Feskens, Edith J.; Brouwer, Inge D.. 2022
Azupogo, Fusta; Abizari, Abdul-Razak; Aurino, Elisabetta; Gelli, Aulo; Osendarp, Saskia J. M.; Bras, Hilde; Feskens, Edith J.; Brouwer, Inge D.. 2022
DOI : 10.1017/S1368980021003827
Local empowerment and irrigation devolution in Ethiopia
Bekele, Rahel Deribe; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2022
Bekele, Rahel Deribe; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2022
DOI : 10.1080/07900627.2021.1936465
Heat shocks, maize yields, and child height in Tanzania
Block, S.; Haile, Beliyou; You, Liangzhi; Headey, Derek D.. 2022
Block, S.; Haile, Beliyou; You, Liangzhi; Headey, Derek D.. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-021-01211-6
Abstract | View
The growing threat that climate shocks pose to food, water and nutrition security makes understanding the linkages between climate and nutrition increasingly urgent. The article demonstrates an empirical connection between rising temperatures, cereal yields, and poorer growth outcomes for children—the first time such a link has been established between climate shocks, agricultural productivity, and health.
The authors find that extreme temperature shocks can severely reduce maize yields, and that lower yields in the season prior to birth are a strong predictor of reduced height in later years, especially among boys. They also show that lower maize yields are predictive of lower body mass among women but not predictive of diarrhea or fever incidence in children. Taken together, these results suggest that maternal malnutrition during pregnancy is a key pathway linking heat shocks and agricultural production to subsequent child health.
The findings have important implications for policymakers responding to climate impacts, who must weigh whether to focus more on agricultural interventions and social protection or on public health interventions. Our research suggests the first approach could be particularly important in rural Africa.
The authors find that extreme temperature shocks can severely reduce maize yields, and that lower yields in the season prior to birth are a strong predictor of reduced height in later years, especially among boys. They also show that lower maize yields are predictive of lower body mass among women but not predictive of diarrhea or fever incidence in children. Taken together, these results suggest that maternal malnutrition during pregnancy is a key pathway linking heat shocks and agricultural production to subsequent child health.
The findings have important implications for policymakers responding to climate impacts, who must weigh whether to focus more on agricultural interventions and social protection or on public health interventions. Our research suggests the first approach could be particularly important in rural Africa.
Mapping the nutrient adequacy of farm production and food consumption to target policy in Uganda
Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.. 2022
Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/dpr.12596
Food insecurity and COVID-19 risk in low- and middle-income countries
Mueller, Valerie; Grépin, Karen A.; Rabbani, Atonu; Navia, Bianca; Ngunjiri, Anne S. W.; Wu, Nicole. 2022
Mueller, Valerie; Grépin, Karen A.; Rabbani, Atonu; Navia, Bianca; Ngunjiri, Anne S. W.; Wu, Nicole. 2022
DOI : 10.1002/aepp.13200
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The COVID-19 pandemic prompted social distancing, workplace closures, and restrictions on mobility and trade that had cascading effects on economic activity, food prices, and employment in low- and middle-income countries. Using longitudinal data from Bangladesh, Kenya, and Nigeria covering a period from October 2020 to April 2021, the paper assesses whether knowledge of a person infected with COVID-19 is associated with food insecurity, job loss and business closures, and coping strategies to smooth consumption. The likelihood of households to experience food insecurity at the extensive and intensive margins increased among those who knew an infected person in Bangladesh and Kenya.
Nonlinear price transmission in the rice market in Senegal: A model-based recursive partitioning approach
Traoré, Fousseini; Jimbira, Suwadu Sakho; Sall, Leysa Maty. 2022
Traoré, Fousseini; Jimbira, Suwadu Sakho; Sall, Leysa Maty. 2022
DOI : 10.1080/00036846.2021.1989369
Efficiency and resource implications of food losses and waste in sub-Saharan Africa
Aragie, Emerta. 2022
Aragie, Emerta. 2022
DOI : 10.1177%2F00219096211020490
Supermarket contracts, opportunity cost and trade-offs, and farm household welfare: Panel data evidence from Kenya
Ochieng, Dennis O.; Ogutu, Sylvester O.. 2022
Ochieng, Dennis O.; Ogutu, Sylvester O.. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105697
Cheap talk and coordination in the lab and in the field: Collective commercialization in Senegal
Aflagah, Fo Kodjo Dzinyefa; Bernard, Tanguy; Viceisza, Angelino. 2022
Aflagah, Fo Kodjo Dzinyefa; Bernard, Tanguy; Viceisza, Angelino. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102751
How light is too light touch: The effect of a short training-based intervention on household poultry production in Burkina Faso
Leight, Jessica; Awonon, Josué; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Gelli, Aulo. 2022
Leight, Jessica; Awonon, Josué; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Gelli, Aulo. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102776
Abstract | View
This paper reports on the effects of a training-based intervention seeking to increase household engagement in poultry production in Burkina Faso, analyzing data from a large-scale cluster randomized trial in which 1798 households in 60 communes were observed over a period of three years. The intervention SELEVER — entailing a short series of trainings for households as well as capacity building for local animal health and credit services — had little effect on household poultry production and no effect on profits. There is some evidence of an increase in the utilization of poultry inputs and an associated reduction in poultry mortality, primarily for larger poultry producers; however, there is no evidence of any treatment effects for the smallest producers.
Modeling the recovery dynamics of Ethiopia cattle population
Aragie, Emerta; Thurlow, James. 2022
Aragie, Emerta; Thurlow, James. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2021.104664
Contract farming, contract design and smallholder livelihoods
Ruml, Anette; Ragasa, Catherine; Qaim, Matin. 2022
Ruml, Anette; Ragasa, Catherine; Qaim, Matin. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/1467-8489.12462
Abstract | View
Contract farming has gained in importance in many developing countries. Previous studies analysed effects of contracts on smallholder farmers’ welfare, yet mostly without considering that different types of contractual relationships exist. Here, we examine associations between contract farming and farm household income in the oil palm sector of Ghana, explicitly differentiating between two types of contracts, namely simple marketing contracts and more comprehensive resource-providing contracts. Moreover, we look at different income sources to better understand how both contracts are linked to farmers’ livelihood strategies. We use cross-sectional survey data and regression models. Issues of endogeneity are addressed through measuring farmers' willingness-to-participate in contracts and using this indicator as an additional covariate. Farmers with both types of contracts have significantly higher household incomes than farmers without a contract, yet with notable differences in terms of the income sources. Farmers with a marketing contract allocate more household labour to off-farm activities and thus have higher off-farm income. In contrast, farmers with a resource-providing contract have larger oil palm plantations and thus higher farm incomes. The findings suggest that the two contract types are associated with different livelihood strategies and that disaggregated analysis of different income sources is important to better understand possible underlying mechanisms.
Gaps in the implementation and uptake of maternal nutrition interventions in antenatal care services in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and India
Sanghvi, Tina; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Tharaney, Manisha; Ghosh, Sebanti; Escobar-Alegria, Jessica; Kim, Sunny S.. 2022
Sanghvi, Tina; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Tharaney, Manisha; Ghosh, Sebanti; Escobar-Alegria, Jessica; Kim, Sunny S.. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13293
Abstract | View
Antenatal care (ANC) is the largest health platform globally for delivering maternal nutrition interventions (MNIs) to pregnant women. Yet, large missed opportunities remain in nutrition service delivery. This paper examines how well evidence-based MNIs were incorporated in national policies and programs in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and India. We compared the nutrition content of ANC protocols against global recommendations. We used survey data to elucidate the coverage of micronutrient supplementation, weight gain monitoring, dietary and breastfeeding counselling. We reviewed literature, formative research and program assessments to identify barriers and enabling factors of service provision and maternal nutrition practices. Nutrition information in national policies and protocols was often fragmented, incomplete and did not consistently follow global recommendations. Nationally representative data on MNIs in ANC was inadequate, except for iron and folic acid supplementation. Coverage data from subnational surveys showed similar patterns of strengths and weaknesses. MNI coverage was consistently lower than ANC coverage with the lowest coverage of weight gain monitoring and variable coverage of dietary and breastfeeding counselling. Key common factors associated with coverage were micronutrient supply disruptions; suboptimal counselling on maternal diet, weight gain, and breastfeeding; and limited or no record keeping. Adherence of women to micronutrient supplementation and dietary recommendations was low and associated with late and too few ANC contacts, poor maternal knowledge and self-efficacy, and insufficient family and community support. Models of comprehensive nutrition protocols and health systems that deliver maternal nutrition services in ANC are urgently needed along with national data systems to track progress.
Mismatch between soil nutrient deficiencies and fertilizer applications: Implications for yield responses in Ethiopia
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Amare, Mulubrhan; Berhane, Guush; Aynekulu, Ermias. 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Amare, Mulubrhan; Berhane, Guush; Aynekulu, Ermias. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12689
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Lack of accurate information about soil nutrient deficiencies coupled with limited access to appropriate fertilizers could lead to mismatch between soil nutrient deficiencies (requirements) and fertilizer applications. Such anomalies and mismatches are likely to have important implications for agricultural productivity. In this article we use experimental (spectral soil analysis) data from Ethiopia to examine farmers’ response to soil nutrient deficiencies and its implications for yield responses. We find that farmers’ response to macronutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) deficiencies is not always consistent with agronomic recommendations. For example, we find that farmers in our sample are applying nitrogen fertilizers to soils lacking phosphorus, potentially due to lack of information on soil nutrient deficiencies or lack of access to appropriate fertilizers in rural markets. On the other hand, farmers respond to perceivably poor-quality and acidic soils by applying higher amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. We further show that such mismatches between fertilizer applications and soil macronutrient deficiencies are potentially yield-reducing. Those farmers matching their soil nutrient deficiencies (requirements) and fertilizer application are likely to enjoy additional yield gains. Marginal yield response associated with nitrogen (phosphorus) application increases with nitrogen (phosphorus) deficiency in soils. Similarly, we find that farmers’ response to acidic soils is not yield-enhancing. These findings suggest that such mismatches may explain heterogeneities in marginal returns to chemical fertilizers and the observed low adoption rates of chemical fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa.
Can information drive demand for safer food? Impact of brand-specific recommendations and test results on product choice
Wairimu Kariuki, Sarah; Hoffmann, Vivian. 2022
Wairimu Kariuki, Sarah; Hoffmann, Vivian. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12685
Abstract | View
As an unobservable attribute, food safety is likely to be under-provided by markets where regulatory enforcement is weak. In such settings, stimulating consumer demand for safer food can potentially encourage market actors to invest in food safety. Through a randomized trial in Kenya, we test the impact of informing consumers about which maize flour brands are most likely to comply with the regulatory standard for aflatoxin, a carcinogenic fungal byproduct. Providing information on safer brands alone does not significantly affect consumption behavior. However, when the same information is combined with a test performed on the maize flour stocked by the household, the likelihood that a safer brand is consumed 2 months later is 76% higher than in the comparison group. Our findings suggest that providing information on the relative riskiness of substitute foods could encourage consumers to make safer choices.
Seasonal variation in maternal dietary diversity is reduced by small-scale irrigation practices: A longitudinal study
Baye, Kaleab; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Choufani, Jowel; Yimam, Seid; Bryan, Elizabeth; Grifith, Jeffrey K.; Ringler, Claudia. 2022
Baye, Kaleab; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Choufani, Jowel; Yimam, Seid; Bryan, Elizabeth; Grifith, Jeffrey K.; Ringler, Claudia. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13297
Abstract | View
Some agricultural practices, such as irrigation, have the potential to buffer seasonal dietary gaps and through increased production and consumption improve diets, particularly of the rural poor relying on subsistence farming but also for rural and urban households purchasing irrigated produce on local markets. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of seasonality and irrigation on women's diet in rural Ethiopia. Using a longitudinal study design, three rounds of surveys were conducted among women of reproductive age (15–49 years). Data on socioeconomic status, food consumption and haemoglobin concentration was collected. Energy and nutrient intakes were estimated using an interviewer-administered multiple-pass 24-h recall. Women's dietary diversity score (WDDS), the proportion of women meeting the minimum dietary diversity for women (MDDW), haemoglobin concentration, the prevalence of anaemia and energy and nutrients intakes were compared between irrigators and nonirrigators and by season. Associations between MDDW/WDDS and irrigation status were assessed using fixed-effect models, after adjusting for covariates. WDDS was low (3–4 out of 10 food groups) and exhibited high seasonal variability (p < 0.05). Diets were predominantly cereal-based, with little consumption of nutrient-dense foods like fruits and animal source foods. High seasonal variability in energy, protein, vitamin C, calcium, iron and zinc intakes were observed (p < 0.01). Irrigators were more likely to meet the MDDW than women from non-irrigating households (p < 0.05). No cases of malaria were reported from the three rounds of screening. There is a high seasonal variation in women's diet, but this could be partly offset by irrigation practices.
Stories of Change in Nutrition in Ghana: A focus on stunting and anemia among children under-five years (2009–2018)
Aryeetey, Richmond; Atuobi-Yeboah, Afua; Billings, Lucy; Nisbett, Nicholas; van den Bold, Mara; Touré, Mariama. 2022
Aryeetey, Richmond; Atuobi-Yeboah, Afua; Billings, Lucy; Nisbett, Nicholas; van den Bold, Mara; Touré, Mariama. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-021-01232-1
Abstract | View
The current study aimed to understand why child stunting and anemia (CS&A) rates declined in Ghana between 2009 and 2018, and which priority policies and programs will further improve nutrition outcomes. Trends and potential drivers of stunting (height-for-age z-score < -2.0 SD) and anemia (hemoglobin < 11.0 g/dL), and decomposition analysis of DHS data (2003 to 2014) were conducted. The quantitative evidence was triangulated with Net-Map analysis of nutrition stakeholder relationships and influence, desk review of policies and programs 2009–2019, and in-depth interviews with 25 stakeholders who provided additional insights to explain CS&A trends. Declines in stunting (29.6%) and anemia (14.1%) in children were observed at the national level, but with important subgroup variations. Decomposition analyses identified changes in the household, maternal, and child characteristics (including wealth, use of antenatal services, maternal education, and immunization) as correlates of anemia reduction. Stunting reduction was linked with changes in bed-net utilization, household wealth, and pregnancy care service utilization. Additionally, multiple policies and programs initiated/implemented across multiple sectors were considered potentially relevant to CS&A reduction over time, including those focused on infant and young child feeding, water and sanitation, social protection, and health care access. Initiation/strengthening of these interventions was stimulated by awareness creation and subsequently increased prioritization of stunting. However, program delivery was limited by deficits in government funding, perceived low priority of child anemia, low implementation capacity and coverage, and weak coherence across sectors. Reduced CS&A resulted from improved access to services implemented across multiple sectors, albeit limited by implementation scale and capacity. Further reduction in CS&A requires enhanced multi-sectorally coordinated actions and capacity.
Action on invasive species: Control strategies of Parthenium hysterophorus L. on smallholder farms in Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Alvarez, Miguel; Ihli, Hanna J.; Becker, Mathias; Heckelei, Thomas. 2022
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Alvarez, Miguel; Ihli, Hanna J.; Becker, Mathias; Heckelei, Thomas. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s00267-021-01577-5
Abstract | View
Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae) is an invasive alien weed with detrimental effects on agricultural production, biodiversity, human and animal health, threating rural livelihoods in Asia and Africa. The problem emerged recently in the Kenyan Rift Valley, where it began to affect the landholdings of both agro-pastoralists and crop farmers. These vulnerable smallholders depend heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods. In this study, we assessed the severity of parthenium invasion and farmers’ management responses using a sample of 530 agro-pastoralists in Baringo County, Kenya, in 2019. We hypothesise that the implementation of existing management strategies depends on the state of parthenium invasion and household socio-economic characteristics. The prevalence and severity of parthenium invasion differed greatly among field plots. To control weeds, farmers resort to either hand weeding, the use of synthetic herbicides, or intensive tillage, sometimes in combination with mulching. A multivariate probit regression model shows that households’ characteristics determine the type of control strategies used as well as their complementarity and substitutability. Hand weeding is the most common option, adopted by almost 40% of farmers. The use of agrochemicals or soil-based control strategies appears to be related to knowledge and information characteristics such as access to extension services, membership in organisations and the educational level of household heads. While hand weeding and the use of synthetic herbicides depict significant substitutability, the latter strategy is limited to a few larger farms with market-oriented production. As parthenium invasion continues, policies need to improve farmer awareness and access to knowledge to enable pro-poor and environmentally sustainable control of parthenium on smallholder farms.
Are consumers in developing countries willing to pay for aquaculture food safety certification? Evidence from a field experiment in Nigeria
Tran, Nhuong; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia; Hoffmann, Vivian; Lagerkvist, Carl Johan; Pincus, Lauren; Akintola, Shehu Latunji; Fakoya, Kafayat Adetoun; Olagunju, Olanrewaju Femi; Bailey, Conner. 2022
Tran, Nhuong; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia; Hoffmann, Vivian; Lagerkvist, Carl Johan; Pincus, Lauren; Akintola, Shehu Latunji; Fakoya, Kafayat Adetoun; Olagunju, Olanrewaju Femi; Bailey, Conner. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737829
Abstract | View
Many developing countries face challenges in managing food safety risks associated with consumption of animal-source foods. Efforts to address these challenges increasingly recognize the role of certification in agri-food systems governance. Understanding consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) for food safety certification is fundamental to determining the appropriate design and implementation of programs to reduce the burden of foodborne illnesses in developing countries. To address this need, we implemented a framed field experiment with consumers of eight farm-raised African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) products varying in certification status (safety certified versus uncertified) and product forms (live versus smoked) to examine their WTP for food safety certification in Nigeria. We applied a mixed-effects model to account for the hierarchical structure of the data with one participant entering multiple bids, and estimated a model with participant fixed effects as a robustness check. We found that consumers were willing to pay between 3.1% and 18.8% more for fish certified as safe compared to uncertified fish. Furthermore, there was an asymmetry in food safety certification valuation, with consumers paying significant premiums for high-value larger-sized certified live and smoked catfish, but not smaller-sized certified live and smoked catfish. The results are robust to a specification in which consumer fixed effects are included. Our findings suggest there exists consumer demand for certification programs to upgrade the food safety standards of higher-value fish products in Nigeria's domestic markets. Lower-value fish products typically consumed by lower-income consumers show less potential for certification. Alternative safety regulation is needed to ensure safety practices for low-end fish products.
Linkages between GRACE water storage, hydrologic extremes, and climate teleconnections in major African aquifers
Scanlon, Bridget R.; Rateb, Ashraf; Anyamba, Assaf; Kebede, Seifu; McDonald, Alan M.; Xie, Hua. 2022
Scanlon, Bridget R.; Rateb, Ashraf; Anyamba, Assaf; Kebede, Seifu; McDonald, Alan M.; Xie, Hua. 2022
DOI : 10.1088/1748-9326/ac3bfc
Abstract | View
Water resources management is a critical issue in Africa where many regions are subjected to sequential droughts and floods. The objective of our work was to assess spatiotemporal variability in water storage and related controls (climate, human intervention) in major African aquifers and consider approaches toward more sustainable development. Different approaches were used to track water storage, including GRACE/GRACE Follow On satellites for Total Water Storage (TWS); satellite altimetry for reservoir storage, MODIS satellites for vegetation indices, and limited ground-based monitoring. Results show that declining trends in TWS (60–73 km3 over the 18 yr GRACE record) were restricted to aquifers in northern Africa, controlled primarily by irrigation water use in the Nubian and NW Saharan aquifers. Rising TWS trends were found in aquifers in western Africa (23–49 km3), attributed to increased recharge from land use change and cropland expansion. Interannual variability dominated TWS variability in eastern and southern Africa, controlled primarily by climate extremes. Climate teleconnections, particularly El Nino Southern Oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole, strongly controlled droughts and floods in eastern and southern Africa. Huge aquifer storage in northern Africa suggests that the recent decadal storage declines should not impact the regional aquifers but may affect local conditions. Increasing groundwater levels in western Africa will need to be managed because of locally rising groundwater flooding. More climate-resilient water management can be accomplished in eastern and southern Africa by storing water from wet to dry climate cycles. Accessing the natural water storage provided by aquifers in Africa is the obvious way to manage the variability between droughts and floods.
Twenty-five years of Living Under Contract: Contract farming and agrarian change in the developing world
Vicol, Mark; Fold, Niels; Hambloch, Caroline; Narayanan, Sudha; Niño, Helena Pérez. 2022
Vicol, Mark; Fold, Niels; Hambloch, Caroline; Narayanan, Sudha; Niño, Helena Pérez. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/joac.12471
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The expansion of contract farming schemes through regions of the developing world in the era of the globalization of agriculture raises questions that are central to the study of agrarian political economy. Contract farming has extended the footprint of commodity production and integrated land and labour not otherwise captured in forms of direct production and marketing. 25 years after the publication of Living Under Contract: Contract Farming and Agrarian Transformation in Sub-Saharan Africa, a foundational collection edited by Peter Little and Michael Watts, it is necessary to take stock of the most prominent developments in the practice of contract farming and in the political economy literature studying it. The ultimate contribution of Living Under Contract was framing contract farming as expressing the unevenness of power relations in agriculture and grounding it in specific political, historical and social contexts that were not examined in the mainstream accounts. This introduction to the special issue revisits the questions that have remained relevant or re-emerged in the political economy literature on contract farming; it raises new questions that reflect contemporary developments and it explains how the papers in this collection contribute to the expansion of the theoretical and empirical horizons of the research on contemporary contract farming in low and middle-income countries.
The role of poultry transfers in diet diversity: A cluster randomized intent to treat analysis
Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Leight, Jessica; Mulford, Michael; Tambet, Heleene. 2022
Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Leight, Jessica; Mulford, Michael; Tambet, Heleene. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102212
Abstract | View
Poultry has gained renewed attention as a promising value chain for women because it is an asset that is widely accessible to women, has low start-up costs, and provides a good source of nutritious animal-sourced foods for children in chicken meat and, especially, eggs. The current study presents evidence from an experimental intervention that randomly provided women either a poultry package transfer of vaccinated, improved-breed chickens and related inputs, or a cash grant of equivalent value within a sample of households participating in a social safety net program. These transfers were embedded in a set of intensive livelihood and enhanced nutrition interventions as part of a broader experiment in rural Ethiopia. We assess the impact of the poultry package transfer as well as the enhanced nutrition intervention on the consumption of eggs by both children and adult women. We find that the poultry transfer increased the frequency of egg consumption as well as the sale of eggs, falling between the extreme of an autarkic household and one in which production decisions are fully separable from consumption choices.
Government of Ethiopia's public works and complementary programmes: A mixed-methods study on pathways to reduce intimate partner violence
Ranganathan, Meghna; Pichon, Marjorie; Hidrobo, Melissa; Tambet, Heleene; Sintayehu, Wastina; Tadesse, Seifu; Buller, Ana Maria. 2022
Ranganathan, Meghna; Pichon, Marjorie; Hidrobo, Melissa; Tambet, Heleene; Sintayehu, Wastina; Tadesse, Seifu; Buller, Ana Maria. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114708
Abstract | View
There is evidence that cash transfers reduce intimate partner violence (IPV), but less is known about the impacts of public works and complementary programmes on IPV. Using mixed-methods we examined whether and how the Ethiopian government's public works programme (that includes cash and/or food for work) alongside complementary activities that engage women and men affected IPV. We analysed midline data collected in July–October 2019 from a randomised controlled trial (RCT) designed to measure the added impacts of the complementary programming in the Amhara and Oromia regions. Eligible households for this analysis had at least one child aged 0–35 months and a primary female caregiver who was married, and under 50 years-old (n = 2604). A nested qualitative study was conducted with a sub-sample of RCT participants from February–March 2020; data included seven focus group discussions and 58 in-depth interviews. Male partners of women who reported experiencing IPV were purposively sampled. Ordinary Least Squares regression analyses were used to estimate the average treatment effect of the complementary programming, and sub-analyses were conducted on the poorest ten households from each village who received additional livelihood transfers. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic content analysis. We found no impacts of the complementary programming on IPV in the full sample, but some impacts among the poorest sample. Evidence on pathways found that both the public works and complementary programming decreased poverty-related stress and arguments within relationships and increased emotional wellbeing. There were some impacts on women's empowerment from the complementary programming. However, men's reactions to women's empowerment were mixed. There was strong evidence that engaging men in nutrition behaviour change communication contributed to improving gender relations. Our findings indicate that social protection and complementary programmes have the potential to be gender transformative and prevent the drivers of IPV.
Ecological shocks and non-cognitive skills: Evidence from Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2022
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107330
Abstract | View
Non-cognitive skills such as locus of control (LOC) and self-efficacy have been theoretically shown to influence behavioural and economic decision-making. While this effect has been confirmed empirically, the factors that can induce change in non-cognitive skills are not yet fully understood. Examining exogenous variation in the spread of invasive species, this study investigates the association between an ecological shock and non-cognitive skills through a survey of smallholder households in Baringo county Kenya. The results show an adverse relationship between ecological shocks and LOC. Individuals are less likely to believe that they have control over outcomes in their lives when faced with shocks. The study also demonstrates a negative association of shocks with self-efficacy which is related to the perceived judgement of capability. In addition to robustness to alternative specifications and the inclusion of additional relevant controls, we establish that the results are unlikely to be driven by unobserved heterogeneity. We find further suggestive evidence indicating that ecological shocks lead to economic adversity, which may well explain reductions in individuals' perceptions of capability and the extent of convictions regarding control over their lives. Overall, ecological shocks diminish perceived LOC and self-efficacy, with associated policy implications for poverty reduction.
Understanding the pathways to women’s empowerment in Northern Ghana and the relationship with small-scale irrigation
Bryan, Elizabeth; Garner, Elisabeth. 2022
Bryan, Elizabeth; Garner, Elisabeth. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s10460-021-10291-1
Abstract | View
Women’s empowerment is often an important goal of development interventions. This paper explores local perceptions of empowerment in the Upper East Region of Ghana and the pathways through which small-scale irrigation intervention targeted to men and women farmers contributes to women’s empowerment. Using qualitative data collected with 144 farmers and traders through 28 individual interviews and 16 focus group discussions, this paper innovates a framework to integrate the linkages between small-scale irrigation and three dimensions of women’s empowerment: resources, agency, and achievements. The relationship between the components of empowerment and small-scale irrigation are placed within a larger context of social change underlying these relationships. This shows that many women face serious constraints to participating in and benefitting from small-scale irrigation, including difficulties accessing land and water and gender norms that limit women’s ability to control farm assets. Despite these constraints, many women do benefit from participating in irrigated farming activities leading to an increase in their agency and well-being achievements. For some women, these benefits are indirect—these women allocate their time to more preferred activities when the household gains access to modern irrigation technology. The result is a new approach to understanding women’s empowerment in relation to irrigation technology.
Bacteroides microbial source tracking markers perform poorly in predicting Enterobacteriaceae and enteric pathogen contamination of cow milk products and milk-containing infant food
Tsai, Kevin; Hoffmann, Vivian; Simiyu, Sheillah; Cumming, Oliver; Borsay, Glorie; Baker, Kelly K.. 2022
Tsai, Kevin; Hoffmann, Vivian; Simiyu, Sheillah; Cumming, Oliver; Borsay, Glorie; Baker, Kelly K.. 2022
DOI : 10.3389/fmicb.2021.778921
Abstract | View
Consumption of microbiologically contaminated food is one of the leading causes of diarrheal diseases. Understanding the source of enteric pathogens in food is important to guide effective interventions. Enterobacteriaceae bacterial assays typically used to assess food safety do not shed light on the source. Source-specific Bacteroides microbial source tracking (MST) markers have been proposed as alternative indicators for water fecal contamination assessment but have not been evaluated as an alternative fecal indicator in animal-derived foods. This study tested various milk products collected from vendors in urban Kenyan communities and infant foods made with the milk (n = 394 pairs) using conventional culture methods and TaqMan qPCR for enteric pathogens and human and bovine-sourced MST markers. Detection profiles of various enteric pathogens and Bacteroides MST markers in milk products differed from that of milk-containing infant foods. MST markers were more frequently detected in infant food prepared by caregivers, indicating recent contamination events were more likely to occur during food preparation at home. However, Bacteroides MST markers had lower sensitivity in detecting enteric pathogens in food than traditional Enterobacteriaceae indicators. Bacteroides MST markers tested in this study were not associated with the detection of culturable Salmonella enterica and Shigella sonnei in milk products or milk-containing infant food. The findings show that while Bacteroides MST markers could provide valuable information about how foods become contaminated, they may not be suitable for predicting the origin of the enteric pathogen contamination sources.
Exploring water quality management with a socio-hydrological model: A case study from Burkina Faso
Carr, Gemma; Barendrecht, Marlies; Balana, Bedru; Debevec, Liza. 2022
Carr, Gemma; Barendrecht, Marlies; Balana, Bedru; Debevec, Liza. 2022
DOI : 10.1080/02626667.2021.2020276
Abstract | View
Models that can integrate aspects of society such as institutions, perceptions and behaviours with aspects of the natural system such as rainfall, runoff and water quality may help understand and manage complex human-water systems. In this paper, a socio-hydrological model is developed for the Black Volta (Mouhoun) watershed in Burkina Faso. The model captures the relationships between the awareness to water quality issues and capacity of local organizations, land use in the riparian zone, agricultural practices and suspended sediment concentration as an indicator of water quality. Scenarios are generated for the current situation and for plausible pathways to achieve improved water quality through different riparian land management strategies. Scenario comparison show how water quality improvements are generated if institutional support, resources and capacity of local level organizations are substantially increased compared to current levels.
Policy options for smart subsidies in Malawi
Chadza, William; Duchoslav, Jan. Lilongwe, Malawi 2022
Chadza, William; Duchoslav, Jan. Lilongwe, Malawi 2022
Abstract | View
Input subsidy programs, through which farmers receive fertilizer (and in some cases seed) at below-market prices, were popular in many African countries in the post-independence era. They were largely phased out during the 1990s, however, because the emerging consensus at that time was that they only weakly contributed to agricultural productivity growth, food security, and poverty reduction goals and imposed major burdens on national treasuries that crowded out other important public expenditures to support agricultural development.
The effect of ICT use on the profitability of young agripreneurs in Malawi
Jolex, Aubrey; Tufa, Adane. 2022
Jolex, Aubrey; Tufa, Adane. 2022
DOI : 10.3390/su14052536
Abstract | View
The agricultural sector’s significant position in an economy and high potential benefits of agricultural transformation give developing countries major opportunities, especially for youth, to commercially start an agricultural enterprise. Increasing youth engagement in agriculture is fundamental for sustainably transforming agriculture and reducing youth unemployment. In achieving this, information and communication technologies hold great potential. Harnessing youth agribusiness opportunities through the use of ICT and its innovations are key to increasing profitability and providing employment. The study assesses the effect of the intensity of ICT use on profit using data collected from 317 young agripreneurs and an ordered logit model. The results show that profitability increases with the number of ICT tools used to receive and disseminate information relevant to agribusinesses. Therefore, relevant stakeholders should strive towards the implementation of programs that increase the number of ICT tools that can be used in agribusinesses.
Sustainable aquaculture development in sub-Saharan Africa
Ragasa, Catherine; Charo-Karisa, Harrison; Rurangwa, Eugene; Tran, Nhuong; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia. 2022
Ragasa, Catherine; Charo-Karisa, Harrison; Rurangwa, Eugene; Tran, Nhuong; Shikuku, Kelvin Mashisia. 2022
DOI : 10.1038/s43016-022-00467-1
Does agricultural commercialisation increase asset and livestock accumulation on smallholder farms in Ethiopia?
Tabe Ojong, Martin Paul JR; Hauser, Michael; Mausch, Kai. 2022
Tabe Ojong, Martin Paul JR; Hauser, Michael; Mausch, Kai. 2022
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2021.1983170
Abstract | View
The transition of farmers from subsistence to market-oriented agriculture is meant to reduce hunger, increase wellbeing and accelerate rural economic progress. While an impressive extant literature has analysed agricultural commercialisation effects on welfare from an income, expenditure and consumption perspective, authors place less attention on the implications on asset holdings, which is a more robust long-term measure of welfare. Using chickpea production in Ethiopia as a case, we assess the effects of chickpea commercialisation on household asset ownership and livestock holdings of smallholder farmers. We employ a household fixed-effects estimator to control for time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity and account for possible endogeneity using an instrumental variable approach. For comparison purposes, we also evaluate the income effects of chickpea and examine impact heterogeneity using quantile regressions. Our results indicate a positive impact of agricultural commercialisation on assets, livestock ownership and income. We found commercialisation to benefit all farmers in terms of impact heterogeneity, though with higher gains for asset-rich households. Despite this rising asset inequality, we conclude that increased agricultural commercialisation can contribute to economic development of households and reduce rural poverty.
Characteristics and birth outcomes of pregnant adolescents compared to older women: An analysis of individual level data from 140,000 mothers from 20 RCTs
Akseer, Nadia; Keats, Emily Catherine; Thurairajah, Pravheen; Cousens, Simon N.; Betran, Ana Pilar; Oaks, Brietta M.; Huybregts, Lieven. 2022
Akseer, Nadia; Keats, Emily Catherine; Thurairajah, Pravheen; Cousens, Simon N.; Betran, Ana Pilar; Oaks, Brietta M.; Huybregts, Lieven. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101309
Abstract | View
Background: Adolescence is a critical period of maturation when nutrient needs are high, especially among adolescents entering pregnancy. Using individual-level data from 140,000 participants, we examined socioeconomic, nutrition, and pregnancy and birth outcomes for adolescent mothers (10–19 years) compared to older mothers in low and middle-income countries.
Methods: This study was conducted between March 16, 2018 and May 25, 2021. Data were obtained from 20 randomised controlled trials of micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy. Stratified analyses were conducted by age (10–14 years, 15–17 years, 18–19 years, 20–29 years, 30–39 years, 40+ years) and geographical region (Africa, Asia). Crude and confounder-adjusted means, prevalence and relative risks of pregnancy, nutrition and birth outcomes were estimated using multivariable linear and log-binomial regression models with 95% confidence intervals.
Findings: Adolescent mothers comprised 31.6% of our data. Preterm birth, small-for-gestational age (SGA), low birthweight (LBW) and newborn mortality followed a U-shaped trend in which prevalence was highest among the youngest mothers (10–14 years) and then reduced gradually, but increased again for older mothers (40+ years). When compared to mothers aged 20–29 years, there was a 23% increased risk of preterm birth, a 60% increased risk of perinatal mortality, a 63% increased risk of neonatal mortality, a 28% increased risk of LBW, and a 22% increased risk of SGA among mothers 10–14 years. Mothers 40+ years experienced a 22% increased risk of preterm birth and a 103% increased risk of stillbirth when compared to the 20–29 year group.
Interpretation: The youngest and oldest mothers suffer most from adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Policy and programming agendas should consider both biological and socioeconomic/environmental factors when targeting these populations.
Methods: This study was conducted between March 16, 2018 and May 25, 2021. Data were obtained from 20 randomised controlled trials of micronutrient supplementation in pregnancy. Stratified analyses were conducted by age (10–14 years, 15–17 years, 18–19 years, 20–29 years, 30–39 years, 40+ years) and geographical region (Africa, Asia). Crude and confounder-adjusted means, prevalence and relative risks of pregnancy, nutrition and birth outcomes were estimated using multivariable linear and log-binomial regression models with 95% confidence intervals.
Findings: Adolescent mothers comprised 31.6% of our data. Preterm birth, small-for-gestational age (SGA), low birthweight (LBW) and newborn mortality followed a U-shaped trend in which prevalence was highest among the youngest mothers (10–14 years) and then reduced gradually, but increased again for older mothers (40+ years). When compared to mothers aged 20–29 years, there was a 23% increased risk of preterm birth, a 60% increased risk of perinatal mortality, a 63% increased risk of neonatal mortality, a 28% increased risk of LBW, and a 22% increased risk of SGA among mothers 10–14 years. Mothers 40+ years experienced a 22% increased risk of preterm birth and a 103% increased risk of stillbirth when compared to the 20–29 year group.
Interpretation: The youngest and oldest mothers suffer most from adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Policy and programming agendas should consider both biological and socioeconomic/environmental factors when targeting these populations.
Milk product safety and household food hygiene influence bacterial contamination of infant food in peri-urban Kenya
Hoffmann, Vivian; Simiyu, Sheillah; Sewell, Daniel K.; Tsai, Kevin; Cumming, Oliver; Mumma, Jane; Baker, Kelly K.. 2022
Hoffmann, Vivian; Simiyu, Sheillah; Sewell, Daniel K.; Tsai, Kevin; Cumming, Oliver; Mumma, Jane; Baker, Kelly K.. 2022
DOI : 10.3389/fpubh.2021.772892
Abstract | View
Background: Milk is a common infant food in peri-urban Kenya that can transmit diarrhea-causing enteric pathogens. Little is known about how contamination of milk at point of purchase and household handling of milk-based infant foods contribute to infant exposure to enteric pathogens.
Objective: To compare the prevalence and concentrations of bacterial indicator organisms and enteric pathogens in unpackaged, fresh pasteurized, and ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk at purchase and assess the influence of the type of milk used to prepare infant food on contamination of this food.
Methods: Paired samples of purchased milk and infant food prepared with this milk were obtained from 188 households in low-income neighborhoods in Kisumu, Kenya. Samples were cultured on selective media to isolate Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus spp., and Escherichia coli, with pathogens validated by PCR. Probability of detection of these bacteria was compared by milk product treatment and packaging method, and between milk at point of purchase vs. food at point of infant consumption.
Results: Unpackaged milk was most contaminated at point of purchase, but bacterial contamination was also present in pasteurized and UHT milk at purchase. Presence of bacteria in UHT and fresh pasteurized milk at purchase predicted presence of the same bacteria type in infant food. Prevalence of bacterial contamination and concentration level for bacterial indicators generally increased between point of purchase and consumption in UHT and fresh pasteurized milk-based food but decreased in unpackaged milk-based food. Prevalence of the four fecal bacteria were similar in infant foods prepared with each type of milk.
Conclusion: Both pre-market contamination and post-purchase handling influence the likelihood of infants ingesting foods contaminated by diarrheal pathogens.
Objective: To compare the prevalence and concentrations of bacterial indicator organisms and enteric pathogens in unpackaged, fresh pasteurized, and ultra-high temperature (UHT) treated milk at purchase and assess the influence of the type of milk used to prepare infant food on contamination of this food.
Methods: Paired samples of purchased milk and infant food prepared with this milk were obtained from 188 households in low-income neighborhoods in Kisumu, Kenya. Samples were cultured on selective media to isolate Salmonella enterica, Shigella spp., Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus spp., and Escherichia coli, with pathogens validated by PCR. Probability of detection of these bacteria was compared by milk product treatment and packaging method, and between milk at point of purchase vs. food at point of infant consumption.
Results: Unpackaged milk was most contaminated at point of purchase, but bacterial contamination was also present in pasteurized and UHT milk at purchase. Presence of bacteria in UHT and fresh pasteurized milk at purchase predicted presence of the same bacteria type in infant food. Prevalence of bacterial contamination and concentration level for bacterial indicators generally increased between point of purchase and consumption in UHT and fresh pasteurized milk-based food but decreased in unpackaged milk-based food. Prevalence of the four fecal bacteria were similar in infant foods prepared with each type of milk.
Conclusion: Both pre-market contamination and post-purchase handling influence the likelihood of infants ingesting foods contaminated by diarrheal pathogens.
Genebanks and market participation: Evidence from groundnut farmers in Malawi
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Smale, Melinda; Jamora, Nelissa; Azevedo, Vania. 2022
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Smale, Melinda; Jamora, Nelissa; Azevedo, Vania. 2022
DOI : 10.1186/s43170-022-00082-x
Abstract | View
Background: Genebanks contribute to poverty reduction as well as food and nutritional security by being one of the main sources of diversity for the development of improved crop varieties. While the welfare implications of adopting improved varieties have been documented in many rural settings, little attention has been placed on genebanks that often supply key traits and genetic diversity to plant breeders by providing seed samples. In this study, we examined the contribution of the genebank housed by the International Crops Research Institute (ICRISAT) to the development of improved groundnut varieties used by farmers in Malawi. We then related this apportioned genebank contribution to market outcomes, such as market participation and the quantity of groundnut sold in markets.
Methods: Pedigree data obtained through consultations with genebank scientists and breeders were used in combination with a three-wave balanced household-level panel dataset of 447 smallholder farmers in Malawi. Different econometric techniques were used, including a double hurdle model to understand market participation and quantity of groundnuts sold.
Results: We found households to be using six improved groundnut varieties, four of which were traced to the ICRISAT genebank. We analyzed pedigrees of the varieties and apportioned the ancestral contribution of the genebank accessions. Linking the improved varieties grown by farmers with genebank ancestry to market outcomes, we observed a positive association between the ICRISAT genebank and market participation. We could not establish a robust effect on the quantity of groundnuts sold conditional on participation. We found the results to be driven by the area under improved groundnuts.
Conclusion: The ICRISAT genebank has provided accessions that confer useful traits to improved varieties of groundnut adopted by farmers in Malawi. Our analysis indicates that access to genetic resources from genebanks has resulted in the development of improved varieties with traits that are preferred by farmers such as higher yields and resistance to diseases. The adoption of these improved varieties led to increased production surplus and reduced transaction costs, allowing farmers to better participate in local groundnut markets. The study points to the crucial role of genebanks as important sources of crop diversity for improved food security and incomes of smallholder farmers.
Methods: Pedigree data obtained through consultations with genebank scientists and breeders were used in combination with a three-wave balanced household-level panel dataset of 447 smallholder farmers in Malawi. Different econometric techniques were used, including a double hurdle model to understand market participation and quantity of groundnuts sold.
Results: We found households to be using six improved groundnut varieties, four of which were traced to the ICRISAT genebank. We analyzed pedigrees of the varieties and apportioned the ancestral contribution of the genebank accessions. Linking the improved varieties grown by farmers with genebank ancestry to market outcomes, we observed a positive association between the ICRISAT genebank and market participation. We could not establish a robust effect on the quantity of groundnuts sold conditional on participation. We found the results to be driven by the area under improved groundnuts.
Conclusion: The ICRISAT genebank has provided accessions that confer useful traits to improved varieties of groundnut adopted by farmers in Malawi. Our analysis indicates that access to genetic resources from genebanks has resulted in the development of improved varieties with traits that are preferred by farmers such as higher yields and resistance to diseases. The adoption of these improved varieties led to increased production surplus and reduced transaction costs, allowing farmers to better participate in local groundnut markets. The study points to the crucial role of genebanks as important sources of crop diversity for improved food security and incomes of smallholder farmers.
Predictors of discordance and concordance in reporting of intimate partner violence: Evidence from a large sample of rural Ethiopian couples
Leight, Jessica; Deyessa, Negussie; Sharma, Vandana. 2022
Leight, Jessica; Deyessa, Negussie; Sharma, Vandana. 2022
DOI : 10.1177/08862605221076163
Endogenous threshold effects and transmission channels of foreign aid on economic growth: Evidence from WAEMU zone countries
Bayale, Nimonka; Traoré, Fousseini; Diarra, Souleymane; Maniraguha, Faustin. 2022
Bayale, Nimonka; Traoré, Fousseini; Diarra, Souleymane; Maniraguha, Faustin. 2022
DOI : 10.1080/19186444.2022.2028541
Stories of change in nutrition in Burkina Faso 1992–2018: A micro-level perspective
Becquey, Elodie; Sombié, Issa; Touré, Mariama; Turowska, Zuzanna; Buttarelli, Emilie; Nisbett, Nicholas. 2022
Becquey, Elodie; Sombié, Issa; Touré, Mariama; Turowska, Zuzanna; Buttarelli, Emilie; Nisbett, Nicholas. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01274-z
Abstract | View
Looking back at what has effectively improved nutrition may inform policy makers on how to accelerate progress to end all forms of malnutrition by 2030. As under-five stunting declined substantially in Burkina Faso, we analyzed its nutrition story at the micro-level. We conducted a regression-decomposition analysis to identify demographic and health drivers associated with change in height-for-age using longitudinal, secondary, nationally-representative data. We triangulated results with findings from semi-structured community interviews (n = 91) in two “model communities” with a history of large stunting reduction. We found that improvement in immunization coverage, assets accumulation and reduction in open defecation were associated with 23%, 10% and 6.1% of the improvement in height-for-age, respectively. Associations were also found with other education, family planning, health and WASH indicators. Model communities acknowledged progress in the coverage and quality of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive sectoral programs co-located at the community level, especially those delivered through the health and food security sectors, though delivery challenges remained in a context of systemic poverty and persistent food insecurity. Burkina Faso’s health sector’s success in improving coverage of nutrition and healthcare programs may have contributed to improvements in child nutrition alongside other programmatic improvements in the food security, WASH and education sectors. Burkina Faso should continue to operationalize sectoral nutrition-sensitive policies into higher-quality programs at scale, building on its success stories such as vaccination. Community leverage gaps and data gaps need to be filled urgently to pressure for and monitor high coverage, quality delivery, and nutrition impact of agriculture, education, and WASH interventions.
Scaling-up agricultural technologies: Who should be targeted?
Mellon Bedi, Shaibu; Azzarri, Carlo; Hundie Kotu, Bekele; Kornher, Lukas; von Braun, Joachim. 2022
Mellon Bedi, Shaibu; Azzarri, Carlo; Hundie Kotu, Bekele; Kornher, Lukas; von Braun, Joachim. 2022
DOI : 10.1093/erae/jbab054
Abstract | View
The effects of agricultural technology adoption on farm performance have been studied extensively but with limited information on who should be targeted during scaling-up. We adopt the newly defined marginal treatment effect approach in examining how farmers’ resource endowment and unobserved factors influence the marginal benefits of adopting sustainable intensification (SI) practices. We estimate both the marginal and average benefits of adopting SI practices and predict which marginal farm household entrants will benefit the most at scale. Findings indicate that farmers’ resource endowment and unobserved factors affect the marginal benefits of adopting SI practices, which also influence maize yield and net returns among adopters. Finally, results imply that scaling up SI practices will favour farm household entrants associated with the lowest probability of adoption based on observed socioeconomic characteristics.
Household livelihood diversification in rural Africa
Musumba, Mark; Palm, Cheryl A.; Komarek, Adam M.; Mutuo, Patrick K.; Kaya, Bocary. 2022
Musumba, Mark; Palm, Cheryl A.; Komarek, Adam M.; Mutuo, Patrick K.; Kaya, Bocary. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12694
Abstract | View
Diversification is a common livelihood strategy for rural households in developing countries, with diversification being either a choice or necessity depending on individual household contexts. Using two waves of data (from 2009 and 2011) for 1773 households from eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa, we examined livelihood diversification and its drivers. We examined livelihood diversification by considering household involvement in three livelihood activities: crop, livestock, and non-farm. Results indicated that 40% of households conducted all three livelihood activities, but there was heterogeneity in diversity levels. We used a correlated random effects model to identify the factors that pushed or pulled households to diversify their activities. Access to non-agricultural credit was positively associated with livelihood diversity as it can catalyze involvement in non-farm activities. Drought had a negative effect on livelihood diversity. Area of crop land had a positive effect on the number of livelihood activities conducted. We found that 53% of households added or removed at least one livelihood activity between 2009 and 2011, and the addition of non-farm activities was the most common change. Our results demonstrated the dynamic nature of livelihoods and importance of shocks (such as drought) and resource endowments (land) in understanding household livelihood diversification.
Sex-disaggregated agricultural extension and weather variability in Africa south of the Sahara
Azzarri, Carlo; Nico, Gianluigi. 2022
Azzarri, Carlo; Nico, Gianluigi. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105897
Abstract | View
Climate change and extreme weather shocks pose serious threats to a number of agricultural outcomes, including agricultural production, productivity, and income, especially when households depend heavily on this activity. Agricultural extension and rural advisory services are key instruments in promoting technical change, advancing agricultural productivity growth and, ultimately, improving farm livelihoods, and are expected to mitigate the negative effects of climate change and extreme weather shocks. Their mitigation effects, however, may vary depending on the sex of the recipient. This paper investigates the role of sex-disaggregated agricultural extension recipients in contexts where agricultural performance of farm households is affected by weather variability. To this aim, we match multiple rounds of panel microdata from the nationally representative, consumption-based Living Standards Measurement Study -Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA), collected in four sub-Saharan African countries, with remote sensing data on biophysical dimensions over a long-term horizon as well as year-specific weather shocks. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a micro-level dataset with individual-level information on agricultural extension services’ recipients has been assembled and examined to investigate the effects of extreme weather shocks and climate change. Applying panel data econometric estimators, the study finds that agricultural extension and advisory services translate into higher agricultural performance of farm households where women are also among the beneficiaries, as compared to non-beneficiaries and households where beneficiaries are men only. Moreover, these services can mitigate the negative effects of weather variability and climate change, controlling for country and time fixed effects as well as holding all other variables constant. These results call for national and international policies and interventions strengthening rural advisory services, especially targeted to women in settings where household livelihoods are predominantly agriculture-based and weather variability and shocks are expected to negatively affect farming activities.
Plant different, eat different? Insights from participatory agricultural research
Azzarri, Carlo; Haile, Beliyou; Letta, Marco. 2022
Azzarri, Carlo; Haile, Beliyou; Letta, Marco. 2022
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0265947
Abstract | View
We examine the association between on-farm production diversity on household dietary diversity in Malawi using microdata collected as part of an environmentally sustainable agricultural intensification program. The program primarily focuses on the integration of legumes into the cropping system through maize-legume intercropping and legume-legume intercropping. Relative to staple cereals such as maize, legumes are rich in micronutrients, contain better-quality protein, and lead to nitrogen fixation. Given the systematic difference we document between program beneficiaries and randomly sampled non-beneficiary (control) households, we employ causal instrumental variables mediation analysis to account for non-random selection and possible simultaneity between production and consumption decisions. We find a significant positive treatment effect on dietary diversity, led by an increase in production diversity. Analysis of potential pathways show that effects on dietary diversity stem mostly from consumption of diverse food items purchased from the market made possible through higher agricultural income. These findings highlight that, while increasing production for markets can enhance dietary diversity through higher income that would make affordable an expanded set of food items, the production of more nutritious crops such as pulses may not necessarily translate into greater own consumption. This may be due to the persistence of dietary habits, tastes, or other local factors that favor consumption of staples such as maize and encourage sales of more profitable and nutritious food items such as pulses. Pulses are a more affordable and environmentally sustainable source of protein than animal source food, and efforts should be made to enhance their nutritional awareness and contribution to sustainable food systems and healthier diets.
Large-scale land restoration improved drought resilience in Ethiopia’s degraded watersheds
Constenla-Villoslada, Susana; Liu, Yanyan; Wen, Jiaming; Sun, Ying; Chonabayashi, Shun. 2022
Constenla-Villoslada, Susana; Liu, Yanyan; Wen, Jiaming; Sun, Ying; Chonabayashi, Shun. 2022
DOI : 10.1038/s41893-022-00861-4
Translation of policy for reducing undernutrition from national to sub-national levels in Rwanda
Iruhiriye, Elyse; Olney, Deanna K.; Frongillo, Edward A.; Niyongira, Emmanuel; Nanama, Simeon; Rwibasira, Eugene; Mbonyi, Paul; Blake, Christine E.. 2022
Iruhiriye, Elyse; Olney, Deanna K.; Frongillo, Edward A.; Niyongira, Emmanuel; Nanama, Simeon; Rwibasira, Eugene; Mbonyi, Paul; Blake, Christine E.. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01271-2
Abstract | View
Understanding how countries improve children’s nutrition can inform policies and contribute to further improvements. We examined the relationship between improvements in nutrition in Rwanda (1992–2017) and political commitment to- and policy coherence in- nutrition. We reviewed nutrition-relevant Rwandan policies and programs (2000–2018) and conducted 90 semi-structured interviews with national (n = 32), mid-level (n = 38), and community (n = 20) nutrition stakeholders and 40 community-level focus group discussions (FGDs). FGDs and sub-national interviews were conducted in ten purposefully selected districts, five each in which stunting decreased (reduced) and increased or stagnated (non-reduced) between the 2010 and 2014/15 Rwanda Demographic and Health Surveys. Analysis consisted of thematic analysis and the assessment of events, policy developments, and strategies that influenced nutrition in Rwanda, including operationalization of political commitment and policy coherence for nutrition. Political and institutional commitment to nutrition increased in Rwanda as evidenced by the adoption of a multisectoral nutrition policy that was reinforced with national and subnational horizontal coordination platforms. These platforms strengthened multisectoral strategies to address nutrition and supported operational and institutional commitment. The role of mid-level actors in nutrition governance increased as responsibilities for planning, implementing, and monitoring nutrition programs were increasingly delegated to sub-national administrative levels. Variations in policy implementation existed between reduced and non-reduced districts. Despite improvements, challenges remained in coordination, financial commitment, and capacity to address, monitor, and evaluate nutrition. Political commitment to- and policy coherence in- nutrition at the national level are important for improving nutrition, and when reinforced institutionally, can be translated to sub-national levels where implementation occurs.
Saving lives through technology: Mobile phones and infant mortality
Mensah, Justice Tei; Tafere, Kibrom; Abay, Kibrom A.. Washington, DC 2022
Mensah, Justice Tei; Tafere, Kibrom; Abay, Kibrom A.. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Digital technologies can expand access to health services to underserved populations. This paper leverages mobile network expansion and survey data spanning two decades to study the impact of access to mobile phones on infant mortality in Africa. Using plausibly exogenous variations in lightning intensity and (sub)regional convergence in mobile penetration as instrumental variables for mobile network expansion, the analysis finds that mobile phones significantly reduce infant mortality. A 10 percentage point increase in mobile coverage is associated with a 0.45 percentage point reduction in infant mortality. Improvements in health knowledge and behavior and health care utilization appear to be plausible channels.
Understanding drivers of stunting reduction in Nigeria from 2003 to 2018: A regression analysis
Adeyemi, Olutayo; Touré, Mariama; Covic, Namukolo M.; van den Bold, Mara; Nisbett, Nicholas; Headey, Derek D.. 2022
Adeyemi, Olutayo; Touré, Mariama; Covic, Namukolo M.; van den Bold, Mara; Nisbett, Nicholas; Headey, Derek D.. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01279-8
Abstract | View
Nigeria is a high burden country for stunting. Stunting reduction has been slow and characterized by unequal progress across the 36 states and federal capital territory of the country. This study aimed to assess the changes in prevalence of stunting and growth determinants from 2003 to 2018, identify factors that predicted the change in stunting, and project future stunting prevalence if these predicted determinants improve. Trend and linear decomposition analyses of growth outcomes and determinants were conducted using 2003, 2008, 2013, and 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data. Pooled data included 57,507 children 0 to 59 months old. Findings show that stunting and severe stunting significantly reduced from 43 to 37% and 23% to 17%, respectively (p < 0.001), between 2003 and 2018. Disturbingly, height-for-age z-scores at birth significantly decreased, indicating risks of potential future stunting increase. Improvements in nine stunting determinants (maternal body mass index, maternal height, ≥ 4 antenatal care visits, health facility delivery, reduced child illnesses, asset index, maternal education, paternal education, and preceding birth interval) predicted stunting reductions in children 0–59 months. Few of these nine determinants improved in subpopulations with limited stunting progress. Intra-sectoral and multisectoral coordination were potentially inadequate; 12% of children had received all of three selected health sector interventions along a continuum of care and 6% had received all of six selected multisector interventions. Forward looking projections suggest that increased efforts to improve the nine predictors of stunting change can reduce under-five stunting in Nigeria to ≤ 27% in the short term.
Agricultural mechanization and child labour in developing countries: Background study
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Vos, Rob. Rome, Italy 2022
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Vos, Rob. Rome, Italy 2022
DOI : 10.4060/cb8550en
Abstract | View
The FAO-IFPRI study, focuses on the use of tractors because they are among the most versatile farm mechanization tools and are universal power sources for all other driven implements and equipment in agriculture, with significant potential to replace animal draught power and human power, including children’s muscle power. Tractor use is typically also the first type of machine-powered equipment in use at lower levels of agricultural development, the context where most child labour is found. Mechanization is mostly assumed to reduce child labour, as it is expected to be labour saving in general. Yet, this is not always the case, as it has also been observed that the use of tractors and other machinery could increase children’s engagement in farm activities. This may be the case if, for instance, their use allows farms to cultivate larger areas, or if it leads to shifting chores of work from hired labor to family workers, e.g. for weeding edges of farmland not reachable by machinery. Evidence has been scant thus far, but the few available studies have mostly lent greater support to the hypothesis that mechanization reduces children’s productive engagement. Most available studies have focused on specific cases and based on scant data. The new FAO-IFPRI study provides a rigorous quantitative assessment for seven developing countries in Asia (India, Nepal and Viet Nam) and sub-Saharan Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria and Tanzania) based on comparable farm household survey data.
Caveat utilitor: A comparative assessment of resilience measurement approaches
Upton, Joanna; Constenla-Villoslada, Susana; Barrett, Christopher B.. 2022
Upton, Joanna; Constenla-Villoslada, Susana; Barrett, Christopher B.. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102873
Abstract | View
As development and humanitarian agencies increasingly advance the objective of ‘building resilience’, three resilience measurement methods have come into especially widespread use: the Resilience Indicators for Measurement and Analysis approach developed by FAO, the multi-dimensional index approach developed by TANGO International, and the probabilistic approach of Cissé and Barrett. We compare performance across those three methods using nationally representative panel data from Ethiopia and Niger. We find that the three measures exhibit significantly different distributions and orderings among households, and they vary significantly in the households they identify as resilient or least resilient. All three measures exhibit only modest out-of-sample predictive accuracy, generating many false negatives and false positives relative to the food security outcome measure whose resilience they are meant to reflect. It remains unclear what these measures capture and what value they add beyond more established wellbeing measures such as the food consumption score or real expenditures. Significant room exists for improvement in resilience measurement to better guide and evaluate development resilience interventions.
COVID-19 in rural Africa: Food access disruptions, food insecurity and coping strategies in Kenya, Namibia, and Tanzania
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Gebrekidan, Bisrat Haile; Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel; Börner, Jan; Heckelei, Thomas. 2022
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Gebrekidan, Bisrat Haile; Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel; Börner, Jan; Heckelei, Thomas. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12709
Abstract | View
This study assesses the extent of COVID-19-related food insecurity in Kenya, Tanzania, and Namibia. Using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, we measure food insecurity in various dimensions and document several food access disruptions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic between April and July 2020. Furthermore, we assess the association of COVID-19 countermeasures with the adoption of various strategies in line with the coping strategies index. We rely on a unique phone survey that followed households who participated in an earlier field-based survey. First, through Ordinary Least-Squares and Probit regressions, we show a strong and statistically significant association between COVID-19 countermeasures and food access disruptions and food insecurity in each of the three countries. We then use a multivariate probit regression model to understand the use of the various coping strategies, including reducing food intake, increasing food search, and relying more on less nutritious foods. We provide evidence on the complementarities and trade-offs in using these coping strategies. COVID-19 and related lockdown measures coincided with a deleterious increase in food insecurity in rural Africa.
What changed when Ugandan farmers rated input quality and local vendor services
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Miehe, Caroline; Spielman, David J.; Sparrow, Robert. 2022
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Miehe, Caroline; Spielman, David J.; Sparrow, Robert. 2022
Misperceiving and misreporting input quality: Implications for input use and productivity
Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdoulaye, Tahirou. 2022
Wossen, Tesfamicheal; Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdoulaye, Tahirou. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102869
Abstract | View
Farmers in developing countries routinely misperceive or misreport input quality for various reasons, which introduces substantial measurement error in farm survey data. In this paper, we motivate and illustrate, both analytically and empirically, the inferential and behavioral implications of misperception and misreporting using a unique crop variety identification data from Nigeria. Using a non-parametric framework for testing the presence of measurement error, we show that crop variety misclassification in our data is mostly driven by misperception. We then demonstrate the inferential challenges of treating misperception as misreporting and vice versa. Finally, we show that misperception induces crowding-in(out) of complementary agricultural inputs but these misperception-driven input allocations may not necessarily be yield-enhancing. As such, rectifying misperception by addressing agricultural input market imperfections may improve farmers’ investment choices and productivity outcomes.
The effects of text reminders on the use of family planning services: Evidence from a randomised controlled trial in urban Mozambique
Leight, Jessica; Hensly, Catherine; Chissano, Marcos; Safran, Elana; Ali, Liza; Dustan, Domingos; Jamison, Julian. 2022
Leight, Jessica; Hensly, Catherine; Chissano, Marcos; Safran, Elana; Ali, Liza; Dustan, Domingos; Jamison, Julian. 2022
DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007862
Abstract | View
Introduction: Reduction of unmet need for contraception is associated with enhanced health outcomes. We conducted a randomised controlled trial in Mozambique analysing the effects of text messages encouraging use of family planning services.
Methods: This trial was conducted within a sample of women served by the Integrated Family Planning Program implemented by Population Services International, in which community health workers provide clinic referrals for family planning services. The evaluation enrolled 5370 women between 20 January and 18 December 2020 who received a referral, reported access to a mobile phone and provided consent. Women were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received a series of text message reminders encouraging them to visit a clinic or to a control arm. An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted to analyse the effect of reminders on the probability of a clinic visit and contraceptive uptake. The final analysis includes 3623 women; 1747 women were lost to follow-up.
Results: Women assigned to receive the text reminders are weakly more likely to visit a clinic (risk difference 2.3 percentage points, p=0.081) and to receive a contraceptive method at a clinic (2.2 percentage points, p=0.091), relative to a base rate of 48.0% and 46.9%, respectively. The effect on clinic visits is larger and statistically significant in the prespecified subsample of women enrolled prior to the COVID-19-related state of emergency (3.2 percentage points, p=0.042).
Conclusion: Evidence from this trial suggests that text message reminders are a promising nudge that increases the probability that women receive contraception.
Methods: This trial was conducted within a sample of women served by the Integrated Family Planning Program implemented by Population Services International, in which community health workers provide clinic referrals for family planning services. The evaluation enrolled 5370 women between 20 January and 18 December 2020 who received a referral, reported access to a mobile phone and provided consent. Women were randomly assigned to a treatment group that received a series of text message reminders encouraging them to visit a clinic or to a control arm. An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted to analyse the effect of reminders on the probability of a clinic visit and contraceptive uptake. The final analysis includes 3623 women; 1747 women were lost to follow-up.
Results: Women assigned to receive the text reminders are weakly more likely to visit a clinic (risk difference 2.3 percentage points, p=0.081) and to receive a contraceptive method at a clinic (2.2 percentage points, p=0.091), relative to a base rate of 48.0% and 46.9%, respectively. The effect on clinic visits is larger and statistically significant in the prespecified subsample of women enrolled prior to the COVID-19-related state of emergency (3.2 percentage points, p=0.042).
Conclusion: Evidence from this trial suggests that text message reminders are a promising nudge that increases the probability that women receive contraception.
Multistakeholder platforms for natural resource governance: Lessons from eight landscape-level cases
Ratner, Blake D.; Larson, Anne M.; Barletti, Juan Pablo Sarmiento; ElDidi, Hagar; Catacutan, Delia; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. 2022
Ratner, Blake D.; Larson, Anne M.; Barletti, Juan Pablo Sarmiento; ElDidi, Hagar; Catacutan, Delia; Meinzen-Dick, Ruth Suseela. 2022
DOI : 10.5751/ES-13168-270202
Abstract | View
Multistakeholder platforms (MSPs) are the subject of increasing attention and investment in the domain of collaborative natural resource governance, yet evidence-based guidance is slim on policy and investment priorities to leverage the MSP approach. We provide a comparative analysis of eight landscape-level MSPs spanning seven countries (Peru, Brazil, India, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and a cross-border case from Kenya and Somalia), representing a diversity of resource systems covering forests, rangelands, and multiuse agricultural landscapes. Applying an adapted social-ecological systems framework, our synthesis identifies the influence of these MSPs on patterns of stakeholder interaction and draws implications for the design and organization of MSPs that are both appropriate and effective. From the cases, we distill lessons addressing: (1) how to design an MSP in relation to the governance context, including the fit between institutional and ecological dimensions of the system and with attention to cross-scale linkages; (2) how to implement inclusive processes that address power inequities, including through capacity building and procedural rules; and (3) how to support adaptive learning to expand the MSP’s influence over time, including monitoring outcomes, adapting the scope of stakeholder engagement, and investing in MSP durability.
Stakeholders, institutional challenges and the valuation of wetland ecosystem services in South Sudan: The case of machar marshes and sudd wetlands
Mulatu, Dawit W.; Ahmed, Jemal; Semereab, Etsehiwot; Arega, Tiruwork; Yohannes, Tinebeb; Akwany, Leonard O.. 2022
Mulatu, Dawit W.; Ahmed, Jemal; Semereab, Etsehiwot; Arega, Tiruwork; Yohannes, Tinebeb; Akwany, Leonard O.. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s00267-022-01609-8
Does balancing gender composition lead to more prosocial outcomes? Experimental evidence of equality in public goods and extraction games from rural Kenya
Masuda, Yuta J.; Waterfield, Gina; Castilla, Carolina; Kang, Shiteng; Zhang, Wei. 2022
Masuda, Yuta J.; Waterfield, Gina; Castilla, Carolina; Kang, Shiteng; Zhang, Wei. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105923
Abstract | View
There is resurging interest in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) as an approach for achieving global biodiversity conservation goals. Yet, CBNRM remains dominated by men, elevating the importance of designing programs that give voice and agency to women. Arguments for increasing gender balance within CBNRM often assume women have strong preferences for equality and altruism and would therefore be better environmental stewards. Evidence on the effect of gender balance on commons management, however, remains mixed. We report on two framed field experimental games with community members directly engaged in the use and management of natural resources in rural Kenya. Participants were randomly assigned to single-gender (all male n = 23; all female n = 28) or mixed gender groups (n = 36) to assess the role of gender composition on group and individual decisions. The two games provide unique insights into the give (public good games) and take (extraction games) decisions common in natural resource management. We find mixed gender groups tend to achieve more socially optimal outcomes than single-gender groups in the public goods game context, but all male groups tended to conserve the most in the extraction game. Women are not necessarily more likely to make prosocial decisions than men, and factors such as framing and social relations affect decisions. Our results indicate gender composition affects group decision-making and is therefore important for commons management, and that mixed gender groups can be more effective than single-gender groups. Improving gender balance in CBNRM may help achieve more desirable outcomes from a social and conservation perspective but understanding decision-making contexts is critical.
Four-year effects of a 2-year nutrition- and gender-sensitive agricultural program on women’s nutritional status, knowledge, and empowerment in rural Burkina Faso
Bliznashka, Lilia; Becquey, Elodie; Ruel, Marie T.; Olney, Deanna K.. 2022
Bliznashka, Lilia; Becquey, Elodie; Ruel, Marie T.; Olney, Deanna K.. 2022
DOI : 10.1177/03795721221090380
Stakeholders' knowledge, attitude, and perceptions on the control of Taenia solium in Kamuli and Hoima districts, Uganda
Ngwili, Nicholas; Thomas, Lian; Githigia, Samuel; Johnson, Nancy; Wahome, Raphael; Roesel, Kristina. 2022
Ngwili, Nicholas; Thomas, Lian; Githigia, Samuel; Johnson, Nancy; Wahome, Raphael; Roesel, Kristina. 2022
DOI : 10.3389/fvets.2022.833721
Abstract | View
Taenia (T.) solium is a zoonotic parasite causing three diseases: Taeniasis and cysticercosis in humans and porcine cysticercosis in pigs. Although biomedically, the transmission of the parasite can be easily interrupted at six points along the life cycle, the contextual factors that may influence the adoption of these control strategies in Uganda remain unclear. This study assessed the stakeholders' knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions relating to the six control strategies for T. solium infections in Kamuli and Hoima districts, Uganda. A total of 22 focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted with pig farmers, community leaders, pig/pork traders, animal health assistants, and human health assistants. In addition, nine key informant interviews were held with senior officials in the ministries of agriculture and health and other relevant agencies at the district level. The results showed differential, limited, and fragmented knowledge on T. solium infections among stakeholders. Pig farmers, community leaders, and pig/pork traders had almost no knowledge and were often confused regarding the differences existing between T. solium and other gastro-intestinal infections in pigs and humans. Pig confinement, pit latrine construction, coverage, maintenance, and sustained use are influenced by cultural, socio-economic, and physical/ environmental factors of the study population and area. Proper sensitisation programmes and health education interventions should target all, but with appropriately focused material to suit the different stakeholder categories. Reminders or nudges may be needed to ensure that increase in knowledge translates to changes in practise. Intervention programmes should also aim to overcome challenges created by the various contextual factors operating in the specific endemic areas.
Hierarchical modelling of small-scale irrigation: Constraints and opportunities for adoption in sub-Saharan Africa
Haile, Beliyou; Mekonnen, Dawit; Choufani, Jowel; Ringler, Claudia; Bryan, Elizabeth. 2022
Haile, Beliyou; Mekonnen, Dawit; Choufani, Jowel; Ringler, Claudia; Bryan, Elizabeth. 2022
DOI : 10.1142/S2382624X22500059
Abstract | View
Irrigation has significant potential to enhance productivity, resilience to climatic risks and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa. While the focus has historically been on large-scale dam-based schemes, farmer-managed small-scale irrigation (SSI) has gained increased attention in recent years. Using data from Ethiopia, Tanzania and Ghana, we first examine patterns of adoption of different SSI technologies. Next, we employ hierarchical modelling to examine which variables are associated with observed adoption patterns and cluster effects that explain variation in irrigation adoption. We document significant cross-country variation in adoption patterns and find a positive association between plot-level use of SSI and the intensity of agricultural labor and inorganic fertilizers applied on the plot. Community-level intra-cluster correlation (ICC) is the highest in Tanzania, where gravity-fed irrigation is most common while farm-level ICC is the highest in Ethiopia where motorized technologies are more common. These results suggest the need for localized investments to ease locale-specific potential constraints. For example, easing possible liquidity constraints to acquiring motorized technologies can be more effective in Ethiopia while the construction of dams and improved conveyance systems, as well as the strengthening of community-based irrigation management (e.g., through Water User Associations (WUAs)) can be more effective in Tanzania. Further research is needed to understand pathways for selected plot-level characteristics that affect use of SSI including status of plot ownership and the gender of the plot manager.
Land tenure security and preferences to dispute resolution pathways among landholders in Nigeria
Edeh, Hyacinth O.; Mavrotas, George; Balana, Bedru B.. 2022
Edeh, Hyacinth O.; Mavrotas, George; Balana, Bedru B.. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106179
Seasonality and day-to-day variability of dietary diversity: Longitudinal study of pregnant women enrolled in a randomized controlled efficacy trial in rural Burkina Faso
Hanley-Cook, Giles T.; Argaw, Alemayehu; de Kok, Brenda; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Dailey-Chwalibóg, Trenton; Huybregts, Lieven. 2022
Hanley-Cook, Giles T.; Argaw, Alemayehu; de Kok, Brenda; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Dailey-Chwalibóg, Trenton; Huybregts, Lieven. 2022
DOI : 10.1093/jn/nxac104
Abstract | View
Background: Panel data indicates that non-pregnant women's dietary diversity fluctuates across climatic seasons in low- and middle income countries. The natural day-to-day variability in food group consumption during gestation is unknown.
Objective: A longitudinal study was conducted, among pregnant women enrolled in the MISAME-III randomized controlled efficacy trial [i.e., daily fortified balanced energy-protein supplement and iron-folic acid (IFA) tablet vs IFA tablet only], to investigate the number of 24-h recalls required to estimate usual prenatal food group (FG) diversity and the seasonality of pregnant women's dietary diversity in Houndé, Burkina Faso.
Methods: FG consumption was assessed twice weekly by qualitative list-based 24-h recalls among 1,757 pregnant women (892 control, 865 intervention). The number of days needed to estimate a women's usual prenatal 10-point FG diversity score was calculated using the within-subject coefficient of variation. Regression models, including truncated Fourier series, were fitted to assess seasonal variations in the FG diversity score and the probability of reaching Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W; i.e., ≥5 FGs).
Results: The monthly mean FG scores (<5 FGs) and MDD-W prevalence (<45%) were low. Five list-based recalls allowed observed FG diversity to lie within 15% of the true mean in 90% of the estimations (mean ± SD: 40.4 ± 20.7 recalls per woman). Both the FG diversity score and prevalence achieving MDD-W showed responsiveness to seasonal variations with peaks at the end of the dry season (i.e., April/May) and troughs in the rainy season (i.e., August). Conclusions: Five list-based recalls are sufficient to estimate usual FG diversity during gestation; although intra-annual seasonal patterns did modestly affect FG diversity score and MDD-W prevalence. Thus, timing of repeated dietary surveys is critical to ensure non-biased inferences of change and trends in Burkina Faso.
Objective: A longitudinal study was conducted, among pregnant women enrolled in the MISAME-III randomized controlled efficacy trial [i.e., daily fortified balanced energy-protein supplement and iron-folic acid (IFA) tablet vs IFA tablet only], to investigate the number of 24-h recalls required to estimate usual prenatal food group (FG) diversity and the seasonality of pregnant women's dietary diversity in Houndé, Burkina Faso.
Methods: FG consumption was assessed twice weekly by qualitative list-based 24-h recalls among 1,757 pregnant women (892 control, 865 intervention). The number of days needed to estimate a women's usual prenatal 10-point FG diversity score was calculated using the within-subject coefficient of variation. Regression models, including truncated Fourier series, were fitted to assess seasonal variations in the FG diversity score and the probability of reaching Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W; i.e., ≥5 FGs).
Results: The monthly mean FG scores (<5 FGs) and MDD-W prevalence (<45%) were low. Five list-based recalls allowed observed FG diversity to lie within 15% of the true mean in 90% of the estimations (mean ± SD: 40.4 ± 20.7 recalls per woman). Both the FG diversity score and prevalence achieving MDD-W showed responsiveness to seasonal variations with peaks at the end of the dry season (i.e., April/May) and troughs in the rainy season (i.e., August). Conclusions: Five list-based recalls are sufficient to estimate usual FG diversity during gestation; although intra-annual seasonal patterns did modestly affect FG diversity score and MDD-W prevalence. Thus, timing of repeated dietary surveys is critical to ensure non-biased inferences of change and trends in Burkina Faso.
Role of interactive radio programming in advancing women’s and youth’s empowerment and dietary diversity: Mixed method evidence from Malawi
Ragasa, Catherine; Mzungu, Diston; Kalagho, Kenan; Kazembe, Cynthia. 2022
Ragasa, Catherine; Mzungu, Diston; Kalagho, Kenan; Kazembe, Cynthia. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01284-x
Prenatal fortified balanced energy—Protein supplementation and birth outcomes in rural Burkina Faso: A randomized controlled efficacy trial
de Kok, Brenda; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Hanley-Cook, Giles; Argaw, Alemayehu; Ouédraogo, Moctar; Huybregts, Lieven. 2022
de Kok, Brenda; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Hanley-Cook, Giles; Argaw, Alemayehu; Ouédraogo, Moctar; Huybregts, Lieven. 2022
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004002
Abstract | View
Background: Providing balanced energy–protein (BEP) supplements is a promising intervention to improve birth outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); however, evidence is limited. We aimed to assess the efficacy of fortified BEP supplementation during pregnancy to improve birth outcomes, as compared to iron–folic acid (IFA) tablets, the standard of care.
Methods and findings: We conducted an individually randomized controlled efficacy trial (MIcronutriments pour la SAnté de la Mère et de l’Enfant [MISAME]-III) in 6 health center catchment areas in rural Burkina Faso. Pregnant women, aged 15 to 40 years with gestational age (GA) <21 completed weeks, were randomly assigned to receive either fortified BEP supplements and IFA (intervention) or IFA (control). Supplements were provided during home visits, and intake was supervised on a daily basis by trained village-based project workers. The primary outcome was prevalence of small-for-gestational age (SGA) and secondary outcomes included large-for-gestational age (LGA), low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), gestational duration, birth weight, birth length, Rohrer’s ponderal index, head circumference, thoracic circumference, arm circumference, fetal loss, and stillbirth. Statistical analyses followed the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. From October 2019 to December 2020, 1,897 pregnant women were randomized (960 control and 937 intervention). The last child was born in August 2021, and birth anthropometry was analyzed from 1,708 pregnancies (872 control and 836 intervention). A total of 22 women were lost to follow-up in the control group and 27 women in the intervention group. BEP supplementation led to a mean 3.1 percentage points (pp) reduction in SGA with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of −7.39 to 1.16 (P = 0.151), indicating a wide range of plausible true treatment efficacy. Adjusting for prognostic factors of SGA, and conducting complete cases (1,659/1,708, 97%) and per-protocol analysis among women with an observed BEP adherence ≥75% (1,481/1,708, 87%), did not change the results. The intervention significantly improved the duration of gestation (+0.20 weeks, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.36, P = 0.010), birth weight (50.1 g, 8.11 to 92.0, P = 0.019), birth length (0.20 cm, 0.01 to 0.40, P = 0.044), thoracic circumference (0.20 cm, 0.04 to 0.37, P = 0.016), arm circumference (0.86 mm, 0.11 to 1.62, P = 0.025), and decreased LBW prevalence (−3.95 pp, −6.83 to −1.06, P = 0.007) as secondary outcomes measures. No differences in serious adverse events [SAEs; fetal loss (21 control and 26 intervention) and stillbirth (16 control and 17 intervention)] between the study groups were found. Key limitations are the nonblinded administration of supplements and the lack of information on other prognostic factors (e.g., infection, inflammation, stress, and physical activity) to determine to which extent these might have influenced the effect on nutrient availability and birth outcomes. Conclusions: The MISAME-III trial did not provide evidence that fortified BEP supplementation is efficacious in reducing SGA prevalence. However, the intervention had a small positive effect on other birth outcomes. Additional maternal and biochemical outcomes need to be investigated to provide further evidence on the overall clinical relevance of BEP supplementation.
Methods and findings: We conducted an individually randomized controlled efficacy trial (MIcronutriments pour la SAnté de la Mère et de l’Enfant [MISAME]-III) in 6 health center catchment areas in rural Burkina Faso. Pregnant women, aged 15 to 40 years with gestational age (GA) <21 completed weeks, were randomly assigned to receive either fortified BEP supplements and IFA (intervention) or IFA (control). Supplements were provided during home visits, and intake was supervised on a daily basis by trained village-based project workers. The primary outcome was prevalence of small-for-gestational age (SGA) and secondary outcomes included large-for-gestational age (LGA), low birth weight (LBW), preterm birth (PTB), gestational duration, birth weight, birth length, Rohrer’s ponderal index, head circumference, thoracic circumference, arm circumference, fetal loss, and stillbirth. Statistical analyses followed the intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. From October 2019 to December 2020, 1,897 pregnant women were randomized (960 control and 937 intervention). The last child was born in August 2021, and birth anthropometry was analyzed from 1,708 pregnancies (872 control and 836 intervention). A total of 22 women were lost to follow-up in the control group and 27 women in the intervention group. BEP supplementation led to a mean 3.1 percentage points (pp) reduction in SGA with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of −7.39 to 1.16 (P = 0.151), indicating a wide range of plausible true treatment efficacy. Adjusting for prognostic factors of SGA, and conducting complete cases (1,659/1,708, 97%) and per-protocol analysis among women with an observed BEP adherence ≥75% (1,481/1,708, 87%), did not change the results. The intervention significantly improved the duration of gestation (+0.20 weeks, 95% CI 0.05 to 0.36, P = 0.010), birth weight (50.1 g, 8.11 to 92.0, P = 0.019), birth length (0.20 cm, 0.01 to 0.40, P = 0.044), thoracic circumference (0.20 cm, 0.04 to 0.37, P = 0.016), arm circumference (0.86 mm, 0.11 to 1.62, P = 0.025), and decreased LBW prevalence (−3.95 pp, −6.83 to −1.06, P = 0.007) as secondary outcomes measures. No differences in serious adverse events [SAEs; fetal loss (21 control and 26 intervention) and stillbirth (16 control and 17 intervention)] between the study groups were found. Key limitations are the nonblinded administration of supplements and the lack of information on other prognostic factors (e.g., infection, inflammation, stress, and physical activity) to determine to which extent these might have influenced the effect on nutrient availability and birth outcomes. Conclusions: The MISAME-III trial did not provide evidence that fortified BEP supplementation is efficacious in reducing SGA prevalence. However, the intervention had a small positive effect on other birth outcomes. Additional maternal and biochemical outcomes need to be investigated to provide further evidence on the overall clinical relevance of BEP supplementation.
Does ICT-based aquaculture extension contribute to greater adoption of good management practices and improved incomes? Evidence from Ghana
Ntiri, Prosper; Ragasa, Catherine; Anang, Samuel Afotey; Kuwornu, John K. M.; Torbi, Eva Nimorme. 2022
Ntiri, Prosper; Ragasa, Catherine; Anang, Samuel Afotey; Kuwornu, John K. M.; Torbi, Eva Nimorme. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738350
Abstract | View
This paper aims to assess the coverage and contribution of different information and communication technology (ICT) tools (mobile phone, WhatsApp platform, television, and radio) in the dissemination of aquaculture and market information to fish farmers in Ghana. Data from a 2021 survey of 391 active fish farmers were analyzed using propensity score matching, inverse probability weighted regression adjustment, and multivariate probit regression models. Mobile phone (phone-based app, internet search, or social media) is the most used ICT tool for aquaculture advice, followed by television programs. Results show that receiving aquaculture information through ICT tools has a positive and significant average treatment effect on the adoption of good management practices, farm productivity, and farmers' income. Farmers receiving aquaculture information from mobile phone and television programs had higher adoption of good practices, production, and income on average. Farmers receiving aquaculture information from both ICT tools and extension agents achieved the highest harvest and income on average. Results also show that the adoption of the various ICT tools is interrelated, whereas several factors—including age, education, farming experience, share of fish farming in household income, and extension contact—influence the choice of ICT tool. Mobile-based extension was more accessible to youth and more educated farmers, and it could be a good medium for reaching these groups. Television and radio programs are accessible to all types of farmers from different backgrounds; these media are currently underutilized for aquaculture promotion and their application could be enhanced and expanded for current and future projects.
Agricultural credit constraints in smallholder farming in developing countries: Evidence from Nigeria
Balana, Bedru B.; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo Ayowumi. 2022
Balana, Bedru B.; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo Ayowumi. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.wds.2022.100012
Abstract | View
The agricultural sector in developing countries like Nigeria is characterized by low productivity, driven partly by low use of modern agricultural technologies. Poor access to credit is seen as a key barrier to adoption of these technologies. Policy discourses and literature often associate credit constraints by smallholders with supply-side factors such as inadequate access to sources of rural finance or high costs of borrowing. However, demand-side factors, such as smallholders’ risk-averse behavior, high transaction costs and information asymmetry predominate in rural areas of developing countries equally play important roles in the functioning of rural credit market. Using a nationally representative LSMS-ISA data from 5000 smallholders in Nigeria and seemingly unrelated econometric models, we examine the nature of rural credit, the factors affecting rural credit, and the effects of credit constraints on adoption of four agricultural technologies – inorganic fertilizer, improved seed, agrochemicals, and mechanization. Contrary to policy discourses focusing on supply-side factors of rural credit, we found that demand-side factors are equally important for improving access and utilization of rural credit. On the supply side, inadequate collateral is the key constraint; hence supply-side policies should focus on enhancing smallholders’ capacity to possess bankable collateral, such as land title or assets. On the demand-side, interventions such as crop insurance, information access and extension services are needed to increase credit access, technology adoption, and smallholder's agricultural productivity.
A review of Ghana’s planting for food and jobs program: Implementation, impacts, benefits, and costs
Pauw, Karl. 2022
Pauw, Karl. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01287-8
Abstract | View
Farm input subsidies are widely used in Sub-Saharan African countries as a response to low adoption of fertilizers and seeds. While subsidy programs traditionally focused on helping farmers access inputs, new generation market smart subsidies additionally emphasize careful targeting, development of input supply systems, and complementary production and marketing support mechanisms. Ghana’s Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) initiative, launched in 2017, is one example of such an evolved subsidy program; yet, despite its scale and prominence, the current government monitoring and evaluation system is not well equipped to accurately assess its impacts. This paper triangulates evidence from multiple public sources and independent evaluations to develop a simple and effective impact assessment model for PFJ that can easily be adopted by the government. It can also be adapted to other contexts with minimal adjustment. Model results reveal that maize and rice production levels are more than 40 percent higher than they would have been in the absence of PFJ, thus contributing significantly to food and calorie availability in Ghana. However, there is much room for efficiency improvements that would increase the return on investment-currently, program benefits roughly equal public and private costs of the program. In this regard, several recommendations are made relating to beneficiary targeting, crowding out of commercial input sales, input use efficiency, marketing support to farmers, and improvements in the monitoring and evaluation system, all of which have relevance for other countries implementing or considering similar programs.
Impact of fish feed formulation training on feed use and farmers' income: Evidence from Ghana
Ragasa, Catherine; Mensah, Yaa Osei; Amewu, Sena. 2022
Ragasa, Catherine; Mensah, Yaa Osei; Amewu, Sena. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2022.738378
Abstract | View
Feed accounts for 60–80% of tilapia production costs, and high feed cost and limited feed access are major issues faced by fish farmers. A potential solution is for farmers to produce their own feeds using cheaper and locally available ingredients. This paper evaluates the feed formulation training implemented in Ghana as part of the Fisheries Commission's activities under the Ghana Aquaculture for Food and Jobs program. This paper analyzes baseline and follow-up survey data using difference-in-difference estimation and analysis of covariance. One year after the training, results show positive impact on the farmers' knowledge of feed formulation, quantity of feed formulated, feeding and management practices, productivity, and income. Feed formulation training encouraged more farmers to formulate their own feeds and maintained or increased total feeds used in their facilities from 2018/2019 to 2020/21. Among the farmers who did not receive training, feed formulation activities and feed quantity used reduced from 2018/19 to 2020/21. A common practice is the use of locally available quality commercial feed as starter feed for smaller fish and own-formulated feeds as a complement for or alternative to commercial growout feeds for bigger fish. Especially when constrained by lack of funds, many farmers reduce the use of commercial feeds and formulate their feeds using cheaper and locally available raw materials to maintain similar levels of feeding intensity. Feed formulation acts as an important coping strategy in the context of small-scale farmers with limited financial resources. This study recommends scaling out feed formulation training and expanding research on optimal fish nutrition using locally available and low-cost raw materials, in combination with commercial feeds to maximize productivity and incomes for farmers.
Exploring micronutrient deficiency risks in Africa using projections of the food system
Gabriel, Sherwin; Sulser, Timothy B.. 2022
Gabriel, Sherwin; Sulser, Timothy B.. 2022
Abstract | View
Micronutrient deficiencies (MND) remain an important challenge in the 21st century, complicated by climate, economic, and demographic change. However, the lack of recent and reliable survey data challenge understanding of the magnitude and risks posed by MNDs. We examine projections of food availability to 2050, for 49 African countries, under various climate and socio-economic futures, using a global, multi-market partial equilibrium model. Food availability is used to estimate micronutrient availability, accounting for edible portions, nutrient loss, and country-specific characteristics of consumed foods. Projections from an ensemble of sixty scenarios are analysed and assessed against recommended daily intake to gauge nutrient adequacy. Of the panel of 13 micronutrients analysed, inadequate calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, and zinc appear to be the most prevalent in 2050. Further, estimates are sensitive to socio-economic growth, which have stronger effects on households' food availability than changes in production driven by alternative greenhouse gas concentrations. As the composition of micronutrient availability by crop varies by country, the characteristics of specific food projections need to be considered when recommending interventions in the food system. The method can also be used to assess alternative scenarios of dietary evolution, and whether food system interventions to enhance nutrient density or availability may meaningfully reduce shortfalls in nutrient availability. The analysis is limited to national average food availability, and further disaggregation of household food availability, by geography or income group, allows for more specific identification of MNDs, and for appropriate interventions.
Advocacy organizations and nutrition policy in Nigeria: Identifying metrics for enhanced efficacy
Resnick, Danielle; Anigo, Kola; Anjorin, Olufolakemi Mercy. 2022
Resnick, Danielle; Anigo, Kola; Anjorin, Olufolakemi Mercy. 2022
DOI : 10.1093/heapol/czac037
Abstract | View
Advocacy organizations have played a significant role in the field of nutrition in recent years. However, why are some advocates viewed as more effective than others? This paper derives metrics for assessing advocacy efficacy by first drawing on key insights from the nutrition and public policy scholarship. A set of metrics is proposed to capture the constitutive elements of three concepts that often emerge as critical from that literature: organizational capacity, strong networks and external outreach. Based on a survey of 66 nutrition stakeholders in Nigeria, including at the federal level and within the states of Kaduna and Kano, the metrics are then applied to a set of advocacy organizations within the country. We show that the metrics can provide insights into why some advocacy organizations are perceived as more effective than others by policymakers. Specifically, we find that geographical reach, the share of budget allocated to advocacy, action plans with clear objectives, large networks that include government and non-governmental policy champions, multiple media and dissemination outputs and numerous training events collectively increase nutrition advocates’ visibility to, and influence on, policymakers. Although the metrics are subject to further testing in other country settings and need to be interpreted based on a country’s underlying policy system, they offer a useful starting point for more systematic, comparative advocacy analysis and learning within the nutrition field and beyond.
Putting consumers first in food systems analysis: Identifying interventions to improve diets in rural Ghana
Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Gelli, Aulo; Agandin, John; Kufoalor, Doreen; Donovan, Jason. 2022
Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Gelli, Aulo; Agandin, John; Kufoalor, Doreen; Donovan, Jason. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01277-w
Abstract | View
A critical, yet underexplored, dimension of food systems is how consumer food preferences and beliefs interact with the food environment. We present a consumer-centered approach to identifying options for improving diets. The Value Chains for Nutrition (VCN) mixed-methods multi-disciplinary analytical approach was applied in rural Ghana. Data from in-depth consumer interviews, structured vendor interviews, and (secondary) household consumption surveys were analyzed to assess consumer diet patterns, related norms and preferences, and supply and demand characteristics of a set of empirically defined high-potential nutritious foods. Mapping results onto a supply–demand typology, we identify promising interventions to support increased availability, access, and affordability of these foods. Consumption data suggested that diets among Ghanaians were deficient in key micronutrients and calories. Fresh nutritious fruits and vegetables tended to be grown for home consumption rather than sale due to transportation challenges and seasonality of demand, especially near rural markets. Seasonal availability (fruits and vegetables) and affordability (animal foods) severely limited consumption of many nutritious foods. A set of supply, demand, and value chain interventions to enhance availability and affordability of nutritious foods are presented. Critical to success is to consider the set of interventions along each value chain required for impact.
Subnational public expenditures, short-term household-level welfare, and economic flexibility: Evidence from Nigeria
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Balana, Bedru; Smart, Jenny; Edeh, Hyacinth O.; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo; Andam, Kwaw S.. 2022
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Balana, Bedru; Smart, Jenny; Edeh, Hyacinth O.; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo; Andam, Kwaw S.. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12710
Abstract | View
Public expenditures (PEs) are critical for key public-sector functions that contribute to the development and welfare improvements. PE for agriculture, as well as social-sector PE, such as health, education, and social welfare, have been considered instrumental for income growth, poverty reduction, investment, nutritional outcomes, and resilience. However, direct evidence in developing countries like Nigeria has been relatively limited. We fill this knowledge gap by estimating the effects of subnational PE shares for agriculture, health, education, and social welfare, as well as PE size, on household-level outcomes, using nationally representative panel household data and district––as well as state-level PE data in Nigeria, and a production-function-based indicator of “flexibility.” We find that greater PE shares for agriculture, health, and social welfare, conditional on PE size, have positive effects on consumption, poverty reduction, and nonfarm business. A greater PE share for agriculture, unlike the PE shares for health or social welfare, also enhances household dietary diversity and economic flexibility between farming and nonfarm activities, an indicator of economic resilience. These effects appear to materialize through the positive impacts on agriculture. Such multidimensional benefits of greater PE for agriculture are worth attention in countries like Nigeria, which tends to allocate a lower PE share for agriculture compared to other comparable countries in Africa and elsewhere.
On the role of water resources management to transform water, energy, food and ecosystem (WEFE) systems in transboundary river basins
Uhlenbrook, Stefan; Ringler, Claudia; Lautze, Jonathan; McCartney, Matthew; Hafeez, Mohsin. 2022
Uhlenbrook, Stefan; Ringler, Claudia; Lautze, Jonathan; McCartney, Matthew; Hafeez, Mohsin. 2022
Abstract | View
The program NEXUS Gains addresses key challenges of transforming water, energy, food and ecosystem (WEFE) systems in transboundary bread-basket basins in East and Southern Africa (Blue Nile and Limpopo basins), Central (Aral Sea basin) and South Asia (Ganges and Indus basin) in a changing world. The program particularly explores water resource management options to understand WEFE system interdependencies, trade-offs and synergies and develop more sustainable development pathways for all members society.
The presentation will discuss alternative interventions to increase water productivity different sectors (irrigation, forestry, industries) across scales ranging from farm to watershed to river basin scales. Therefore, particular attention will be given to integrated water storage management in human built and natural infrastructure in South Asia and East Africa. The implications for hydrological process and water resources dynamics and wider environmental, social and economic systems are analyzed and related policy implications are discussed considering also climate change.
The presentation will discuss alternative interventions to increase water productivity different sectors (irrigation, forestry, industries) across scales ranging from farm to watershed to river basin scales. Therefore, particular attention will be given to integrated water storage management in human built and natural infrastructure in South Asia and East Africa. The implications for hydrological process and water resources dynamics and wider environmental, social and economic systems are analyzed and related policy implications are discussed considering also climate change.
Ethnic diversity and forest commons
Barba, Francisco M.; Jaimovich, Dany. 2022
Barba, Francisco M.; Jaimovich, Dany. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.105986
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The management of forest commons requires coordination within a community and between communities. This coordination is usually challenging given the incentives for free riding. The literature suggests that communities with heterogeneous members, particularly from different ethnic groups, are less effective in commons management and public goods provision. In this paper, we empirically test if forest degradation differs within and between ethnically diverse communities. Using data for the majority of villages in rural Gambia, our first set of results suggest that ethno-linguistic fractionalization within villages correlates with a reduction in forest cover and an increase in forest loss over a period of 15 years. Then, we propose a new approach to assess forest management between heterogeneous communities. Forest units within exclusively shared territory between pairs of neighboring villages are defined by dyadic polygons, which are used to apply dyadic regression methods. In our second set of results, we find evidence suggesting that spaces shared between ethnically distant communities exhibit higher forest cover and lower forest loss. Further analyses suggest that the effect of ethnic distance on reduced forest degradation is present mainly when villages are heterogeneous in other characteristics as well. Our study motivates the identification of relevant spaces for the analysis of competition over local commons, providing a novel approach of potential interest to applications beyond our area of study.
Using a large climate ensemble to assess the frequency and intensity of future extreme climate events in southern Africa
Thomas, Timothy S.; Schlosser, C. Adam; Strzepek, Kenneth M.; Robertson, Richard D.; Arndt, Channing. 2022
Thomas, Timothy S.; Schlosser, C. Adam; Strzepek, Kenneth M.; Robertson, Richard D.; Arndt, Channing. 2022
DOI : 10.3389/fclim.2022.787721
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This paper uses 7,200 smoothed climate change projections for each of the four emissions scenarios, together with inter-annual variation provided by detrended historical climate data to investigate changes in growing season (wettest 3 months) weather patterns from the 2020s to the 2060s for ten countries of Southern Africa. The analysis is done in 8,888 quarter-degree pixels by month. Temperature unequivocally rises in the region, but it rises relatively less along the coasts, particularly on the eastern side of the region. Precipitation has trended downward for much of the region since 1975, but relatively little change in precipitation is projected between the 2020s and the 2060s. Under the higher emissions “Paris Forever” scenario, we found that by the 2060s, the 1-in-20-year low-rainfall events will occur twice as frequently in most of the region, though it will occur less frequently in northwestern Angola. The 1-in-20-year high-rainfall events will occur 3 to 4 times as often in northeastern South Africa and twice as often in most of Angola.
Extreme events and production shocks for key crops in southern Africa under climate change
Thomas, Timothy S.; Robertson, Richard D.; Strzepek, Kenneth M.; Arndt, Channing. 2022
Thomas, Timothy S.; Robertson, Richard D.; Strzepek, Kenneth M.; Arndt, Channing. 2022
DOI : 10.3389/fclim.2022.787582
Abstract | View
Many studies have estimated the effect of climate change on crop productivity, often reflecting uncertainty about future climates by using more than one emissions pathway or multiple climate models, usually fewer than 30, and generally much fewer, with focus on the mean changes. Here we examine four emissions scenarios with 720,000 future climates per scenario over a 50-year period. We focus on the effect of low-frequency, high-impact weather events on crop yields in 10 countries of Southern Africa, aggregating from nearly 9,000 25-kilometer-square locations. In the highest emissions scenario, median maize yield is projected to fall by 9.2% for the region while the 5th percentile is projected to fall by 15.6% between the 2020s and 2060s. Furthermore, the frequency of a low frequency, 1-in-20-year low-yield event for rainfed maize is likely to occur every 3.5 years by the 2060s under the high emissions scenario. We also examine the impact of climate change on three other crops of considerable importance to the region: drybeans, groundnuts, and soybeans. Projected yield decline for each of these crops is less than for maize, but the impact varies from country to country and within each country. In many cases, the median losses are modest, but the losses in the bad weather years are generally much higher than under current climate, pointing to more frequent bouts with food insecurity for the region, unless investments are made to compensate for those production shocks.
A community edutainment intervention for gender-based violence, sexual and reproductive health, and maternal and child health in rural Senegal: A process evaluation
Le Port, Agnes; Seye, Moustapha; Heckert, Jessica; Peterman, Amber; Tchamwa, Annick Nganya; Dione, Malick; Fall, Abdou Salam; Hidrobo, Melissa. 2022
Le Port, Agnes; Seye, Moustapha; Heckert, Jessica; Peterman, Amber; Tchamwa, Annick Nganya; Dione, Malick; Fall, Abdou Salam; Hidrobo, Melissa. 2022
DOI : 10.1186/s12889-022-13570-6
Abstract | View
Background: Edutainment aims to spread educational messages in an entertaining way, and often reaches large audiences. While studies increasingly report the impacts of edutainment interventions, there is limited context-specific evidence on the underlying processes and barriers to effective delivery, especially in rural areas. This article presents results from a process evaluation of a community-based edutainment intervention designed to improve knowledge, attitudes, and practices on gender-based violence (GBV), sexual and reproductive health (SRH), and maternal and child health. The intervention focused on the television series, C’est la Vie!, screened through biweekly film clubs in rural Senegal and included post-screening discussions and thematic workshops, meant to reinforce messages, increase knowledge, and change social norms. The objectives of this study were to assess intervention adaptation, implementation fidelity, participants’ responsiveness or engagement, and series appropriateness.
Methods: The intervention was implemented from December 2019 to March 2020 in 120 villages in Kaolack and Kolda regions of Senegal, and targeted adolescent girls and young women aged 14 to 34. The process evaluation was carried out in March 2020 in 14 villages using: i) individual semi-structured interviews with implementers (n = 3), village chiefs (n = 8), married women (n = 9), adolescent girls (n = 8), and men (n = 8); ii) focus groups with men (n = 7, 29 participants) and women (n = 10, 100 participants); and iii) observations of screening sessions (n = 4) and post-screening discussions (n = 2). Data were analyzed using thematic and content analysis.
Results: The results highlight that adaptation of the intervention helped reach the target population and improved participant attendance, but might have compromised fidelity to original design, as intervention components were shortened and modified for rural delivery and some facilitators made ad hoc modifications. The screenings coverage and frequency were adequate; however, their duration was shortened due to COVID-19 restrictions in Senegal. Participant responsiveness was excellent, as was the series appropriateness for most topics, including GBV. SRH remains a sensitive topic for youth, especially when the film clubs included non-peers, such as slightly older women.
Conclusions: This study showed that using film clubs to deliver sensitive edutainment content in rural areas is feasible and has potential for scale-up.
Methods: The intervention was implemented from December 2019 to March 2020 in 120 villages in Kaolack and Kolda regions of Senegal, and targeted adolescent girls and young women aged 14 to 34. The process evaluation was carried out in March 2020 in 14 villages using: i) individual semi-structured interviews with implementers (n = 3), village chiefs (n = 8), married women (n = 9), adolescent girls (n = 8), and men (n = 8); ii) focus groups with men (n = 7, 29 participants) and women (n = 10, 100 participants); and iii) observations of screening sessions (n = 4) and post-screening discussions (n = 2). Data were analyzed using thematic and content analysis.
Results: The results highlight that adaptation of the intervention helped reach the target population and improved participant attendance, but might have compromised fidelity to original design, as intervention components were shortened and modified for rural delivery and some facilitators made ad hoc modifications. The screenings coverage and frequency were adequate; however, their duration was shortened due to COVID-19 restrictions in Senegal. Participant responsiveness was excellent, as was the series appropriateness for most topics, including GBV. SRH remains a sensitive topic for youth, especially when the film clubs included non-peers, such as slightly older women.
Conclusions: This study showed that using film clubs to deliver sensitive edutainment content in rural areas is feasible and has potential for scale-up.
Perspective: Food environment research priorities for Africa: Lessons from the Africa food environment research network
Laar, Amos K.; Addo, Phyllis; Aryeetey, Richmond; Agyemang, Charles; Zotor, Francis; Covic, Namukolo. 2022
Laar, Amos K.; Addo, Phyllis; Aryeetey, Richmond; Agyemang, Charles; Zotor, Francis; Covic, Namukolo. 2022
DOI : 10.1093/advances/nmac019
Abstract | View
Over the last 2 decades, many African countries have undergone dietary and nutrition transitions fueled by globalization, rapid urbanization, and development. These changes have altered African food environments and, subsequently, dietary behaviors, including food acquisition and consumption. Dietary patterns associated with the nutrition transition have contributed to Africa's complex burden of malnutrition—obesity and other diet-related noncommunicable diseases (DR-NCDs)—along with persistent food insecurity and undernutrition. Available evidence links unhealthy or obesogenic food environments (including those that market and offer energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages) with suboptimal diets and associated adverse health outcomes. Elsewhere, governments have responded with policies to improve food environments. However, in Africa, the necessary research and policy action have received insufficient attention. Contextual evidence to motivate, enable, and create supportive food environments in Africa for better population health is urgently needed. In November 2020, the Measurement, Evaluation, Accountability, and Leadership Support for Noncommunicable Diseases Prevention Project (MEALS4NCDs) convened the first Africa Food Environment Research Network Meeting (FERN2020). This 3-d virtual meeting brought researchers from around the world to deliberate on future directions and research priorities related to improving food environments and nutrition across the African continent. The stakeholders shared experiences, best practices, challenges, and opportunities for improving the healthfulness of food environments and related policies in low- and middle-income countries. In this article, we summarize the proceedings and research priorities identified in the meeting to advance the food environment research agenda in Africa, and thus contribute to the promotion of healthier food environments to prevent DR-NCDs, and other forms of malnutrition.
Process of developing models of maternal nutrition interventions integrated into antenatal care services in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and India
Sanghvi, Tina; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Ghosh, Sebanti; Zafimanjaka, Maurice; Kim, Sunny S.. 2022
Sanghvi, Tina; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Ghosh, Sebanti; Zafimanjaka, Maurice; Kim, Sunny S.. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13379
Abstract | View
Integrating nutrition interventions into antenatal care (ANC) requires adapting global recommendations to fit existing health systems and local contexts, but the evidence is limited on the process of tailoring nutrition interventions for health programmes. We developed and integrated maternal nutrition interventions into ANC programmes in Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia and India by conducting studies and assessments, developing new tools and processes and field testing integrated programme models. This paper elucidates how we used information and data to contextualize a package of globally recommended maternal nutrition interventions (micronutrient supplementation, weight gain monitoring, dietary counselling and counselling on breastfeeding) and describes four country-specific health service delivery models. We developed a Theory of Change to illustrate common barriers and strategies for strengthening nutrition interventions during ANC. We used multiple information sources including situational assessments, formative research, piloting and pretesting results, supply assessments, stakeholder meetings, household and service provider surveys and monitoring data to design models of maternal nutrition interventions. We developed detailed protocols for implementing maternal nutrition interventions; reinforced staff capacity, nutrition counselling, monitoring systems and community engagement processes; and addressed micronutrient supplement supply bottlenecks. Community-level activities were essential for complementing facility-based services. Routine monitoring data, rapid assessments and information from intensified supervision were important during the early stages of implementation to improve the feasibility and scalability of models. The lessons from addressing maternal nutrition in ANC may serve as a guide for tackling missed opportunities for nutrition within health services in other contexts.
Trade, value chain technology and prices: Evidence from dairy in East Africa
Ignowski, Liz; Minten, Bart; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Vandevelde, Senne. Oxford, UK 2022
Ignowski, Liz; Minten, Bart; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Vandevelde, Senne. Oxford, UK 2022
DOI : 10.1093/qopen/qoac016
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Differences in world market participation and access to value chain technologies have resulted in uneven experiences across countries. In this paper, we explore their impact on prices in the value chain, using the example of Ethiopia and Uganda. We develop a conceptual framework, then validate the model using primary price data collected at several levels in the dairy value chains in both countries. We find that prices are lower in Uganda than Ethiopia, reflecting their respective net trade status. Moreover, despite shorter value chains, we find much more significant effects of distances from the capital on milk prices in Ethiopia than in Uganda. This is linked to the presence of milk chilling centers in Uganda. While such technology is important for milk quality, we find here that they also have the added benefit to reduce the impact of farmer's remoteness on prices and allow for more geographically extended value chains.
More than a safety net: Ethiopia’s flagship public works program increases tree cover
Hirvonen, Kalle; Machado, Elia A.; Simons, Andrew M.; Taraz, Vis. 2022
Hirvonen, Kalle; Machado, Elia A.; Simons, Andrew M.; Taraz, Vis. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2022.102549
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More than one billion people worldwide receive cash or in-kind transfers from social protection programs. In low-income countries, these transfers are often conditioned on participation in labor-intensive public works to rehabilitate local infrastructure or natural resources. Despite their popularity, the environmental impacts of public works programs remain largely undocumented. We quantify the impact on tree cover of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP), one of the world’s largest and longest-running public works programs, using satellite-based data of tree cover combined with difference-in-differences and inverse probability treatment weighting methodologies. We find that the PSNP increased tree cover by 3.8% between 2005 and 2019, with larger increases in less densely populated areas and on steep-sloped terrain. As increasing tree cover is considered an important strategy to mitigate global warming, our results suggest a win–win potential for social safety net programs with an environmental component.
Irrigation improves weight-for-height z -scores of children under five, and women's and household dietary diversity scores in Ethiopia and Tanzania
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Choufani, Jowel; Bryan, Elizabeth; Haile, Beliyou; Ringler, Claudia. 2022
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Choufani, Jowel; Bryan, Elizabeth; Haile, Beliyou; Ringler, Claudia. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13395
Abstract | View
Evidence on the potential for agricultural intensification to improve nutrition has grown considerably. While small-scale irrigation is a key factor driving agricultural intensification in sub-Saharan Africa, its impact on nutrition has not yet been thoroughly explored. In this study, we assess the impact of adoption of small-scale irrigation in Ethiopia and Tanzania on household and women's dietary diversity, as well as children's nutrition. We use two rounds of primary data collected from irrigators and nonirrigators in Ethiopia and Tanzania. We used a panel fixed effects econometric approach to control for observed household, women and children specific characteristics as well as observed and unobserved time-invariant confounding factors. The results show that among Ethiopian households who reported having faced drought, women in irrigating households have higher Women's Dietary Diversity Score (WDDS) compared to women in nonirrigating households. In Tanzania, women in irrigating households have higher WDDS compared to nonirrigators and the impact of irrigation on WDDS more than doubles among households facing drought. In addition, among Tanzanian households who reported having faced a drought shock, irrigating households have higher Household Dietary Diversity Score compared to nonirrigators. Children in irrigating households in Ethiopia have weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ) that are 0.87 SDs higher, on average, than WHZ of children in nonirrigating households. In Tanzania, irrigation leads to higher WHZ-scores in children under-five among households who reported having experienced a drought in the 5 years preceding the survey. The study shows small-scale irrigation has a strong effect on households' economic access to food and on nutritional outcomes of women and children.
Gendered barriers and opportunities in Kenya's informal dairy sector: Enhancing gender-equity in urban markets
Galiè, Alessandra; Nijru, Nelly; Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; Alonso, Silvia. 2022
Galiè, Alessandra; Nijru, Nelly; Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; Alonso, Silvia. 2022
DOI : 10.1080/09718524.2022.2084491
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Informal milk trading in peri-urban Nairobi plays a key role in supporting both livelihoods and nutrition, particularly among poor households. Gender dynamics affect who is involved in and benefits from milk trading. To better understand gendered constraints and opportunities in informal, peri-urban dairy marketing, a qualitative study was conducted in 2017 with 45 men and 50 women milk traders in Dagoretti, a peri-urban area of Nairobi, Kenya. The findings show that milk trading is more lucrative for older men than for women and younger men among the respondents. This article illustrates the differences between these women’s and men’s experiences as milk traders and explores the reasons behind these differences. It discusses the implications of the findings for agricultural research and development interventions that aim to enhance the sustainability and equity of the dairy sector.
Projected climate in coffee-based farming systems: Implications for crop suitability in Uganda
Mulinde, Catherine; Majaliwa, J. G. Mwanjalolo; Twinomuhangi, Revocatus; Mftumukiza, David; Waiswa, Daniel; Tumwine, Fredrick; Kato, Edward; Asiimwe, Judith; Nakyagaba, Winfred N.; Mukasa, David. 2022
Mulinde, Catherine; Majaliwa, J. G. Mwanjalolo; Twinomuhangi, Revocatus; Mftumukiza, David; Waiswa, Daniel; Tumwine, Fredrick; Kato, Edward; Asiimwe, Judith; Nakyagaba, Winfred N.; Mukasa, David. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s10113-022-01930-2
Foreign direct investment and knowledge diffusion in poor locations
Adebe, Girum; McMillan, Margaret; Serafinelli, Michel. 2022
Adebe, Girum; McMillan, Margaret; Serafinelli, Michel. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2022.102926
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We use plant level census data to identify spillovers from FDI in Ethiopia's manufacturing sector. Spillovers are identified by comparing changes in total factor productivity (TFP) among domestic plants in districts where a large greenfield foreign plant produces and districts where FDI in the same industry was licensed but not yet operational. Over the four years starting with the year of the FDI opening, the TFP of domestic plants is 11 percent higher in treated districts, employment in domestic plants increases and more domestic plants open. We describe mechanisms for knowledge diffusion using a plant level technology transfer survey. One third of Ethiopian plants are linked to FDI through labor sharing, supply chains and competition. Technology upgrading is most common as a reaction to competition in output markets and observation and imitation of FDI in the same line of business. Other benefits include enhanced managerial practices and knowledge about exporting.
Opportunities for orphan crops: Expected economic benefits from biotechnology
Zambrano, Patricia; Wood-Sichra, Ulrike; Ruhinduka, Remidius D.; Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Komen, John; Kikulwe, Enoch Mutebi; Zepeda, José Falck; Dzanku, Fred M.; Chambers, Judith A.; Phillip, Dayo. 2022
Zambrano, Patricia; Wood-Sichra, Ulrike; Ruhinduka, Remidius D.; Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Komen, John; Kikulwe, Enoch Mutebi; Zepeda, José Falck; Dzanku, Fred M.; Chambers, Judith A.; Phillip, Dayo. 2022
DOI : 10.3389/fpls.2022.825930
Abstract | View
An enabling, evidence-based decision-making framework is critical to support agricultural biotechnology innovation, and to ensure farmers’ access to genetically modified (GM) crops, including orphan crop varieties. A key element, and often a challenge in the decision making process, involves the balancing of identified potential risks with expected economic benefits from GM crops. The latter is particularly challenging in the case of orphan crops, for which solid economic data is scarce. To address this challenge, the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in collaboration with local economists analyzed the expected economic benefits to farmers and consumers from the adoption of GM crops in 5 sub-Saharan African countries. This paper focuses on case studies involving insect resistant cowpea in Nigeria and Ghana; disease-resistant cassava in Uganda and Tanzania; and disease-resistant banana in Uganda. Estimations from these case studies show substantial economic benefits to farmers and consumers from the timely adoption and planting in farmers’ fields of GM orphan crops. Our analysis also shows how the benefits would significantly be reduced by regulatory or other delays that affect the timely release of these crops. These findings underscore the importance of having an enabling policy environment and regulatory system—covering, among other elements, biosafety and food/feed safety assessment, and varietal release registration—that is efficient, predictable, and transparent to ensure that the projected economic benefits are delivered and realized in a timely manner.
Influence of agricultural extension services on technical efficiency of maize farmers in Malawi
Jolex, Aubrey. Lilongwe, Malawi 2022
Jolex, Aubrey. Lilongwe, Malawi 2022
DOI : 10.53936/afjare.2022.17(1).6
Abstract | View
Recognising potential selection bias due to non-randomness of the data, this study used propensity score matching on data from a nationally representative fifth Integrated Household Survey (IHS5) to investigate the effect of agriculture extension services on the technical efficiency of maize farmers in Malawi. Technical efficiency levels were estimated using the stochastic frontier model. The results show that most farmers are technically efficient, with an average technical efficiency of 63%. This indicates that there is still a possibility to increase maize output by 37% using the same level of inputs. The results of the propensity score matching reveal that having access to agricultural extension services significantly increases maize farmers’ technical efficiency, by about 4%. This evidence presents an opportunity not only for farmers, but also for the relevant policymakers, to realise the potential of using agricultural extension services to enhance the production capacity of maize farmers.
Expanding social protection coverage with humanitarian aid: Lessons on targeting and transfer values from Ethiopia
Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel; Hirvonen, Kalle; Lind, Jeremy; Hoddinott, John F.. 2022
Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel; Hirvonen, Kalle; Lind, Jeremy; Hoddinott, John F.. 2022
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2022.2096443
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While social protection programmes have multiplied over the last two decades across sub-Saharan Africa, these coexist alongside humanitarian assistance in many places, calling for better integration of assistance delivered through the two channels. Progress on this front is hampered by limited evidence of whether and how these historically siloed sectors can work together. Using quantitative and qualitative data from districts covered by Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) and where humanitarian food assistance (HFA) was delivered, we assess differences in targeting and transfer values. We find that the PSNP and HFA were targeted to households with different characteristics. PSNP transfers did, on average, reach those households that were chronically food insecure. HFA, while delivered through the PSNP systems, was targeted to households that were acutely vulnerable. These are promising findings as they suggest that social protection systems are able to effectively deliver a continuum of support in response to different types of vulnerability and risk. On transfer values, we find that the value of PSNP transfers is greater than those for HFA. One reason for this may be due to the social pressure on local officials to distribute support more widely across a drought-affected population when faced with acute needs.
Agroecologically-conducive policies: A review of recent advances and remaining challenges
Place, Frank; Nierderle, Paulo; Sinclair, Fergus; Estrada Carmona, Natalia; Guéneau, Stéphane; Gitz, Vincent; Alpha, Arlene; Sabourin, Eric; Hainzelin, Etienne. Bogor, Indonesia 2022
Place, Frank; Nierderle, Paulo; Sinclair, Fergus; Estrada Carmona, Natalia; Guéneau, Stéphane; Gitz, Vincent; Alpha, Arlene; Sabourin, Eric; Hainzelin, Etienne. Bogor, Indonesia 2022
DOI : 10.17528/cifor-icraf/008593
Abstract | View
The debate concerning the need for significant transformations towards more nutrition oriented, environmentally sustainable and inclusive food systems has generated increased attention towards agroecology in recent years. Literature on this subject has already demonstrated that transitions to agroecology will be context specific, as countries and regions have distinctive visions for the future of agriculture and food systems, unique starting points, and will therefore define their own transition pathways. This paper assesses how different policies (consumer oriented; producer oriented; market and food environment oriented; macro and trade oriented; and cross-cutting policies) can affect incentives for agroecology. It provides examples of policies and related actions taken by national, regional and city governments that intend to promote one or more agroecological principles. The assessment reveals that, until now, few countries have embarked on a broad set of reforms with sustained commitments. Many of these policies are new, weakly institutionalized and supported by limited budgets, making it difficult to analyze their actual effects. Because of this, there is very little research on how effective they have been in promoting agroecological transitions or the objectives that agroecology aims to achieve. Consequently, the paper’s main recommendation is for research to fill this gap so that future policy formulation and implementation can be better informed by experiences from different countries.
From food price crisis to an equitable food system
Hawkes, Corinna; Ambikapathi, Ramya; Anastasiou, Kim; Brock, Jessica; Castronuovo, Luciana; Fallon, Naomi; Malapit, Hazel J.; Ndumi, Assumpta; Samuel, Folake; Umugwaneza, Mayse; Wanjohi, Milkah N.; Zorbas, Christina. 2022
Hawkes, Corinna; Ambikapathi, Ramya; Anastasiou, Kim; Brock, Jessica; Castronuovo, Luciana; Fallon, Naomi; Malapit, Hazel J.; Ndumi, Assumpta; Samuel, Folake; Umugwaneza, Mayse; Wanjohi, Milkah N.; Zorbas, Christina. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01348-4
Abstract | View
In 2022, the world is experiencing the greatest cost of living crisis in a generation.1 Crises have always highlighted inequities in our societies. With food prices at near record levels globally, rapidly rising inflation, and economic instability, many people living in situations of constraint have no choice but to skip meals, reduce the amount they eat, prepare meals with fewer nutritious foods, and buy cheaper, starchy staples and ultra-processed foods.2, 3 The implications for health inequalities are dire: increased dietary disparities will worsen food insecurity, undernutrition, obesity, and diet-related disease among those who are struggling most.
Measuring women's empowerment: Gender and time-use agency in Benin, Malawi and Nigeria
Eissler, Sarah; Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; Seymour, Greg; Sinharoy, Sheela; Yount, Kathryn. 2022
Eissler, Sarah; Heckert, Jessica; Myers, Emily; Seymour, Greg; Sinharoy, Sheela; Yount, Kathryn. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/dech.12725
Abstract | View
Time use, or how women and men allocate their time, is an important element of empowerment processes. To extend this area of study, this article proposes and explores the concept of time-use agency, which shifts the focus from the amount of time individuals spend on activities to the strategic choices they make about how to allocate their time. It draws on 92 semi-structured interviews from three qualitative studies in Benin, Malawi and Nigeria to explore and compare the salience of time-use agency as a component of empowerment. The article finds that time-use agency is salient among women and men and dictates how they can make and act upon strategic decisions related to how they allocate their time. It also finds that time-use agency is tied to other dimensions of agency beyond decision making and ways of exerting influence in the household. Its findings highlight that women's capacity to exercise time-use agency is conditional on gendered power dynamics and other barriers within households, which together are reciprocally related to local gender norms that dictate how women should spend their time.
Soil mapping, fertilizer application, and maize yield: A spatial econometric approach
Ulimwengu, John M.; Kibonge, Aziza. Kigali, Rwanda 2022
Ulimwengu, John M.; Kibonge, Aziza. Kigali, Rwanda 2022
Abstract | View
Despite the increasing availability of precision agriculture technology, most farmers in developing countries are still practicing farming with limited reliable information on soil characteristics. Using a unique geo-referenced dataset from the Democratic Republic of Congo, this article provides empirical insights on the spatial effects of fertilizer application on maize yield while estimating the size and direction of spatial spillover effects (direct and indirect effects) from leaching and runoff. Three fertilizer application scenarios are examined: i) homogeneous fertilizer application, ii) site-specific or heterogeneous, and iii) site-specific with spillover effects. Maize yield response is then assessed for the three scenarios. We found significantly higher maize yields under site-specific application (8.4 tons/ha) compared to homogeneous application (2.0 ons/ ha). Our findings also provide evidence of spillover effects as the average maize yield is reduced by 1.9 tons/ha when spatial spillovers are accounted for. As anticipated, farmers’ profitability with homogeneous fertilizer application is lower in comparison to site-specific application. Furthermore, excluding areas with potentially lower gross profit margins results in a 35.6 percent increase in gross profit (site-specific), and a 22.7 percent increase (site-specific with spillovers).
Demand and supply constraints of credit in smallholder farming: Evidence from Ethiopia and Tanzania
Balana, Bedru; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Haile, Beliyou; Hagos, Fitsum; Yimam, Seid; Ringler, Claudia. 2022
Balana, Bedru; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Haile, Beliyou; Hagos, Fitsum; Yimam, Seid; Ringler, Claudia. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106033
Abstract | View
Credit constraint is often considered as one of the key barriers to the adoption of modern agricultural technologies and low agricultural productivity in low- and middle-income countries. Past research and much of the policy discourse associate agricultural credit constraints with supply-side factors, such as limited access to credit sources or high costs of borrowing. However, demand-side factors, such as risk-aversion and financial illiteracy among borrowers could also affect credit-rationing of smallholder agricultural households. This study investigates the nature of credit constraints, factors affecting credit constraint status, and the effects of credit constraints on adoption and intensity of use of three modern agricultural technologies – small-scale irrigation, chemical fertilizer, and improved seeds. The paper also assesses whether credit constraints are gender-differentiated. Primary survey data were collected from sample farmers in Ethiopia and Tanzania, and Tobit and two-step hurdle econometric models were used to analyze these data. Results show that demand-side credit constraints are as important as supply-side factors in conditioning smallholders’ access to credit in both countries. We also find that credit is a binding constraint for the decision to adopt technologies and input use intensity in Tanzania but not statistically significant in Ethiopia. Results suggest that women are more likely to be credit constrained (from both the supply and demand sides) than men in both study countries. Based on these findings, we suggest that policies should focus on addressing both supply- and demand-side credit constraints to credit access, including through targeted interventions to reduce risk, such as crop insurance, and to strengthen the gender sensitivity of credit policies.
Plot size and sustainable input intensification in smallholder irrigated agriculture: Evidence from Egypt
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina Alaaeldin; El-Enbaby, Hoda; Mahmoud, Mai; Breisinger, Clemens. 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abdelfattah, Lina Alaaeldin; El-Enbaby, Hoda; Mahmoud, Mai; Breisinger, Clemens. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12736
Abstract | View
Increasing population pressure and population density in many African countries are inducing land scarcity and land constraints. Tightening land constraints are expected to trigger various responses, including agricultural intensification, as postulated by the Boserup hypothesis. The relevance of the Boserup hypothesis in irrigated agriculture, and in contexts where application of improved inputs is high, remains largely unexplored. Furthermore, while much of the debate on the topic in Africa has focused on how to boost agricultural intensification, there is scant evidence on whether evolving agricultural intensification practices in some parts of Africa are sustainable. In this article, we investigate the implication of land size (at the plot and farm level) on agricultural intensification. Our analysis sheds light on the relevance of the Boserup hypothesis in the context of Egypt, where irrigation dominates agriculture and input application rates are high relative to global standards. We also examine whether evolving agricultural intensification practices induced by land scarcity are agronomically appropriate. Our findings show that smaller plot and farm sizes are associated with higher application of agricultural inputs, mainly nitrogen fertilizers. Importantly, small plot size is associated with overapplication of nitrogen fertilizer relative to crop-specific agronomic recommendations. In addition, smaller plots are associated with higher rates of labor application and lower rates of mechanization.
Fortified balanced energy-protein supplementation, maternal anemia, and gestational weight gain: A randomized controlled efficacy trial among pregnant women in rural Burkina Faso
Hanley-Cook, Giles; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Tesfamariam, Kokeb; de Kok, Brenda; Argaw, Alemayehu; Compaore, Anderson; Huybregts, Lieven. 2022
Hanley-Cook, Giles; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Tesfamariam, Kokeb; de Kok, Brenda; Argaw, Alemayehu; Compaore, Anderson; Huybregts, Lieven. 2022
DOI : 10.1093/jn/nxac171
Abstract | View
Background; Anemia and suboptimal gestational weight gain (GWG) are associated with adverse maternal and birth outcomes. Limited research indicates that balanced energy-protein (BEP) supplements reduce the incidence of inadequate GWG.
Objectives: We assessed the efficacy of a micronutrient fortified BEP supplement on the secondary outcomes: anemia, GWG, GWG rate, and GWG in relation to the IOM's recommendations, as compared to an iron-folic acid (IFA) tablet.
Objectives: We assessed the efficacy of a micronutrient fortified BEP supplement on the secondary outcomes: anemia, GWG, GWG rate, and GWG in relation to the IOM's recommendations, as compared to an iron-folic acid (IFA) tablet.
A climate change modelling framework for financial stress testing in Southern Africa
Anvari, Vafa; Arndt, Channing; Hartley, Faaiqa; Makrelov, Konstantin; Strezepek, Kenneth; Thomas, Timothy S.; Gabriel, Sherwin; Merven, Bruno. 2022
Anvari, Vafa; Arndt, Channing; Hartley, Faaiqa; Makrelov, Konstantin; Strezepek, Kenneth; Thomas, Timothy S.; Gabriel, Sherwin; Merven, Bruno. 2022
Abstract | View
Central banks play a critical role in the economy, with policy levers that influence and are influenced by climate change. An important part of central bank interventions is conducting climate-related stress tests and scenario analysis to increase awareness in the financial sector of the effects of climate change, improve the integration of climate-related risks into financial companies’ decisions, identify important data gaps, and start building capacity to develop more advanced and accurate climate scenarios. These exercises, however, are a challenge to central banks and financial companies because of their complexity and the new data and tools required for scenario development and analysis. The development of scenarios for climate-related stress testing requires the integration of different model frameworks to assess the impacts of climate change, translate these impacts into macroeconomic scenarios, and evaluate the subsequent financial sector outcomes. This integration requires multidisciplinary skills such as the joint work of energy system modellers, climate scientists and macroprudential experts. This paper provides an overview of the modelling frameworks available for assessing climate change impacts in South Africa, covering both local and global models. This should assist financial institutions and regulators with developing partnerships to build scenarios and assess the impact of climate-related risks. Gaps in current models and modelling for financial stress testing are also identified as considerations for future research.
Weather variability and extreme shocks in Africa: Are female or male farmers more affected?
Azzarri, Carlo; Nico, Gianluigi. 2022
Azzarri, Carlo; Nico, Gianluigi. 2022
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.322503
Abstract | View
African agriculture is highly sensitive to weather variability and extreme weather shocks. The question of how weather events affect participation in agricultural employment—including from a gender perspective—remains unanswered. This study aims to empirically quantify differences in how women and men adapt their participation in agricultural employment in response to climate variability and extreme weather events. Our study uses a novel individual-level database that draws mostly from Labour Force Surveys (LFS) that represents more than 80% of the total African population and covers nearly 86% of the Africa’s total workforce. In order to identify shock-affected areas, we match data from that LFS with gridcell monthly time series bioclimatic variables (temperature and rainfall). We estimate two systems of equations using the seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR) estimator to account for the potential contemporaneous correlation of the error terms in each equation. Descriptive results by region show that, regardless of age and sex, agriculture dominates employment distribution. In West and Central Africa and in East and Southern Africa region the agricultural sector employs the largest share of the working population. Multivariate SUR results show that, of all weather events, heat waves and droughts have the greatest detrimental effecton the intensity of individual efforts in agriculture; the number of work hours is reduced by 40% in the case of heat waves and 14% during droughts. If farmers are women, however, the reduction in work hours due to heat wave is lessened by 40%. Given the fundamental role of women both in agricultural production and in coping with extreme weather shocks, the key priorities would lie on implementation of sustainable, climate-resilient, and gender-sensitive policies; corresponding interventions in the labor market; and gender mainstreaming in planning and promoting agriculture- and job-related programs.
Benchmarking policy goals and actions for healthy food environments in Ethiopia to prevent malnutrition in all its forms using document analysis
Trübswasser, Ursula; Candel, Jeroen; Genye, Tirsit; Bossuyt, Anne; Holdsworth, Michelle; Baye, Kaleab; Talsma, Elise F.. 2022
Trübswasser, Ursula; Candel, Jeroen; Genye, Tirsit; Bossuyt, Anne; Holdsworth, Michelle; Baye, Kaleab; Talsma, Elise F.. 2022
DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-058480
Abstract | View
Unhealthy diets resulting in overweight and obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases are of increasing concern in Ethiopia, alongside persistent undernutrition, and have been linked to unhealthy food environments. Little is known about the policy response to unhealthy food nvironments in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to assess how different food environment domains have been addressed in Ethiopian policy goals and action over time and how this compares with global good practice benchmarks.
Balancing national economic policy outcomes for sustainable development
Basheer, Mohammed; Nechifor, Victor; Calzadilla, Alvaro; Ringler, Claudia; Hulme, David; Harou, Julien J.. 2022
Basheer, Mohammed; Nechifor, Victor; Calzadilla, Alvaro; Ringler, Claudia; Hulme, David; Harou, Julien J.. 2022
DOI : 10.1038/s41467-022-32415-9
Abstract | View
The 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim at jointly improving economic, social, and environmental outcomes for human prosperity and planetary health. However, designing national economic policies that support advancement across multiple Sustainable Development Goals is hindered by the complexities of multi-sector economies and often conflicting policies. To address this, we introduce a national-scale design framework that can enable policymakers to sift through complex, non-linear, multi-sector policy spaces to identify efficient policy portfolios that balance economic, social, and environmental goals. The framework combines economy-wide sustainability simulation and artificial intelligence-driven multiobjective, multi-SDG policy search and machine learning. The framework can support multi-sector, multi-actor policy deliberation to screen efficient policy portfolios. We demonstrate the utility of the framework for a case study of Egypt by identifying policy portfolios that achieve efficient mixes of poverty and inequality reduction, economic growth, and climate change mitigation. The results show that integrated policy strategies can help achieve sustainable development while balancing adverse economic, social, and political impacts of reforms.
Using a programme impact pathway to design, monitor, and evaluate interventions to commercialise biofortified crops and foods
Friesen, Valerie M; Mudyahoto, Bho; Birol, Ekin; Nyangaresi, Annette M; Reyes, Byron; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.. Geneva, Switzerland 2022
Friesen, Valerie M; Mudyahoto, Bho; Birol, Ekin; Nyangaresi, Annette M; Reyes, Byron; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.. Geneva, Switzerland 2022
DOI : 10.36072/wp.29
Abstract | View
Using a theory of change (TOC; a simplified definition of how and why an intervention is expected to work) or a programme impact pathway (PIP; a more detailed description of the causal pathways through which an intervention is delivered) to guide design, monitoring, and evaluation efforts is increasingly being used across various nutrition interventions, yet there are few documented examples in biofortification programmes. During the inception phase of the Commercialisation of Biofortified Crops (CBC) programme, which aims to scale up production and consumption of biofortified foods in six countries in Africa and Asia, a PIP was developed and used to inform the design of commercialisation strategies and their monitoring and evaluation. The objective of this paper is to describe that process. Using a generic TOC for biofortification as a starting point, we developed detailed PIPs for each of the nine country-crop combinations. Within each PIP, we identified the commercial pathway(s) and selected the one(s) with the most potential for impact. We then identified the binding constraint along each pathway and a set of activities and resources to tackle it. This process formed the basis of the country-crop commercialisation strategies and associated workplans. Additionally, we developed a monitoring reference manual that included a set of standardised indicators mapped to the PIP and detailed indicator reference sheets. These tools were contextualised for each country-crop combination and formed the basis of the programme’s monitoring and evaluation plans. Using a PIP to guide the development of programme strategies and measurement of achievements is good practice to ensure that programmes have high potential for impact and that relevant information needed to understand the evolution of results along the PIP is collected throughout programme implementation.
Developing strategies to commercialise biofortified crops and foods
Nyangaresi, Annette M.; Friesen, Valerie M.; McClafferty, Bonnie; van der Merwe, Charl; Haswell, Daniel; Reyes, Byron; Mudyahoto, Bho; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.. Geneva, Switzerland 2022
Nyangaresi, Annette M.; Friesen, Valerie M.; McClafferty, Bonnie; van der Merwe, Charl; Haswell, Daniel; Reyes, Byron; Mudyahoto, Bho; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.. Geneva, Switzerland 2022
DOI : 10.36072/wp.28
Abstract | View
Biofortification (or nutrient enrichment) of staple crops has the potential to contribute to reducing micronutrient deficiencies by increasing micronutrient intakes. In 2019, GAIN and HarvestPlus entered a partnership to lead the Commercialisation of Biofortified Crops (CBC) Programme, which aims to catalyse commercial markets for biofortified crops in six countries across Africa and Asia. During the CBC programme inception phase, information on the value chains and their challenges and opportunities for commercialisation were collected for each country-crop combination through literature reviews and third party-led commercialisation assessments. In this paper, we summarise the processes undertaken to identify the potential opportunities and barriers for commercialisation and describe how the findings were used to develop commercialisation strategies for nine country-crop combinations.
Respondent fatigue reduces dietary diversity scores reported from mobile phone surveys in Ethiopia during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abay, Kibrom A.; Berhane, Guush; Hoddinott, John F.; Tafere, Kibrom. 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Berhane, Guush; Hoddinott, John F.; Tafere, Kibrom. 2022
DOI : 10.1093/jn/nxac153
Relatives, neighbors, or friends: Information exchanges among irrigators on new on-farm water management tools
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Yimam, Seid; Arega, Tiruwork; Matheswaran, Karthikeyan; Schmitter, Petra M. V.. 2022
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Yimam, Seid; Arega, Tiruwork; Matheswaran, Karthikeyan; Schmitter, Petra M. V.. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.agsy.2022.103492
Abstract | View
CONTEXT: On-farm water application in Ethiopia, as in much of Sub-Saharan Africa, is dominated by furrow irrigation, which resulted in inefficient water uses and related economic and environmental problems. A recent project introduced two on-farm water management tools, called wetting front detectors and Chameleon sensors, to some farmers in Koga irrigation scheme and facilitated for other farmers in the quaternary canal, who did not receive the technology, to learn from farmers who installed the tools on their plots.
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to investigate the role of different social ties on information exchanges among farmers when some farmers have the signal on how long to irrigate a field during an irrigation event from on-farm water management tools. The study explored the relative importance of being neighbors, friends, spatial proximity of farms, and project induced pairings.
METHODS: The study used a household survey data from all members of quaternary canals in the project that were in the technology, information, and control groups, as well as detailed network modules on how farmers with plots in the quaternary canal are associated with each other. A fixed effects econometric approach is used to control for time invariant household level and quaternary canal characteristics, while teasing out how the different social ties affect the information flow.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results show that being in purposeful friendships as indicated by knowing each other's decision on the use of agricultural inputs and its outcome, as well as being spatially proximate as indicated by having farm plots next to each other or usually passing by each other's plots play a significant role in determining whether information-recipient farmers received information from the technology-recipient farmers as expected. Being relatives or neighbors played a minor role to facilitate information exchanges on how long to irrigate. In addition, ad-hoc pairs of farmers between technology-recipient and information-recipient created through the project within the quaternary canal did not play a significant role above and beyond the existing social ties of friendships and spatial proximity.
SIGNIFICANCE: The findings have implications for effective ways of targeting in future scale up of such technologies as it informs that the roll out of such type of technologies and the extension services around it can better help technology diffusion and learning if they use friends and spatial proximates as anchors of information. That is, at times of over-subscription to such on-farm water management tools, information about the technology and the recommended duration of one irrigation turn can diffuse faster if the limited number of tools are distributed in such a way that friends and spatial proximates have access to a tool, rather than distributing the tools based on being neighbors or relatives.
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study is to investigate the role of different social ties on information exchanges among farmers when some farmers have the signal on how long to irrigate a field during an irrigation event from on-farm water management tools. The study explored the relative importance of being neighbors, friends, spatial proximity of farms, and project induced pairings.
METHODS: The study used a household survey data from all members of quaternary canals in the project that were in the technology, information, and control groups, as well as detailed network modules on how farmers with plots in the quaternary canal are associated with each other. A fixed effects econometric approach is used to control for time invariant household level and quaternary canal characteristics, while teasing out how the different social ties affect the information flow.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The results show that being in purposeful friendships as indicated by knowing each other's decision on the use of agricultural inputs and its outcome, as well as being spatially proximate as indicated by having farm plots next to each other or usually passing by each other's plots play a significant role in determining whether information-recipient farmers received information from the technology-recipient farmers as expected. Being relatives or neighbors played a minor role to facilitate information exchanges on how long to irrigate. In addition, ad-hoc pairs of farmers between technology-recipient and information-recipient created through the project within the quaternary canal did not play a significant role above and beyond the existing social ties of friendships and spatial proximity.
SIGNIFICANCE: The findings have implications for effective ways of targeting in future scale up of such technologies as it informs that the roll out of such type of technologies and the extension services around it can better help technology diffusion and learning if they use friends and spatial proximates as anchors of information. That is, at times of over-subscription to such on-farm water management tools, information about the technology and the recommended duration of one irrigation turn can diffuse faster if the limited number of tools are distributed in such a way that friends and spatial proximates have access to a tool, rather than distributing the tools based on being neighbors or relatives.
Public agriculture investment and food security in ECOWAS
Kamenya, Madalitso A.; Hendricks, Sheryl L.; Gandidzanwa, Colleta; Ulimwengu, John M.; Odjo, Sunday. 2022
Kamenya, Madalitso A.; Hendricks, Sheryl L.; Gandidzanwa, Colleta; Ulimwengu, John M.; Odjo, Sunday. 2022
DOI : 10.1016j.foodpol.2022.102349
Abstract | View
Public agriculture expenditure is a significant growth catalyst. However, evaluating the impact of public agriculture expenditure on food security remains scanty. This paper assessed the impact of public expenditure on food security in nine ECOWAS countries using four indicators of food security, one in each dimension (availability, access, utilization and stability). Using a fixed-effect generalized least squares model the study found that public agricultural expenditure has improved. However, this has not translated to an automatic improvement in food security. The levels of stunting and undernourishment were still high in the nine ECOWAS countries. A one-unit increase in public agriculture expenditure was associated with a 0.2% reduction in undernourishment andan improved average dietary energy supply adequacy between 2000 and 2016. The paper concluded that the nine ECOWAS countries have made considerable progress in improving food availability, that public agriculture expenditure by share has increased in the nine ECOWAS countries since the inception of CAADP, with several countries meeting the 10% target of spending on agriculture for several years and that public agricultural expenditure had a positive impact on food accessibility and availability. The analysis could be replicated in the design of national food security investment plans and help identify strategies to accelerate food security and nutrition improvements in African countries.
Données de population sur la République démocratique du Congo: Peut-on réduire les marges d'imprécision?
Muhoza, Benjamin Kanze; De Herdt, Tom; Marivoet, Wim. Paris 2022
Muhoza, Benjamin Kanze; De Herdt, Tom; Marivoet, Wim. Paris 2022
Measuring consumption over the phone: Evidence from a survey experiment in urban Ethiopia
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; de Brauw, Alan; Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize. Helsinki, Finland 2022
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; de Brauw, Alan; Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize. Helsinki, Finland 2022
DOI : 10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2022/227-0
Abstract | View
The paucity of reliable, timely household consumption data in many low- and middle-income countries has made it difficult to assess how global poverty has evolved during the COVID-19 pandemic. Standard poverty measurement requires collecting household consumption data, which is rarely done by phone. To test the feasibility of collecting consumption data over the phone, we conducted a survey experiment in urban Ethiopia, randomly assigning households to either phone or in-person interviews. In the phone survey, average per capita consumption was 23 per cent lower than in the in-person survey, and the estimated poverty headcount was twice as high. There is evidence of survey fatigue occurring early in phone interviews but not in in-person interviews; the bias is correlated with household characteristics. While the phone survey mode provides comparable estimates when measuring diet-based food security, it is not amenable to measuring consumption using the ‘best practice’ approach originally devised for in-person surveys.
Telescoping error in recalled food consumption: Evidence from a survey experiment in Ethiopia
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; de Brauw, Alan; Gibson, John; Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize. 2022
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; de Brauw, Alan; Gibson, John; Hirvonen, Kalle; Wolle, Abdulazize. 2022
DOI : 10.1093/wber/lhac015
Abstract | View
Telescoping errors occur if survey respondents misdate events from outside the reference period and include them in their recall. Concern about telescoping influenced the design of early Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) surveys, which used a two-visit interview format to bound food consumption recall. This design fell out of favor although not for evidence-based reasons. To measure the extent of telescoping bias on food consumption measures, a survey experiment was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, randomly assigning households to either a two-visit bounded recall or a single visit unbounded recall. The average value of reported food consumption is 16 percent higher (95 percent CI: 7.4–25.9) in the unbounded single visit recall relative to the two-visit bounded recall. Most of the error is explained by difference in reported spending on less frequently consumed, protein-rich foods, so apparent food security indicators based on household diet diversity are likely overstated with unbounded recall.
Changing food systems and infectious disease risks in low-income and middle-income countries
Waage, Jeff; Grace, Delia; McDermott, John; Fèvre, Eric M.; Lines, Jo; Wieland, Barbara; Naylor, Nichola R.; Hassell, James M.; Chan, Kallista. 2022
Waage, Jeff; Grace, Delia; McDermott, John; Fèvre, Eric M.; Lines, Jo; Wieland, Barbara; Naylor, Nichola R.; Hassell, James M.; Chan, Kallista. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00116-4
Abstract | View
The emergence of COVID-19 has drawn the attention of health researchers sharply back to the role that food systems can play in generating human disease burden. But emerging pandemic threats are just one dimension of the complex relationship between agriculture and infectious disease, which is evolving rapidly, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) that are undergoing rapid food system transformation. We examine this changing relationship through four current disease issues. The first is that greater investment in irrigation to improve national food security raises risks of vector-borne disease, which we illustrate with the case of malaria and rice in Africa. The second is that the intensification of livestock production in LMICs brings risks of zoonotic diseases like cysticercosis, which need to be managed as consumer demand grows. The third is that the nutritional benefits of increasing supply of fresh vegetables, fruit, and animal-sourced foods in markets in LMICs pose new food-borne disease risks, which might undermine supply. The fourth issue is that the potential human health risks of antimicrobial resistance from agriculture are intensified by changing livestock production. For each disease issue, we explore how food system transition is creating unintentional infectious disease risks, and what solutions might exist for these problems. We show that successfully addressing all of these challenges requires a coordinated approach between public health and agricultural sectors, recognising the costs and benefits of disease-reducing interventions to both, and seeking win–win solutions that are most likely to attract broad policy support and uptake by food systems.
Revisiting poverty trends and the role of social protection systems in Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic
Abay, Kibrom A.; Yonzan, Nishant; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tafere, Kibrom. Washington, DC 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Yonzan, Nishant; Kurdi, Sikandra; Tafere, Kibrom. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
Quantifying the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on poverty in Africa has been as difficult as predicting the path of the pandemic, mainly due to data limitations. The advent of new data sources, including national accounts and phone survey data, provides an opportunity for a thorough reassessment of the impact of the pandemic and the subsequent expansion of social protection systems on the evolution of poverty in Africa. This paper combines per capita gross domestic product growth from national accounts with data from High-Frequency Phone Surveys for several countries to estimate the net impact of the pandemic on poverty. It finds that the pandemic increased poverty in Africa by 1.5–1.7 percentage points in 2020, relatively smaller than early estimates and projections. The paper also finds that countries affected by fragility, conflict, and violence experienced the greatest increases in poverty, about 2.1 percentage points in 2020. Furthermore, the paper assesses and synthesizes empirical evidence on the role that social protection systems played in mitigating the adverse impact of the COVID-19 crisis in Africa. It reviews social protection responses in various African countries, mainly focusing on the impact of these programs and effectiveness of targeting systems. Although the evidence base on the protective role of social protection programs during the pandemic remains scarce, the paper highlights important findings on the impacts of these programs while also uncovering some vulnerabilities in social protection programming in Africa. Finally, the paper draws important lessons related to the delivery, targeting, and impact of various social protection programs launched in Africa in response to the pandemic.
Energy solutions for irrigation in Ethiopia
Xie, Hua; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2022
Xie, Hua; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2022
Abstract | View
The policy brief presents a short summary of a study from the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) that used an integrated irrigation-energy planning framework to identify groundwater irrigation development potentials in Ethiopia under three energy solutions: grid-connected electricity, off-grid solar PV, and diesel.
Women's empowerment, maternal depression, and stress: Evidence from rural Burkina Faso
Leight, Jessica; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Gelli, Aulo. 2022
Leight, Jessica; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ganaba, Rasmané; Gelli, Aulo. 2022
DOI : 10.1016j.ssmmh.2022.100160
Abstract | View
Objective: Though there is a wide array of evidence that women's empowerment is associated with more positive health and nutritional outcomes for women and children, evidence around the relationship with mental health or subjective well-being remains relatively limited. The objective of this paper is to explore this relationship in longitudinal data from rural Burkina Faso.
Methods: We analyze the association between empowerment measured using the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI), and two additional outcomes of interest: stress (measured using the SRQ-20) and maternal depression (measured using the Edinburgh scale for post-partum depression). The analysis employs both cross-sectional specifications and panel specifications conditional on individual fixed effects.
Methods: We analyze the association between empowerment measured using the project-level Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI), and two additional outcomes of interest: stress (measured using the SRQ-20) and maternal depression (measured using the Edinburgh scale for post-partum depression). The analysis employs both cross-sectional specifications and panel specifications conditional on individual fixed effects.
Identifying energy solutions to support development of irrigated agriculture in Ethiopia
Xie, Hua; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2022
Xie, Hua; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2022
Abstract | View
Sub-Saharan African countries have long been beset with energy poverty. While there are already many studies on how to improve access to modern energy services in the region, those energy planning analyses are dominated by residential energy demand, and not much attention has yet been paid to the productive use of energy in agriculture. This paper aims at filling this knowledge gap by presenting a country-level planning analysis in Ethiopia to inform investment decisions and policy discussions about the promotion of energy use in agriculture to support the development of irrigated agriculture in the country. Irrigation is considered as a promising option to boost agricultural production and enhance agricultural resilience in Ethiopia. However, the strong water-energy nexus in irrigated agriculture implies that irrigation development in Ethiopia is hampered by energy poverty. The challenging aspect of the planning analysis for productive use of energy in irrigated agriculture is that, in addition to access to energy, irrigation adoption is constrained by many other factors such as availability of water resources, land suitability, and market potential of irrigated crops. In this study, we put the analysis into an integrated irrigation-energy planning framework and used the integrated modelling approach to identify groundwater irrigation development potentials in Ethiopia under three energy solutions: grid-connected electricity, off-grid solar PV, and diesel energy The analysis shows that by 2030, there is a potential to add about 1.05 million hectares of groundwater irrigated area. Both on-grid and off-grid energy solutions will play an important role in the effort to develop groundwater-based irrigated agriculture in Ethiopia. Moreover, the application potential of the two off grid energy solutions(solar PV and diesel) critically depends on the energy pricing policy of the country. A reform that removes the subsidies on fossil fuels will help promote the use of solar PV powered irrigation system significantly. Finally, Ethiopia is a country rich in renewable energy resources. Apart from solar energy, other sources of renewable energy available in Ethiopia include wind, geothermal, and micro-hydrology. There is also keen interest in investing in mini-grids. The approach developed in this study can be extended to accommodate these energy solutions, and this constitutes a topic that invites future research.
Intra-household decisions on cookstove choices and impacts on the welfare of women and girls
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Arega, Tiruwork; Yimam, Seid. 2022
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Arega, Tiruwork; Yimam, Seid. 2022
Abstract | View
This study aimed to examine the intra-household decision-making on stove choice and understand whether the gender and other characteristics of the household member who decides on the type of cookstove used affect the intended welfare gains for women and girls. Using a nationally representative data set collected by the World Bank in 2018, factors associated with cookstove choices and the impact of the chosen cookstove type on women’s time use were estimated using a generalized structural equation modelling. The findings show that cookstove choices are associated more with the characteristics of the person who makes such decisions within the household than the characteristics of the head of the household. When the person who decides on the types of stoves used in the house is female, literate, married, cooks frequently in the house, and is employed, they are more likely to choose manufactured and self-built stoves. Women and girls in households that use a combination of manufactured and self built stoves spend less time on cooking and collection of fuel for home use and more time on childcare and paid work outside the house compared to women and girls in households that use only open fire tripod stoves. The stacking of manufactured, self built, and open fire tripod stoves frees up women's and girls' time for schoolwork by reducing cooking time, though it increases time they spend on fuel collection.
Education and extension campaigns aimed at improving the adoption of improved cookstoves in rural Ethiopia would be more successful if they first identified who in the household makes the decision on cookstove choices and then focused their messaging to those persons, who are not always household heads. Cookstove program implementers will have a higher chance of convincing people to adopt self-built and manufactured stoves instead of open-fire stoves if their messaging focuses more on female members of households rather than male members, on those household members who cook frequently rather than those who cook only sometimes, and focus on educated rather than non-educated members of the household.
Education and extension campaigns aimed at improving the adoption of improved cookstoves in rural Ethiopia would be more successful if they first identified who in the household makes the decision on cookstove choices and then focused their messaging to those persons, who are not always household heads. Cookstove program implementers will have a higher chance of convincing people to adopt self-built and manufactured stoves instead of open-fire stoves if their messaging focuses more on female members of households rather than male members, on those household members who cook frequently rather than those who cook only sometimes, and focus on educated rather than non-educated members of the household.
Labor productivity growth and industrialization in Africa
McMillan, Margaret S.; Zeufack, Albert. 2022
McMillan, Margaret S.; Zeufack, Albert. 2022
DOI : 10.1257/jep.36.1.3
HER Plus Harnessing gender and social equality for resilience in agrifood systems
de Haan, Nicoline C.; Gilligan, Daniel; Cole, Steve; Puskur, Ranjitha; Roy, Shalini; Kosec, Katrina. 2022
de Haan, Nicoline C.; Gilligan, Daniel; Cole, Steve; Puskur, Ranjitha; Roy, Shalini; Kosec, Katrina. 2022
Social protection and resilience: The case of the productive safety net program in Ethiopia
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Berhane, Guush; Chamberlin, Jordan. 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Berhane, Guush; Chamberlin, Jordan. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102367
Abstract | View
Improving household resilience is becoming one of the key focus and target of social protection programs in Africa. However, there is surprisingly little direct evidence of the impacts of social protection programs on household resilience measures. We use five rounds of panel data to examine rural households’ resilience outcomes associated with participation in Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Nets Program (PSNP). Following Cissé and Barrett (2018), we employ a probabilistic moment-based approach for measuring resilience and evaluate the role of PSNP transfers and duration of participation on households’ resilience. We document four important findings. First, although PSNP transfers are positively associated with resilience, PSNP transfers below the median are less likely to generate meaningful improvements in resilience. Second, continuous participation in the PSNP is associated with higher resilience. Third, combining safety nets with income generating or asset building initiatives may be particularly efficacious at building poor households’ resilience. Fourth, our evaluation of both short-term welfare (consumption) and longer-term outcomes (resilience) suggests that these outcomes are likely to be driven by different factors, suggesting that optimizing intervention designs for improving short term welfare impacts may not necessarily improve households’ resilience, and vice versa. Together, our findings imply that effectively boosting household resilience may require significant transfers over multiple years. National safety nets programs that transfer small amounts to beneficiaries over limited time horizons may not be very effective.
The lost opportunity from insufficient pollinators for global food supplies and human health
Smith, Matthew R.; Mueller, Nathaniel D.; Springmann, Marco; Sulser, Timothy; Garibaldi, Lucas A.; Gerber, James; Wiebe, Keith D.; Myers, Samuel S.. 2022
Smith, Matthew R.; Mueller, Nathaniel D.; Springmann, Marco; Sulser, Timothy; Garibaldi, Lucas A.; Gerber, James; Wiebe, Keith D.; Myers, Samuel S.. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00265-0
Abstract | View
Animal pollination supports agricultural production for many healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes, which provide key nutrients and protect against non-communicable diseases. Today, most crops receive suboptimal pollination because of reduced abundance and diversity of pollinating insects. We modelled the effects on current global human health from insufficient pollination by quantifying the pollinator-related crop yield gap and lost consumption of pollination-dependent foods by country and region, after accounting for global trade, economic behaviours, and food waste. We also estimated the lost economic value of crop production for the following three diverse case-study countries: Honduras, Nepal, and Nigeria.
Multiple modifiable maternal, household and health service factors are associated with maternal nutrition and early breastfeeding practices in Burkina Faso
Kim, Sunny S.; Ouédraogo, Césaire T.; Zagré, Rock; Ganaba, Rasmané; Zafimanjaka, Maurice G.; Tharaney, Manisha; Menon, Purnima. 2022
Kim, Sunny S.; Ouédraogo, Césaire T.; Zagré, Rock; Ganaba, Rasmané; Zafimanjaka, Maurice G.; Tharaney, Manisha; Menon, Purnima. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13457
Abstract | View
Low coverage of effective nutrition interventions in many high-burden countries, due to service provision and demand factors, result in poor uptake of recommended practices and nutrition outcomes. We examined the factors that influence maternal nutrition and early breastfeeding practices and determined the extent that the key factors could improve these practices in two regions in Burkina Faso. We used household survey data among pregnant (n = 920) and recently delivered women (n = 1840). Multivariable regression analyses were conducted to identify the determinants of a diverse diet and iron-folic acid (IFA) supplement consumption, weight monitoring during pregnancy and early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF). Population attributable risk analysis was used to estimate how much the outcomes can be improved under optimal conditions of interventions that address the modifiable determinants. During pregnancy, 21% of women achieved minimum diet diversity (MDD-W), 70% consumed 90+ IFA tablets and 65% were weighed 4+ times; EIBF was 40%. Nutrition knowledge was associated with MDD-W (odds ratio [OR]: 3.2), 90+ IFA (OR: 1.5) and EIBF (OR: 1.9). Positive social norms and family support were associated with 90+ IFA (OR: 1.5). Early and 4+ ANC visits were associated with 90+ IFA (OR: 1.5 and 10) and 4+ weight monitoring (OR: 6.2). Nutrition counselling was associated with 90+ IFA (OR: 2.5) and EIBF (OR: 1.5). Under optimal programme conditions, 41% of women would achieve MDD-W, 93% would consume 90+ IFA, 93% would be weighed 4+ times and 57% would practice EIBF. Strengthening the delivery and uptake of interventions targeted at these modifiable factors has the potential to improve maternal nutrition practices.
Implementation and maintenance of infant dietary diversity in Zimbabwe: Contribution of food and water insecurity
Koyratty, Nadia; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.; Jones, Andrew D.; Schuster, Roseanne; Kordas, Katarzyna; Majo, Florence D.. 2022
Koyratty, Nadia; Mbuya, Mduduzi N. N.; Jones, Andrew D.; Schuster, Roseanne; Kordas, Katarzyna; Majo, Florence D.. 2022
DOI : 10.1186/s40795-022-00622-8
Abstract | View
Background: Inadequate food and water resources negatively affect child health and the efficiency of nutrition interventions.
Methods: We used data from the SHINE trial to investigate the associations of food insecurity (FI) and water insecurity (WI) on mothers’ implementation and maintenance of minimum infant dietary diversity (MIDD). We conducted factor analysis to identify and score dimensions of FI (poor access, household shocks, low availability & quality), and WI (poor access, poor quality and low reliability). MIDD implementation (n = 636) was adequate if infants aged 12 months (M12) ate ≥ four food groups. MIDD maintenance (n = 624) was categorized into four mutually exclusive groups: A (unmet MIDD at both M12 and M18), B (unmet MIDD at M12 only), C (unmet MIDD at M18 only), and D (met MIDD at both M12 and M18). We used multivariable-adjusted binary logistic and multinomial regressions to determine likelihood of MIDD implementation, and of belonging to MIDD maintenance groups A-C (poor maintenance groups), compared to group D, respectively.
Results: Low food availability & quality were negatively associated with implementation (OR = 0.81; 0.69, 0.97), and maintenance (ORB = 1.29; 1.07, 1.56). Poor water quality was positively associated with implementation (OR = 1.25; 1.08, 1.44), but inconsistently associated with maintenance, with higher odds of infants being in group C (OR = 1.39; 1.08, 1.79), and lower odds of being in group B (OR = 0.80; 0.66, 0.96).
Conclusion: Food security should be prioritized for adequate implementation and maintenance of infant diets during complementary feeding. The inconsistent findings with water quality indicate the need for further research on WI and infant feeding.
Methods: We used data from the SHINE trial to investigate the associations of food insecurity (FI) and water insecurity (WI) on mothers’ implementation and maintenance of minimum infant dietary diversity (MIDD). We conducted factor analysis to identify and score dimensions of FI (poor access, household shocks, low availability & quality), and WI (poor access, poor quality and low reliability). MIDD implementation (n = 636) was adequate if infants aged 12 months (M12) ate ≥ four food groups. MIDD maintenance (n = 624) was categorized into four mutually exclusive groups: A (unmet MIDD at both M12 and M18), B (unmet MIDD at M12 only), C (unmet MIDD at M18 only), and D (met MIDD at both M12 and M18). We used multivariable-adjusted binary logistic and multinomial regressions to determine likelihood of MIDD implementation, and of belonging to MIDD maintenance groups A-C (poor maintenance groups), compared to group D, respectively.
Results: Low food availability & quality were negatively associated with implementation (OR = 0.81; 0.69, 0.97), and maintenance (ORB = 1.29; 1.07, 1.56). Poor water quality was positively associated with implementation (OR = 1.25; 1.08, 1.44), but inconsistently associated with maintenance, with higher odds of infants being in group C (OR = 1.39; 1.08, 1.79), and lower odds of being in group B (OR = 0.80; 0.66, 0.96).
Conclusion: Food security should be prioritized for adequate implementation and maintenance of infant diets during complementary feeding. The inconsistent findings with water quality indicate the need for further research on WI and infant feeding.
Can conditional cash transfers boost trust within communities? In Tanzania, they did
Evans, David; Kosec, Katrina. Washington, DC 2022
Evans, David; Kosec, Katrina. Washington, DC 2022
Abstract | View
When we began working with the government of Tanzania to evaluate a pilot conditional cash transfer program, we heard similar concerns from policymakers: would cash transfers provided by the state erode informal safety nets? After several years of evaluation, the answer appears to be no.
The COVID-19 pandemic and food security in low- and middle-income countries: A review
Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Farris, Jarrad. 2022
Bloem, Jeffrey R.; Farris, Jarrad. 2022
DOI : 10.1186/s40066-022-00391-4
Abstract | View
We review findings from the emerging microeconomic literature on observed changes in food insecurity associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. To do so, we focus our review on studies in low- and middle-income countries that include household survey data measuring food insecurity collected both before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We first focus on several studies—seven from countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and one from India—that estimate immediate changes in food insecurity associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. Next, we review subsequent analysis studying longer term changes in food insecurity associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. This review, therefore, complements existing macroeconomic projections of food insecurity based on expected changes in income and prices.
Boosting investment in agriculture research in Africa: Building a case for increased investment in agricultural research in Africa
Stads, Gert-Jan; Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Beintema, Nienke. 2022
Stads, Gert-Jan; Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Beintema, Nienke. 2022
Abstract | View
Agricultural research and development (R&D) investment is positively associated with high returns, but these returns take time—often decades—to develop. Consequently, the inherent lag from the inception of research to the adoption of new technologies calls for sustained and stable R&D funding. In 2016, Africa invested just 0.39 percent of its agricultural GDP (AgGDP) in agricultural R&D, down from 0.54 percent in 2000. Even though in absolute terms total R&D investment has increased since the turn of the millennium—after a period of stagnation—most of the funds have been directed toward research staff expansion, salary increases, and rehabilitation of derelict research infrastructure and equipment, rather than actual research programs. In fact, in a large number of African countries, the national government funds the salaries of researchers and support staff, but little else, leaving nonsalary-related expenses highly dependent on donors and other funding sources.
Impact of aquaculture training on farmers’ income: Cluster randomized controlled trial evidence in Ghana
Ragasa, Catherine; Amewu, Sena; Agyakwah, Seth Koranteng; Mensah, Emmanuel; Asmah, Ruby. 2022
Ragasa, Catherine; Amewu, Sena; Agyakwah, Seth Koranteng; Mensah, Emmanuel; Asmah, Ruby. 2022
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12754
Abstract | View
Aquaculture in Ghana is experiencing tremendous growth, led mainly by large-scale commercial cage operators. A major objective of the government and its partners is to ensure that this rapid growth is sustainable and includes small-scale farmers and poor rural producers. This paper evaluates the aquaculture trainings implemented in six main tilapia-producing regions in Ghana as part of the Ghana Tilapia Seed Project. The impact evaluation is designed as a cluster randomized controlled trial, with half of the producing districts randomly-assigned as the treatment and the rest as the control, complemented by qualitative interviews. One year after the trainings, results show positive impacts on the adoption of good record-keeping, water management, and some biosecurity practices, and on productivity and incomes. In terms of mechanism, improved management practices resulted from reducing overstocking, reducing inbreeding, maintaining water level for fish ponds, regular pond clearing and establishing physical barriers, following advice and recommendations on feeding practices, and complementing feeding practices with farmers’ own feed formulation. Half of the trained farmers experienced lower fish mortality, faster growth, and heavier fish at harvest. Marketing and processing advice through the trainings and complementary FishConnect WhatsApp platform likely contributed to higher incomes, although the platform's coverage and regular updating can be improved.
Access to health services, food, and water during an active conflict: Evidence from Ethiopia
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Berhane, Guush; Chamberlin, Jordan; Croke, Kevin; Tafere, Kibrom. 2022
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Berhane, Guush; Chamberlin, Jordan; Croke, Kevin; Tafere, Kibrom. 2022
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001015
Abstract | View
Civil conflict began in Ethiopia in November 2020 and has reportedly caused major disrup tions in access to health services, food, and related critical services, in addition to the direct impacts of the conflict on health and well-being. However, the population-level impacts of
the conflict have not yet been systematically quantified. We analyze high frequency phone surveys conducted by the World Bank, which included measures of access to basic ser vices, to estimate the impact of the first phase of the war (November 2020 to May 2021) on households in Tigray. After controlling for sample selection, a difference-in-differences approach is used to estimate causal effects of the conflict on population access to health services, food, and water and sanitation. Inverse probability weighting is used to adjust for sample attrition. The conflict has increased the share of respondents who report that they were unable to access needed health services by 35 percentage points (95% CI: 14–55 pp)
and medicine by 8 pp (95% CI:2–15 pp). It has also increased the share of households unable to purchase staple foods by 26 pp (95% CI:7–45 pp). The share of households unable to access water did not increase, although the percentage able to purchase soap declined by 17 pp (95% CI: 1–32 pp). We document significant heterogeneity across popula tion groups, with disproportionate effects on the poor, on rural populations, on households with undernourished children, and those living in communities without health facilities. These significant disruptions in access to basic services likely underestimate the true bur den of conflict in the affected population, given that the conflict has continued beyond the
survey period, and that worse-affected households may have higher rates of non-response. Documented spatial and household-level heterogeneity in the impact of the conflict may help guide rapid post-conflict responses.
the conflict have not yet been systematically quantified. We analyze high frequency phone surveys conducted by the World Bank, which included measures of access to basic ser vices, to estimate the impact of the first phase of the war (November 2020 to May 2021) on households in Tigray. After controlling for sample selection, a difference-in-differences approach is used to estimate causal effects of the conflict on population access to health services, food, and water and sanitation. Inverse probability weighting is used to adjust for sample attrition. The conflict has increased the share of respondents who report that they were unable to access needed health services by 35 percentage points (95% CI: 14–55 pp)
and medicine by 8 pp (95% CI:2–15 pp). It has also increased the share of households unable to purchase staple foods by 26 pp (95% CI:7–45 pp). The share of households unable to access water did not increase, although the percentage able to purchase soap declined by 17 pp (95% CI: 1–32 pp). We document significant heterogeneity across popula tion groups, with disproportionate effects on the poor, on rural populations, on households with undernourished children, and those living in communities without health facilities. These significant disruptions in access to basic services likely underestimate the true bur den of conflict in the affected population, given that the conflict has continued beyond the
survey period, and that worse-affected households may have higher rates of non-response. Documented spatial and household-level heterogeneity in the impact of the conflict may help guide rapid post-conflict responses.
Sustaining natural resources in African agriculture: What have we learned in the past two decades?
Place, Frank. Singapore 2022
Place, Frank. Singapore 2022
DOI : 10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_11
Abstract | View
Calls for increased attention to natural resource management (NRM) in African agriculture have been around for many decades. They became more vocal around the turn of the century following decades of poor yield growth and emerging data showing concerns about land quality and productivity. In recent years, these intensified further with the specter of climate change and continuing rural population growth challenging agricultural systems on the continent. Researchers have responded to these challenges, advancing research frameworks and hypotheses, deploying more research tools, and conducting more studies. However, it is unclear that all this response has significantly advanced our state of knowledge on the extent and nature of land degradation in agricultural land, the particular practices that work in different socioeconomic contexts, and how best to induce their uptake by households facing different priorities and constraints. This chapter will motivate this conclusion and offer options for moving forward in some of these topical areas.
Solar power to transform food systems and rural livelihoods: Evidence from a solar-powered cold storage intervention in Nigeria
Yamauchi, Futoshi; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Singapore 2022
Yamauchi, Futoshi; Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Singapore 2022
DOI : 10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_24
Abstract | View
In developing countries, a substantial amount of perishable and often highly nutritious commodities, such as fruits and vegetables, are lost after harvest, mainly caused by the lack of key infrastructures, such as electricity and cold chain facilities. On the other hand, the world has recently seen the potential of solar power in decarbonizing economies and transforming rural livelihoods in developing countries. A new technology, such as solar power photovoltaics, is highly divisible and, therefore, can be easily introduced to overcome the lack of sustainable electricity supply. In 2020–2021, we implemented an intervention to rebuild rural livelihoods in conflict-affected northeast Nigeria by building solar-powered cold storage facilities that can reduce food loss and increase consumption of perishable, micronutrient-rich horticulture products; increase incomes of market agents and producers; and improve employment. The intervention brought a significant increase in the number of days that horticulture products remain fresh, market sales for cold storage users, and the amount of vegetables available to the local population. Cost-benefit analysis showed a significant net economic gain in the long-run. Our example shows that a technological innovation, which overcomes the lack of an essential investment for development, can trigger economic transformation.
Health gender gap in Uganda: do weather effects and water play a role?
Amondo, Emily Injete; Kirui, Oliver K.; Mirzabaev, Alisher; kirui. 2022
Amondo, Emily Injete; Kirui, Oliver K.; Mirzabaev, Alisher; kirui. 2022
DOI : 10.1186/s12939-022-01769-3
Abstract | View
Vulnerabilities of men and women to adverse health effects due to weather variability and climate change are not equal. Uganda was among the countries in the world most affected by extreme weather events during the last decade. However, there is still limited gendered empirical evidence on the links between weather variability and health and the possible pathways through which these health effects occur. Therefore, this study analyses the effect of weather variability on illness, and the extent to which water collection ‘time burden’ mediates the relationship between weather anomalies and illness among men and women of working age in Uganda. The study also quantifies the health inequalities to be eliminated if resources are equalized.
Mechanization, digitalization, and rural youth-stakeholder perceptions on three mega-topics for agricultural transformation in four African countries
Daum, Thomas; Adegbola, Patrice Ygue; Adegbola, Carine; Daudu, Christogonus; Issa, Fadlullah; Kirui, Oliver. 2022
Daum, Thomas; Adegbola, Patrice Ygue; Adegbola, Carine; Daudu, Christogonus; Issa, Fadlullah; Kirui, Oliver. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100616
Abstract | View
Mechanization, digitalization, and rural youth engagement are central to African agricultural transformation. Each of these topics is associated with debates on opportunities, risks, and appropriate policy actions, which become visible in international research discourses and policy fora. In contrast, little is known about the viewpoints of national stakeholders. This paper explores the viewpoints of 195 respondents from different stakeholders categories in Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, and Mali. The results reveal hitherto neglected aspects, e.g., the role of animal traction, the continued appeal of state-led mechanization, and data sovereignty concerns. Gender, age, and education influence the viewpoints on some topics. Paying attention to local stakeholders can help to choose and design the most promising policies/programs and ensure their implementation on the ground.
Agricultural R&D investments and development goals in sub Saharan Africa: Assessing prioritisation of value chains in Senegal
Benfica, Rui. 2022
Benfica, Rui. 2022
DOI : 10.53936/afjare.2022.17(2).9
Abstract | View
We look at the prioritisation of agricultural value chains (VCs) for the allocation of R&D resources that maximise development outcomes (poverty, growth, jobs and diets) in Senegal. This study used (a) the rural investment and policy analysis (RIAPA) computable general equilibrium (CGE) model; (b) the perpetual inventory model (PIM), and (c) information on the elasticities of VC total factor productivity (TFP) with respect to R&D knowledge stocks (KS) to discuss the value chain priority allocations of R&D resources. The results indicate that no value chain is the most effective at improving all outcomes. The most effective value chains to be efficiently supported through R&D investments are traditional export crops, groundnuts, rice, poultry, sorghum/millet and cattle. Other promising value chains with potential effects at scale include vegetables, oilseeds and fruits. Future modelling needs to focus on deepening the standardisation and integration of R&D investments in this framework and bring together other factors and complementary agri-food system (AFS) investment dimensions that are relevant to sustainable and inclusive agricultural growth.
Pollinator deficits, food consumption, and consequences for human health: A modeling study
Smith, Matthew; Mueller, Nathaniel D.; Springmann, Marco; Sulser, Timothy B.; Garibaldi, Lucas A.; Gerber, James; Wiebe, Keith D.; Myers, Samuel S.. 2022
Smith, Matthew; Mueller, Nathaniel D.; Springmann, Marco; Sulser, Timothy B.; Garibaldi, Lucas A.; Gerber, James; Wiebe, Keith D.; Myers, Samuel S.. 2022
DOI : 10.1289/EHP10947
Abstract | View
Background: Animal pollination supports agricultural production for many healthy foods, such as fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes, that provide key nutrients and protect against noncommunicable disease. Today, most crops receive suboptimal pollination because of limited abundance and diversity of pollinating insects. Animal pollinators are currently suffering owing to a host of direct and indirect anthropogenic pressures: land-use change, intensive farming techniques, harmful pesticides, nutritional stress, and climate change, among others. Objectives: We aimed to model the impacts on current global human health from insufficient pollination via diet.
Agricultural R&D investments and development goals in sub-Saharan Africa: Assessing prioritisation of value chains in Senegal
Benefica, Rui. 2022
Benefica, Rui. 2022
DOI : 10.53936/afjare.2022.17(2).9
Abstract | View
We look at the prioritisation of agricultural value chains (VCs) for the allocation of R&D resources that maximise development outcomes (poverty, growth, jobs and diets) in Senegal. This study used (a) the rural investment and policy analysis (RIAPA) computable general equilibrium (CGE) model; (b) the perpetual inventory model (PIM), and (c) information on the elasticities of VC total factor productivity (TFP) with respect to R&D knowledge stocks (KS) to discuss the value chain priority allocations of R&D resources. The results indicate that no value chain is the most effective at improving all outcomes. The most effective value chains to be efficiently supported through R&D investments are traditional export crops, groundnuts, rice, poultry, sorghum/millet and cattle. Other promising value chains with potential effects at scale include vegetables, oilseeds and fruits. Future modelling needs to focus on deepening the standardisation and integration of R&D investments in this framework and bring together other factors and complementary agri-food system (AFS) investment dimensions that are relevant to sustainable and inclusive agricultural growth.
Resilience in maternal and child nutrition outcomes in a refugee-hosting community in Cameroon: A quasi-experimental study
Tatah, Lambed; Nkunzimana, Tharcisse; Foley, Louise; de Brauw, Alan; Rodriguez-Llanes, Jose Manuel. 2022
Tatah, Lambed; Nkunzimana, Tharcisse; Foley, Louise; de Brauw, Alan; Rodriguez-Llanes, Jose Manuel. 2022
DOI : 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12096
Abstract | View
Refugees may be perceived as a burden to their host communities, and nutrition insecurity is a critical area of contention. We explored the relationship between refugee presence and a host community’s resilience in nutrition outcomes in Cameroon. We also tested an analytical framework for evaluating community resilience during shocks. We used data from repeated cross-sectional Demographic and Health Surveys in Cameroon (2004 and 2011), data on refugee movement, and data on extreme climatic events, epidemics, and conflicts from multiple sources. Outcome variables were maternal underweight, maternal anaemia, and child underweight, anaemia, stunting and wasting. The exposure variable was residence within an area in which refugees settled. We used a genetic matching algorithm to select controls from the rest of the country after excluding areas experiencing concurrent shocks. We used a difference-in-differences analysis to compare outcomes between the exposed and control areas. The 2004 survey comprised 10,656 women and 8,125 children, while the 2011 survey comprised 15,426 women and 11,732 children. Apart from anaemia which showed a decreasing trend in both the refugee-hosting community and the rest of the country, all other indicators (wasting, underweight and stunting) showed increasing trends in the refugee-hosting community but decreasing trends in the rest of the country. The matched control group showed a similar trend of decreasing trend for all the indicators. Controlled comparisons showed no evidence of an association between changes in nutrition outcomes and the presence of refugees. These findings contest a common perception that refugees negatively impact hosting communities. The difference-in-differences analysis and an improved matching technique offer a method for exploring the resilience of communities to shocks.
Measuring adherence, acceptability and likability of an artificial-intelligence-based, gamified phone application to improve the quality of dietary choices of adolescents in Ghana and Vietnam: Protocol of a randomized controlled pilot test
Braga, Bianca C.; Arrieta, Alejandra; Bannerman, Boeteng; Doyle, Frank; Koch, Bastien; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Gelli, Aulo. 2022
Braga, Bianca C.; Arrieta, Alejandra; Bannerman, Boeteng; Doyle, Frank; Koch, Bastien; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Gelli, Aulo. 2022
DOI : 10.3389/fdgth.2022.961604
Abstract | View
Unhealthy diets are a critical global concern while dietary measure methods are time consuming and expensive. There is limited evidence that phone-based interventions can improve nutrition data collection and dietary quality, especially for adolescents in developing countries. We developed an artificial-intelligence-based phone application called Food Recognition Assistance and Nudging Insights (FRANI) to address these problems. FRANI can recognize foods in images, track food consumption, display statistics and use gamified nudges to give positive feedback on healthy food choice. This study protocol describes the design of new pilot studies aimed at measuring the feasibility (acceptability, adherence, and usability) of FRANI and its effects on the quality of food choice of adolescents in Ghana and Vietnam. In each country, 36 adolescents (12–18 years) will be randomly allocated into two groups: The intervention group with the full version of FRANI and the control group with the functionality limited to image recognition and dietary assessment. Participants in both groups will have their food choices tracked for four weeks. The control groups will then switch to the full version of FRANI and both groups will be tracked for a further 2 weeks to assess acceptability, adherence, and usability. Analysis of outcomes will be by intent to treat and differences in outcomes between intervention and control group will use Poisson and odds ratio regression models, accounting for repeated measures at individual levels. If deemed feasible, acceptable and usable, FRANI will address gaps in the literature and advance the nutrition field by potentially improving the quality of food choices of adolescent girls in developing countries. This pilot study will also provide insights on the design of a large randomized controlled trial. The functioning and dissemination of FRANI can be an important step towards highly scalable nutrition data collection and healthier food choices for a population at risk of malnutrition.
CGIAR initiative on One Health: Protecting human health through a One Health approach
Nguyen-Viet, Hung; Hoffmann, Vivian; Bett, Bernard; Fèvre, Eric; Moodley, Arshnee; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Mohan, Chadag; Daszak, Peter; Bonfoh, Bassirou. Nairobi, Kenya 2022
Nguyen-Viet, Hung; Hoffmann, Vivian; Bett, Bernard; Fèvre, Eric; Moodley, Arshnee; Mateo-Sagasta, Javier; Mohan, Chadag; Daszak, Peter; Bonfoh, Bassirou. Nairobi, Kenya 2022
Abstract | View
This initiative aims to show how a One Health approach – which recognizes the interconnections between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment – can help reduce antimicrobial resistance, improve food and water safety, and manage zoonotic diseases, leading to better human, animal, and environment health. It forms part of CGIAR’s new research portfolio, delivering science and innovation to transform food, land, and water systems in a climate crisis.
Farming Systems Analysis in support of user-centered research and innovation: A joint cross-initiative collaboration
Bonilla Cedrez, Camila; Caulfield, Mark; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Girvetz, Evan; Gosh, Aniruddha; Guo, Zhe; You, Liangzhi. 2022
Bonilla Cedrez, Camila; Caulfield, Mark; Descheemaeker, Katrien; Girvetz, Evan; Gosh, Aniruddha; Guo, Zhe; You, Liangzhi. 2022
Abstract | View
Farming Systems Analysis (FSA) is commonly used in CGIAR to assess ‘what works where, and for who?’. The findings are used to prioritize tailored/context-specific interventions and target investments for greater impact. An assessment of seven new CGIAR initiatives showed us that FSA is employed in a similar way across these initiatives, open ing up avenues for strong collaboration and sharing of data, methods and results to achieve better synergies than we have done in the past.
COVID-19, food insecurity and dietary diversity of households: Survey evidence from Nigeria
Balana, Bedru; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Edeh, Hyacinth; Andam, Kwaw S.. 2022
Balana, Bedru; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Edeh, Hyacinth; Andam, Kwaw S.. 2022
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-022-01312-w
Abstract | View
The policy measures of the government of Nigeria to restrain the spread of COVID-19, particularly in the initial three months (April – June 2020) led to significant disruptions to household livelihoods and food security. We investigate the effects of COVID-19 on food security and dietary diversity of households; focusing on the pathways through which income loss, endowments of wealth, social capital, and safety net programs moderate the severity of households’ food security and dietary diversity. Primary data obtained from a telephone survey of 1,031 Nigerian households were analyzed using ordered logit and negative binomial models. Our results show that income losses due to the COVID-19 restrictive measures had pushed households into a more severe food insecurity and less diverse nutritional outcomes. Regarding wealth effects, livestock ownership significantly cushioned households from falling into a more severe food insecurity amid the pandemic. We found that because of the pandemic’s indiscriminate effect across communities, the potential of social capital as an informal support mechanism might have been eroded to enable households to cope with shocks. Furthermore, safety net programs by the government and NGOs did not provide significant protection to households from falling into severe food insecurity and malnutrition amid the pandemic. We suggest three policy propositions – prioritize investment in local job creation to curb income loss; build the wealth base of households (e.g., land tenure security or livestock) to enhance resilience to shocks; and target safety nets and other social support programs spatially, temporally, and across social groups to enhance the effectiveness of such programs amid shocks.
Urbanization and child growth failure in Sub-Saharan Africa: A geographical analysis
Ru, Yating; Haile, Beliyou; Caruthers, John I.. 2022
Ru, Yating; Haile, Beliyou; Caruthers, John I.. 2022
DOI : 0.1007/s10109-022-00374-w
Abstract | View
This paper raises a fundamental question about Sub-Saharan Africa: has urbanization there been accompanied by improvements in personal wellbeing? It then proceeds to open an investigation focused on child health—in the form of child growth failure, including (i) stunting; (ii) wasting; and (iii) underweight—that addresses the question. The main contribution of the work is to reconcile an array of data, collected across different spatial scales and over different timeframes, in a manner that enables some preliminary insight into the relationships explored. Evidence derived from the analysis suggests that the wave of urbanization breaking across Sub-Saharan Africa is associated with improvements in wellbeing, a finding that is qualified by need for further research.
Investigating process skills and competency gaps in undergraduate agricultural extension curriculum in selected South African universities
van Niekerk, J. A.; von Maltitz, L.; Davis, Kristin. 2022
van Niekerk, J. A.; von Maltitz, L.; Davis, Kristin. 2022
DOI : 10.17159/2413-3221/2022/v50n2a13806
Abstract | View
The Michigan State University Alliance for African Partnership (AAP) launched a multi-country study to contribute to upgrading and tailoring the agricultural extension curricula at participating institutions. The first phase of primary data collection consisted of focus group discussions. The focus groups were structured around a specific objective: gathering information around specific questions. Focus group discussions were followed by an online survey of Agricultural Extension and Advisory Services (AEAS) role players, of which the results will be discussed separately. It was concluded from the focus group discussions that the AEAS workers in South Africa lacked the critical skills to perform their responsibilities efficiently. Several required skills were singled out during the focus group discussions. It was concluded that it is vital for agricultural development in the country to ensure that these skills and competencies are included in all South African teaching institutions' curricula. It is therefore recommended that it is critical for each institution offering agricultural extension training to keep the curriculum relevant so that it meets the needs of the profession. Keeping the curriculum relevant includes participatory curriculum development (PCD), regular review of the curriculum by all the stakeholders of the profession, and the necessary collaborations with professional bodies to regulate the curriculum. The efficiency in the sector will be enhanced if AEAS qualifications at the various training institutions cater to the profession's demands.
CGIAR week of science and practice of scaling agri-food system innovation workshop report
Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Nohayi, Ngowenani; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Nkosi, Mahlatse; Gabriel, Sherwin; Dahl, Hauke; Ires, Idil; Ermyas, Saba. 2022
Jacobs-Mata, Inga; Nohayi, Ngowenani; Fakudze, Bhekiwe; Nkosi, Mahlatse; Gabriel, Sherwin; Dahl, Hauke; Ires, Idil; Ermyas, Saba. 2022
Abstract | View
The Ukama Ustawi week of science and practice of scaling agri-food system innovation took place in Nairobi from 22 – 24 November 2022. More than 100 participants from CGIAR, GIZ, agribusinesses and financing platforms, public and private scaling partners, and donors attended the events.
Growth and growth trajectory among infants in early life: Contributions of food insecurity and water insecurity in rural Zimbabwe
Koyratty, Nadia; Ntozini, Robert; Mbuya, Mduduzi; Jones, Andrew D.; Schuster, Roseanne C.; Kordas, Katarzyna; Li, Chin-Shang; Tavengwa, Naume V.; Majo, Florence D.; Humphrey, Jean; Smith, Laura E.. 2022
Koyratty, Nadia; Ntozini, Robert; Mbuya, Mduduzi; Jones, Andrew D.; Schuster, Roseanne C.; Kordas, Katarzyna; Li, Chin-Shang; Tavengwa, Naume V.; Majo, Florence D.; Humphrey, Jean; Smith, Laura E.. 2022
DOI : 10.1136/bmjnph-2022-000470
Abstract | View
Introduction Stunting or linear growth faltering, measured by length-for-age Z-score (LAZ), remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in rural low-income and middle-income countries. It is a marker of inadequate environments in which infants are born and raised. However, the contributions of household resource insecurities, such as food and water, to growth and growth trajectory are understudied. Methods We used the cluster-randomised Sanitation Hygiene and Infant Nutrition Efficacy trial to determine the association of household-level food insecurity (FI) and water insecurity (WI) on LAZ and LAZ trajectory among infants during early life. Dimensions of FI (poor access, household shocks, low availability and quality) and WI (poor access, poor quality, low reliability) were assessed with the multidimensional household food insecurity and the multidimensional household water insecurity measures. Infant length was converted to LAZ based on the 2006 WHO Child Growth Standards. We report the FI and WI fixed effects from multivariable growth curve models with repeated measures of LAZ at 1, 3, 6, 12 and 18 months (M1–M18). Results A total of 714 and 710 infants were included in our analyses of LAZ from M1 to M18 and M6 to M18, respectively. Mean LAZ values at each time indicated worsening linear growth. From M1 to M18, low food availability and quality was associated with lower LAZ (β=−0.09; 95% −0.19 to –0.13). From M6 to M18, poor food access was associated with lower LAZ (β=−0.11; 95% −0.20 to –0.03). None of the WI dimensions were associated with LAZ, nor with LAZ trajectory over time. Conclusion FI, but not WI, was associated with poor linear growth among rural Zimbabwean infants. Specifically, low food availability and quality and poor food access was associated with lower LAZ. There is no evidence of an effect of FI or WI on LAZ trajectory.
The CADDP 10 per cent target - Still pursued by African leaders?
Benin, Samuel. 2022
Benin, Samuel. 2022
Abstract | View
The 2003 Maputo Declaration aimed at boosting African agriculture requires governments to make difficult decisions on budget priorities. Furthermore, tracking the progress of the initiative presents problems. Our author looks at these and other challenges the Maputo Declaration is facing. And against the background of a continuing decline in government expenditure on agriculture on the continent, he argues that new evidence on expenditure outcomes is required to get governments to reverse the trend.
Women's empowerment and the intrinsic demand for agency: Experimental evidence from Nigeria
Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab; Fafchamps, Marcel; Goldstein, Markus; Leonard, Kenneth L.; Papineni, Sreelakshmi. Cambridge, MA 2022
Bakhtiar, M. Mehrab; Fafchamps, Marcel; Goldstein, Markus; Leonard, Kenneth L.; Papineni, Sreelakshmi. Cambridge, MA 2022
DOI : 10.3386/w30789
Abstract | View
Most studies of intrahousehold resource allocation examine outcomes and do not consider the decision-making process by which those outcomes are achieved. We conduct an original lab-in-the-field experiment on the decision-making process of married couples over the allocation of rival and non-rival household goods. The experiment measures individual preferences over allocations and traces the process of consultation, communication, deferral, and accommodation by which couples implement these preferences. We find few differences in individual preferences over allocations of goods. However, wives and husbands have strong preferences over process: women prefer to defer budget allocation decisions to their husband even when deferral is costly and is not observed by the husband; the reverse is true for men. Our study follows a randomized controlled trial that ended a year earlier and gave large cash transfers over fifteen months to half of the women in the study. We estimate the effect of treatment on the demand for agency among women and find that the receipt of cash transfers does not change women's bargaining process except in a secret condition when the decision to defer is shrouded from her husband: only in that case does the cash transfer increase women's expressed demand for agency.
Empowering women to engage in commercial agriculture
Ambler, Kate; Jones, Kelly M.; O'Sullivan, Michael. 2022
Ambler, Kate; Jones, Kelly M.; O'Sullivan, Michael. 2022
DOI : 10.1257/pandp.20221052
Abstract | View
Despite women's large contributions to agricultural production in developing countries, they are often excluded from market-facing activities. There is little evidence on how to increase their participation in commercial agriculture. We designed a private sector intervention to encourage male outgrowers in Uganda to transfer a sugarcane contract to their wife or to register a previously uncontracted block in her name. A randomized controlled trial indicates that given some encouragement, men are willing to transfer rights to their wives for cane blocks of significant quality and value. Increased cane ownership by women increased women's participation in cane management and marketing activities.
School-based nutrition interventions had impacts on dietary diversity and meal frequency of adolescent girls in Ethiopia
Sununtnasuk, Celeste; Berhane, Hanna; Kim, Sunny S.; Menon, Purnima; Oumer, Abdulaziz; Sanghvi, Tina; Walissa, Tamirat. 2022
Sununtnasuk, Celeste; Berhane, Hanna; Kim, Sunny S.; Menon, Purnima; Oumer, Abdulaziz; Sanghvi, Tina; Walissa, Tamirat. 2022
DOI : 10.1093/cdn/nzac060.065
Abstract | View
Adolescence is a critical period of physical and psychological development, especially for girls as poor nutrition can affect their well-being as well as the well-being of their children. In Ethiopia, where the population is very young, evidence on the nutrition of adolescent girls and their determinants is scant. We tested the impact of a package of nutrition interventions delivered primarily through schools and implemented by Alive & Thrive (A&T) on the diet of adolescent girls.
Aspirations and investments in livestock: Evidence of an aspiration failure in Kenya
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Heckelei, Thomas; Rasch, Sebastian. 2022
Tabe-Ojong, Martin Paul Jr.; Heckelei, Thomas; Rasch, Sebastian. 2022
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.322435
Abstract | View
Aspirations have been shown to positively influence future-oriented behavior and ensuing outcomes. But they may also fail to do so when the aspired-to-status is too far away from the current one. Theoretical predictions suggest an inverted U-shaped relationship between this aspiration gap and the effort to achieve what is aspired to. Aspirations that are ahead but not too far ahead of the current status serve as the best incentives for investments. We examine the income aspiration gap of smallholder households and relate it to livestock in a pastoral setting in Northern Kenya. Our focus on livestock is guided by the burgeoning recognition of livestock as an investment and saving conduit for many households in pastoral communities in developing nations. Employing different empirical strategies including parametric and semiparametric techniques, we find livestock to be increasing with aspirations up to a threshold, from which it then declines leading to an aspiration failure. Different U-shaped tests confirm this relationship, bolstering the evidence of an aspiration failure. To unpack which livestock matters more relative to the others, we perform some heterogeneity analysis and found cattle to respond most to the aspiration gap. The findings are robust to the inclusion of relevant controls, truncations at zero and different variable transformations. We also show that the findings are unlikely to be driven by unobserved heterogeneity. A dive into mechanisms reveals that the internal locus of control, i.e. the degree to which individuals believe they control outcomes in their lives, decreases with the aspiration gap. Our findings have two implications: first, it reinforces previous claims of the role of psychological constraints on poverty reduction and rural development. More importantly, it has implications for the current debates and plans for boosting the development of the livestock sector in Africa as a pathway to overall economic development.
Effect of indigenous and scientific forecasts on pastoralists’ climate change perceptions in the Rwenzori region, Western Uganda
Nkuba, Michael Robert; Chanda, Raban; Mmopelwa, Gagoitseope; Kato, Edward; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Lesolle, David; Mujuni, Godfrey . 2022
Nkuba, Michael Robert; Chanda, Raban; Mmopelwa, Gagoitseope; Kato, Edward; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Lesolle, David; Mujuni, Godfrey . 2022
DOI : 10.1080/17565529.2022.2119831
Costs of climate information services development and implementation
List, Geneva; Kramer, Berber; Timu, Anne G.; Zebiak, Stephen E.; Rose, Alison. 2022
List, Geneva; Kramer, Berber; Timu, Anne G.; Zebiak, Stephen E.; Rose, Alison. 2022
Abstract | View
Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA) works to facilitate and scale the development of tailored CIS and climate-smart agriculture making it accessible to smallholder farmers in six target countries. However, the costs and benefits of providing CIS to smallholder farmers have not yet been well-documented. AICCRA is developing a methodology and toolkit to help stakeholders assess the public and private costs and benefits of CIS to provide economic justification for these interventions. This in turn is expected to improve investments in adaptation and ensure that limited resources are being spent effectively.
Agricultural development: New perspectives in a changing world: Synopsis
Otsuka, Keijiro, ed.; Fan, Shenggen, ed.. Washington, DC 2021
Otsuka, Keijiro, ed.; Fan, Shenggen, ed.. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/9780896293854
Abstract | View
Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World is the first comprehensive exploration of key emerging issues facing developing-country agriculture today, from rapid urbanization to rural transformation to climate change. In this four-part volume, top experts offer the latest research in the field of agricultural development. Using new lenses to examine today’s biggest challenges, contributors address topics such as nutrition and health, gender and household decision-making, agrifood value chains, natural resource management, and political economy. The book also covers most developing regions, providing a critical global perspective at a time when many pressing challenges extend beyond national borders. Tying all this together, Agricultural Development explores policy options and strategies for developing sustainable agriculture and reducing food insecurity and malnutrition.
The changing global landscape combined with new and better data, technologies, and understanding means that agriculture can and must contribute to a wider range of development outcomes than ever before, including reducing poverty, ensuring adequate nutrition, creating strong food value chains, improving environmental sustainability, and promoting gender equity and equality.
Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World, with its unprecedented breadth and scope, will be an indispensable resource for the next generation of policymakers, researchers, and students dedicated to improving agriculture for global wellbeing.
The changing global landscape combined with new and better data, technologies, and understanding means that agriculture can and must contribute to a wider range of development outcomes than ever before, including reducing poverty, ensuring adequate nutrition, creating strong food value chains, improving environmental sustainability, and promoting gender equity and equality.
Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World, with its unprecedented breadth and scope, will be an indispensable resource for the next generation of policymakers, researchers, and students dedicated to improving agriculture for global wellbeing.
Agricultural development: New perspectives in a changing world
Otsuka, Keijiro, ed.; Fan, Shenggen, ed.. Washington, DC 2021
Otsuka, Keijiro, ed.; Fan, Shenggen, ed.. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/9780896293830
Abstract | View
Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World is the first comprehensive exploration of key emerging issues facing developing-country agriculture today, from rapid urbanization to rural transformation to climate change. In this four-part volume, top experts offer the latest research in the field of agricultural development. Using new lenses to examine today’s biggest challenges, contributors address topics such as nutrition and health, gender and household decision-making, agrifood value chains, natural resource management, and political economy. The book also covers most developing regions, providing a critical global perspective at a time when many pressing challenges extend beyond national borders. Tying all this together, Agricultural Development explores policy options and strategies for developing sustainable agriculture and reducing food insecurity and malnutrition.
The changing global landscape combined with new and better data, technologies, and understanding means that agriculture can and must contribute to a wider range of development outcomes than ever before, including reducing poverty, ensuring adequate nutrition, creating strong food value chains, improving environmental sustainability, and promoting gender equity and equality.
Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World, with its unprecedented breadth and scope, will be an indispensable resource for the next generation of policymakers, researchers, and students dedicated to improving agriculture for global wellbeing.
The changing global landscape combined with new and better data, technologies, and understanding means that agriculture can and must contribute to a wider range of development outcomes than ever before, including reducing poverty, ensuring adequate nutrition, creating strong food value chains, improving environmental sustainability, and promoting gender equity and equality.
Agricultural Development: New Perspectives in a Changing World, with its unprecedented breadth and scope, will be an indispensable resource for the next generation of policymakers, researchers, and students dedicated to improving agriculture for global wellbeing.
Agricultural development in a changing world
Fan, Shenggen; Otsuka, Keijiro. Washington, DC 2021
Fan, Shenggen; Otsuka, Keijiro. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/9780896293830_01
Abstract | View
The world has been changing rapidly, and major issues surrounding agriculture have evolved as well. In fact, over the last several decades major shifts have occurred in the thinking on and practice of agricultural development. Accordingly, agricultural development goals have moved far beyond traditional ones such as food production and availability, agricultural productivity, farmers’ incomes (particularly those of smallholders), and employment. The set of new goals includes poverty reduction, adequate nutrition, functioning food value chains (FVCs), environmental sustainability, climate adaptation and mitigation, and gender equality and equity. Looking forward, agriculture will face new challenges and will have to be positioned to deliver broader development outcomes such as those mandated under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Africa’s unfolding agricultural transformation
Badiane, Ousmane; Diao, Xinshen; Jayne, Thomas. Washington, DC 2021
Badiane, Ousmane; Diao, Xinshen; Jayne, Thomas. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/9780896293830_05
Abstract | View
This chapter on Africa documents the region’s unfolding agricultural and broader economic transformations, explores the underlying drivers and implications of these transformations, and considers the new policy priorities dictated by these developments. It starts with an analysis of the shifting role of agriculture in the development of African economies, and the history and status of agricultural transformation and its implications for economic growth, poverty reduction, food systems, and nutrition. The second section reviews changes in agricultural productivity growth over time. The third section discusses patterns of poverty reduction and urbanization and related changes in diets, as well as their effects on agrifood systems and nutrition outcomes. The fourth section summarizes four broad trends that illustrate Africa’s agricultural transformation to date and briefly discusses their possible future evolution.
Assessing the economywide impacts of COVID-19 on Rwanda’s economy, agri-food system, and poverty: A social accounting matrix (SAM) multiplier approach
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Robinson, Sherman; Rosenbach, Gracie; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Robinson, Sherman; Rosenbach, Gracie; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134400
Abstract | View
Rwanda’s policy response to COVID-19 has been widely praised for its rapid, systematic, and comprehensive approach to containing the pandemic. Although the economic consequences are unavoidable, the country expects to return its economy to its high-growth trajectory as the pandemic subsides. We use economic modeling tools designed to estimate the short-term economywide impacts of the unanticipated, rapid-onset economic shocks of COVID-19 on Rwanda.
- Results show that during the six-week lockdown that began in March, Rwanda’s GDP fell 39.1 percent (RWF 435 billion; USD 484 million) when compared to a no-COVID situation in the same period.
- Results further show that Rwanda’s GDP in 2020 will be between 12 and 16 percent lower than a predicted no-COVID GDP, depending on the pace of the recovery. The losses in annual GDP are between RWF 1.0 and 1.5 trillion (USD 1.1–1.6 billion).
- While GDP for the industrial and services sectors were estimated to have fallen during the lockdown period by 57 and 48 percent, respectively, exemptions of COVID-19 restrictions for the agricultural sector limited the decline in agricultural GDP to 7 percent compared to a noCOVID situation.
- During the lockdown period, the national poverty rate is estimated to have increased by 10.9 percentage points as 1.3 million people, mostly in rural areas, fell into temporary poverty. Poverty rates are expected to stabilize by the end of 2020, increasing only by between 0.4 and 1.1 percentage points. While these figures may be encouraging, they mask the impacts on poor households of the sharp poverty spike during the lockdown and the inherent complexity of poverty dynamics post-lockdown.
Looking forward, the speed and success of Rwanda’s recovery will depend critically on the expansion of Rwanda’s social protection programs, boosting enterprises of all sizes, support to the agri-food system, and restoration of international trade.
- Results show that during the six-week lockdown that began in March, Rwanda’s GDP fell 39.1 percent (RWF 435 billion; USD 484 million) when compared to a no-COVID situation in the same period.
- Results further show that Rwanda’s GDP in 2020 will be between 12 and 16 percent lower than a predicted no-COVID GDP, depending on the pace of the recovery. The losses in annual GDP are between RWF 1.0 and 1.5 trillion (USD 1.1–1.6 billion).
- While GDP for the industrial and services sectors were estimated to have fallen during the lockdown period by 57 and 48 percent, respectively, exemptions of COVID-19 restrictions for the agricultural sector limited the decline in agricultural GDP to 7 percent compared to a noCOVID situation.
- During the lockdown period, the national poverty rate is estimated to have increased by 10.9 percentage points as 1.3 million people, mostly in rural areas, fell into temporary poverty. Poverty rates are expected to stabilize by the end of 2020, increasing only by between 0.4 and 1.1 percentage points. While these figures may be encouraging, they mask the impacts on poor households of the sharp poverty spike during the lockdown and the inherent complexity of poverty dynamics post-lockdown.
Looking forward, the speed and success of Rwanda’s recovery will depend critically on the expansion of Rwanda’s social protection programs, boosting enterprises of all sizes, support to the agri-food system, and restoration of international trade.
Effective food systems innovations: An inventory of evidence from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Viet Nam, and other low-and middle-income countries
Lecoutere, Els; Van den berg, Marrit; de Brauw, Alan. Washington, DC 2021
Lecoutere, Els; Van den berg, Marrit; de Brauw, Alan. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134401
Abstract | View
To address malnutrition in low- and middle income countries (LMICs), more evidence is needed about the potential of food system innovations to help guide the transformation towards healthier, more sustainable, and equitable food systems. This paper reviews the literature on food system innovations in the food environment and addressing consumer behavior on diet and nutrition-related outcomes in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Viet Nam, and other LMICs, then highlights promising innovations and demonstrates gaps in the literature. In the food environment, promising innovations include nutrition-relevant multi-sectoral national policy backed by effective implementation; institutional purchasing offering healthy meals in school or factory environments; compulsory nutrition labelling; and fortified foods, if these can be durably offered or viably commercialised. Promising innovations influencing consumer behavior include unhealthy food taxes; large-scale information campaigns raising awareness about specific unhealthy food items; and campaigns that provide information and/or fortified food (supplements) to address nutrition of infants and young children. Promoting women’s empowerment and targeting women with nutrition information could be effective food system innovations addressing consumer behavior, but deliberation is needed about risks of emphasizing the instrumental role of gender equity and women’s empowerment for nutrition or reinforcing gender roles and increasing women’s responsibilities. That said, our review also demonstrates a general lack of evidence on most types of food system innovations in the four primary countries of study. More evidence is needed on several types of food systems innovations before definitive advice can be given on guiding food systems transformations towards healthier diet outcomes. This review therefore acts as a starting point for addressing country-specific food system challenges and identifies needs for further research.
Policy-induced market distortions along agricultural value chains: Evidence from Ethiopia and Nigeria
Allen, Summer L.; Kassie, Girma T.; Majeed, Fahd; Tokgoz, Simla. Washington, DC 2021
Allen, Summer L.; Kassie, Girma T.; Majeed, Fahd; Tokgoz, Simla. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294158
Abstract | View
The performance of agrifood value chains of vital importance for smallholder farmers in developing countries. Measuring and understanding how government policies, such taxes, subsidies, minimum support prices, and government procurement, impact particular value chains is essential to minimize unintended consequences for value chain actors. This analysis of distortions in value chains in Ethiopia (sheep and goats) and Nigeria (cacao and palm oil) uses nominal rates of protection (NRPs) to measure the impact of policies on domestic prices for producers and consumers. Using the NRP methodology is effective for highlighting the significant impact of agricultural policies on prices from the local to the country level and along entire agrifood value chains.
Improving coffee productivity in Ethiopia: The impact of a coffee tree rejuvenation training program on stumping
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bernard, Tanguy; Regassa, Mekdim D.; Minten, Bart. Washington, DC 2021
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bernard, Tanguy; Regassa, Mekdim D.; Minten, Bart. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134408
Abstract | View
Coffee is Ethiopia’s most important export commodity, cultivated by over 6 million smallholder farmers in the country, and accounting for about one-third of the country’s commodity exports. While coffee production has increased over the last decade, coffee yields are low and several constraints to improved productivity remain. With two-three decades old and low-yielding coffee trees in particular, the sector cannot attain its full potential. In this paper, we assess the short-term impact of a coffee tree rejuvenation training program in Sidama on adoption rate and intensity of stumping – currently the best practice to revitalize ageing coffee trees and substantially improve their productivity. Using baseline and follow-up data and a difference-in-difference approach, we find that the adoption rate and intensity of stumping has increased by about threefold during the first year of the rejuvenation training intervention.
Design of a mobile phone-based Artificial Intelligence (AI) application to assess dietary intake and provide nudges to improve healthy eating choices: Formative research in Ghana and Vietnam
Braga, Bianca C.; Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Arrieta, Alejandra; Bannerman, Boateng; Burns, Adam; Folson, Gloria; Huynh, Phuong; Koch, Bastien; McCloskey, Pete; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Zakariah-Akoto, Sawudatu; Hughes, David; Gelli, Aulo. Washington, DC 2021
Braga, Bianca C.; Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Arrieta, Alejandra; Bannerman, Boateng; Burns, Adam; Folson, Gloria; Huynh, Phuong; Koch, Bastien; McCloskey, Pete; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Zakariah-Akoto, Sawudatu; Hughes, David; Gelli, Aulo. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134412
Abstract | View
Background: Low quality diets are a public health problem affecting individuals of all ages worldwide. Nudging for Good (NFG) is a new research project aimed at developing, validating, and examining the feasibility of using artificial intelligence (AI)-based technology to improve adolescent girls' diets in urban Ghana and Vietnam. Objectives: Provide evidence to support the design of a new mobile phone intervention including: a) identifying the demand for mobile app to improve diets in adolescent girls; b) defining the intervention objectives and activities to be delivered via a mobile app; and c) assessing the potential for nudging functionality to be incorporated in the mobile app. Methods: This study used mixed methods including both literature and nutrition-related app reviews, as well as focus group discussions. A literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, and intervention studies using technology to improve nutrition outcomes of adolescents were included. Nine focus group discussions (five in Ghana and four in Vietnam) were undertaken with 61 girls to gauge smartphone and internet access and use and to obtain feedback on the prototype of a mobile app. Results: Nine studies met the selection criteria for the literature review, including seven randomized control trials (RCTs) and two systematic reviews. The evidence from the literature on how technology-based nutrition interventions should be conducted and what should be the best outcomes of success was mixed. Most of the 22 apps reviewed required manual entry of dietary information, and recommended diets based on motivation to change body weight. In the focus groups discussions, the adolescents suggested modifications on the prototype of the mobile app we presented, and indicated possibility to regularly take pictures of foods and beverages during meal time. Conclusion: We did not find an app available in either the Ghana or Vietnam markets that could improve dietary quality of adolescents without focusing on weight. Most apps available only had manual features to log food intake, which is time consuming. Moreover, adolescents expressed interest in using a new, modified version of the app we presented. We aim at developing a new mobile phone application based on AI technology that gives personalized and reliable nutrition advice to improve adolescent girls’ diets. However, the literature review was not conclusive on what should be the characteristics of an app and how interventions to measure an app’s impact on dietary quality should be conducted.
Disentangling food security from subsistence agriculture in Malawi: Synopsis
Benson, Todd. Washington, DC 2021
Benson, Todd. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294073
Abstract | View
Malawi is a food-insecure country, and although most households have access to arable land, many rural Malawians cannot reliably obtain enough food to meet their dietary needs. Rainfed, low-input subsistence production, particularly of the staple crop maize, has historically been the primary means of assuring household food security. Today, most of Malawi’s 4 million households continue to grow much of their own food. However, with increasing regularity, several hundred thousand households each year are vulnerable to acute food insecurity. Insufficient crop harvests resulting from poor seasonal growing conditions and limited use of inputs, coupled with reliance on shrinking landholdings as the population continues to grow and in the context of weak markets in which to sell crops and buy food, mean that subsistence farming cannot meet the dietary requirements of all Malawians.
Production and marketing of chili in the Brong-Ahafo area of Ghana
Vigneri, Marcella; Kolavalli, Shashidhara; Agandin, John; Moyo, Qondi. Washington, DC 2021
Vigneri, Marcella; Kolavalli, Shashidhara; Agandin, John; Moyo, Qondi. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134415
Abstract | View
This paper provides an in-depth account of the chili value chain in the Brong Ahafo area of Ghana, looking at the agronomic practices of producers, marketing choices by chili type, and practices of traders along different commercial corridors.
Using original survey data of producers and traders, the paper addresses two questions: Are there opportunities to increase the productivity of chilies? Does the marketing system deliver a significant share of the consumer prices to producers?
Chili yields are less than 1.0 mt/ha against a yield potential in Ghana of nearly 8 mt/ha. Long chili growers in the top 10 percentile by yields harvested nearly 18 bags compared to the average of 11 bags per acre obtained by all producers. These higher chili yields resulted primarily by applying higher levels of inorganic fertilizers. Many producers have adopted improved chili varieties – nearly 70 percent of long chili producers reported having planted Legon 18, the variety which is generally used for making chili powder. Producers also reported maintaining their crop in the field for unusually long periods to extend their production into leaner production periods.
Prices vary geographically by day and by marketing channel. The margins earned by traders on the sale price of their chilis range from 20 to 100 percent under different conditions. The chili value chain is short. The bulk of chilis produced reaches consumers with only one intermediary between producer and consumer. Fresh and dry chilies are marketed differently. Nearly 80 percent of dry chili producers sell at their farm gate, where they tend to obtain prices that are higher than those received by producers who take their dry chilies to markets. The reverse is true for fresh chili producers, however. It is plausible that producers choose between producing dry long or fresh round chilies depending on their marketing ability. Social networks influence the choice by producers of what traders to engage with, suggesting that producers with stronger ties to traders obtain higher prices.
Using original survey data of producers and traders, the paper addresses two questions: Are there opportunities to increase the productivity of chilies? Does the marketing system deliver a significant share of the consumer prices to producers?
Chili yields are less than 1.0 mt/ha against a yield potential in Ghana of nearly 8 mt/ha. Long chili growers in the top 10 percentile by yields harvested nearly 18 bags compared to the average of 11 bags per acre obtained by all producers. These higher chili yields resulted primarily by applying higher levels of inorganic fertilizers. Many producers have adopted improved chili varieties – nearly 70 percent of long chili producers reported having planted Legon 18, the variety which is generally used for making chili powder. Producers also reported maintaining their crop in the field for unusually long periods to extend their production into leaner production periods.
Prices vary geographically by day and by marketing channel. The margins earned by traders on the sale price of their chilis range from 20 to 100 percent under different conditions. The chili value chain is short. The bulk of chilis produced reaches consumers with only one intermediary between producer and consumer. Fresh and dry chilies are marketed differently. Nearly 80 percent of dry chili producers sell at their farm gate, where they tend to obtain prices that are higher than those received by producers who take their dry chilies to markets. The reverse is true for fresh chili producers, however. It is plausible that producers choose between producing dry long or fresh round chilies depending on their marketing ability. Social networks influence the choice by producers of what traders to engage with, suggesting that producers with stronger ties to traders obtain higher prices.
Disentangling food security from subsistence agriculture in Malawi
Benson, Todd. Washington, DC 2021
Benson, Todd. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/9780896294059
Abstract | View
Malawi’s many smallholders rely heavily on rainfed, low-input subsistence farming to meet their food needs. Yet for most rural Malawian households, subsistence agriculture cannot consistently produce enough food to ward off hunger. Nor can they rely on the country’s weak markets to buy additional food they may require or to profitably sell their agricultural products throughout the year. Government
policies have long prioritized agricultural production among marginal farmers for food security rather than broader policies of economic diversification, market expansion, and growth. The book identifies crucial changes that could improve food security and, in the long term, facilitate agricultural transformation. Decades of research in Malawi are synthesized to propose policy solutions for the country’s persistent food insecurity and for agricultural transformation that could drive long-term economic growth. This work should be useful to policymakers, development specialists, and others concerned with how Malawi or other countries facing similar rural economic development challenges can realize sustainable food security.
policies have long prioritized agricultural production among marginal farmers for food security rather than broader policies of economic diversification, market expansion, and growth. The book identifies crucial changes that could improve food security and, in the long term, facilitate agricultural transformation. Decades of research in Malawi are synthesized to propose policy solutions for the country’s persistent food insecurity and for agricultural transformation that could drive long-term economic growth. This work should be useful to policymakers, development specialists, and others concerned with how Malawi or other countries facing similar rural economic development challenges can realize sustainable food security.
Synopsis: Assessing the economywide impacts of COVID-19 on Rwanda’s economy, agri food system, and poverty: A social accounting matrix (SAM) multiplier approach
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Robinson, Sherman; Rosenbach, Gracie; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Robinson, Sherman; Rosenbach, Gracie; Spielman, David J.; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134421
Abstract | View
Rwanda’s policy response to COVID-19 has been widely praised for its rapid, systematic, and comprehensive approach to containing the pandemic. Although the economic consequences of the actions taken are unavoidable, the country expects to return its economy to its high-growth trajectory as the pandemic subsides. We used economic modeling tools designed to estimate the short-term economywide impacts of the unanticipated, rapid-onset economic shocks of COVID-19 on Rwanda. In this brief, we present a synopsis of the results of this analysis.
• During the six-week lockdown that began in March 2020, we estimate Rwanda’s GDP fell 39.1 percent (RWF 435 billion; USD 484 million) when compared to a no-COVID situation.
• Rwanda’s GDP in 2020 will be between 12 and 16 percent lower than a predicted no-COVID GDP, depending on the pace of economic recovery. The losses in annual GDP are between RWF 1.0 and 1.5 trillion (USD 1.1 to 1.6 billion).
• While GDP for the industrial and services sectors were estimated to have fallen during the lockdown period by 57 and 48 percent, respectively, exemptions of COVID-19 restrictions for the agricultural sector limited the decline in agricultural GDP to 7 percent compared to a no-COVID situation.
• During the lockdown period, the national poverty rate is estimated to have increased by 10.9 percentage points as 1.3 million people, mostly in rural areas, fell into temporary poverty. Poverty rates are expected to stabilize by the end of 2020, increasing only by between 0.4 and 1.1 percentage points over the pre-COVID situation. While these figures are encouraging, they mask the impacts on poor households of the sharp poverty spike during the lockdown and the inherent complexity of poverty dynamics post-lockdown.
Looking forward, the speed and success of Rwanda’s economic recovery will depend critically on expanding Rwanda’s social protection programs, supporting enterprises of all sizes, providing broad assistance to the agri-food system, and restoring international trade.
• During the six-week lockdown that began in March 2020, we estimate Rwanda’s GDP fell 39.1 percent (RWF 435 billion; USD 484 million) when compared to a no-COVID situation.
• Rwanda’s GDP in 2020 will be between 12 and 16 percent lower than a predicted no-COVID GDP, depending on the pace of economic recovery. The losses in annual GDP are between RWF 1.0 and 1.5 trillion (USD 1.1 to 1.6 billion).
• While GDP for the industrial and services sectors were estimated to have fallen during the lockdown period by 57 and 48 percent, respectively, exemptions of COVID-19 restrictions for the agricultural sector limited the decline in agricultural GDP to 7 percent compared to a no-COVID situation.
• During the lockdown period, the national poverty rate is estimated to have increased by 10.9 percentage points as 1.3 million people, mostly in rural areas, fell into temporary poverty. Poverty rates are expected to stabilize by the end of 2020, increasing only by between 0.4 and 1.1 percentage points over the pre-COVID situation. While these figures are encouraging, they mask the impacts on poor households of the sharp poverty spike during the lockdown and the inherent complexity of poverty dynamics post-lockdown.
Looking forward, the speed and success of Rwanda’s economic recovery will depend critically on expanding Rwanda’s social protection programs, supporting enterprises of all sizes, providing broad assistance to the agri-food system, and restoring international trade.
Women and small-scale irrigation: A review of the factors influencing gendered patterns of participation and benefits
Bryan, Elizabeth; Lefore, Nicole. Washington, DC 2021
Bryan, Elizabeth; Lefore, Nicole. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134425
Abstract | View
Small-scale irrigation is expanding rapidly in parts of the world, especially sub-Saharan Africa, offering smallholder farmers an opportunity to improve their livelihoods, diets, and resilience to climate change among other benefits. Growing research focuses on the potential for small-scale irrigation to offer a pathway for women’s empowerment, yet the factors conditioning the relationship between small-scale irrigation and women’s empowerment are not well understood. The evidence tends to be scattered across context-specific case studies that focus on targeted outcomes, without distinguishing between technology types, scales, or approaches to irrigation systems or technologies. This paper synthesizes the issues related to gender and small-scale irrigation using a conceptual framework that highlights the linkages between elements of women’s empowerment and small-scale irrigation. Because gendered dynamics with small-scale irrigation play out differently depending on the scale of irrigation and the technologies used, this paper applies the framework to examine case studies across a typology of small-scale irrigation systems. The case studies cover a range of farming and livelihood systems in which women’s roles and gender relations vary, highlighting the importance of the opportunity structure or context in which irrigation takes place. This paper then draws lessons on the various ways in which small-scale irrigation, gender relations, and women’s empowerment interact and highlights areas where research gaps remain.
Food subsidies and cash transfers in Egypt: Evaluating general equilibrium benefits and trade-offs
Breisinger, Clemens; Kassim, Yumna; Kurdi, Sikandra; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Breisinger, Clemens; Kassim, Yumna; Kurdi, Sikandra; Randriamamonjy, Josée; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134427
Abstract | View
Most Egyptians receive food subsidies, which are the cornerstone of the country’s social protection system. The government recently attempted to reduce subsidies, with limited success, and introduced a cash transfer program targeting the poor. We use a dynamic general equilibrium model of the Egyptian economy to evaluate the growth and distributional impacts of subsidy reforms and cash transfers. We find that the welfare of poor households would be enhanced by a smaller, but better targeted food subsidy program, and that, if the cost savings from reforms are channeled into investment, faster economic growth would eventually outweigh any short-term welfare losses. However, most of the gains from subsidy reforms accrue to nonpoor households. Combining subsidy reforms with cash transfers leads to the largest welfare gains for the poor, while leaving the welfare of nonpoor households largely intact. The latter is crucial to maintaining support for ongoing subsidy reform efforts.
Mapping the implementation process for subsidized fertilizer distribution under Ghana’s Planting for Food and Jobs Program
Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Kufoalor, Doreen S.; Gilbert, Rachel. Washington, DC 2021
Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Kufoalor, Doreen S.; Gilbert, Rachel. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134432
Abstract | View
Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) is Ghana’s flagship program for agricultural transformation and employment creation. Alongside other components, the program provides subsidized fertilizer, hybrid and open-pollinated seeds and other planting materials, improved extension services, and marketing support to smallholder farmers across the country. The objective of this study was to assess the implementation process of the PFJ input subsidy program in order to identify opportunities for strengthening the process. The study focused only on fertilizer distribution as a distinct complex process of importance, although some of the lessons will be applicable to other components of the PFJ program. The study applied the Process Net-Map method, a research approach that is particularly useful for assessing the coherence between formally prescribed procedures and how those procedures are implemented in practice, enabling the identification of inefficiencies and bottlenecks in a complex process.
The implementation of the PFJ fertilizer subsidy program was mapped in interviews with key informants at national level and in six districts. Interviews with national-level stakeholders yielded important insights about the complex largely administrative process involved in the implementation of PFJ, which is generally unseen by beneficiaries. These administrative processes, however, have a considerable impact on the timeliness of the program and provide an outline of the intended implementation process at the local district level. The perspectives of farmers with regards to these processes were also investigated through in-depth interviews. Across the study districts we found some ambiguity and inconsistency in following the formally prescribed procedures for implementing the PFJ fertilizer subsidy program.
While we found broad agreement among key informants and farmers that the program is meeting its objectives, some areas in which the implementation process for the PFJ fertilizer subsidy program could be improved are highlighted. These improvements will enhance the efficiency and impact of the program.
The implementation of the PFJ fertilizer subsidy program was mapped in interviews with key informants at national level and in six districts. Interviews with national-level stakeholders yielded important insights about the complex largely administrative process involved in the implementation of PFJ, which is generally unseen by beneficiaries. These administrative processes, however, have a considerable impact on the timeliness of the program and provide an outline of the intended implementation process at the local district level. The perspectives of farmers with regards to these processes were also investigated through in-depth interviews. Across the study districts we found some ambiguity and inconsistency in following the formally prescribed procedures for implementing the PFJ fertilizer subsidy program.
While we found broad agreement among key informants and farmers that the program is meeting its objectives, some areas in which the implementation process for the PFJ fertilizer subsidy program could be improved are highlighted. These improvements will enhance the efficiency and impact of the program.
Regulatory options to improve seed systems for vegetatively propagated crops in developing countries
Spielman, David J.; Gatto, Marcel; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; McEwan, Margaret; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Maredia, Mywish K.; Hareau, Guy. Washington, DC 2021
Spielman, David J.; Gatto, Marcel; Wossen, Tesfamicheal; McEwan, Margaret; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Maredia, Mywish K.; Hareau, Guy. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134441
Abstract | View
In many developing countries, smallholder farmers cultivating vegetatively propagated crops (VPCs) have limited access to quality planting material. This constraint can limit both the yield of and returns on VPC cultivation. Yet policy and regulatory initiatives designed to strengthen access to quality VPC planting materials have been relatively unsuccessful to date. Part of the problem is the unique biological and economic characteristics of vegetative propagation and its distinctness from cereal crops, which dominate narratives on seed system reforms. Drawing on qualitative analysis of policy and practice, this study examines reform options related to quality assurance regulations in four crop-country combinations: cassava in Nigeria and Vietnam, and potato in Kenya and Vietnam. The study highlights theory and evidence on existing models of regulation; alternative models that may better incentivize cost-effective multiplication and distribution; and recommendations for policy, regulation, and investment in VPC seed markets. Findings indicate that regulations designed around strict and centralized quality control systems tend to limit market size, while more localized production systems are limited by both capacity and reach. These findings suggest the need for alternatives that balance a permissive regulatory regime with decentralized production systems, grassroots capacity development, market surveillance, and systems that integrate internal (producer-level) quality assurance with external (regulatory) quality assurance.
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on rural women and men in northern Ghana
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti. Washington, DC 2021
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134446
Abstract | View
While the lockdown in Ghana due to COVID-19 was not as stringent or long as in other countries (at least up to June 2021), it has severely affected rural household incomes, including remittances.
Almost three-quarters of households surveyed reported income loss due to the pandemic in Aug/Sep 2020.
Use of savings, borrowing and asset sales were common. Women often relied on men’s savings as a coping strategy; government transfers were insignificant.
Addressing COVID-19 in rural areas is hindered by a domestic water supply crisis. Approximately half of respondents reported being worried about water availability, changing their activities due to lack of water, not having enough drinking water, and not washing hands when necessary.
Almost three-quarters of households surveyed reported income loss due to the pandemic in Aug/Sep 2020.
Use of savings, borrowing and asset sales were common. Women often relied on men’s savings as a coping strategy; government transfers were insignificant.
Addressing COVID-19 in rural areas is hindered by a domestic water supply crisis. Approximately half of respondents reported being worried about water availability, changing their activities due to lack of water, not having enough drinking water, and not washing hands when necessary.
Mismatch between soil nutrient requirements and fertilizer applications: Implications for yield responses in Ethiopia
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Amare, Mulubrhan; Berhane, Guush; Aynekulu, Ermias. Washington, DC 2021
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Amare, Mulubrhan; Berhane, Guush; Aynekulu, Ermias. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134449
Abstract | View
Lack of accurate information about soil nutrient requirements coupled with limited access to appropriate fertilizers could lead to mismatch between soil nutrient requirements and fertilizer applications. Such anomalies and mismatches are likely to have important implications for agricultural productivity. In this paper we use experimental (spectral soil analysis) data from Ethiopia to examine farmers’ response to soil nutrient deficiencies and its implications for yield responses. We find that farmers’ response to macronutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) deficiencies is not always consistent with agronomic recommendations. For instance, we find that farmers in our sample are applying nitrogen fertilizers to soils lacking phosphorus, potentially due to lack of information on soil nutrient deficiencies or lack of access to appropriate fertilizers in rural markets. On the other hand, farmers respond to perceivably poor-quality soils and acidic soils by applying higher amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers per unit of land. We further show that such mismatches between fertilizer applications and soil macronutrient requirements are potentially yield-reducing. Those farmers matching their soil nutrient requirements and fertilizer application are likely to enjoy additional yield gains and the vice versa. Marginal yield responses associated with nitrogen (phosphorus) application increases with soil nitrogen (phosphorus) deficiency. Similarly, we find that farmers’ response to acidic soils is not yield-enhancing. These findings suggest that such mismatches may explain heterogeneities in marginal returns to chemical fertilizers and the observed low adoption rates of chemical fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa. As such, these findings have important implications for improving input management practices and fertilizer diffusion strategies.
Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on household incomes and poverty in Rwanda: A microsimulation approach
Diao, Xinshen; Rosenbach, Gracie; Spielman, David J.; Aragie, Emerta. Washington, DC 2021
Diao, Xinshen; Rosenbach, Gracie; Spielman, David J.; Aragie, Emerta. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134450
Abstract | View
In Rwanda, as in other countries, different types of households will experience the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic differently. We use a microsimulation approach to highlight the importance of these differences and to draw attention to the diversified livelihood strategies of Rwandan households in order to fully understand COVID-19’s impacts on their income and poverty status. Our approach complements macro-level assessments of COVID-19’s economic impacts, focusing on the contribution of the income sources, asset holdings, and location (urban/rural) of households to understanding these differential effects.
Prices of vegetables and fruits in Ethiopia: Trends and implications for consumption and nutrition
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Minten, Bart. Washington, DC 2021
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Minten, Bart. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134452
Abstract | View
We study price behavior of vegetables and fruits in Ethiopia over the 15 year period from 2005 to 2019 based on large-scale retail and producer price datasets. This is an important topic given the importance of prices for consumption decisions for these nutritious crops. A number of notable findings come from the analysis. First, prices are rapidly increasing both in real terms and when compared to cereals. At the end of the study period in 2019, vegetables and fruits in real terms were significantly more expensive than 15 years earlier. Especially green leafy vegetables show a significant price rise, likely because few high-yielding varieties of these vegetables have been made available and adopted by producers. Second, part of the rise in prices is explained by increased marketing margins. To understand what accounts for these increases in the marketing margins for fruits and vegetables requires more research, as they contrast with stable or declining margins seen for other food crops over the study period. Third, we see significant seasonality in vegetable prices that is mostly driven by supply factors, but also by demand shifts due to increased demand in fasting periods. Fruit prices do not show such high seasonal variation, however. Fourth, there is significant spatial price variation in the country – vegetable prices are 60 percent more expensive in lowland regions than in the Amhara region, where vegetables are cheapest. Fruit prices in the lowlands are double the prices in the major producing area, the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' (SNNP) region.
Recovering from COVID-19: Economic scenarios for South Africa
van Seventer, Dirk; Arndt, Channing; Davies, Rob; Gabriel, Sherwin; Harris, Laurence; Robinson, Sherman. Washington, DC 2021
van Seventer, Dirk; Arndt, Channing; Davies, Rob; Gabriel, Sherwin; Harris, Laurence; Robinson, Sherman. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134455
Abstract | View
As the South African economy emerges from the downturn induced by COVID-19, policy makers are concerned with recovery, reconstruction, and transformation. This paper focuses on the recovery from the severely depressed levels of economic activity that occurred in April 2020. However, before considering the period after the economic trough of April 2020, a mention of economic conditions prior to the pandemic is worthwhile. In brief, economic performance was terrible by almost any metric. Furthermore, economic performance had been poor since 2008, with evidence pointing to ongoing deterioration culminating in the fourth quarter of 2019, when per capita GDP contracted, unemployment ticked upwards to its highest level since 1994, productivity declined, and inequality worsened. The striking difficulties of the South African economy in avoiding/absorbing shocks-whether internally generated, such as shocks to electricity supply, or externally generated, such as changes in terms of trade or investor sentiment in relation to emerging markets-have been an integral part of this disappointing economic performance over time. In short, the situation prevailing prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic was one of economic weakness.
Beginning from this position of weakness, the economic shock related to COVID-19 was enormous, likely the largest single economic shock in the history of South Africa. According to official statistics, GDP in the second quarter of 2020 was approximately 17% below the level registered in the second quarter of 2019. In assessing this shock, it is important to recall that GDP is a flow concept. One can, in principle, consider the volume of flow over any arbitrary period: a day, a week, a month, a quarter, a semester, a year, and so forth. The lockdown associated with COVID-19 precipitated an extraordinarily rapid decline in economic activity. Indeed, the available analytics and data point to a trough in economic activity, or flow value of GDP, at less than 70% of the level that would have pertained in the absence of the pandemic, or a greater than 30% decline in the flow rate of GDP (Arndt et al 2020).
If we accept a 17% reduction as the average flow rate of GDP over the quarter and we accept that the economic shock related to COVID-19 was unprecedently rapid and drove a decline in the flow value of GDP of much more than 17% at the trough (which probably occurred sometime in late April or early May), then we must also accept a rapid recovery in economic activity in May and June in order to achieve an average decline of 17% over the quarter. Furthermore, this relatively rapid recovery continued. GDP in the third quarter of 2020 was “only” about 6% below the levels recorded for the third quarter of 2019, with the corresponding figure for the fourth quarter at about 4%. Other figures, including recent ones, broadly support this basic story. For example, retail sales in February 2021 were up 2.4% year-on-year, with the previous two months, January and December, having registered only a slight decline year-on-year. Correspondingly, manufacturing production and sales were down by 2.1% in February 2021 year-on-year.
A few broad observations emerge from this history and the available data. First, the South African economy has exhibited more resilience to the COVID-19 shock than performance up to December 2019 might have led one to expect. In Mexico, for example, the distance between fourth quarter GDP in 2020 and that in 2019 was greater than for the same comparison in South Africa. At the same time, Mexico registered close to twice as many deaths related to COVID-19 per million population as South Africa. Second, multiplier effects are important. As discussed in Arndt et al (2020), multiplier effects accounted for the bulk of the initial economic contraction. However, they also operate positively, buoying the recovery experienced to date and bringing economic activity back towards the levels of 2019. Third, while having GDP about 4% down year-on-year is much better than the 17% decline observed in the second quarter, 4% down is still a deep recession by ordinary standards. While some sectors are producing at close to levels observed in the fourth quarter of 2019, others are more strongly affected. The incidence of these depressed levels of economic activity remains likely to be tilted toward lower-income households, which are more vulnerable to begin with. Overall, there remains substantial slack in the economy, multiplier effects still apply, and many households remain deeply vulnerable to severe economic hardship.
Beginning from this position of weakness, the economic shock related to COVID-19 was enormous, likely the largest single economic shock in the history of South Africa. According to official statistics, GDP in the second quarter of 2020 was approximately 17% below the level registered in the second quarter of 2019. In assessing this shock, it is important to recall that GDP is a flow concept. One can, in principle, consider the volume of flow over any arbitrary period: a day, a week, a month, a quarter, a semester, a year, and so forth. The lockdown associated with COVID-19 precipitated an extraordinarily rapid decline in economic activity. Indeed, the available analytics and data point to a trough in economic activity, or flow value of GDP, at less than 70% of the level that would have pertained in the absence of the pandemic, or a greater than 30% decline in the flow rate of GDP (Arndt et al 2020).
If we accept a 17% reduction as the average flow rate of GDP over the quarter and we accept that the economic shock related to COVID-19 was unprecedently rapid and drove a decline in the flow value of GDP of much more than 17% at the trough (which probably occurred sometime in late April or early May), then we must also accept a rapid recovery in economic activity in May and June in order to achieve an average decline of 17% over the quarter. Furthermore, this relatively rapid recovery continued. GDP in the third quarter of 2020 was “only” about 6% below the levels recorded for the third quarter of 2019, with the corresponding figure for the fourth quarter at about 4%. Other figures, including recent ones, broadly support this basic story. For example, retail sales in February 2021 were up 2.4% year-on-year, with the previous two months, January and December, having registered only a slight decline year-on-year. Correspondingly, manufacturing production and sales were down by 2.1% in February 2021 year-on-year.
A few broad observations emerge from this history and the available data. First, the South African economy has exhibited more resilience to the COVID-19 shock than performance up to December 2019 might have led one to expect. In Mexico, for example, the distance between fourth quarter GDP in 2020 and that in 2019 was greater than for the same comparison in South Africa. At the same time, Mexico registered close to twice as many deaths related to COVID-19 per million population as South Africa. Second, multiplier effects are important. As discussed in Arndt et al (2020), multiplier effects accounted for the bulk of the initial economic contraction. However, they also operate positively, buoying the recovery experienced to date and bringing economic activity back towards the levels of 2019. Third, while having GDP about 4% down year-on-year is much better than the 17% decline observed in the second quarter, 4% down is still a deep recession by ordinary standards. While some sectors are producing at close to levels observed in the fourth quarter of 2019, others are more strongly affected. The incidence of these depressed levels of economic activity remains likely to be tilted toward lower-income households, which are more vulnerable to begin with. Overall, there remains substantial slack in the economy, multiplier effects still apply, and many households remain deeply vulnerable to severe economic hardship.
The evidence mapping of wasting programmes and their impact along the continuum of care for wasting in low- and middle-income countries: A rapid review protocol
Verstraeten, Roosmarijn; Touré, Mariama; Diatta, Dieynab; Huybregts, Lieven; Booth, Andrew; Becquey, Elodie. Washington, DC 2021
Verstraeten, Roosmarijn; Touré, Mariama; Diatta, Dieynab; Huybregts, Lieven; Booth, Andrew; Becquey, Elodie. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134456
Abstract | View
The Transform Nutrition West Africa project is a regional platform that aims to improve and support policy and program decisions and actions to accelerate reductions in maternal and child undernutrition through an inclusive process of knowledge generation and mobilization. Recognizing that knowledge is derived from evidence and experience, TNWA takes a ‘knowledge for action’ approach. As such, TNWA focuses on strengthening the latter stages of the data value chain (namely analysis, translation, and dissemination for decision-making). Through a regional consultation with different stakeholders (researchers, NGOs, civil society, private sector, government, UN, donor agencies) from various sectors, key priorities for future action in the region were identified. These included capturing, documenting, and learning from implementation experiences, and accelerating equitable program coverage of mother, infant and young child interventions at scale. We apply evidence synthesis approaches (i.e., rapid reviews) to identify best practices on topics as prioritized by regional stakeholders. Previous topics include effectiveness and implementation experience of interventions to improve exclusive breastfeeding and early initiation of breastfeeding in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), implementation tools for nutrition, and a landscape analysis of research on adolescent nutrition in the region. Through engagements with UNICEF, the Regional Nutrition Working Group (which is a collective of donors, INGO’s, researchers, development agencies that are active in nutrition in the region), and other stakeholders, the next topic identified as a key issue for the region was wasting among children under five years of age. The output of this rapid review will not only inform various stakeholders active in the region but will also support the Integrated Research on Acute Malnutrition in the Sahel project (IRAM). IRAM aims to generate evidence on wasting prevention and treatment interventions in four countries: Chad, Mauritania, Mali and Niger (multi-country partnership between UNICEF and IFPRI). Stakeholders (review users, such as implementers and researchers) will be involved throughout. They will be consulted to set and refine the review question, eligibility criteria, and the outcome of interest. Consultations will ensure that this rapid review is fit for purpose.
Farm-level effects of the 2019 Ghana planting for food and jobs program: An analysis of household survey data
Asante, Felix Ankomah; Bawakyillenuo, Simon. Washington, DC 2021
Asante, Felix Ankomah; Bawakyillenuo, Simon. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134458
Abstract | View
Ghana’s rising population, coupled with erratic weather patterns and soil nutrient deficiencies, pose a significant challenge to food crop production. In responding to universal calls for actions to end poverty, the Government of Ghana (GoG) launched the flagship Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) program in 2017. PFJ is designed to promote on-farm productivity through the intensification of fertilizer subsidies and adoption of improved seeds of targeted crops, thereby enabling job creation in agriculture and other interrelated sectors. Implemented by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MoFA), the PFJ program works in concert with other existing agricultural programs and policies to achieve the universal goal of ending hunger, achieving food security, and improving nutrition by promoting efficient and sustainable intensification and climate-proofing of agriculture by 2030 (Sustainable Development Goal 2).
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, May 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on rural women and men in Kenya
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti. Washington, DC 2021
Alvi, Muzna Fatima; Gupta, Shweta; Barooah, Prapti. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134466
Abstract | View
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Kenyan government declared a nationwide dusk to dawn curfew in March 2020 that was lifted in large parts later in the year, followed by off-and-on reinstatements of curfews and limitations on mobility largely for the capital region. The government also banned religious and other public gatherings and encouraged people to work from home and practice social distancing. The government has extended social protection programs, including public works programs and stipends and cash transfers, which are often targeted to women and single parent households and other vulnerable members of society to support them through the pandemic.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, June 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Agricultural input markets in Ghana: A descriptive assessment of input dealers in eight districts
Asante, Seth; Andam, Kwaw S.; Simons, Andrew M.; Amprofi, Felicia Ansah; Osei-Assibey, Ernest; Iddrisu, Adisatu; Blohowiak, Samuel. Washington, DC 2021
Asante, Seth; Andam, Kwaw S.; Simons, Andrew M.; Amprofi, Felicia Ansah; Osei-Assibey, Ernest; Iddrisu, Adisatu; Blohowiak, Samuel. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134481
Abstract | View
This paper provides a description of the agricultural input market in Ghana in 2019 across six districts with high maize production and two municipal districts noted for agricultural marketing activities. Since 2017, Ghana’s agricultural policy has been heavily focused on implementation of the Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) program, which has rapidly scaled up the distribution of subsidized seed and fertilizer with the aim of increasing agricultural productivity and production. Agricultural input dealers play a crucial role in the PFJ program as the final node in the supply chain of seed and fertilizer for farmers. Their operations are expected to enhance the availability of and access to these agricultural inputs. Understanding the characteristics and operations of agricultural input dealers can help policymakers to formulate, implement, and reform seed and fertilizer policies. Our study shows low levels of specialization among agricultural input shops, high participation in the sector association, an increase in the entry of traders into the agricultural input market since the launch of PFJ, and a continuing concentration on fertilizer sales compared to seed sales. Major constraints that agricultural input supplier face in expanding their businesses include difficulties in obtaining financial support from the banking sector, still unreliable supplies, and, for subsidized inputs, the slow processing by government of the subsidy vouchers farmers gave them in exchange for inputs.
Did a microfinance ‘plus’ programme empower female farmers and pastoralists and improve intrahousehold equality in rural Ethiopia? Evidence from an impact evaluation using a Project-Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Index (pro-WEAI) survey tool
Hillesland, Marya; Kaaria, Susan; Mane, Erdgin; Alemu, Mihret; Slavchevska, Vanya. Washington, DC 2021
Hillesland, Marya; Kaaria, Susan; Mane, Erdgin; Alemu, Mihret; Slavchevska, Vanya. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134482
Abstract | View
Using the project-Women’s Empowerment in Agricultural Index (pro-WEAI) survey tool developed by GAAP2, this study aims to estimate the impact of a microfinance ‘plus’ programme on women’s economic empowerment in communities in Oromia and Afar, Ethiopia. The programme incorporates multiple interventions, which are implemented through women-run rural savings and credit cooperatives (RUSACCOs), with the intention of improving beneficiary women’s decision-making over productive assets, control over income, and leadership in rural institutions. A major component of the programme is aimed at rural women’s greater access to credit, but interventions also include agricultural livestock and technology transfers, business training, as well as a community gender awareness component. A difference-in-difference estimator with Inverse Probability Weighting (IPW) is used to evaluate the impact of the programme on women’s empowerment in Oromia. Because of conflict in the area, baseline data collection was delayed and data was collected after some interventions had already begun in Oromia. As such, nearly all beneficiaries already had access to credit through the RUSACCOs at baseline, and both women and men were already empowered in a number of dimensions at baseline. Among households with beneficiaries who continued in good standing between baseline and midline, the programme positively contributed to both women’s and men’s empowerment with regards to respect among household members. It did not lead to additional impacts in terms of overall empowerment and gender parity within the household or across the other pro-WEAI indicators. However, it appears that, by maintaining good standing in the RUSACCOs, female participants were able to maintain high levels of empowerment across the other indicators. A second group of beneficiary women, who either chose to leave the RUSACCO or did not maintain good standing as a member, were also highly empowered across many dimensions at baseline but experienced large average decreases in empowerment across a number of indicators by midline. In Afar, using the midline data only, a single-difference estimator with Inverse Probability Weighting is used to evaluate the impact of the programme. In Afar, the programme had a significant impact on women’s overall empowerment. As we expected, given the nature of the programme, there were significant positive results in terms of access to and decisions on financial services, group membership, and membership in influential groups. There were also positive impacts on control over the use of income, suggesting that the programme contributed to greater control over the use of the output from agricultural activities and control over income from agricultural and non-agricultural activities. On the other hand, the programme also appears to have resulted in reduced empowerment on average with regards to autonomy in income.
Hidden hunger: Understanding dietary adequacy in urban and rural food consumption in Senegal
Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Sall, Leysa M.; Gueye, Adama; Savadogo, Kimseyinga; Dia, Khadim. Washington, DC 2021
Marivoet, Wim; Ulimwengu, John M.; Sall, Leysa M.; Gueye, Adama; Savadogo, Kimseyinga; Dia, Khadim. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134483
Abstract | View
Using household consumption data collected in 2017/18, this paper analyzes patterns of urban and rural food consumption in Senegal. We adopt two methodological approaches. The first is an in-depth (spatial) analysis of current diets and corresponding nutrient intakes, coupled with an identification of possible food items to address nutrient gaps. The second approach is an application of the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model to examine food consumption dynamics of Senegalese households. Results show that Senegal is a typical case of micronutrient deficiency, especially regarding calcium, iron and vitamin B12. Reflected by their more diversified diet, nutrient intake of urban dwellers is generally better compared to their rural counterparts, which relates to the urban sector’s higher income status and more secure access to food items, especially those rich in calcium, vitamin B12 and vitamin A. In contrast, the dietary status of rural populations is usually poorer and mainly driven by the nutrient content of cereals locally produced. Despite insufficient domestic production, the recent promotion and upsurge of small (local) cereal processing units might be a promising development to increase urban uptakes of iron. Although Senegal’s food system overall is underperforming in terms of assuring a nutritious diet for all, the most remote rural departments of the country, such as Saraya and Podor, display the highest nutrient deficiencies and therefore should be targeted with priority. Apart from geographical targeting and given their higher responsiveness to price and income changes, policies based on food pricing and income transfers should be implemented to ensure a minimal nutrient intake among the most food-insecure households. These policies could be further complemented with behavioral change campaigns which promote an alternative set of nutrient-rich and cost-effective food items. At the same time, such campaigns should advocate against excessive or imbalanced intakes of sugar and fats, which are especially problematic in the more eastern located rural areas of the country and in the urban sector of various departments located in the western and central parts of Senegal, respectively.
Synopsis: Assessing the impacts of COVID-19 on household incomes and poverty in Rwanda: A microsimulation approach
Diao, Xinshen; Rosenbach, Gracie; Spielman, David J.; Aragie, Emerta. Washington, DC 2021
Diao, Xinshen; Rosenbach, Gracie; Spielman, David J.; Aragie, Emerta. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134484
Abstract | View
In Rwanda, as elsewhere, different types of households experienced the economic effects of COVID-19 differently. We use a microsimulation approach to show the importance of these differences to better understand COVID-19’s impacts on their income and poverty status.
Main results:
Nationally, during the lockdown period between March and May 2020, the simulation results estimate declines in household income by 33 percent on average. The urban population experienced the largest declines, averaging 40 percent during this period.
Unlike patterns seen with other shocks, middle-income households experienced the sharpest declines in income during the lockdown of an estimated 33 to 35 percent.
The share of individuals falling into poverty was highest among those in urban, middle income (Ubudehe 2) households (27 percent). However, the greatest absolute number of individuals in poverty remained concentrated in rural areas during the lockdown.
Poor individuals in the lowest expenditure quintile remain in the most severe poverty, with average expenditures during the lockdown estimated at 54 percent below the poverty line.
Under both the fast and slow post-COVID economic recovery scenarios used in the simulations, household incomes nearly return to pre-COVID levels for all household categories by the end of 2020. However, these results do not capture the potential longterm impacts of the substantial shocks of the pandemic to incomes, assets, and individual wellbeing.
These modeling results suggest that targeting should be a central component of the design and implementation of social protection programs and economic recovery policies to support a diverse set of beneficiaries. These beneficiaries include rural farming households and poor households, as well as nonagricultural household, and households in the middle expenditure quintiles.
Main results:
Nationally, during the lockdown period between March and May 2020, the simulation results estimate declines in household income by 33 percent on average. The urban population experienced the largest declines, averaging 40 percent during this period.
Unlike patterns seen with other shocks, middle-income households experienced the sharpest declines in income during the lockdown of an estimated 33 to 35 percent.
The share of individuals falling into poverty was highest among those in urban, middle income (Ubudehe 2) households (27 percent). However, the greatest absolute number of individuals in poverty remained concentrated in rural areas during the lockdown.
Poor individuals in the lowest expenditure quintile remain in the most severe poverty, with average expenditures during the lockdown estimated at 54 percent below the poverty line.
Under both the fast and slow post-COVID economic recovery scenarios used in the simulations, household incomes nearly return to pre-COVID levels for all household categories by the end of 2020. However, these results do not capture the potential longterm impacts of the substantial shocks of the pandemic to incomes, assets, and individual wellbeing.
These modeling results suggest that targeting should be a central component of the design and implementation of social protection programs and economic recovery policies to support a diverse set of beneficiaries. These beneficiaries include rural farming households and poor households, as well as nonagricultural household, and households in the middle expenditure quintiles.
Understanding the demand for “protective foods” in East Africa: An economic analysis with policy recommendations
Headey, Derek D.; Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Ruel, Marie T.. Washington, DC 2021
Headey, Derek D.; Ecker, Olivier; Comstock, Andrew R.; Ruel, Marie T.. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134487
Abstract | View
Suboptimal diets are a major risk factor for avoidable death and disease in low- and middle-income countries. Evidence shows that some foods or food components (e.g., processed red meat, saturated fat, salt, sugar) significantly elevate the risk of noncommunicable diseases and mortality, while others protect health (e.g., vegetables, fruits, pulses, nuts/seeds, fish, whole grains—referred to in this document as “protective foods”). We used household surveys to compare dietary patterns in Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda to the EAT-Lancet healthy reference diet and to quantify and explain consumption gaps for nutritious foods. Compared to the EAT-Lancet healthy reference diet, consumption gaps for pulses and nuts/seeds, vegetables, and fruits are large for both poor and rich consumers in rural and urban areas in the four countries studied, while consumption gaps for meat, fish, and eggs and dairy foods are much larger for lower income groups. Food expenditures of most households in these four countries are far too low to allow consumption of the healthy reference diet; animal-source foods and vegetables are the largest cost components of food expenditures, although quantities consumed of both food groups are much lower than the EAT-Lancet healthy reference diet. Income elasticities of demand for pulses and nuts/seeds and vegetables are often low or moderate, suggesting weak consumer preference for these foods, while income elasticities for fruits and animal-source foods are relatively high. Income growth alone will not solve dietary problems in East Africa; in addition to supply-side interventions to improve affordability, special interventions are required to increase consumer demand for underappreciated protective (nutritious) foods such as pulses and nuts/seeds and vegetables.
Understanding the production of “protective” foods in East Africa: A cross-country analysis of drivers and policy options
Haile, Beliyou; You, Liangzhi; Headey, Derek D.; Ru, Yating; Mahrt, Kristi. Washington, DC 2021
Haile, Beliyou; You, Liangzhi; Headey, Derek D.; Ru, Yating; Mahrt, Kristi. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134488
Abstract | View
Supply chains for nutritious (“protective”) foods in Africa south of the Sahara are often poorly developed, especially for perishable crops that are vulnerable to wastage. We used LSMS-ISA surveys and geographic information system (GIS) data to explore which factors predict production patterns of four protective food crops (pulses, nuts and seeds, vegetables, and fruits) relative to cereals and starchy roots and tubers (grouped under staples) in Ethiopia, Malawi, Tanzania, and Uganda, with a focus on potential inter-ventions to improve production, trade, and consumption of these foods. Plot-level irrigation adoption is the strongest predictor of fruit and vegetable production, along with precipitation, suggesting that water availability is a major precondition for pro-ducing these protective foods. In contrast, pulses and nuts and seeds can be grown in drier and warmer conditions. Better market access is also associated with higher production of fruits and vegetables, but the association is weaker than that of water access. Investing in and expanding irrigation-especially small-scale irrigation-has strong poten-tial to yield high returns in East Africa, especially for poor households that cannot afford to invest in capital-intensive irrigation technologies. Irrigation investments may need to be complemented by investments in roads, rural elec-trification, and cold storage chains to promote efficiency of postharvest supply chains and reduce marketing costs.
A new model for inclusive seed delivery: Lessons from a pilot study in Kenya: Leveraging champion farmers’ entrepreneurial know-how to reach the last mile
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Waithaka, Lilian; Eyase, Jean; Chegeh, Joseph; Kivuva, Benjamin; Cecchi, Francesco. Washington, DC 2021
Kramer, Berber; Waweru, Carol; Waithaka, Lilian; Eyase, Jean; Chegeh, Joseph; Kivuva, Benjamin; Cecchi, Francesco. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134491
Abstract | View
Climate change has exacerbated the frequency and severity of extreme weather events affecting the livelihoods of millions of smallholder farmers across Sub-Saharan Africa. Risks such as increased droughts, pests, floods, and heatwaves are projected to increase significantly in future years. The formal seed sector is an important entry point to help farmers better manage these risks, as it provides access to high-quality certified seeds of improved stress-tolerant varieties, selected and bred to maximize productivity in good years, whilst reducing the impact of climate change risks in bad years. The challenge, however, is that the formal market is not always inclusive and is more accessible to middle- or largescale (and often male) farmers. Smaller farmers (often female) are more likely to obtain seeds from informal sources (friends or peers) or collect their own seeds from the crops they grow. This creates social inequities in distribution channels for quality seeds; and in qualitative research, farmers informed us that the COVID-19 pandemic has further restricted their access to inputs.
Selected legumes, roots & tubers and other cereals, June 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Livestock, livestock products and fish, May 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Livestock, livestock products and fish, June 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Quarterly market report for selected legumes, roots, tubers, and other cereals, April to June 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
This quarterly market report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly and monthly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Quarterly market report for animal products, April to June 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
This quarterly market report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly and monthly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Selected legumes, roots & tubers and other cereals, May 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of weekly retail prices of selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, July 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Staying afloat in the milk business: Borrowing and selling on credit among informal milk vendors in Nairobi
Myers, Emily; Heckert, Jessica; Galiè, Alessandra; Njiru, Nelly; Alonso, Silvia. Washington, DC 2021
Myers, Emily; Heckert, Jessica; Galiè, Alessandra; Njiru, Nelly; Alonso, Silvia. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134531
Abstract | View
Studies on credit schemes for small-scale entrepreneurs have documented their potential to alleviate poverty and improve food security, nutrition, and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries. Other studies find mixed impacts of credit schemes on reducing income inequality, empowering women, and enhancing children’s education. Moreover, growing evidence finds that entrepreneurs offer credit to customers; little is known about what this practice means for entrepreneurs, and even less about gendered differences in this practice. Herein, we consider the case of final retailers in agricultural value chains and examine how male and female informal milk vendors from peri-urban Nairobi borrow and sell on credit, and how these experiences affect their businesses where there are few formal safeguards to ensure repayment. In 2017, we conducted 49 individual interviews, four key informant interviews, and six focus groups with men and women who were current or former milk vendors. A thematic analysis revealed that vendors sell on credit to appeal to customers, which may be advantageous when vendors need to rid themselves of milk before it spoils, regardless of gender. With few strategies to recoup costs from customers who fail to repay, however, failure to collect debt may cause default for vendors who acquired milk via informal borrowing. The consequences are likely more severe for women vendors, who generally have less capital to fall back on relative to men. Development organizations should identify gender-sensitive financial services that can help entrepreneurs maintain viable businesses despite the volatility of borrowing and selling on credit.
The economic returns to nutrition-specific investments in Southern Asia and Africa South of the Sahara
Haile, Beliyou; Arndt, Channing; Ru, Yating; Alderman, Harold; Puett, Chloe. Washington, DC 2021
Haile, Beliyou; Arndt, Channing; Ru, Yating; Alderman, Harold; Puett, Chloe. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134787
Abstract | View
Childhood undernutrition manifests itself in various ways including stunting, wasting, underweight, and micronutrient deficiencies. Stunting (being too short for the child’s age) captures a state of linear growth retardation and cumulative growth impairment due to chronic nutritional deficiency and illness that deprive a fetus and child of required nutrients. Despite the global decline in stunting prevalence by over 25% since 1990, an estimated 22% of the 150 million children are currently stunted with significant regional and within region disparity.
Stunting is largely an irreversible outcome that stifles individuals from fulfilling their full development and economic potential. It increases the risk of impaired brain development with implications for cognitive and non-cognitive functions, educational performance, productivity, and chronic diseases later in life. It also increases the frequency and severity of exposure to common infections with one in seven under 5 deaths linked to it. Stunting and other forms of undernutrition costs countries billions of dollars in lost revenue and healthcare outlays.
This report presents results from a cost benefit analysis (CBA) of a package of nutrition-specific investments studied as part of The Lancet Series on Maternal and Child Undernutrition and Copenhagen Consensus exercise. The investments tackle the immediate causes of child undernutrition ─ inadequate intake of nutrients, diseases, and infections and include behavior change communication programs to promote breastfeeding and complementary feeding; supplementation of crucial micronutrients to pregnant women and young children; provision of complementary foods to children; and management of severe acute malnutrition.
We focus on two developing regions with the highest burden of stunting globally ─ Southern Asia and Africa South of the Sahara (SSA). Economic benefits are modelled for a cohort of children born between 2015 and 2030 who will join the workforce at 18 years of age and retire when 60 years old. Two benefit streams (the value of avoided premature child mortality and lifetime earnings gains) and two costs elements (the cost of the nutrition investments and of delivering schooling) are considered. Benefit-cost (BC) ratios are estimated under alternative scenarios based on the returns to stunting reductions and cost elements considered. Besides discount rates previously used in the nutrition and economics literature (between 3% and 6%), we consider a 10% discount rate used by the Millennium Challenge Corporation (MCC) for the sake of comparability of economic returns to these nutritional investments with that of other sectoral investments by MCC.
Relatório sobre promoção do investimento na investigação agrícola em África: Reforçar um argumento à favor do aumento do investimento na investigação agrícola em África
African Union. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021
African Union. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021
Abstract | View
A pesquisa agrícola e o investimento no desenvolvimento experimental (I&D) estão positivamente associados a altos retornos, porém, estes retornos levam tempo, muitas vezes décadas, para se desenvolver. Consequentemente, o atraso inerente desde o início da pesquisa até a adoção de novas tecnologias exige um financiamento sustentado e estável de I&D. Em 2016, África investiu apenas 0,39 por cento do seu produto interno bruto agrícola (AgGDP) em I&D agrícola, comparativamente a 0,54 por cento em 2000. Além disso, apenas alguns países africanos investem pelo menos 1% do seu AgGDP na investigação agrícola, sendo a meta estabelecida pela Nova Parceria para o Desenvolvimento de África (NEPAD). Embora em termos absolutos o investimento total no domínio da I&D tenha aumentado desde a passagem para o novo milénio, após um período de estagnação, a maior parte dos fundos foi direccionada para a expansão do pessoal de investigação, aumentos salariais, e reabilitação de infra-estruturas e equipamentos de investigação abandonados, em vez de programas de investigação propriamente ditos. De facto, num grande número de países africanos, os governos nacionais financiam os salários dos investigadores e do pessoal de apoio, deixando, no entanto, as despesas não relacionadas com o pessoal altamente dependentes dos doadores e de outras fontes de financiamento.
Report on boosting investment in agriculture research in Africa: Building a case for increased investment in agricultural research in Africa
African Union. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021
African Union. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 2021
Abstract | View
Agricultural research and experimental development (R&D) investment is positively associated with high returns, but these returns take time—often decades—to develop. Consequently, the inherent lag from the inception of research to the adoption of new technologies calls for sustained and stable R&D funding. In 2016, Africa invested just 0.39 percent of its agricultural gross domestic product (AgGDP) in agricultural R&D, down from 0.54 percent in 2000. Furthermore, only a handful of African countries invest at least 1 percent of their AgGDP in agricultural research; the target set by New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD). Even though in absolute terms total R&D investment has increased since the turn of the millennium—after a period of stagnation—most of the funds have been directed toward research staff expansion, salary increases, and rehabilitation of derelict research infrastructure and equipment, rather than actual research programs. In fact, in a large number of African countries, the national government funds the salaries of researchers and support staff, but little else, leaving nonsalary-related expenses highly dependent on donors and other funding sources.
Prioritization of types of investments: Operational tools for MCC agricultural investments
Laborde Debucquet, David; Parent, Marie; Piñeiro, Valeria. Washington, DC 2021
Laborde Debucquet, David; Parent, Marie; Piñeiro, Valeria. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134794
Abstract | View
This report answers the question:
“What guidelines can be used to identify the types of agricultural investments that have the highest economic return, where “agriculture” is broadly defined to include primary production, handling, storage, transportation, distribution, processing, and retailing?”
Using the literature and MCC’s ERR analyses, we explain how agricultural investments fit in a wider development context, identify information useful to MCC’s decision making that is not provided by the ERR analyses, and suggest IFPRI tools for exploratory and ex-ante evaluative analysis that MCC can use in their decision-making process.
“What guidelines can be used to identify the types of agricultural investments that have the highest economic return, where “agriculture” is broadly defined to include primary production, handling, storage, transportation, distribution, processing, and retailing?”
Using the literature and MCC’s ERR analyses, we explain how agricultural investments fit in a wider development context, identify information useful to MCC’s decision making that is not provided by the ERR analyses, and suggest IFPRI tools for exploratory and ex-ante evaluative analysis that MCC can use in their decision-making process.
Combining remotely sensed and survey data to better understand linkages between urbanization and child nutrition: Case study from Burkina Faso
Haile, Beliyou; Guo, Zhe; Arndt, Channing; Ahn, Hee Eun. Washington, DC 2021
Haile, Beliyou; Guo, Zhe; Arndt, Channing; Ahn, Hee Eun. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134796
Abstract | View
Africa is experiencing a rapid growth in urban population with a billion more people expected to live in cities by 2050. The extent to which urbanization contributes to improvements in the welfare of households and individuals depends on whether it is accompanied by the creation of remunerative employment opportunities and investments on essential infrastructure and services. Specific to child nutrition, urbanization can improve nutrition through its effects on the immediate and underlying determinants that include dietary and nutrient intake, diseases, household food security, environmental sanitation, and access to health services. The direction and strength of the association between urbanization and child undernutrition is therefore an empirical matter that largely depends on the type of urban settlements.
This study examines linkages between urbanization and child undernutrition in Burkina Faso. Nutrition data are obtained from the Burkina Faso Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) con-ducted in 1998/99, 2003, and 2010. Nutritional outcomes of children 0-59 months old are measured using height-for-age z-score (HAZ), weight-for-height z-score (WHZ), and weight-for-age z-score (WAZ). Instead of relying on a binary urban-rural classification available in the DHS data, we construct two continuous indicators of urbanization based on remotely sensed data ‒ the size of urban area within 10 kilometers radius around the DHS cluster (urban extent) and the distance between the child’s DHS cluster and the boundary of the nearest urban settlement (remoteness).
This study examines linkages between urbanization and child undernutrition in Burkina Faso. Nutrition data are obtained from the Burkina Faso Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) con-ducted in 1998/99, 2003, and 2010. Nutritional outcomes of children 0-59 months old are measured using height-for-age z-score (HAZ), weight-for-height z-score (WHZ), and weight-for-age z-score (WAZ). Instead of relying on a binary urban-rural classification available in the DHS data, we construct two continuous indicators of urbanization based on remotely sensed data ‒ the size of urban area within 10 kilometers radius around the DHS cluster (urban extent) and the distance between the child’s DHS cluster and the boundary of the nearest urban settlement (remoteness).
East Africa commodity price report - September 2021
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2021
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: East Africa is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on price trends and variations in selected maize and rice markets throughout East Africa. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize and rice markets in East Africa, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
East Africa commodity price report - August 2021
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2021
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: East Africa is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on price trends and variations in selected maize and rice markets throughout East Africa. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize and rice markets in East Africa, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
What are the correlates of childhood undernutrition? An analysis of DHS data from Africa South of the Sahara
Haile, Beliyou; Ru, Yating; Ahn, Hee Eun. Washington, DC 2021
Haile, Beliyou; Ru, Yating; Ahn, Hee Eun. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134799
Abstract | View
Despite progresses made over the last several decades, the prevalence of child malnutrition re-mains alarmingly high. About 149 million children under the age of five years old were stunted (too short for their age) in 2018, of which 55% and 39% lived in Asia and Africa, respectively. Malnourished children, especially stunted ones, may never achieve their full cognitive and non-cognitive potential with implications for their educational and labor market performance among other things. Malnutrition results from several interlinked factors operating at child, parental, household, and landscape level such as inadequate maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy and at the time of lactation, suboptimal breastfeeding practices, lack of nutritious complementary foods, and unhealthy living environments. This study analyzes the correlates of child undernutrition in rural Africa South of the Sahara (SSA) – a region with the least progress in tackling undernutrition.
Building a case for increased investment in agricultural research in Africa
Stads, Gert-Jan; Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Beintema, Nienke M.. Washington, DC 2021
Stads, Gert-Jan; Nin-Pratt, Alejandro; Beintema, Nienke M.. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134802
Abstract | View
Agricultural research and development (R&D) investment is positively associated with high returns, but these returns take time—often decades—to develop. Consequently, the inherent lag from the inception of research to the adoption of new technologies calls for sustained and stable R&D funding. In 2016, Africa invested just 0.39 percent of its agricultural GDP (AgGDP) in agricultural R&D, down from 0.54 percent in 2000. Even though in absolute terms total R&D investment has increased since the turn of the millennium—after a period of stagnation—most of the funds have been directed toward research staff expansion, salary increases, and rehabilitation of derelict research infrastructure and equipment, rather than actual research programs. In fact, in a large number of African countries, the national government funds the salaries of researchers and support staff, but little else, leaving nonsalary-related expenses highly dependent on donors and other funding sources.
Have households’ livelihoods and food security rebounded from COVID-19 shocks in Nigeria? Results from a follow-up phone survey
Balana, Bedru; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Edeh, Hyacinth; Andam, Kwaw S.. Washington, DC 2021
Balana, Bedru; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Fasoranti, Adetunji; Edeh, Hyacinth; Andam, Kwaw S.. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134805
Abstract | View
The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on households’ income, jobs, and food security have continued despite perceptible reductions in transmission and lifting of restrictive policy measures in several countries. To assess these effects on Nigerian households, we collected household data in the initial three months after the outbreak of the pandemic (July 2020). To track the changes since the first survey, we conducted a follow-up phone survey with the same households a year later (July 2021). We undertook a comparative analysis between the two surveys focusing on key variables such as income loss, job loss, food security, and dietary diversity. The study also investigated how changes in income, wealth/endowments, social capital, safety net programs, and recurrent conflicts affected the severity of food insecurity amid the pandemic. We found that both income and jobs have rebounded significantly (by 50 percentage points) compared to the baseline results. In terms of food insecurity, households with “severely food insecure” situations dropped from 73 percent in the first survey to 65 percent in the follow-up survey. We also found a 5-percentage point improvement in the household dietary diversity scale in the follow-up survey. However, households reported an increase of more than 70 percent in conflicts or insecurity threats amid the pandemic. This affected farm investment decisions in 44 percent of smallholder farmers surveyed. While income loss significantly worsened households’ food insecurity; livestock ownership and social capital cushioned households from falling into a more severe food insecurity situation. However, safety net programs provided by the government and NGOs did not significantly protect households from falling into severe food insecurity amid the pandemic. We suggest four policy propositions: prioritize investment in job creation to curb income loss; enable households to build their wealth base (e.g., land tenure security or livestock) to enhance resilience to shocks; revisit targeting approaches of safety net programs to enhance effectiveness of such programs; and finally, devise and implement conflict resolutions to induce investment and enhance productivity.
How much are multisectoral programs worth? A new method with an application to school meals
Alderman, Harold; Aurino, Elisabetta; Baffour, Priscilla Twumasi; Gelli, Aulo; Turkson, Festus; Wong, Brad. Washington, DC 2021
Alderman, Harold; Aurino, Elisabetta; Baffour, Priscilla Twumasi; Gelli, Aulo; Turkson, Festus; Wong, Brad. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134805
Abstract | View
Social protection programs such as cash or food transfers support current poverty and inequality reduction goals, while at the same time enhance future productivity through human capital investments. Yet, the quantification of their overall productivity and equity benefits is challenging. We address this question utilizing a new methodology that quantifies productivity gains from learning as well as an approach for assessing social protection benefits. We do so by combining data on distributional benefits stemming from current poverty reduction in conjunction with future human capital gains in the context of a large-scale national school feeding program in Ghana. We develop a straightforward approach to map effect sizes from randomized controlled studies into broader economic analyses. In addition, we include the often recognized, but seldom quantified, distributional impacts of multi-sectoral investments. Our methodology is relevant to a broad range of social protection programs that have multidimensional benefits spanning both human capital improvements and equity gains.
2018 Social Accounting Matrix for Niger: A Nexus Project SAM
Randriamamonjy, Josée; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Randriamamonjy, Josée; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134806
Abstract | View
The 2018 Niger Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2018 Social Accounting Matrix for the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): A Nexus Project SAM
Randriamamonjy, Josée. Washington, DC 2021
Randriamamonjy, Josée. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134807
Abstract | View
The 2018 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2018 Social Accounting Matrix for Tanzania: A Nexus Project SAM
Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134808
Abstract | View
The 2018 Tanzania Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2018 Social Accounting Matrix for Nigeria: A Nexus Project SAM
Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134812
Abstract | View
The 2018 Nigeria Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2018 Social Accounting Matrix for Rwanda: A Nexus Project SAM
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Aragie, Emerta; Diao, Xinshen; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134813
Abstract | View
The 2018 Rwanda Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2018 Social Accounting Matrix for Senegal: A Nexus Project SAM
Randriamamonjy, Josée. Washington, DC 2021
Randriamamonjy, Josée. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134814
Abstract | View
The 2018 Senegal Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2019 Social Accounting Matrix for Zambia: A Nexus Project SAM
Pauw, Karl; Tembo, Bernard; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Pauw, Karl; Tembo, Bernard; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134816
Abstract | View
The 2019 Zambia Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2018 Social Accounting Matrix for Mali: A Nexus Project SAM
Randriamamonjy, Josée. Washington, DC 2021
Randriamamonjy, Josée. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134818
Abstract | View
The 2018 Mali Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2019 Social Accounting Matrix for Kenya: A Nexus Project SAM
Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134819
Abstract | View
The 2019 Kenya Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
2018 Social Accounting Matrix for Ethiopia: A Nexus Project SAM
Aragie, Emerta; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
Aragie, Emerta; Thurlow, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134821
Abstract | View
The 2018 Ethiopia Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) follows IFPRI's Standard Nexus SAM approach, by focusing on consistency, comparability, and transparency of data. The Nexus SAMs available on IFPRI's website separates domestic production into 42 activities. Factors are disaggregated into labor, agricultural land, and capital, with labor further disaggregated across three education-based categories. The household account is divided into 10 representative household groups: Rural and urban households across per capita consumption quintiles. Nexus SAMs support the improvement of model-based research and policy analysis in developing countries and allow for more robust cross-country comparisons of national economic structures, especially agriculture-food systems.
How might gender norms mediate the benefits of higher coffee production in Uganda?
Doan, Miki; Hoffmann, Vivian. Washington, DC 2021
Doan, Miki; Hoffmann, Vivian. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134836
Abstract | View
Expanding coffee exports is a major goal of Uganda’s government. By focusing on this high-value crop, almost all of which is sold to higher-income countries, Uganda hopes to boost farmers’ incomes and increase the country’s foreign exchange earnings as well as its tax base (UCDA, n.d.). The average yield of smallholder coffee farmers in Uganda amounts to just third of the crop’s agronomic potential (Mongoya, 2018). The opportunity to increase yields – and thus the incomes of some of the world’s poorest farmers – by improving agronomic practices has spurred major philanthropic investment in coffee agronomy training in Uganda.
However, gender norms and related constraints may affect how coffee income is distributed within households, and in this way erode the benefits this income brings to rural populations. In many settings, men have traditionally taken the lead role in production of cash crops grown for sale, while women have managed crops grown purely or primarily for subsistence (World Bank, FAO and IFAD, 2009). In this note, we describe results from the baseline survey of an impact evaluation of the Uganda Coffee Agronomy Training (UCAT) program, which aims to train 60,000 smallholder coffee growers over four years. For each cohort of farmers, the program lasts approximately two years, and is delivered through 22 training sessions held monthly for 11 months of the year.
However, gender norms and related constraints may affect how coffee income is distributed within households, and in this way erode the benefits this income brings to rural populations. In many settings, men have traditionally taken the lead role in production of cash crops grown for sale, while women have managed crops grown purely or primarily for subsistence (World Bank, FAO and IFAD, 2009). In this note, we describe results from the baseline survey of an impact evaluation of the Uganda Coffee Agronomy Training (UCAT) program, which aims to train 60,000 smallholder coffee growers over four years. For each cohort of farmers, the program lasts approximately two years, and is delivered through 22 training sessions held monthly for 11 months of the year.
Policy drivers of Africa’s agriculture transformation: A CAADP biennial review account
Benin, Samuel. Washington, DC 2021
Benin, Samuel. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134837
Abstract | View
This paper assesses the nature of agricultural transformation taking place in different parts of Africa and analyzes policy drivers of the transformation using data from the CAADP Biennial Review (BR) on 46 indicators from 2014 to 2018. First, a typology of agriculture transformation in different groups of countries is developed by analyzing the initial values and trends in three indicators—share of agriculture in total employment, share of agriculture in gross domestic product, and agriculture labor productivity. The typology, in addition to a conceptual framework that is developed for measuring the relative effect of a policy on an outcome, provides the basis for analyzing the policy drivers of agriculture transformation. The 46 BR indicators are classified into policies (13 indicators), intermediate results (23 indicators), and outcomes (10 indicators), and then econometric methods are used to measure the association between the policy indicators and the intermediate results and outcomes, which include agriculture intensification (e.g., access to finance and extension, fertilizer use, and irrigation development), agriculture growth, agriculture trade, food security, nutrition, and poverty. Different fixed-effects regression methods and model specifications of the explanatory variables are used to assess sensitivity of the results to different assumptions of the data and the relationship between the policies and intermediate and outcome indicators.
The trends in the indicators are different. For example, access to finance and extension have risen over time; fertilizer use, irrigation development, agriculture growth, and adult undernourishment have fallen over time; and child nutrition and poverty have remained stagnant over time. Different policy indicators are significantly associated with different indicators of agriculture intensification, agriculture growth, and outcomes. Also, there are differences in the results across the agriculture transformation groups. Major policy drivers of agriculture transformation in the different groups are identified. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The trends in the indicators are different. For example, access to finance and extension have risen over time; fertilizer use, irrigation development, agriculture growth, and adult undernourishment have fallen over time; and child nutrition and poverty have remained stagnant over time. Different policy indicators are significantly associated with different indicators of agriculture intensification, agriculture growth, and outcomes. Also, there are differences in the results across the agriculture transformation groups. Major policy drivers of agriculture transformation in the different groups are identified. Implications of the results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Self-selection versus population-based sampling for evaluation of an agronomy training program in Uganda
Hoffmann, Vivian; Doan, Miki Khanh; Harigaya, Tomoko. Washington, DC 2021
Hoffmann, Vivian; Doan, Miki Khanh; Harigaya, Tomoko. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134838
Abstract | View
A challenge to evaluating the impact of agronomy training programs, particularly on downstream impacts such as yield, is the identification of a sample with sufficiently high take-up propensity. We assess the effectiveness of screening farmers for their interest in a coffee agronomy training program based on participation in a pre-training activity designed for this purpose. The screening activity was designed to appeal to the same farmers targeted by the agronomy program, while having minimal impact on that program’s goal of increasing coffee yields. A three-session training on farm business management was conducted in 22 study villages in central Uganda. Coffee agronomy training was then offered in half of these villages, based on random assignment. 52 percent of coffee farmers self-selected through their attendance of business training subsequently attended agronomy training, compared to 22 percent of those identified through a census. Applying these results to the design of a large ongoing RCT, we find that use of a self-selected sample reduces the minimum detectable effect of agronomy training on coffee yield to 15.83%, compared to 38% if population-based sampling were used.
The relationship between household gender attitudes and women’s poultry production: Evidence from Burkina Faso
Leight, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; Gelli, Aulo. Washington, DC 2021
Leight, Jessica; Martinez, Elena M.; Heckert, Jessica; Gelli, Aulo. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134839
Abstract | View
Enhancing women’s participation in agricultural production, including livestock production, has the potential to generate a range of benefits for rural households in the developing world. These benefits include enhanced economic welfare, investment in children’s health and nutrition, and empowerment for women. However, attitudes and norms may shape the ability of women to engage in a broader range of productive activities if those activities are not viewed as traditionally female domains. The attitudes of women themselves and their husbands may be particularly salient: if women do not view livestock production as an appropriate activity to pursue based on their perception of community norms, they may not be responsive to economic incentives designed to encourage their involvement. Similarly, if husbands do not view ownership and control over assets or the sale of agriculture as appropriate roles for their wives, it may be very challenging for women to maintain or increase their role in household agricultural production.
Public-sector maize research locations and spatial heterogeneity in maize productivity: Insights from four African countries on the roles of agroclimatic similarity
Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Washington, DC 2021
Takeshima, Hiroyuki. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134843
Abstract | View
Agricultural research and development (R&D) is one component of public investments in the agricultural sector toward food system transformation. Enhancing the effectiveness of agricultural R&D remains critical, given increasingly scarce public resources. Exploring spatial spillover potentials has been one way to enhance the effectiveness of agricultural R&D. Geographical locations of National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) research activities are recognized as an important factor affecting such spatial spillover potentials. However, evidence is generally limited in Africa south of Sahara (SSA) as to the spillover potentials of NARS-developed technologies. This paper partly aims to fill this knowledge gap by obtaining insights for maize, one of the most commonly grown crops in SSA, using nationally representative farm household data for Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, and Uganda, and spatial agroclimatic data. Building on recent literature, this study proxies spillover potentials by “agroclimatic similarity” (AS) indicators between locations where agricultural R&D for maize is conducted by NARS (research locations) and where each farm household is located (farm locations). Results of the analyses suggest that an indicator of the total factor productivity of maize growing farm households, the land productivity of maize, and the use of improved maize varieties are generally higher in farm locations that share similar agroclimatic conditions with maize research locations of NARS. These patterns hold for all four countries studied, even after controlling for the physical proximity to maize research stations and other farm household characteristics. The findings contribute to better understanding of how geographic locations of public investments affect their overall effectiveness as well as returns in maize production and the agricultural sector in general.
Enumerator bias in yield measurement: A comparison of harvest versus allometric measurement of coffee yields
Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Rwakazooba, Ezra; Angebault, Charles; Kagezi, Godfrey; Zane, Giulia. Washington, DC 2021
Hoffmann, Vivian; Murphy, Mike; Rwakazooba, Ezra; Angebault, Charles; Kagezi, Godfrey; Zane, Giulia. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134844
Abstract | View
Measuring yield accurately is critical for evaluating the impact of interventions that aim to increase agricultural productivity but presents challenges in the case of coffee due to the long harvest period. An allometric approach, in which the fruits on randomly selected branches and clusters are counted is widely used due to its non-destructive nature and acceptability to farmers. However, this approach requires careful attention to detail, which may be difficult to maintain in the context of large-scale data collection efforts. Using data from 199 small-scale Robusta coffee farms in Uganda, we compare yield estimates obtained through a standard allometric protocol against those from a one-time harvest of both ripe and unripe cherries prior to the start of the harvest season. The one-time harvest method was widely acceptable to farmers. Allometric yield estimates explain just under half of the variation in the harvest-based yield measure. While estimated yield is similar across methods for the first tree harvested per farm, we observe a larger difference in allometric versus harvest-based estimates, and systematically lower counts of stems and branches for trees assessed later during the farm visit. We interpret these findings as evidence of deteriorating enumerator performance on the allometric method over time, implying a risk of downward-biased yield estimates.
Typologies spatiales intégrées pour identifier l'insécurité alimentaire et les goulots d'étranglement de la pauvreté: Cas du Burkina Faso
Marivoet, Wim; Maruyama, Eduardo; Sy, Abdourahmane. Washington, DC 2021
Marivoet, Wim; Maruyama, Eduardo; Sy, Abdourahmane. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134846
Abstract | View
Ce document cherche à intégrer deux typologies spatiales existantes pour mieux comprendre les principaux obstacles et contraintes à la sécurité alimentaire et aux moyens de subsistance viables des agriculteurs au Burkina Faso. L’objectif principal de cette étude est précisément d'identifier et localiser les différents goulots d'étranglement qui empêchent une pleine réalisation du potentiel agricole de chaque zone tout en améliorant les résultats nutritionnels finaux de la population.
Typologies spatiales intégrées pour identifier l'insécurité alimentaire et les goulots d'étranglement de la pauvreté: Cas du Sénégal
Marivoet, Wim; Maruyama, Eduardo; Sy, Abdourahmane. Washington, DC 2021
Marivoet, Wim; Maruyama, Eduardo; Sy, Abdourahmane. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134847
Abstract | View
Ce document cherche à intégrer deux typologies spatiales existantes pour mieux comprendre les principaux obstacles et contraintes à la sécurité alimentaire et aux moyens de subsistance viables des agriculteurs au Sénégal. L’objectif principal de cette étude est précisément d'identifier et de localiser les différents goulots d'étranglement qui empêchent une pleine réalisation du potentiel agricole de chaque zone tout en améliorant les résultats nutritionnels finaux de la population.
Typologies spatiales intégrées pour identifier l'insécurité alimentaire et les goulots d'étranglement de la pauvreté: Cas du Mali
Marivoet, Wim; Maruyama, Eduardo; Sy, Abdourahmane. Washington, DC 2021
Marivoet, Wim; Maruyama, Eduardo; Sy, Abdourahmane. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134848
Abstract | View
Ce document cherche à intégrer deux typologies spatiales existantes pour mieux comprendre les principaux obstacles et contraintes à la sécurité alimentaire et aux moyens de subsistance viables des agriculteurs au Mali. L’objectif principal de cette étude est précisément d'identifier et de localiser les différents goulots d'étranglement qui empêchent une pleine réalisation du potentiel agricole de chaque zone tout en améliorant les résultats nutritionnels finaux de la population.
Agricultural mechanization and gendered labor activities across sectors: Micro-evidence from multi-country farm household data
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Diao, Xinshen. Washington, DC 2021
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Diao, Xinshen. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134849
Abstract | View
Gender differences in the engagement of work activities across sectors are important elements of gender inequality in rural livelihoods and welfare in developing countries. The role of production technologies, including agricultural mechanization, in addressing gender inequality, is increasingly explored. Knowledge gaps remain, however, including, how agricultural mechanization differentially affect labor engagements across sectors. This study aims to partly fill these knowledge gaps through micro-evidence from 8 countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria, Tanzania, India, Nepal, Tajikistan and Vietnam), using several nationally representative panel data and supplementary data, and applying Correlated-Random-Effects Double-Hurdle models with Instrumental-Variables. We find that the use of tractors and/or combine harvesters by the household induces greater shift from farm activities to non-farm activities by female members than by male members. While statistical significance varies, these patterns generally hold consistently across all 8 countries studied. These patterns also seem to hold across different farm sizes. While these are short-term relations, agricultural mechanization proxied by tractor and/or combine harvesters is one of the important contributors to gendered rural livelihood. Future studies should more closely investigate underlying mechanisms and implications of these patterns.
IFPRI Malawi monthly maize market report, November 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
The Monthly Maize Market Report was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the variation of maize prices in selected markets throughout Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize markets in Malawi, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Relative roles and limits of extension approaches in promoting sustainable agricultural management practices: Analysis of nationally representative panel data from Malawi
Ragasa, Catherine; Mzungu, Diston; Kalagho, Kenan; Kazembe, Cynthia. Washington, DC 2021
Ragasa, Catherine; Mzungu, Diston; Kalagho, Kenan; Kazembe, Cynthia. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134853
Abstract | View
Low-cost and sustainable agricultural management practices are being promoted in many countries but continue to face low adoption among farmers. We tracked the awareness and adoption among farmers of a number of practices―soil cover, minimum tillage, crop rotation, intercropping, crop diversification, crop residue incorporation, pit planting, water harvesting, and organic fertilizer―in two rounds of a nationally representative rural household survey in Malawi. Survey data and focus group discussions are used to understand the factors explaining the variations in farmers’ awareness and adoption of these practices. Results show a strong positive effect of extension services receipt on farmers’ awareness of these practices but no effect on farmers’ adoption of most of the practices being promoted, except for crop residue incorporation and organic fertilizer use. Receipt of input subsidy does not influence the adoption of these practices. Both survey data and focus group discussions highlight the need for intensive and iterative engagement between service providers and farmers to fully communicate, learn, and adapt to these management practices.
South African extension agent competencies and attitudes for the future: Results of a survey
Davis, Kristin E.; von Maltitz, Lindie; de Bruyn, Melanie; van Niekerk, Johan; Ngomane, Tsakani. Washington, DC 2021
Davis, Kristin E.; von Maltitz, Lindie; de Bruyn, Melanie; van Niekerk, Johan; Ngomane, Tsakani. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134855
Abstract | View
Extension and advisory services are key to sustainable agriculture, resilient livelihoods, and inclusive growth. In South Africa, there is need for new training, skills, and attitudes by extension staff to meet the demands of the changing sector. The purpose was to find out South African extension agent competency levels, attitudes and mindsets, especially toward digital extension, to be relevant for the future. Using a population survey, we targeted all public and non-public extension staff from every province using an online and paper-based questionnaire. We examined existing competencies, new needs, and differences in attitudes and competencies by factors such as education, employer, age, and gender. We created an index of “digital readiness” and an index of “technological readiness” based on technology use and attitudes and compared by various factors such as sector, age, and gender.
We find that while extension officers tend to have a good arsenal of technical skills, they are less equipped with functional skills. Several competencies and attitudes necessary for the new norms and standards for extension officers are lacking in a good proportion of respondents, such as inclusivity and empowerment. While extension staff recognize the importance of digital literacy for the future, only about half have received any training on the use of digital tools.
We recommend that extension role players take a systems view to revitalize extension. For extension to perform effectively, we must go beyond skills and training. Extension departments and organizations also need a certain level of competencies, and the enabling environment should be conducive. We recommend that, in addition to rounding out the technical and functional expertise of South African extension and advisory services staff that adequate incentives and rewards are in place to ensure professionalism and motivation.
Evaluating the impact of multi-intervention development projects: The case of Ethiopia’s community-based integrated natural resources management project
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; de Brauw, Alan; Minot, Nicholas; Vos, Rob; Wassie, Solomon B.; Yang, Shijie; Warner, James. Washington, DC 2021
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; de Brauw, Alan; Minot, Nicholas; Vos, Rob; Wassie, Solomon B.; Yang, Shijie; Warner, James. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134856
Abstract | View
This paper provides a quantitative impact assessment of the community-based integrated natural resources management project (CBINReMP) in the Lake Tana region in Ethiopia during 2011-2019. By promoting greater community participation, the CBINReMP provided support to watershed communities for the restoration of degraded soils and water sources, rehabilitation of forests, as well as in obtaining access to secure land titles and practices for climate change adaptation. The project further provided support towards diversification of incomes in off-farm activities and incentives for women’s empowerment and youth employment. This way the project aimed to support rural livelihoods through improvements in household incomes, dietary diversity, agricultural productivity, and resilience to climatic shocks, among other livelihood objectives.
To assess the project’s impacts, the study had to deal with numerous methodological complications owing to as the project’s nature and design. The lack of a proper baseline survey, incomplete information about targeted watershed communities and often lack of clear distinction lines between the project’s interventions and support provided to communities through other mechanisms made it hard to identify the true impact of the CBINReMP. Four additional challenges had to be faced: possible selection biases because of non-random placement (targeting) of the project; self-selection of beneficiaries into receiving the project; possible spatial spill-over effects of project benefits to non-treatment communities, and the project’s phased rollout. A propensity-score matching procedure was adopted to assess the CBINReMP’s impacts by comparing treatment (beneficiary) and control groups outcomes related to the livelihood indicators listed above. This paper discusses how the mentioned complications were addressed to provide a sound assessments of the project’s true impacts. While certain limitations remain, the key finding that can be drawn with confidence is that the CBINReMP had only very limited, quantitatively verifiable impact on rural livelihoods. It seems to have contributed to higher household incomes and some greater dietary diversity, but only where the project managed greater community participation. However, even for those beneficiaries, livelihood conditions had not become significantly more productive, diversified, resilient, or sustainable than those of the comparison group. The paper ends with recommendations on how to avoid methodological obstacles through better design of the M&E framework for multi-intervention, community-based projects.
To assess the project’s impacts, the study had to deal with numerous methodological complications owing to as the project’s nature and design. The lack of a proper baseline survey, incomplete information about targeted watershed communities and often lack of clear distinction lines between the project’s interventions and support provided to communities through other mechanisms made it hard to identify the true impact of the CBINReMP. Four additional challenges had to be faced: possible selection biases because of non-random placement (targeting) of the project; self-selection of beneficiaries into receiving the project; possible spatial spill-over effects of project benefits to non-treatment communities, and the project’s phased rollout. A propensity-score matching procedure was adopted to assess the CBINReMP’s impacts by comparing treatment (beneficiary) and control groups outcomes related to the livelihood indicators listed above. This paper discusses how the mentioned complications were addressed to provide a sound assessments of the project’s true impacts. While certain limitations remain, the key finding that can be drawn with confidence is that the CBINReMP had only very limited, quantitatively verifiable impact on rural livelihoods. It seems to have contributed to higher household incomes and some greater dietary diversity, but only where the project managed greater community participation. However, even for those beneficiaries, livelihood conditions had not become significantly more productive, diversified, resilient, or sustainable than those of the comparison group. The paper ends with recommendations on how to avoid methodological obstacles through better design of the M&E framework for multi-intervention, community-based projects.
Aspiring to more? New evidence on the effect of a light-touch aspirations intervention in rural Ethiopia
Leight, Jessica; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Mulford, Michael; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Tambet, Heleene. Washington, DC 2021
Leight, Jessica; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Mulford, Michael; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Tambet, Heleene. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134858
Abstract | View
A growing literature in economics has analyzed the effects of psychological interventions designed to boost individual aspirations as a strategy to increase investments with long-term returns and thus reduce poverty. This paper reports on a randomized controlled trial evaluating a short video-based intervention designed to increase aspirations of adults in poor rural Ethiopian households, all of whom are beneficiaries of the Productive Safety Net Program, the main government safety net program in Ethiopia. Evidence from a sample of 5258 adults from 3220 households is consistent with the hypothesis that there is no evidence that the aspirations treatment had any significant effects on self-reported aspirations for the household, educational investment in children, or savings nine months post-treatment, suggesting that the effect of light-touch aspirations treatments for extremely poor adults may be limited in this context.
COVID-19 in rural Malawi: Perceived risks and economic impacts rounds 1-4
Leavens, Laura; Ambler, Kate; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Maredia, Mywish K.; Mockshell, Jonathan. Washington, DC 2021
Leavens, Laura; Ambler, Kate; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Maredia, Mywish K.; Mockshell, Jonathan. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134861
Abstract | View
This project note discusses findings from a panel phone survey in Malawi in which respondents were asked about their perceptions of the risks and impacts of COVID-19. Previous findings from the first and second rounds of the survey were discussed in two previous project notes. This note focuses on changes in indicators across rounds, using only panel households. The panel comprises households in eight rural districts in Malawi who were interviewed four times between July 2020 and July 2021. This study builds on a survey originally designed to measure seasonal changes in labor activities. However, as the pandemic spread, the survey was modified to include questions about COVID-19’s risks and impacts on their lives.
Synopsis: Ethiopia’s social protection program is associated with improved household resilience
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Berhane, Guush; Chamberlin, Jordan. Washington, DC 2021
Abay, Kibrom A.; Abay, Mehari Hiluf; Berhane, Guush; Chamberlin, Jordan. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134862
Abstract | View
We examine the implication of the Productive Safety Nets Program (PSNP) in Ethiopia on the economic resilience of rural households. Using five-rounds of household panel data covering nine years, we implement a recently developed probabilistic moment-based approach to measure resilience and evaluate the role of PSNP transfers and duration of participation in PSNP on household resilience. We document three important findings. First, although PSNP transfers are positively strongly associated with resilience, we find that transfers below the median are less likely to generate meaningful improvements in resilience. Second, continuous participation in PSNP is associated with higher resilience. Third, our evaluation of both short-term welfare outcomes and longer-term resilience suggests that these outcomes are likely to be driven by different factors. These findings suggest boosting household resilience will require significant investments in social protection programs and continuous participation in these programs. Our findings have important implications for the design and targeting of social protection programs in Africa, where safety nets programs generally operate at small scale with small transfers to beneficiaries over relatively short durations.
Understanding the role of different program components of a nutrition sensitive intervention in mediating impact: Applying causal mediation analysis to experimental evidence from Burkina Faso
Heckert, Jessica; Leight, Jessica; Awonon, Josué; Gelli, Aulo. Washington, DC 2021
Heckert, Jessica; Leight, Jessica; Awonon, Josué; Gelli, Aulo. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134866
Abstract | View
In complex nutrition-sensitive interventions, separately identifying the effect of each programmatic component on the outcomes of interest can be challenging. This paper examines the relationship between participation in different elements of the nutrition-sensitive intervention SELEVER, implemented in rural Burkina Faso with the objective of increasing poultry production and enhancing related nutritional outcomes, and women’s poultry production. We use structural equation modeling to estimate the direct effect of each component of program participation. Our findings suggest that respondents’ directly reported participation in SELEVER intervention activities mediates less than half of the observed intervention effects on poultry owned by women as well as women’s revenue and profits from poultry production. Accordingly, other indirect channels for program effects also seem to be important.
Distributional consequences of wheat policy in Sudan: A simulation model analysis
Dorosh, Paul A.. Washington, DC 2021
Dorosh, Paul A.. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134867
Abstract | View
Despite reforms in early 2021, including a devaluation of the currency and a liberalization of imports, there remain significant distortions in Sudan’s wheat value chain, especially related to subsidized sales prices of flatbread. This flatbread subsidy, a key component of wheat policy, is not well-targeted. Calculations based on 2009 national household survey data and current 2021 prices and wheat supply show that urban poor households annually receive slightly less from this subsidy than urban non-poor households (18,900 and 20,800 SDG/capita). Rural poor households receive only 2,700 SDG/capita. This paper presents the results of several simulations of a partial equilibrium model of Sudan’s wheat economy that are designed to analyze the impacts of recent shocks and various policy options. Model simulations show that increased wheat imports, such as those financed by food aid, add to supplies for processing into wheat flour, flatbread, and other wheat products, resulting in lower prices for consumers and increased consumption, but also disincentives for production. A 300,000 ton increase in wheat imports, as occurred in early 2021, results in an 8 percent increase in wheat consumption and a 35 percent decline in the market price of non-flatbread wheat products. Production falls by 12 percent. Since flatbread prices are unchanged, wheat consumption of the urban poor, for whom flatbread is the major wheat product consumed, increases by only 4 percent. Raising flatbread prices by 30 percent to reduce the size of the fiscal subsidy reduces total consumption of flatbread by 17 percent and sharply reduces wheat consumption and real incomes of the urban poor. All households suffer a loss of 41 to 45 percent in the value of flatbread subsidies received. The urban poor experience the largest decline in total consumption of wheat (14 percent) and in total income (11 percent). (The average total income loss for all households is only 3 percent.) Reducing the flatbread subsidy without a compensating income transfer would significantly reduce the welfare of the urban poor and likely threaten political stability. Our results suggest that a combination of key wheat policies involving high levels of imports – including injection of food aid wheat into the economy in late 2020 – and subsidized flatbread will significantly benefit urban poor households. Nonetheless, the are important data gaps on several aspects of the wheat sector, including no recent nationally representative household expenditure survey data. In addition, greater transparency, including publication of quantities and prices of government purchases, sales of wheat and wheat flour, and quantities and prices of subsidized flatbread across the country has the potential to significantly increase the efficiency of the entire wheat sector. As shown in this paper, Sudan’s wheat policies in recent years, such as increased wheat imports, price subsidies in the wheat value chain, and low prices of flatbread, have in general favored consumers, to the detriment of producers. These interventions in the wheat value chain, especially those related to subsidies on flatbread, have especially large effects on the welfare of urban households, making these policies particularly politically sensitive. However, they have entailed high fiscal costs, threatening macro-economic stability and crowding out other possible investments to promote growth and poverty reduction. Careful policy analysis and ongoing monitoring of outcomes and new developments will be needed to help guide the important choices ahead.
Sustainable land management, gender, and agricultural productivity: Evidence from Ethiopia's fragile watershed observatory
Kato, Edward; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Tiruneh, Solomon; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2021
Kato, Edward; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Tiruneh, Solomon; Ringler, Claudia. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134870
Abstract | View
Land degradation is a pressing global challenge, with three billion people residing in degraded landscapes. The global cost of land degradation is estimated to be about $300 billion per year, with Africa south of the Sahara accounting for 26 percent of the total global costs due to land-use and land-cover changes. In Ethiopia, it is estimated that more than 85 percent of land is moderately to severely degraded due to changes in land use and cover, costing the country an estimated US$4.3 billion annually. In order to halt further degradation and support essential restoration through sustainable land management (SLM) and related investments, the Water and Land Resource Center (WLRC) and its consortium of development partners established six learning watersheds in Central and North-Western Ethiopia with the ultimate goal of improving water security and crop and livestock productivity.
Livestock, livestock products and fish, November 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets and food security in Malawi.
Selected legumes, roots & tubers and other cereals, November 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
This price bulletin was developed by researchers at IFPRI Malawi with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on the weekly variation of retail prices for selected agricultural commodities that are important for food security and nutrition in Malawi. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural markets in Malawi.
Farm input subsidies and commodity market trends in Ghana: An analysis of market prices during 2012–2020
Amewu, Sena; Arhin, Eunice; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2021
Amewu, Sena; Arhin, Eunice; Pauw, Karl. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134875
Abstract | View
Ghana has a long history of intervening in food markets to balance consumers’ expectations of low and stable food prices, farmers’ demands for high farmgate prices, and traders’ demand for predictability in seasonal price patterns. However, government interventions may also alter the behavior of markets and alter incentives or risks for all market actors. The Planting for Food and Jobs (PFJ) initiative, launched in 2017, signaled a renewed commitment from government to agriculture and is Ghana’s flagship strategy for boosting smallholder production, strengthening market linkages, and developing value chains. Given this significant policy shift, we examine agricultural commodity price patterns before and after 2017 to identify potential structural shifts in price behavior in maize, tomato, and onion markets, three key sectors targeted by PFJ. Results show maize and tomato prices drop below their long-term trend under PFJ, but not onion prices. Tomato and onion prices exhibit smaller seasonal price variations. These results are indicative of a structural shift in food markets, although further analysis is required to conclusively attribute these changes to PFJ.
Researcher-implementer partnerships in nutrition-sensitive agriculture programming: Lessons from IFPRI’s work with Helen Keller International and the World Food Programme
Sproule, Katie; Bliznashka, Lilia. Washington, DC 2021
Sproule, Katie; Bliznashka, Lilia. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134877
Abstract | View
Researcher–implementer partnerships are frequently mentioned as key components of agricultural research for development (AR4D) programs. However, there is little information about what these types of partnerships look like, how they perform, and what factors facilitate and/or constrain their performance. By documenting and analyzing two partnerships in detail, including their history, formation, outputs, and outcomes, this study seeks to raise awareness about and improve understanding of long-term researcher–implementer partnerships. The lessons learned from these partnerships can be used by both the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and its implementing partner organizations, as well as other research and implementing organizations interested in engaging in or supporting such partnerships for AR4D in the future.
The study was carried out through four case studies. Case 1 focused on a long-term partnership between IFPRI and Helen Keller International (HKI), documenting how it was formed, how it operated, and what outputs it produced. Case 2 looked at the evidence generated by this partnership on the effectiveness of homestead food production (HFP) programs on nutrition-related outcomes and its use by funders, implementers, and researchers. Case 3 looked at how and to what extent the approaches developed by the partnership for the design, implementation, and evaluation of programs — specifically the program impact pathway (PIP) approach — have influenced the broader field of program evaluation. Case 4 examined a partnership between IFPRI and the World Food Programme (WFP), documenting how it was formed, how it operated, and what outputs it has produced to date. The four case studies were completed through a series of in-depth interviews (IDIs) with key informants from a number of research, implementer, and funder organizations. Data from the IDIs were complemented by document and literature reviews.
The study was carried out through four case studies. Case 1 focused on a long-term partnership between IFPRI and Helen Keller International (HKI), documenting how it was formed, how it operated, and what outputs it produced. Case 2 looked at the evidence generated by this partnership on the effectiveness of homestead food production (HFP) programs on nutrition-related outcomes and its use by funders, implementers, and researchers. Case 3 looked at how and to what extent the approaches developed by the partnership for the design, implementation, and evaluation of programs — specifically the program impact pathway (PIP) approach — have influenced the broader field of program evaluation. Case 4 examined a partnership between IFPRI and the World Food Programme (WFP), documenting how it was formed, how it operated, and what outputs it has produced to date. The four case studies were completed through a series of in-depth interviews (IDIs) with key informants from a number of research, implementer, and funder organizations. Data from the IDIs were complemented by document and literature reviews.
COVID-19 school closures and mental health of adolescent students: Evidence from rural Mozambique
Chimbutane, Feliciano; Herrera-Almanza, Catalina; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Lauchande, Carlos; Leight, Jessica. Washington, DC 2021
Chimbutane, Feliciano; Herrera-Almanza, Catalina; Karachiwalla, Naureen; Lauchande, Carlos; Leight, Jessica. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134878
Abstract | View
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, entailing widespread school closures as well as acute disruptions to household livelihoods, has presumably had substantial consequences for adolescent well-being in developing country contexts that remain largely unexplored. We present novel evidence about the prevalence of mental health challenges among adolescent students as well as educators in rural Mozambique using data from an in-person survey conducted in 175 schools. In our sample, 31% of students report low levels of well-being (though only 10% suffer from high anxiety): students enrolled in schools that used a wider variety of distance learning measures report lower anxiety, while students reporting familial shocks linked to the pandemic report higher anxiety and lower well-being. Educators experience comparatively lower levels of anxiety and higher well-being, and household-level shocks are most predictive of variation in mental health. However, well-being is negatively affected by the range of hygiene-related measures implemented in schools upon reopening.
Study on HarvestPlus' contribution to the development of national biofortification breeding programs
Douthwaite, Boru. Washington, DC 2021
Douthwaite, Boru. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134880
Abstract | View
This evaluative review is one of a series of end-of-program studies being carried out by the CGIAR Research Program (CRP) on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) to document lessons from its achievements to inform future research and development (R&D) efforts. This study looks at lessons learned from HarvestPlus’ work with National Agricultural Research and Extension Systems (NARES) to develop and implement sustainable biofortification breeding programs. HarvestPlus is part of A4NH.
Costing healthy diets and measuring deprivation: New indicators and modeling approaches
Pauw, Karl; Ecker, Olivier; Thurlow, James; Comstock, Andrew R.. Washington, DC 2021
Pauw, Karl; Ecker, Olivier; Thurlow, James; Comstock, Andrew R.. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134881
Abstract | View
One of the greatest global challenges today is ensuring widespread availability and equitable access to affordable, nutritious foods produced in an environmentally sustainable manner. A rich literature exists around the definition of a healthy diet and the drivers of dietary change. We contribute to this literature by proposing a new quantifiable diet deprivation measure estimated from standard household consumption and expenditure surveys. The Reference Diet Deprivation (ReDD) index measures the incidence, breadth, and depth of diet deprivation across multiple, essential food groups in a single indicator. Although useful as a standalone measure, we show how ReDD can be integrated into an economywide model to examine changes in household diet quality under different simulation scenarios. Using Nigeria as case study, hypothetical agricultural productivity growth scenarios reveal that dairy, pulses, fruit, and red meat value chains have the greatest potential to reduce overall diet deprivation in Nigeria per unit of GDP growth generated, while productivity growth in more widely consumed crops such as cereals and root crops do little to improve diet quality. These findings have implications for the prioritization of agricultural development initiatives aimed at improving the quality of diets. More generally, the integration of a diet quality indicator in an economywide model allows for a deeper understanding of the drivers of dietary change.
Fertilizer quality assessment: Perception versus testing in selected Ghanaian districts
Asante, Seth; Simons, Andrew M.; Andam, Kwaw S.; Ansah Amprofi, Felicia; Osei-Assibey, Ernest; Iddrisu, Adisatu. Washington, DC 2021
Asante, Seth; Simons, Andrew M.; Andam, Kwaw S.; Ansah Amprofi, Felicia; Osei-Assibey, Ernest; Iddrisu, Adisatu. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134895
Abstract | View
Fertilizer use in Sub-Saharan Africa remains below recommended rates, contributing to low yields, and increasing poverty. Poor quality fertilizer – whether perceived or real – is often cited as a reason for low adoption rates. In Ghana, for example, there are widespread but often unsubstantiated claims of substandard fertilizers. This is a concern for farmers with limited purchasing power and without the means to independently substantiate the quality of agricultural inputs. This paper describes the agricultural input sector in Ghana, compares farmers’ perception of fertilizer quality with those of input dealers, and analyses chemical tests of fertilizers performed in a laboratory. The fertilizers were sampled from selected districts participating in the Planting for Food and Jobs initiative, a large-scale farm input subsidy program. We find that input dealers and farmers are somewhat suspicious of the quality of commercially supplied and government subsidized fertilizers. However, the true quality measures based on laboratory testing of fertilizers sold in agricultural input shops were found to largely meet the labeled chemical composition.
Evidence on trends in wellbeing of rural Ethiopian households during the COVID-19 pandemic
Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Tambet, Heleene. Washington, DC 2021
Alderman, Harold; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Tambet, Heleene. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134901
Abstract | View
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to be a significant threat to public health throughout most of the world as the coronavirus continues to spread, mostly unchecked by limited availability of vaccines, and largescale surges in cases are fed by new variants of the virus. In Ethiopia, surges in COVID-19 cases after months of apparently low levels of infection have periodically required renewed restrictions locally to control the spread of the virus. Thus, it is necessary to review available date to understand the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on households in Ethiopia, and particularly on the poorest households, who are more vulnerable to protracted effects of the virus and associated restrictions on activity as a result of their limited resources. We present results of two rounds of a phone survey, conducted in June and August 2020, respectively, of around 1,200 rural households. All households in the sample are beneficiaries of the fourth phase of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP4) and also participate in the USAID-funded Strengthening PSNP4 Institutions and Resilience (SPIR) project, implemented by World Vision, CARE and ORDA in North Wollo and Wag Himra zones in Amhara, and primarily in East and West Hararghe zones in Oromia. The targeted phone survey respondents were adult males from sample households in IFPRI’s experimental impact evaluation of SPIR who provided a phone number during the 2019 midline survey. This is a subsample of the broader SPIR evaluation sample as 33% of households provided a phone number and thus were eligible for inclusion in the phone survey. Available evidence suggests that households who provided a phone number are characterized by higher socioeconomic status vis-à-vis other SPIR households in the study sample who did not provide a phone number. However, as all households in the phone survey are SPIR beneficiaries, they are still relatively poor in the broader context of rural Ethiopia. We report evidence from the two survey rounds on coronavirus awareness and protective measures taken; changes in livelihoods, including crop production and livestock raising; access to and utilization of markets; changes in food consumption and food security; experience with desert locusts and fall armyworms; and exposure to public programming.
Accelerating technical change through ICTs: Evidence from a video-mediated extension experiment in Ethiopia
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bernard, Tanguy; Makhija, Simrin; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2021
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bernard, Tanguy; Makhija, Simrin; Spielman, David J.. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134904
Abstract | View
The use of information and communications technologies (ICTs) to address a wide array of development issues has gained considerable attention among governments, practitioners, and researchers in recent years (Lwoga and Sangeda 2019). While early studies focused on mobile phones and text messaging, attention is quickly shifting to other media, including video. Many studies on the use of video as a medium explore how increased access and consumption of information can lead to behavior changes that ultimately result in welfare-improving outcomes.
This study explores whether video-mediated extension leads to the increased, sustained uptake of productivity-enhancing agricultural technologies and practices by small-scale farmers. Over the two-year period of 2017–2018, the Government of Ethiopia and Digital Green conducted the large-scale rollout of a video-mediated extension approach. We examine the impact of this rollout on a range of outcome indicators, including whether targeting the video-mediated approach to both spouses of a household was more effective than targeting the (typically male) household head alone. Our main outcomes of interest include farmer uptake of the subject technologies and the yield gains resulting from these technologies. Our study provides insights into the mechanisms behind the observed effects and an analysis of the approach’s cost effectiveness.
Our results demonstrate that the video-mediated extension approach led to increases in farmer uptake of improved agricultural technologies and practices. In the first year of the experiment, we find an overall 6 percentage point increase in technology uptake, which translates into a 10 percent increase over the mean of the control group. An analysis of uptake by type of technology shows that the video-mediated approach resulted in an increase of 13, 20, and 15 percent over control group means for row planting, precise seeding rate, and urea top/side dressing, respectively. These results endure in the second year of the experiment, pointing to farmers’ effective uptake of the technology beyond a mere trial in one production season.
Upon exploring the mechanisms that explain these adoption effects, we find that the video-mediated extension approach led to an increase in extension reach, with a 35 percent increase in farmers’ attendance at extension sessions (likely due to interest in the video medium). Among farmers assigned to the video-mediated extension approach, we also find a higher level of technical understanding of focal agricultural technologies and practices. While our results suggest greater participation and knowledge gains among (typically female) spouses who also participated in the video-mediated extension approach, we do not find clear evidence that targeting both spouses led to higher rates of technology uptake.
This study explores whether video-mediated extension leads to the increased, sustained uptake of productivity-enhancing agricultural technologies and practices by small-scale farmers. Over the two-year period of 2017–2018, the Government of Ethiopia and Digital Green conducted the large-scale rollout of a video-mediated extension approach. We examine the impact of this rollout on a range of outcome indicators, including whether targeting the video-mediated approach to both spouses of a household was more effective than targeting the (typically male) household head alone. Our main outcomes of interest include farmer uptake of the subject technologies and the yield gains resulting from these technologies. Our study provides insights into the mechanisms behind the observed effects and an analysis of the approach’s cost effectiveness.
Our results demonstrate that the video-mediated extension approach led to increases in farmer uptake of improved agricultural technologies and practices. In the first year of the experiment, we find an overall 6 percentage point increase in technology uptake, which translates into a 10 percent increase over the mean of the control group. An analysis of uptake by type of technology shows that the video-mediated approach resulted in an increase of 13, 20, and 15 percent over control group means for row planting, precise seeding rate, and urea top/side dressing, respectively. These results endure in the second year of the experiment, pointing to farmers’ effective uptake of the technology beyond a mere trial in one production season.
Upon exploring the mechanisms that explain these adoption effects, we find that the video-mediated extension approach led to an increase in extension reach, with a 35 percent increase in farmers’ attendance at extension sessions (likely due to interest in the video medium). Among farmers assigned to the video-mediated extension approach, we also find a higher level of technical understanding of focal agricultural technologies and practices. While our results suggest greater participation and knowledge gains among (typically female) spouses who also participated in the video-mediated extension approach, we do not find clear evidence that targeting both spouses led to higher rates of technology uptake.
Survey design and rural labor measurement: Lessons from three studies
Ambler, Kate; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Maredia, Mywish K.. Washington, DC 2021
Ambler, Kate; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Maredia, Mywish K.. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.134913
Abstract | View
Effective policies and programs aiming to reduce poverty require a clear understanding of how people earn their livelihoods. While great gains have been made in the quantity and availability of data, capturing individuals’ labor supply and types of job activities is still challenging. Measuring employment is especially difficult in settings where productive activities are informal, leading to irregular intensity of engagement, and seasonal, where the majority of effort and earning is concentrated in specific periods of the year. These characteristics tend to be especially relevant in rural labor markets in low-income countries where agriculture and agriculture-linked employment are preeminent. In a set of three studies, IFPRI researchers Kate Ambler and Sylvan Herskowitz, in collaboration with Mywish Maredia of Michigan State University, explore the ways in which survey design can affect the quality of resulting labor data in rural populations. The papers examine the effects of household roster order, question type, and recall windows on resulting data. Survey design decisions matter and, if not careful, can induce unintended noise, or more troublingly, bias in resulting data.
Kenya Commodity Price Report - November 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Kenya Commodity Price Report - October 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Chepchirchir, Ruth T.; B. J. K, Maina. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: Kenya is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on commodity price trends and variations in selected markets throughout Kenya. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in agricultural commodity markets in Kenya, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
East Africa commodity price report - October 2021
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2021
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: East Africa is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on price trends and variations in selected maize and rice markets throughout East Africa. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize and rice markets in East Africa, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
East Africa commodity price report - November 2021
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2021
Adong, Annet; Ochen, Ronald; Achola, Jolly. Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
The Food Price Monitor: East Africa is a monthly report developed for the Food Security Portal (FSP), facilitated by IFPRI, with the goal of providing clear and accurate information on price trends and variations in selected maize and rice markets throughout East Africa. The reports are intended as a resource for those interested in maize and rice markets in East Africa, namely producers, traders, consumers, or other agricultural stakeholders.
Myanmar migration in a time of transformation: 2011-2020 [in Burmese]
van Campenhout, Bjorn; Minot, Nicholas; Kabir, Razin; Vos, Rob; Narayanan, Sudha; Rice, Brendan; Aredo, Samson Dejene. Washington, DC 2021
van Campenhout, Bjorn; Minot, Nicholas; Kabir, Razin; Vos, Rob; Narayanan, Sudha; Rice, Brendan; Aredo, Samson Dejene. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.2499/p15738coll2.136396
Abstract | View
Rural out-migration to both domestic and international destinations counts among the key phenomena that defined a decade of transformation in Myanmar from the 2011 economic reforms until the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. We analyze data from four surveys conducted in different areas of rural Myanmar from 2015 to 2018, along with relevant literature, to highlight trends in migration and its contributions to economic growth and rural development. Studied areas include Mon State, as well as parts of the Ayeyarwady Delta, the Central Dry Zone, and Shan State.
The role of information in agricultural technology adoption: Experimental evidence from rice farmers in Uganda
Van Campenhout, Bjorn. Chicago, IL, USA 2021
Van Campenhout, Bjorn. Chicago, IL, USA 2021
DOI : 10.1086/703868
Abstract | View
Optimal decision making among the poor is often hampered by insufficient knowledge, false beliefs or wrong perceptions. This paper investigates the role of information in the decision to use modern inputs and adopt recommended agronomic practices among rice farmers in Uganda. Using field experiments, I tested whether the provision of technical information about the correct use of modern inputs and practices affects adoption of these technologies, and subsequent rice production. In addition, I assessed whether providing information aimed at changing the perception of the expected returns on such intensification investments led to different outcomes.
Public spending on agricultural productivity and rural commercialisation: A comparison of impacts using an economy‐wide approach
Aragie, Emerta; Balié, Jean. 2021
Aragie, Emerta; Balié, Jean. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/dpr.12455
Intimate partner relationships and gender norms in Mali: The scope of cash transfers targeted to men to reduce intimate partner violence
Lees, Shelley; Kyegombe, Nambusi; Diatta, Ampa; Zongrone, Amanda; Roy, Shalini; Hidrobo, Melissa. 2021
Lees, Shelley; Kyegombe, Nambusi; Diatta, Ampa; Zongrone, Amanda; Roy, Shalini; Hidrobo, Melissa. 2021
DOI : 10.1177/1077801219897853
Beneficiary views on cash and in-kind payments: Evidence from Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme
Hirvonen, Kalle; Hoddinott, John F.. Washington, DC 2021
Hirvonen, Kalle; Hoddinott, John F.. Washington, DC 2021
DOI : 10.1093/wber/lhaa002
Abstract | View
Economists often default to the assumption that cash is always preferable to an in-kind transfer. Do beneficiaries feel the same way? This paper addresses this issue using longitudinal household data from Ethiopia, where a large-scale social safety net intervention (PSNP) operates. Even though most payments are made in cash, and even though the (temporal) transaction costs associated with food payments are higher than payments received as cash, most beneficiaries stated that they prefer their payments only or partly in food. Higher food prices induce shifts in stated preferences toward in-kind transfers. More food-secure households, those closer to food markets and to financial services are more likely to prefer cash. Though shifts occur, the stated preference for food is dominant: In no year do more than 17 percent of households prefer only cash. There is suggestive evidence that stated preferences for food are also driven by self-control concerns.
Post-harvest losses in rural-urban value chains: Evidence from Ethiopia
Minten, Bart; Tamru, Seneshaw; Reardon, Thomas. 2021
Minten, Bart; Tamru, Seneshaw; Reardon, Thomas. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101860
Abstract | View
We study post-harvest losses (PHL) in important and rapidly growing rural–urban value chains in Ethiopia. We analyze self-reported PHL from different value chain agents – farmers, wholesale traders, processors, and retailers – based on unique large-scale data sets for two major commercial commodities, the storable staple teff and the perishable liquid milk. Aggregate PHL over all segments of the value chain (farmer to retailer) in the most prevalent marketing channel for teff and milk amount to between 2.2 and 3.3 percent and 2.1 and 4.3 percent of total produced quantities, respectively. Estimates of PHL from this research are found to be lower than is commonly assumed. We complement these findings with primary data from urban food retailers for more than 4,000 commodities. We find that the emerging modern retail sector in Ethiopia is characterized on average by half the level of PHL than is observed in the traditional retail sector. This is likely due to more stringent quality requirements in procurement systems, to sales of more packaged – and therefore better protected – commodities, and to better refrigeration, storage, and sales facilities. The further expected expansion of modern retail in these settings should therefore likely lead to a lowering of PHL in food value chains, at least at the retail level.
Information and communication technologies to provide agricultural advice to smallholder farmers: Experimental evidence from Uganda
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Spielman, David J.; Lecoutere, Els. 2021
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Spielman, David J.; Lecoutere, Els. 2021
DOI : 10.1002/ajae.12089
Abstract | View
Agricultural advisory services generally rely on interpersonal knowledge transfers by agricultural extension agents who visit farmers to provide information. This approach is not always effective and has proved hard to scale sustainably, particularly in highly dispersed smallholder farming systems. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) have been advanced as a promising way to overcome many of the problems associated with conventional agricultural extension. We evaluate the effectiveness of an ICT‐mediated approach to deliver agricultural information in a field experiment conducted among small‐scale maize farmers in eastern Uganda. Three complementary technologies designed to address both informational and behavioral constraints to technical change are considered. First, we investigate the effectiveness of audiovisual messages (video) as a means of delivering information on input use and improved maize management practices to farmers. Second, we quantify the additional impact of complementing video with an interactive voice response (IVR) service. Third, we estimate the incremental effect of time‐sensitive short message services (SMS) messages designed to remind farmers about applying key practices at specific points during the season. We find that households that were shown a short video on how to become better maize farmers were performing significantly better on a knowledge test, more likely to apply recommended practices, and more likely to use fertilizer than households that did not view the video. These same households also reported maize yields about 10.5% higher than those that did not view the video. We find little evidence of an incremental effect of the IVR service or SMS reminders.
Observability of food safety losses in maize: Evidence from Kenya
Hoffmann, Vivian; Mutiga, Samuel K.; Harvey, Jagger W.; Nelson, Rebecca J.; Milgroom, Michael G.. 2021
Hoffmann, Vivian; Mutiga, Samuel K.; Harvey, Jagger W.; Nelson, Rebecca J.; Milgroom, Michael G.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101895
Demand for aflatoxin‐safe maize in Kenya: Dynamic response to price and advertising
Hoffmann, Vivian; Moser, Christine; Herrman, Timothy J.. 2021
Hoffmann, Vivian; Moser, Christine; Herrman, Timothy J.. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/ajae.12093
Abstract | View
In countries where regulatory enforcement is weak, voluntary third‐party verification of firms' food safety processes can allow concerned consumers to select safer products. However, due in part to their legal ambiguity, and the potential to attract additional regulatory scrutiny, food safety claims are rarely made by firms. As a result, the impact of such claims on consumer demand is not well understood. We examine how labeling maize as tested for aflatoxin, a carcinogen also associated with stunting in children, affects sales. By randomly varying the timing and intensity of a marketing campaign to promote the first maize flour brand in Kenya labeled as tested for aflatoxin, we characterize dynamic consumer response to information about food safety. We find an immediate response in sales to marketing alone, which disappears as soon as marketing ceases. Sales remain elevated in the weeks after a temporary discount is offered, but this effect also fades over time and is not associated with greater awareness of the firm's food safety claims. These results suggest that it is unrealistic to expect for‐profit firms serving mass markets in low‐ and middle‐income countries to invest heavily in marketing based on food safety claims.
Efficiency and status in polygynous pastoralist households
Hidrobo, Melissa; Hoel, Jessica B.; Wilson, Katie. 2021
Hidrobo, Melissa; Hoel, Jessica B.; Wilson, Katie. 2021
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2020.1762863
Abstract | View
Decision-making structures may be different across polygynous and monogamous households, leading to different economic outcomes and requiring different targeting of anti-poverty programmes. We study efficiency in semi-nomadic pastoralist households in Northern Senegal with lab-in-the-field games. We find that monogamous and polygynous families are equally productively inefficient overall. However, average contributions at the household level mask differences across dyads. Junior wives receive less but give more to their husbands than senior wives, leaving junior wives worse off than other household members.
Within-season producer response to warmer temperatures: Defensive investments by Kenyan farmers
Jagnani, Maulik; Barrett, Christopher B.; Liu, Yanyan; You, Liangzhi. 2021
Jagnani, Maulik; Barrett, Christopher B.; Liu, Yanyan; You, Liangzhi. 2021
DOI : 10.1093/ej/ueaa063
The politics of urban governance in Sub-Saharan Africa
Resnick, Danielle. 2021
Resnick, Danielle. 2021
DOI : 10.1080/13597566.2020.1774371
Evidence from the Productive Safety Net Program in Ethiopia: Complementarities between social protection and health policies
Hirvonen, Kalle; Bossuyt, Anne; Pigois, Remy. 2021
Hirvonen, Kalle; Bossuyt, Anne; Pigois, Remy. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/dpr.12516
Graduation after ten years of Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme: Surviving but still not thriving
Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel; Lind, Jeremy; Hoddinott, John F.. 2021
Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel; Lind, Jeremy; Hoddinott, John F.. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/dpr.12515
Consumer choices and demand for tilapia in urban Malawi: What are the complementarities and trade-offs?
Chikowi, Christopher T. M.; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Jumbe, Charles B. L.. 2021
Chikowi, Christopher T. M.; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Jumbe, Charles B. L.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735755
COVID‐19 policy modeling in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Mueller, Valerie; Sheriff, Glenn; Keeler, Corinna; Jehn, Megan. 2021
Mueller, Valerie; Sheriff, Glenn; Keeler, Corinna; Jehn, Megan. 2021
DOI : 10.1002/aepp.13078
Abstract | View
After an initial delay, Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) is being hit by the pandemic. Demand for exports is falling and caseloads are rising. Governments have approached this crisis with a range of policy options. Optimal policy balances reduced infection rates with lost economic output. This paper discusses how an economic‐epidemiological model used to analyze policy in high‐income countries could be adapted to a context where poverty considerations are paramount. Differences in country characteristics across the continent affect benefits and costs of alternative policy designs. We conclude by highlighting data needs and model calibration challenges for COVID‐19 policy research in SSA.
Income variability, evolving diets, and elasticity estimation of demand for processed foods in Nigeria
de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan. 2021
de Brauw, Alan; Herskowitz, Sylvan. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/ajae.12139
Abstract | View
We present evidence on evolving dietary patterns in Nigeria using six rounds of household consumption data from the Nigerian General Household Survey panel between 2011 and 2016. First, following conventional definitions in the literature, we show that Nigeria has not shown any aggregate increase in consumption of highly processed foods over this period, contrary to patterns observed elsewhere in the region. In fact, consumption of highly processed foods at home has declined, while food consumed away from home, often assumed to be highly processed, has risen substantially. We then show that estimates of food expenditure elasticities of different food types are highly sensitive to different estimation approaches and raise concerns about some frequently used methods in the literature. In the absence of credible exogenous variation, we argue for the importance of panel methods and household fixed effects to control for time invariant factors likely to confound cross‐sectional estimates. Finally, we examine semiparametric Engel curves for different food groups and find that apparent curvature in the relationships between food budget shares and overall food expenditure levels in the raw data become nearly linear when removing variation explained by time‐invariant household factors.
Landscapes of opportunity: Patterns of young people’s engagement with the rural economy in sub-Saharan Africa
Abay, Kibrom A.; Asnake, Woinishet; Ayalew, Hailemariam; Chamberlin, Jordan; Sumberg, James. 2021
Abay, Kibrom A.; Asnake, Woinishet; Ayalew, Hailemariam; Chamberlin, Jordan; Sumberg, James. 2021
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2020.1808195
Abstract | View
While much has been said in recent years about the importance of engaging rural youth in sub-Saharan Africa’s development, the factual data about how African youth currently engage in rural economies remain sparse. We use recent nationally representative household survey data from six countries to describe the patterns of such engagement. We find that young people participate in agriculture at similar rates to older people. However, participation in non-farm wage employment and business activity changes with age, peaking in the 30s. The likelihood of reporting no activity is greatest for people in their 20s. In more remote places, people leave school earlier and are less likely to engage in the non-farm sector, compared with people in more accessible places. We also find evidence that the non-farm economy is more diversified in relatively more accessible places, offering a larger set of options for economic engagement. We show that ‘landscapes of opportunity’ , defined by economic remoteness and agricultural potential, are an important way of assessing the choices available to young rural people. A key conclusion is that efforts to develop a ‘youth lens’ for rural development should not abandon the mainstays of rural investment strategies such as infrastructure, education, and agricultural R&D.
Stay in the game: A randomized controlled trial of a sports and life skills program for vulnerable youth in Liberia
Beaman, Lori; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Keleher, Niall; Magruder, Jeremy. Chicago, IL, USA 2021
Beaman, Lori; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Keleher, Niall; Magruder, Jeremy. Chicago, IL, USA 2021
DOI : 10.1086/711651
Abstract | View
Over the past two decades, sports programs have proliferated as a mode of engaging youth in development projects. Thousands of organizations, millions of participants, and hundreds of millions of dollars are invested in sports-based development programs each year. The underlying belief that sports promote socioemotional skills, improve psychological well-being, and foster traits that boost labor force productivity has provided motivation to expand funding and offerings of sport for development (SFD) programs. We partnered with an international NGO to randomly assign 1200 young adults to a sports and life skills development program. While we do not see evidence of improved psychosocial outcomes or resilience, we do find evidence that the program caused a 0.12 standard deviation increase in labor force participation. Secondary analysis suggests that the effects are strongest among those likely to be most disadvantaged in the labor market.
Facilitating women’s access to an economic empowerment initiative: Evidence from Uganda
Ambler, Kate; Jones, Kelly M.; O'Sullivan, Michael. 2021
Ambler, Kate; Jones, Kelly M.; O'Sullivan, Michael. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105224
Abstract | View
We study the take‐up of an intervention designed to increase women’s economic empowerment among sugarcane farmers in Uganda. We find that lower socioeconomic status and household gender norms both predict a couple’s refusal of the intervention. We also randomly assign couples to a workshop that aims to increase communication and gender balance in the household and find that couples invited to the workshop were less likely to refuse the subsequently offered empowerment intervention. Moreover, the workshop was effective at addressing sources of disadvantage that arise from household gender norms and division of labor, and less effective at addressing refusal rates associated with socioeconomic status.
Effect of fish-oil supplementation on breastmilk long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration: A randomized controlled trial in rural Ethiopia
Argaw, Alemayehu; Bouckaert, Kimberley P.; Wondafrash, Mekitie; Kolsteren, Patrick W.; Lachat, Carl; De Meulenaer, Bruno; Hanley-Cook, Giles; Huybregts, Lieven. 2021
Argaw, Alemayehu; Bouckaert, Kimberley P.; Wondafrash, Mekitie; Kolsteren, Patrick W.; Lachat, Carl; De Meulenaer, Bruno; Hanley-Cook, Giles; Huybregts, Lieven. 2021
DOI : 10.1038/s41430-020-00798-x
Informal vendors and food systems planning in an emerging African city
Giroux, Stacey; Blekking, Jordan; Waldman, Kurt; Resnick, Danielle; Fobi, Daniel. 2021
Giroux, Stacey; Blekking, Jordan; Waldman, Kurt; Resnick, Danielle; Fobi, Daniel. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101997
Abstract | View
Rapid urban growth is straining infrastructures, economies, and food security of cities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Amid competing issues of sanitation, housing, and unemployment, planning for urban food security receives less attention. Despite the proliferation of supermarkets in SSA, informal food vendors remain crucial sources of food for the majority of households. However, as cities grow and planners try to adapt, these informal vendors are generally left out of planning considerations, marginalized by policies that do not support this business model, or subjected to political vicissitudes. This paper analyzes how vendors in emerging cities are economically, socially, and spatially integrated within the urban food system, highlighting the assets these vendors represent and the ways they might support growth in cities. We map vendors’ networks of food suppliers, and describe sources of operating capital and labor assets to show the range of services vendors utilize and the types of institutions, businesses, and individuals that vendors use to support their work. We spatially analyze the relationship between vendors and suppliers, and between vendors and households, to demonstrate how enmeshed these vendors are in the broader food system and the links they create between consumers and suppliers. We demonstrate that due to spatial differences and vendors’ and consumers’ needs in emerging cities, a one-size-fits-all approach for integration of informal vendors in the food system is less likely to be successful in terms of either economic development or household food security.
Taxing informality: Compliance and policy preferences in urban Zambia
Resnick, Danielle. 2021
Resnick, Danielle. 2021
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2020.1841171
Abstract | View
What drives tax compliance among informal workers, and how does compliance affect their policy preferences? Informal workers in developing countries encounter multiple taxes levied by government authorities and non-state actors. Using an original survey of approximately 800 informal workers in Lusaka, Zambia, this paper shows that compliance is tied to the governance setting where workers operate. In cooperative markets, compliance is higher where services are better and where trust in market leaders is stronger. Yet, in markets overseen by the city council, revenue collection capacity is more relevant. This suggests that the drivers of compliance can vary depending on the routes of accountability between tax payers, revenue collectors, and service providers. A vote choice experiment further reveals that regardless of market type, those who pay taxes are more likely to favour a politician interested in improving market services rather than one campaigning to improve the city’s schools and health clinics. The results suggest that even within the informal sector, the process of paying taxes affects policy preferences and shapes citizens’ preferences for elected leaders who espouse a platform most congruent with their own priorities.
Mapping development potential of dry-season small-scale irrigation in Sub-Saharan African countries under joint biophysical and economic constraints: An agent-based modeling approach with an application to Ethiopia
Xie, Hua; You, Liangzhi; Dile, Yihun T.; Worqlul, Abeyou W.; Bizimana, Jean Claude. 2021
Xie, Hua; You, Liangzhi; Dile, Yihun T.; Worqlul, Abeyou W.; Bizimana, Jean Claude. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102987
Abstract | View
Sub-Saharan Africa has long been beset with food insecurity. Investment in small-scale irrigation may provide a solution to address the challenge by extending crop production into the dry season. We present an agent-based modeling system to assess the potential of dry-season small-irrigation development in Sub-Saharan Africa with an application to Ethiopia. We identify significant potential for investing in dry-season small-scale irrigation in Ethiopia and map geographic domains with highest investment opportunities.
Are land rental markets responding to rising population pressures and land scarcity in Sub-Saharan Africa?
Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Berhane, Guush. 2021
Abay, Kibrom A.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Berhane, Guush. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105139
Abstract | View
Although still at incipient stages in most areas, agricultural land markets in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are growing rapidly. While the literature on the region’s land markets is expanding, there has been little attention thus far paid to the drivers of land rental prices. We know quite little about whether and how land markets and land contracts respond to meso-scale factors such as spatial variations in land abundance, or to micro-level factors, such as household land endowments. In this paper, we study the response of land markets, and hence whether land market participation trends and land market rental prices respond to land scarcity. Drawing on nationally representative household survey data from Ethiopia, Malawi and Tanzania, which represent a large range of relative land scarcity conditions, we examine how land markets are responding to cross-sectional variations in land scarcity in terms of rental market participation rates, prices, and contractual arrangements. In all three countries, we document that rental market participation rates and land rental prices increase with land scarcity. We also find that land rental prices per hectare decrease with plot size. These land market responses and their heterogeneities have important implications for land distribution and land market policies.
Daily consumption of pro-vitamin A biofortified (yellow) cassava improves serum retinol concentrations in preschool children in Nigeria: A randomized controlled trial
Afolami, Ibukun; Mwangi, Martin N.; Samuel, Folake; Boy, Erick; Ilona, Paul; Talsma, Elise F.; Feskens, Edith J.; Melse-Boonstra, Alida. 2021
Afolami, Ibukun; Mwangi, Martin N.; Samuel, Folake; Boy, Erick; Ilona, Paul; Talsma, Elise F.; Feskens, Edith J.; Melse-Boonstra, Alida. 2021
DOI : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa290
Abstract | View
Background: Vitamin A deficiency is a public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. Pro-vitamin A biofortified (yellow) cassava has the potential to contribute significantly to improve vitamin A status, especially in populations that are difficult to reach with other strategies.
Objectives: The study aimed at determining the efficacy of biofortified cassava to improve vitamin A status of Nigerian preschool children.
Methods: An open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted in southwestern Nigeria. In total, 176 preschool children (aged 3–5 y) were randomized into 2 parallel arms comprising an experimental group (n = 88), fed foods prepared from biofortified (yellow) cassava, and a control group (n = 88), fed foods prepared from white cassava, twice a day, 6 d a week for 93 d.
Results: A total of 159 children completed the trial (yellow cassava group, n = 80; white cassava group, n = 79). Children consumed 221 and 74 µg/d retinol activity equivalents from intervention foods in the yellow and white cassava groups, respectively. The treatment effect on serum retinol concentrations at the end of the feeding trial was 0.06 µmol/L (95% CI: 0.004, 0.124 µmol/L), after adjustment for baseline retinol concentrations, inflammation, and asymptomatic malaria status. No significant treatment effects were detected for serum β-carotene (adjusted effect: 3.9%; 95% CI: −0.6%, 8.6%) and gut permeability (adjusted effect: 0.002; 95% CI: −0.089, 0.092), but a significant effect was detected for hemoglobin concentrations (adjusted effect: 3.08 g/L; 95% CI: 0.38, 5.78 g/L).
Conclusions: Daily consumption of β-carotene from biofortified cassava improved serum retinol and hemoglobin concentrations modestly in Nigerian preschool children. This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02627222.
Objectives: The study aimed at determining the efficacy of biofortified cassava to improve vitamin A status of Nigerian preschool children.
Methods: An open-label randomized controlled trial was conducted in southwestern Nigeria. In total, 176 preschool children (aged 3–5 y) were randomized into 2 parallel arms comprising an experimental group (n = 88), fed foods prepared from biofortified (yellow) cassava, and a control group (n = 88), fed foods prepared from white cassava, twice a day, 6 d a week for 93 d.
Results: A total of 159 children completed the trial (yellow cassava group, n = 80; white cassava group, n = 79). Children consumed 221 and 74 µg/d retinol activity equivalents from intervention foods in the yellow and white cassava groups, respectively. The treatment effect on serum retinol concentrations at the end of the feeding trial was 0.06 µmol/L (95% CI: 0.004, 0.124 µmol/L), after adjustment for baseline retinol concentrations, inflammation, and asymptomatic malaria status. No significant treatment effects were detected for serum β-carotene (adjusted effect: 3.9%; 95% CI: −0.6%, 8.6%) and gut permeability (adjusted effect: 0.002; 95% CI: −0.089, 0.092), but a significant effect was detected for hemoglobin concentrations (adjusted effect: 3.08 g/L; 95% CI: 0.38, 5.78 g/L).
Conclusions: Daily consumption of β-carotene from biofortified cassava improved serum retinol and hemoglobin concentrations modestly in Nigerian preschool children. This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02627222.
The processed food revolution in African food systems and the double burden of malnutrition
Reardon, Thomas; Tschirley, David; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O.; Awokuse, Titus; Fanzo, Jessica; Minten, Bart; Vos, Rob. 2021
Reardon, Thomas; Tschirley, David; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda O.; Awokuse, Titus; Fanzo, Jessica; Minten, Bart; Vos, Rob. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100466
Abstract | View
African consumers have purchased increasing amounts of processed food over the past 50 years. The opportunity cost of time of women and men has increased as more of them work outside the home, driving them to buy processed food and food prepared away from home to save arduous home-processing and preparation labor. In the past several decades, this trend has accelerated with a surge on the supply side of the processing sector and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and large private companies making massive aggregate investments. Packaged, industrialized, ultra-processed foods and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a growing proportion of the processed food consumed. Also, in the past several decades, overweight and obesity have joined the long-standing high levels of stunting and wasting among children and extreme thinness among women of childbearing age. Together these phenomena have formed a double burden of malnutrition (DBM). The DBM has emerged as an important health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. The rise of the DBM and the increase in ultra-processed food consumption are linked. Policy makers face a dilemma. On the one hand, purchases of processed food are driven by long-term factors, such as urbanization, increased income, and employment changes, and thus policy cannot change the pursuit of convenience and labor-saving food. Moreover, much processed food, like packaged milk, is a boon to nutrition, and the processed food system is a major source of jobs for women. On the other hand, the portion (some 10–30%) of processed food that is ultra-processed is a public health challenge, and policy must address its detrimental effects on disease burden. The global experience suggests that double duty actions are most important as are selected policies focused on healthy weaning foods for addressing stunting and taxes on SSBs, nutrition labeling, and other measures can steer consumers away from unhealthy ultra-processed foods to addressing obesity and possibly child nutrition and stunting. We recommend that African governments consider these policy options, but note that the current extreme fragmentation of the processing sector, consisting of vast numbers of informal SMEs in sub-Saharan Africa, and the limited administrative/implementation capacity of many African governments require pursuing this path only gradually.
Poverty reduction through the development of inclusive food value chains
Vos, Rob; Cattaneo, Andrea. Beijing, China 2021
Vos, Rob; Cattaneo, Andrea. Beijing, China 2021
DOI : 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63398-6
Abstract | View
Propelled by urbanization, rising incomes, and changing diets, food markets have been expanding in Africa and South Asia, creating the vast potential for job and income opportunities along food supply chains and, hence, for poverty reduction. The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) that spread to a pandemic in early 2020 provokes enormous setbacks to this expansion. This, however, should provide lessons regarding the importance of resilient and inclusive food systems. Emergency responses to COVID-19 should consider interventions towards that end and leverage the opportunities provided by food markets growth as economies recover from the present economic recession. This paper assesses options of how this could be done by facilitating the better functioning and interconnectedness of the many small and medium-sized enterprises that are proliferating along the “hidden middle” of food value chains in storage, logistics, transportation, and wholesale and retail distribution. It also explores how policies can help smallholder farmers connect to this “hidden middle” in more gainful ways and help them climb out of poverty as well.
Tubaramure, a food-assisted integrated health and nutrition program, reduces child wasting in Burundi: A cluster-randomized controlled intervention trial
Leroy, Jef L.; Olney, Deanna K.; Nduwabike, Noé; Ruel, Marie T.. 2021
Leroy, Jef L.; Olney, Deanna K.; Nduwabike, Noé; Ruel, Marie T.. 2021
DOI : 10.1093/jn/nxaa330
Abstract | View
Little is known about the impact of food-assisted maternal and child health programs (FA-MCHN) on child wasting. We assessed the impact of Tubaramure, a FA-MCHN program in Burundi, on child (0 to 24 months) wasting and the differential impacts by socio-economic characteristics and age. The program targeted women and their children during the first 1000 days and included 1) food rations, 2) strengthening and promotion of use of health services, and 3) behavior change communication (BCC).
Do tradeoffs among dimensions of women’s empowerment and nutrition outcomes exist? Evidence from six countries in Africa and Asia
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Sproule, Kathryn; Martinez, Elena M.; Malapit, Hazel Jean L.. 2021
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Sproule, Kathryn; Martinez, Elena M.; Malapit, Hazel Jean L.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.102001
Abstract | View
Although women’s empowerment and gender equality are often linked with better maternal and child nutrition outcomes, recent systematic reviews find inconclusive evidence. This paper applies a comparable methodology to data on the Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI), an internationally-validated measure based on interviews of women and men within the same household, from six countries in Africa and Asia to identify which dimensions of women’s empowerment are related to household-, woman-, and child-level dietary and nutrition outcomes. We examine relationships between women’s empowerment and household-level dietary diversity; women’s dietary diversity and BMI; and child-related outcomes, controlling for woman, child, and household characteristics. We also test for differential associations of women’s empowerment with nutrition outcomes for boys and girls. We find few significant associations between the aggregate empowerment scores and nutritional outcomes. The women’s empowerment score is positively associated only with child HAZ, while lower intrahousehold inequality is associated with a higher likelihood of exclusive breastfeeding and higher HAZ but with lower BMI. However, analysis of the subdomain indicators finds more significant associations, suggesting that tradeoffs exist among different dimensions of empowerment. Women’s empowerment accounts for a small share of the variance in nutritional outcomes, with household wealth and country-level factors accounting for the largest share of the variation in household and women’s dietary diversity. In contrast, most of the variation in child outcomes comes from child age. Improving nutritional outcomes requires addressing the underlying determinants of poor nutrition in addition to empowering women and improving gender equality.
Measurement error mechanisms matter: Agricultural intensification with farmer misperceptions and misreporting
Abay, Kibrom A.; Bevis, Leah; Barrett, Christopher B.. 2021
Abay, Kibrom A.; Bevis, Leah; Barrett, Christopher B.. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/ajae.12173
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The mechanism(s) that generate measurement error matter for inference. Survey measurement error is typically thought to represent simple misreporting correctable through improved measurement. But errors might also or alternatively reflect respondent misperceptions that materially affect the respondent decisions under study. We show analytically that these alternate data generating processes imply different appropriate regression specifications and have distinct effects on the bias in parameter estimates. We introduce a simple empirical technique to generate unbiased estimates under more general conditions and to apportion measurement error between misreporting and misperceptions in measurement error when one has both self‐reported and objectively measured observations of the same explanatory variable. We then apply these techniques to the longstanding question of agricultural intensification: Do farmers increase input application rates per unit area as the size of the plots they cultivate decreases? Using nationally representative data from four sub‐Saharan African countries, we find evidence that measurement error in plot size reflects a mixture of farmer misreporting and misperceptions. The results matter for inference around the intensification hypothesis and call into question whether more objective, precise measures are always preferable when estimating behavioral parameters.
Standard minimum dietary diversity indicators for women or infants and young children are good predictors of adequate micronutrient intakes in 24–59-month-old children and their nonpregnant nonbreastfeeding mothers in rural Burkina Faso
Diop, Loty; Becquey, Elodie; Turowska, Zuzanna; Huybregts, Lieven; Ruel, Marie T.; Gelli, Aulo. 2021
Diop, Loty; Becquey, Elodie; Turowska, Zuzanna; Huybregts, Lieven; Ruel, Marie T.; Gelli, Aulo. 2021
DOI : 10.1093/jn/nxaa360
Abstract | View
Background: Simple proxy indicators are needed to assess and monitor micronutrient intake adequacy of vulnerable populations. Standard dichotomous indicators exist for nonpregnant women of reproductive age and 6–23-mo-old children in low-income countries, but not for 24–59-mo-old children or pregnant or breastfeeding women.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of 2 standard food group scores (FGSs) and related dichotomous indicators to predict micronutrient adequacy of the diet of rural Burkinabe 24–59-mo-old children and women of reproductive age by physiological status.
Methods: A 24-h recall survey was conducted at dry season among 1066 pairs of children and caregivers. Micronutrient adequacy was evaluated by the mean probability of adequacy (MPA) of intake over 11 micronutrients. Proxy indicators were FGS-10 [10 food groups based on the FAO/FHI360 minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) guidelines] and related MDD-W (FGS-10 ≥5); and FGS-7 [7 groups based on the WHO infant and young child (IYC) feeding MDD guidelines] and related MDD-IYC (FGS-7 ≥4).
Results: FGS-10 and FGS-7 were similar across children and women (∼3 groups). FGS-10 performed better than FGS-7 to predict MPA in children (Spearman rank correlation = 0.59 compared with 0.50) and women of all 3 physiological statuses (Spearman rank correlation = 0.53–0.55 compared with 0.42–0.52). MDD-W and MDD-IYC performed well in predicting MPA >0.75 in children and MPA >0.6 in nonpregnant nonbreastfeeding (NPNB) women, but a 4-group cutoff for FGS-10 allowed a better balance between sensitivity, specificity, and proportion of correct classification. MPA levels for pregnant and breastfeeding women were too low to assess best cutoff points.
Conclusions: MDD-IYC or an adapted MDD-W (FGS-10 ≥4 instead of FGS-10 ≥5) can be extended to 24–59-mo-old children and NPNB women in similar-diet settings. The inadequacy of micronutrient intakes in pregnant and breastfeeding women warrants urgent action. Micronutrient adequacy predictors should be validated in populations where a higher proportion of these women do meet dietary requirements.
Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the performance of 2 standard food group scores (FGSs) and related dichotomous indicators to predict micronutrient adequacy of the diet of rural Burkinabe 24–59-mo-old children and women of reproductive age by physiological status.
Methods: A 24-h recall survey was conducted at dry season among 1066 pairs of children and caregivers. Micronutrient adequacy was evaluated by the mean probability of adequacy (MPA) of intake over 11 micronutrients. Proxy indicators were FGS-10 [10 food groups based on the FAO/FHI360 minimum dietary diversity for women (MDD-W) guidelines] and related MDD-W (FGS-10 ≥5); and FGS-7 [7 groups based on the WHO infant and young child (IYC) feeding MDD guidelines] and related MDD-IYC (FGS-7 ≥4).
Results: FGS-10 and FGS-7 were similar across children and women (∼3 groups). FGS-10 performed better than FGS-7 to predict MPA in children (Spearman rank correlation = 0.59 compared with 0.50) and women of all 3 physiological statuses (Spearman rank correlation = 0.53–0.55 compared with 0.42–0.52). MDD-W and MDD-IYC performed well in predicting MPA >0.75 in children and MPA >0.6 in nonpregnant nonbreastfeeding (NPNB) women, but a 4-group cutoff for FGS-10 allowed a better balance between sensitivity, specificity, and proportion of correct classification. MPA levels for pregnant and breastfeeding women were too low to assess best cutoff points.
Conclusions: MDD-IYC or an adapted MDD-W (FGS-10 ≥4 instead of FGS-10 ≥5) can be extended to 24–59-mo-old children and NPNB women in similar-diet settings. The inadequacy of micronutrient intakes in pregnant and breastfeeding women warrants urgent action. Micronutrient adequacy predictors should be validated in populations where a higher proportion of these women do meet dietary requirements.
Nutrition‐sensitive agriculture programme impacts on time use and associations with nutrition outcomes
van den Bold, Mara; Bliznashka, Lilia; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Olney, Deanna K.; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ouédraogo, Marcellin. 2021
van den Bold, Mara; Bliznashka, Lilia; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Olney, Deanna K.; Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Pedehombga, Abdoulaye; Ouédraogo, Marcellin. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/mcn.13104
Abstract | View
Success of nutrition‐sensitive agriculture programmes targeted to women may be influenced by increased demands on women's and other household members' time and by time‐related trade‐offs to accommodate programme participation. However, evidence of how such programmes impact time use and whether changes in time‐related demands negatively influence maternal or child health and nutrition outcomes is limited. This paper examines the impact of Helen Keller International's Enhanced Homestead Food Production programme in Burkina Faso (2010–2012) on women's and men's time use and associations between changes in women's time use and maternal and child health and nutrition outcomes. We used quantitative data from a cluster‐randomized controlled trial (baseline 2010, endline 2012) and qualitative data from two rounds of process evaluation (2011, 2012). Two‐stage analyses were used to first assess programme impacts on women's and men's time use using difference‐in‐difference impact estimates and second to evaluate whether programme impacts on women's time use were associated with changes in women's and children's health and nutrition outcomes. Programme impacts were considered significant if corrected P < 0.01, and associations were considered significant if p < 0.05 and p < 0.01. Qualitative data were analysed through manual coding and by calculating the means and standard deviations for the time spent by women and men on activities in intervention and control groups. Findings show that the programme significantly increased the amount of time women spent on agriculture in the intervention compared to the control group, but this was not associated with changes in maternal or child health or nutrition outcomes. Process evaluation data supported these findings.
Impact of interactive radio programming on agricultural technology adoption and crop diversification in Malawi
Ragasa, Catherine; Mzungu, Diston; Kalagho, Kenan; Kazembe, Cynthia. 2021
Ragasa, Catherine; Mzungu, Diston; Kalagho, Kenan; Kazembe, Cynthia. 2021
DOI : 10.1080/19439342.2020.1853793
Variability in agricultural productivity and rural household consumption inequality: Evidence from Nigeria and Uganda
Amare, Mulubrhan; Shiferaw Bekele; Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Mavrotas, George. 2021
Amare, Mulubrhan; Shiferaw Bekele; Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Mavrotas, George. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12604
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This paper uses multiple rounds of panel data to assess the distributional implications of the variability in agricultural productivity in Nigeria and Uganda. It uses both a conventional decomposition and a regression‐based inequality decomposition approach to estimate the impact of climate‐induced variability in agricultural productivity. To mitigate the endogeneity associated with unobserved time‐invariant and time‐variant household fixed effects, we use rainfall shocks as a proxy for estimating the exogenous variability in agricultural productivity that affects consumption. Results suggest that a 10% increase in the variability of agricultural productivity tends to decrease household consumption by 38 and 52% on average for Nigeria and Uganda, respectively. Controlling for other factors, variability in agricultural productivity contributed to between 25% and 43% of consumption inequality between 2010 and 2015 for Nigeria; and 16% and 31% of consumption inequality between 2009 and 2011 for Uganda. We also show that variability in agricultural productivity increases changes in consumption inequality over time.
Investing in the data value chain for nutrition in West Africa
Verstraeten, Roosmarijn. 2021
Verstraeten, Roosmarijn. 2021
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Data and the building of country-level data-related capacity is central to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. In 2014, the Global Nutrition Report called for a “Nutrition Data Revolution” (IFPRI, 2014). Various actions, investments and initiatives were subsequently shaped that focus on advancing nutrition data at country, regional and global level (Kim, 2016). These include consensus building on sets of standard indicators (e.g., Global Monitoring Framework on Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition) and the inclusion of new indicators in demographic and health surveys, the use of innovative analytic modelling tools to prioritise investments in nutrition (e.g., Nutrition Modelling Consortium) and the synthesis and translation of nutrition data and evidence to inform decision-making for policies, programmes and advocacy (e.g., Transform Nutrition West Africa, Data for Decisions to Expand Nutrition Transformation and National Information Platforms for Nutrition). The Nutrition Data Value Chain (Development Initiatives, 2017) introduced a blueprint for a common language and action around data and information systems to ensure that better data and information is used in decisions (Figure 1). It highlights the need for significant investment in capacity throughout the entire data value chain as well as strong leadership and coordination to promote the use of data to inform decision-making at all levels and across nutrition-relevant sectors.
Combining household and price data to target food marketing interventions in Nigeria
Hatzenbuehler, Patrick L.; Mavrotas, George. 2021
Hatzenbuehler, Patrick L.; Mavrotas, George. 2021
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-020-01127-7
Trade, value chains, and rent distribution with foreign exchange controls: Coffee exports in Ethiopia
Tamru, Seneshaw; Minten, Bart; Swinnen, Johan. 2021
Tamru, Seneshaw; Minten, Bart; Swinnen, Johan. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12608
Abstract | View
Exchange rate policies can have important implications on incentives for export agriculture. However, their effects are often not well understood. We study the issue of foreign exchange controls and pricing in the value chain for Ethiopia's coffee—its most important export crop. Relying on unique pricing and cost data, we find that coffee exporters are willing to incur losses during exporting by offering high prices for coffee locally in order to access scarce foreign exchange. We further find that the consequent high wholesale prices for coffee are transmitted to producers, so that coffee farmers are unintended beneficiaries of this rent.
Community-level spillover effects of an intervention to prevent intimate partner violence and HIV transmission in rural Ethiopia
Leight, Jessica; Deyessa, Negussie; Verani, Fabio; Tewolde, Samuel; Sharma, Vandana. 2021
Leight, Jessica; Deyessa, Negussie; Verani, Fabio; Tewolde, Samuel; Sharma, Vandana. 2021
DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004075
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Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with adverse health and psychosocial outcomes. We analysed the spillover effects of Unite for a Better Life (UBL), an intervention evaluated in a cluster randomised controlled trial using a double-randomised design; previous evidence suggests UBL reduced IPV in rural Ethiopia among direct beneficiaries.
Methods: Villages (n=64) were randomly allocated to control, or to receive UBL delivered to men, women or couples. Each cluster comprised 106 surveyed households, including 21 randomly selected indirect beneficiary households who were not included in the intervention. Primary and secondary IPV outcomes included women’s experience and men’s perpetration of past-year physical or sexual IPV 24 months postintervention. An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted comparing indirect beneficiaries to sampled households in control communities. The analysis includes 2516 households surveyed at baseline in 2014–2015 (1680 households in the control arm, 258 indirect beneficiary households in the couples’ arm, 287 indirect beneficiary households in the women’s arm and 291 indirect beneficiary households in the men’s arm). Follow-up data were available from 88% of baseline respondents and 86% of baseline spouses surveyed in 2017–2018, a total of 4379 individuals.
Results: Among indirect beneficiaries, there was no statistically significant intervention effect on women’s past-year experience of physical or sexual IPV, while men’s UBL significantly reduced reported perpetration of past-year sexual IPV (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 0.55; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.80, p=0.002). The intervention effects among indirect beneficiaries were statistically similar to those reported for the direct beneficiaries. In general, the hypothesis of equal effects cannot be rejected.
Conclusion: A gender-transformative intervention delivered to men was effective in reducing reported IPV even among indirect beneficiaries, suggesting that the programme had positive spillover effects in diffusing information and changing behaviours within the broader community.
Methods: Villages (n=64) were randomly allocated to control, or to receive UBL delivered to men, women or couples. Each cluster comprised 106 surveyed households, including 21 randomly selected indirect beneficiary households who were not included in the intervention. Primary and secondary IPV outcomes included women’s experience and men’s perpetration of past-year physical or sexual IPV 24 months postintervention. An intention-to-treat analysis was conducted comparing indirect beneficiaries to sampled households in control communities. The analysis includes 2516 households surveyed at baseline in 2014–2015 (1680 households in the control arm, 258 indirect beneficiary households in the couples’ arm, 287 indirect beneficiary households in the women’s arm and 291 indirect beneficiary households in the men’s arm). Follow-up data were available from 88% of baseline respondents and 86% of baseline spouses surveyed in 2017–2018, a total of 4379 individuals.
Results: Among indirect beneficiaries, there was no statistically significant intervention effect on women’s past-year experience of physical or sexual IPV, while men’s UBL significantly reduced reported perpetration of past-year sexual IPV (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 0.55; 95% CI 0.38 to 0.80, p=0.002). The intervention effects among indirect beneficiaries were statistically similar to those reported for the direct beneficiaries. In general, the hypothesis of equal effects cannot be rejected.
Conclusion: A gender-transformative intervention delivered to men was effective in reducing reported IPV even among indirect beneficiaries, suggesting that the programme had positive spillover effects in diffusing information and changing behaviours within the broader community.
Socio-economic drivers of food security among rural households in Nigeria: Evidence from smallholder maize farmers
Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Omotoso, Samuel Opeyemi; Salman, Kabir Kayode; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola; Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Aremu, Adeyemi Oladapo. 2021
Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Omotoso, Samuel Opeyemi; Salman, Kabir Kayode; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola; Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Aremu, Adeyemi Oladapo. 2021
DOI : 10.1007/s11205-020-02590-7
Abstract | View
Issues relating to food availability, accessibility/affordability, and food utilization remain paramount among different stakeholders such as policymakers and academics. Using data from 250 maize farming households in Nigeria, the study used Foster–Greer–Thorbecke and probit regression model to investigate the factors determining households food security. The food insecurity measure shows that 23.2% points of the households express the incidence of food insecurity while 5.5% points and 1.8% points were found to have depth and severity of food insecurity, respectively. After controlling for households’ socio-economic and demographic characteristics, the probit regression model suggested that, among others, value of output sold, education, credit access and participation in government safety nets program significantly influenced food security among the maize farmers in the study area. Based on our findings, effort should be intensified to enhance the productivity of land through improved production practices. There should be high-level awareness that will increase farmers’ participation in safety net programs. Thus, government at all levels (local, state, and federal) should have adequate budget allocation to this course in order to improve the livelihood outcomes of the farming households.
Does agricultural cooperative membership impact technical efficiency of maize production in Nigeria: An analysis correcting for biases from observed and unobserved attributes
Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Oyetunde-Usman, Zainab; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola; Awotide, Bola Amoke. 2021
Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Oyetunde-Usman, Zainab; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola; Awotide, Bola Amoke. 2021
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0245426
Abstract | View
The formation of agricultural cooperatives has been widely promoted as an agricultural development policy initiative to help smallholder farmers cope with multiple production and marketing challenges. Using a nationally representative survey dataset of smallholder maize producers from rural Nigeria, this study assesses the impact of agricultural cooperative membership on technical efficiency (TE). We based our estimation approach on the combination of a newly developed sample selection stochastic production frontier model with propensity score matching to control for possible selectivity biases from both observables and unobservables. We estimate stochastic meta-frontiers to examine TE differences between cooperative members and non-members. Our results reveal that TE levels of members are consistently higher than that of non-members. This calls for continued policy incentives targeted at encouraging farmers to form as well as participate in agricultural cooperatives.
Measuring women’s decisionmaking: Indicator choice and survey design experiments from cash and food transfer evaluations in Ecuador, Uganda and Yemen
Peterman, Amber; Schwab, Benjamin; Roy, Shalini; Hidrobo, Melissa; Gilligan, Daniel O.. 2021
Peterman, Amber; Schwab, Benjamin; Roy, Shalini; Hidrobo, Melissa; Gilligan, Daniel O.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105387
Abstract | View
Women’s decisionmaking indicators are widely used in social science research, though insufficient attention is given to measurement issues. We interrogate variations in indicator construction using survey experiments undertaken in the context of transfer programs in Ecuador, Yemen, and Uganda. Findings show that small variations can lead to meaningful differences in how women are ranked on decisionmaking, as well as change conclusions on whether programs have significant impacts on decisionmaking. Results also raise questions as to how well indicators capture dimensions of empowerment as they are not consistently associated with measures of women’s status. Finally, in the context of Uganda, results indicate that measures are susceptible to social desirability bias, however further investigation is needed to assess this potential. We conclude that choices made in indicator construction matter and in the absence of standardized guidance, current practice is ad-hoc. Further, despite the wide use of these indicators, evaluating program success on women’s empowerment solely through standard decisionmaking indicators is not recommended. Finally, measurement innovation utilizing context-specific understanding of intra-household dynamics is needed.
Can call detail records provide insights into women’s empowerment? A case study from Uganda
Slavchevska, Vanya; Tyszler, Marcelo; Burra, Dharani Dhar; Seymour, Gregory; Sementsov, Denys; Van Lierde, Astrid; King, Brian. 2021
Slavchevska, Vanya; Tyszler, Marcelo; Burra, Dharani Dhar; Seymour, Gregory; Sementsov, Denys; Van Lierde, Astrid; King, Brian. 2021
Abstract | View
We use CDRs of mobile phone users in Uganda combined with data from a phone survey to train machine-learning models to predict the sex of the mobile phone user and several indicators of economic empowerment such as ownership of a house and land, occupation, and decision-making over household income. The most accurate of the models predicts the sex of the mobile phone user with 78% accuracy. The different indicators of economic empowerment are predicted with accuracies ranging from 57% to 61%. We also predict users’ sex and economic empowerment jointly. However, when we predict economic empowerment and then the sex of the user, we achieve high accuracy rates ranging from 81% to 87%. Mobile phone usage data hold potential for gender research although they are not without limitations.
Does bottom-up monitoring improve public services? What we found in Uganda
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Miehe, Caroline. 2021
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Miehe, Caroline. 2021
Abstract | View
In many developing countries, poor delivery of public services remains an important problem. Public infrastructure, such as roads or boreholes for drinking water, is poor. The quality of service provided in hospitals or schools is low. Absenteeism and corruption are endemic. Uganda is a case in point: its public service sector suffers from high levels of elite capture, ineffective monitoring and weak accountability. In response to this, the government of Uganda, under the stewardship of the Office of the Prime Minister, initiated community based monitoring and accountability meetings — popularly known as barazas — with the general objective of enhancing public involvement in holding the government accountable for service delivery in relation to the resources spent. In these town-hall style meetings, citizens receive information and are allowed to call officials out on not delivering on their promises. Baraza events often become very emotional and attract considerable media attention.
Solar or diesel: A comparison of costs for groundwater‐fed irrigation in Sub‐Saharan Africa under two energy solutions
Xie, Hua; Ringler, Claudia; Hossain Mondal, Md. Alam. 2021
Xie, Hua; Ringler, Claudia; Hossain Mondal, Md. Alam. 2021
DOI : 10.1029/2020EF001611
Abstract | View
Sub‐Saharan Africa has long been beset with food insecurity and energy poverty. Expanding irrigated agriculture can help boost food production in the region, but this requires energy for accessing water, especially in groundwater‐fed irrigation. This paper compared economic performance of groundwater pumping for irrigation under two energy solutions: solar photovoltaic (PV) and diesel fuel. We estimated the life‐cycle costs of the power units of two pumping systems in a range of crop and irrigation method scenarios and mapped their relative cost‐effectiveness over cropland in Sub‐Saharan Africa. As a renewable and clean energy source, solar energy has attracted much attention and there is keen interest in investing in solar PV to support the development of irrigated agriculture. Results of this study provide insights into the prospects of promoting solar irrigation in Sub‐Saharan Africa.
Climate uncertainty and agricultural vulnerability in South Africa
Hartley, Faaiqa; Gabriel, Sherwin; Cullis, James; Arndt, Channing. 2021
Hartley, Faaiqa; Gabriel, Sherwin; Cullis, James; Arndt, Channing. 2021
Abstract | View
Climate change poses a serious threat to many countries, particularly to developing countries, which often have large sections of the population without resources to adapt to changes in their environment. One of the key ways in which climate change affects countries is its impact on agricultural production. This paper extends the analysis by Cullis et al. (2015) by unpacking the impacts of climate change on crops and regions across South Africa. Furthermore, it looks at the impact of climate change on household food consumption and its implications for food security. The analysis suggests that, while the impacts of climate change are likely to be negative, the size of impacts can be highly variable, depending on the resulting climate. The largest range of vulnerability lies along the eastern coast of the country, where there is also the greatest poverty. Other regions, such as the Western Cape, show clear signs of declining production across the likely range of future potential climates, although some of these threats can be addressed through adaptation. Shifting to irrigated agriculture offsets some of the negative impacts on production but is insufficient to fully offset the decline in output. It also puts agriculture into increasing competition with other sectors, such as municipal and industrial water usage. Key crops, such as summer cereals, oilseeds and deciduous fruits, are negatively affected by climate change. Climate change negatively affects household welfare both nationally and sub-nationally, with certain parts of the country worse affected than others. Its impacts are through both the effect on household incomes and through higher food prices, which negatively affect household food consumption.
Youth migration decisions in Sub‐Saharan Africa: Satellite‐based empirical evidence from Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Arndt, Channing; Shiferaw, Bekele. 2021
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Arndt, Channing; Shiferaw, Bekele. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/padr.12383
Abstract | View
This article examines the implications of urban growth on youth migration decisions in Nigeria. We use night light intensity data combined with Living Standards Measurement Study‐Integrated Surveys on Agriculture data, as an indicator of urban growth and associated economic opportunities. Employing alternative econometric approaches that exploit the spatial and temporal differences in urban growth as proxied by night light intensity, we find that urban growth in potential migrant destinations encourages youth migration. We also find heterogeneous responses to urban growth among various groups of youth as well as varying responses to different types of migration. Broadly, women and those youth with more education are more likely to migrate, while those in households with livestock are less likely to migrate. Often, however, the effects are complex and varied. For example, land and physical asset ownership encourage temporary migration; but greater land ownership discourages permanent migration, while physical assets have insignificant effects. Our results from Nigeria show that policy makers concerned about rural–urban youth exodus should adopt a differentiated, in terms of targets, and multidimensional policy approach to reap the benefits of urbanization while avoiding its negative consequences.
Exploring the regulatory space for improving availability, access and quality of vegetatively propagated crop seed: Potato in Kenya
McEwan, Margaret A.; Spielman, David J.; Okello, Julius J.; Hareau, Guy; Bartle, Brian. Lima, Peru 2021
McEwan, Margaret A.; Spielman, David J.; Okello, Julius J.; Hareau, Guy; Bartle, Brian. Lima, Peru 2021
DOI : 10.4160/23096586RTBWP20211
Abstract | View
Potato ranks second staple food crop in Kenya. The Government seeks rapid yield growth in the potato subsector, however with only 2% of potato seed planted currently certified there is a persistent shortage of quality seed. There is no consensus on an appropriate model for quality seed assurance which can ensure increased availability and access to quality seed by smallholder farmers, while minimizing risk of spread of plant diseases. This study addressed the question of whether the current seed regulatory framework in Kenya and its implementation meets the need for increased availability and access to quality seed potato, for who, and with what consequences? Secondary data and policy analysis were complemented by semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions involving 72 stakeholders from public, private and civil society conducted in the major potato production areas, and at national level. Our findings show a range of different actors have different and sometimes conflicting interests. Seed potato needs to be produced on a large-scale with enough land and resources to meet rotation and isolation standards and inspection costs. However, this has implications for equitable participation in the seed potato industry. Current regulatory and inspection procedures are perceived by small-scale seed producers as policing rather than facilitating quality seed production. This highlights
compromises between achieving short term food security and managing risk of spread of plant diseases. The feasibility of different approaches to manage bacterial wilt and potato cyst nematode are discussed with implications for different scales of seed production. Several policy options are reviewed, with their trade-offs, emphasising the need to for inclusive stakeholder consultations to negotiate towards a common interest space.
compromises between achieving short term food security and managing risk of spread of plant diseases. The feasibility of different approaches to manage bacterial wilt and potato cyst nematode are discussed with implications for different scales of seed production. Several policy options are reviewed, with their trade-offs, emphasising the need to for inclusive stakeholder consultations to negotiate towards a common interest space.
Africa’s food security requires accurate trade statistics
Bouët, Antoine; Cisse, Brahima; Traoré, Fousseini. 2021
Bouët, Antoine; Cisse, Brahima; Traoré, Fousseini. 2021
Abstract | View
Mark Twain once warned, “There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics.” Yet statistics are a fundamental tool for economic policy and decision-making by governments, international institutions, and even the private sector. International trade statistics play a particularly important role. They allow us to determine a country's current account balance — that is, whether a country is living above or below its means — which is crucial information for macroeconomic policy. Detailed information on trade flows can be used to identify not only a country’s largest trading partners, but also the sectors in which it has a comparative advantage or disadvantage. This makes it possible to design structural actions to improve the competitiveness of certain sectors or trade relations with certain countries. These same statistics also provide valuable information for the private sector, as they help in identifying both attractive sectors for investment and which countries offer promising markets or are emerging as serious competitors.
The heat never bothered me anyway: Gender‐specific response of agricultural labor to climatic shocks in Tanzania
Lee, Yeyoung; Haile, Beliyou; Seymour, Gregory; Azzarri, Carlo. 2021
Lee, Yeyoung; Haile, Beliyou; Seymour, Gregory; Azzarri, Carlo. 2021
DOI : 10.1002/aepp.13153
Abstract | View
Agricultural production in Africa is generally highly labor intensive with gender‐specific specialization across activities. Using panel data from Tanzania, we examine the effects of heat stress (temperature above 29°C) during the maize‐growing season on gender‐disaggregated agricultural labor use. Results show that heat stress reduces total male family labor but does not statistically affect female family labor. Households with only female adults seem to increase their labor supply under heat stress. Given these heterogeneous effects, gender‐sensitive development interventions and adaptation strategies are suggested to enhance women's adaptive capacity.
Scaling up delivery of biofortified staple food crops globally: Paths to nourishing millions
Foley, Jennifer K.; Michaux, Kristina D.; Mudyahoto, Bho; Kyazike, Laira; Cherian, Binu; Kalejaiye, Olatundun; Ifeoma, Okonkwo; Ilona, Paul; Reinberg, Chelsea; Mavindidze, Donald; Boy, Erick. 2021
Foley, Jennifer K.; Michaux, Kristina D.; Mudyahoto, Bho; Kyazike, Laira; Cherian, Binu; Kalejaiye, Olatundun; Ifeoma, Okonkwo; Ilona, Paul; Reinberg, Chelsea; Mavindidze, Donald; Boy, Erick. 2021
DOI : 10.1177/0379572120982501
Abstract | View
Background: Micronutrient deficiencies affect over one quarter of the world’s population. Biofortification is an evidence-based nutrition strategy that addresses some of the most common and preventable global micronutrient gaps and can help improve the health of millions of people. Since 2013, HarvestPlus and a consortium of collaborators have made impressive progress in the enrichment of staple crops with essential micronutrients through conventional plant breeding.
Objective: To review and highlight lessons learned from multiple large-scale delivery strategies used by HarvestPlus to scale up biofortification across different country and crop contexts.
Results: India has strong public and private sector pearl millet breeding programs and a robust commercial seed sector. To scale-up pearl millet, HarvestPlus established partnerships with public and private seed companies, which facilitated the rapid commercialization of products and engagement of farmers in delivery activities. In Nigeria, HarvestPlus stimulated the initial acceptance and popularization of vitamin A cassava using a host of creative approaches, including “crowding in” delivery partners, innovative promotional programs, and development of intermediate raw material for industry and novel food products. In Uganda, orange sweet potato (OSP) is a traditional subsistence crop. Due to this, and the lack of formal seed systems and markets, HarvestPlus established a network of partnerships with community-based nongovernmental organizations and vine multipliers to popularize and scale-up delivery of OSP.
Conclusions: Impact of biofortification ultimately depends on the development of sustainable markets for biofortified seeds and products. Results illustrate the need for context-specific, innovative solutions to promote widespread adoption.
Objective: To review and highlight lessons learned from multiple large-scale delivery strategies used by HarvestPlus to scale up biofortification across different country and crop contexts.
Results: India has strong public and private sector pearl millet breeding programs and a robust commercial seed sector. To scale-up pearl millet, HarvestPlus established partnerships with public and private seed companies, which facilitated the rapid commercialization of products and engagement of farmers in delivery activities. In Nigeria, HarvestPlus stimulated the initial acceptance and popularization of vitamin A cassava using a host of creative approaches, including “crowding in” delivery partners, innovative promotional programs, and development of intermediate raw material for industry and novel food products. In Uganda, orange sweet potato (OSP) is a traditional subsistence crop. Due to this, and the lack of formal seed systems and markets, HarvestPlus established a network of partnerships with community-based nongovernmental organizations and vine multipliers to popularize and scale-up delivery of OSP.
Conclusions: Impact of biofortification ultimately depends on the development of sustainable markets for biofortified seeds and products. Results illustrate the need for context-specific, innovative solutions to promote widespread adoption.
Food consumption and food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in Addis Ababa
Hirvonen, Kalle; de Brauw, Alan; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse. 2021
Hirvonen, Kalle; de Brauw, Alan; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/ajae.12206
Abstract | View
International humanitarian organizations have expressed substantial concern about the potential for increases in food insecurity resulting from the COVID‐19 pandemic. We use a unique panel survey of a representative sample households in Addis Ababa to study both food security and food consumption during the pandemic. In contrast to some other countries in the region, Ethiopia never went into a full lockdown severely restricting movement. Despite subjective income measures suggesting a large proportion of households have been exposed to job loss or reduced incomes, we find that relative to a survey conducted in August and September of 2019, food consumption and household dietary diversity are largely unchanged or slightly increased by August 2020. We find some changes in the composition of food consumption, but they are not related to shocks found in previous phone surveys conducted with the same households. The results therefore suggest the types of subjective questions about income typically being asked in COVID‐19 phone surveys may not appropriately reflect the magnitude of such shocks. They also imply, at least indirectly, that in the aggregate food value chains have been resilient to the shock associated with the pandemic.
Accounting for spillovers in assessing the effectiveness of video messages to improve potato seed quality: Evidence from Uganda
Vandevelde, Senne; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Walukano, Wilberforce. 2021
Vandevelde, Senne; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Walukano, Wilberforce. 2021
DOI : 10.1080/1389224X.2021.1880454
On the origins of food loss
Delgado, Luciana; Schuster, Monica; Torero, Maximo. 2021
Delgado, Luciana; Schuster, Monica; Torero, Maximo. 2021
DOI : 10.1002/aepp.13156
Factor structure and equivalence of maternal resources for care in Bangladesh, Vietnam, and Ethiopia
Basnet, Sulochana; Frongillo, Edward A.; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Moore, Spencer; Arabi, Mandana. 2021
Basnet, Sulochana; Frongillo, Edward A.; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Moore, Spencer; Arabi, Mandana. 2021
DOI : 10.1007/s10995-020-03100-4
Conservation agriculture improves adaptive capacity of cropping systems to climate stress in Malawi
Komarek, Adam M.; Thierfelder, Christian; Steward, Peter R.. 2021
Komarek, Adam M.; Thierfelder, Christian; Steward, Peter R.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103117
Abstract | View
Adaptation to climate stress is an unprecedented challenge facing cropping systems. Most adaptation assessments focus on how adaptation options affect yields of a single crop under different weather or climate conditions. Yet, cropping systems often comprise more than one crop, and holistic assessments should consider all crops grown in a cropping system. One adaptation option is Conservation Agriculture that is commonly defined around a set of three principles: minimum mechanical soil disturbance, permanent soil organic cover, and crop species diversification.
Information, technology, and market rewards: Incentivizing aflatoxin control in Ghana
Magnan, Nicholas; Hoffmann, Vivian; Garrido, Gissele; Kanyam, Daniel Akwasi; Opoku, Nelson. 2021
Magnan, Nicholas; Hoffmann, Vivian; Garrido, Gissele; Kanyam, Daniel Akwasi; Opoku, Nelson. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2020.102620
Abstract | View
The quality of agricultural products can affect both farm incomes and the healthfulness of farm families’ diets. However, many quality attributes are difficult to observe, making it difficult for farmers to learn how to improve the quality of their crops. Lack of premium pass-through and the cost of quality-enhancing inputs are additional barriers to improving output quality. In this paper, we examine the relative importance of each of these barriers to smallholder adoption of technologies for reducing aflatoxin, a common food safety hazard. We conduct a randomized controlled trial in northern Ghana over the course of two seasons to test how three interventions affect adoption of practices that reduce aflatoxin risk as well as aflatoxin levels in groundnuts: (1) training on aflatoxin and its prevention, (2) distribution of free drying sheets, and (3) a price premium for groundnuts that comply with aflatoxin regulations. We find that training farmers substantially improves post-harvest practices. Drying sheet distribution and, to a lesser extent, the premium price offer lead to further improvements, including crowding-in of non-subsidized practices. We find substantial corresponding decreases in aflatoxin levels from drying sheet provision in the study region with high background aflatoxin levels. Impacts are stronger for households with higher aflatoxin at baseline, more members, and young children.
On the power of microwave communication data to monitor rain for agricultural needs in Africa
David, Noam; Liu, Yanyan; Kumah, Kingsley K.; Hoedjes, Joost C. B.; Su, Bob Z.; Gao, H. Oliver. 2021
David, Noam; Liu, Yanyan; Kumah, Kingsley K.; Hoedjes, Joost C. B.; Su, Bob Z.; Gao, H. Oliver. 2021
DOI : 10.3390/w13050730
Abstract | View
Over the last two decades, prevalent technologies and Internet of Things (IoT) systems have been found to have potential for carrying out environmental monitoring. The data generated from these infrastructures are readily available and have the potential to provide massive spatial coverage. The costs involved in using these data are minimal since the records are already generated for the original uses of these systems. Commercial microwave links, which provide the underlying framework for data transfer between cellular network base stations, are one example of such a system and have been found useful for monitoring rainfall. Wireless infrastructure of this kind is deployed widely by communication providers across Africa and can thus be used as a rainfall monitoring device to complement the sparse proprietary resources that currently exist or to substitute for them where alternatives do not exist. Here we focus this approach’s potential to acquire valuable information required for agricultural needs across Africa using Kenya as an example.
Like father, like son, like mother, like daughter: Intergenerational transmission of intrahousehold gender attitudes in Ethiopia
Leight, Jessica. 2021
Leight, Jessica. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105359
Assessment of smallholder farmers’ demand for and adoption constraints to small-scale irrigation technologies: Evidence from Ethiopia
Tesfaye, Meneyahel Z.; Balana, Bedru; Bizimana, Jean-Claude. 2021
Tesfaye, Meneyahel Z.; Balana, Bedru; Bizimana, Jean-Claude. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.agwat.2021.106855
Empowerment and nutrition in Niger: Insights from the Women’s Empowerment in Nutrition grid
Lentz, Erin; Bageant, Elizabeth; Narayanan, Sudha. 2021
Lentz, Erin; Bageant, Elizabeth; Narayanan, Sudha. 2021
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-021-01155-x
Do remote areas benefit from economic growth? Evidence from Uganda
Daniels, Lisa; Minot, Nicholas. 2021
Daniels, Lisa; Minot, Nicholas. 2021
DOI : 10.1002/jid.3536
Integrating institutions into a socio-hydrological model: An example for water quality management in Burkina Faso
Carr, Gemma; Barendrecht, Marlies; Debevec, Liza; Balana, Bedru. 2021
Carr, Gemma; Barendrecht, Marlies; Debevec, Liza; Balana, Bedru. 2021
DOI : 10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11324
Abstract | View
The variety of demands that people place on water resources, coupled with the dynamics of the natural system, make water resource management highly complex. Models that can integrate aspects of society such as institutions, perceptions and behaviors along with aspects of the natural system such as rainfall, runoff and water quality could offer a realistic approach to better understand and manage these complex systems. Much research progress in the development of such socio-hydrological models has been achieved in recent years. However, many gaps exist on how the decisions and actions of institutions and agencies, and their subsequent impacts on individuals, can be integrated within such models. In this study, a socio-hydrological model was developed using a set of empirical field data from the Black Volta (Mouhoun) watershed in south west Burkina Faso. Cultivation of the riparian zones and use of agrochemicals are commonly associated with increased sedimentation in the river and water pollution, respectively. The model aims to capture the relationships between agency support for water quality management, the capacity of local organizations to support farmers and land users, land use changes in the riparian zones, improved agricultural practices employed by farmers (e.g., reduced tillage, organic farming, or cultivating tree crops rather than vegetables), and suspended sediment concentration in the river as an indicator of water quality. The model is set up to reflect the current situation and scenarios are generated depicting plausible pathways to achieve improved water quality through riparian land management strategies. Comparison of the modelled scenarios shows that water quality could be improved if institutional support and public resource allocation for water management is raised, and the capacity of local level organizations is substantially increased compared to current levels. Semi-quantitative socio-hydrological models, such as the one developed in this study, may provide insights for the comparison and prioritization of different management strategies and guide interventions or support mechanisms that enable riparian land users to change their agricultural practices and lead to water quality improvements.
Effect of balanced energy-protein supplementation during pregnancy and lactation on birth outcomes and infant growth in rural Burkina Faso: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Vanslambrouck, Katrien; de Kok, Brenda; Toe, Laeticia Celine; De Cock, Nathalie; Ouedraogo, Moctar; Huybregts, Lieven. 2021
Vanslambrouck, Katrien; de Kok, Brenda; Toe, Laeticia Celine; De Cock, Nathalie; Ouedraogo, Moctar; Huybregts, Lieven. 2021
DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038393
Abstract | View
Adequate nutrition during pregnancy is crucial to both mother and child. Maternal malnutrition can be the cause of stillbirth or lead to poor birth outcomes such as preterm delivery and small-for-gestational-age newborns. There is a probable positive effect of providing pregnant women a balanced energy-protein (BEP) food supplement, but more evidence is needed. The MIcronutriments pour la SAnté de la Mère et de l’Enfant (MISAME) III project aims to improve birth outcomes and infant growth by testing a BEP supplement during pregnancy and lactation in rural Burkina Faso. This paper describes the study protocol.
Short-term effects of the COVID-19 state of emergency on contraceptive access and utilization in Mozambique
Leight, Jessica; Hensley, Catherine; Chissano, Marcos; Ali, Liza. 2021
Leight, Jessica; Hensley, Catherine; Chissano, Marcos; Ali, Liza. 2021
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0249195
Abstract | View
The COVID-19 pandemic has increasingly disrupted the global delivery of preventive health care services, as a large number of governments have issued state of emergency orders halting service delivery. However, there is limited evidence on the realized effects of the pandemic and associated emergency orders on access to services in low-income country contexts to date. To address this gap, this paper analyzes administrative data on utilization of contraceptive health services by women referred via community health promoters in two large urban and peri-urban areas of Mozambique. We focus on the period immediately surrounding the national state of emergency declaration linked to the COVID-19 pandemic on March 31, 2020. Data reported for 109,129 women served by 132 unique promoters and 192 unique public health facilities is analyzed using logistic regression, interrupted time series analysis and hazard analysis. The results demonstrate that the imposition of the state of emergency is associated with a modest short-term drop in both service provision and utilization, followed by a relatively rapid rebound. We conclude that in this context, the accessibility of reproductive health services was not dramatically reduced during the first phase of the pandemic-related emergency.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of an intimate partner violence prevention intervention targeting men, women and couples in rural Ethiopia: Evidence from the Unite for a Better Life randomised controlled trial
Leight, Jessica; Deyessa, Negussie; Sharma, Vandana. 2021
Leight, Jessica; Deyessa, Negussie; Sharma, Vandana. 2021
DOI : 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042365
Abstract | View
Objectives: Experience of intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with adverse health and psychosocial outcomes for women. However, rigorous economic evaluations of interventions targeting IPV prevention are rare. This paper analyses the cost-effectiveness of Unite for a Better Life (UBL), a gender-transformative intervention designed to prevent IPV and HIV risk behaviours among men, women and couples. Design: We use an economic evaluation nested within a large-scale cluster randomised controlled trial, analysing financial and economic costs tracked contemporaneously. Setting: UBL was implemented in rural southern Ethiopia between 2013 and 2015. Participants: The randomised controlled trial included 6770 households in 64 villages. Interventions: UBL is an intervention delivered within the context of the Ethiopian coffee ceremony, a culturally established forum for community discussion, and designed to assist participants to build skills for healthy, non-violent, equitable relationships. Primary and secondary outcome measures: This paper reports on the unit cost and cost-effectiveness of the interventions implemented. Cost-effectiveness is measured as the cost per case of past-year physical and/or sexual IPV averted. Results: The estimated annualised cost of developing and implementing UBL was 2015 US$296 772, or approximately 2015 US$74 per individual directly participating in the intervention and 2015 US$5 per person annually for each community-level beneficiary (woman of reproductive age in intervention communities). The estimated cost per case of past-year physical and/or sexual IPV averted was 2015 US$2726 for the sample of direct beneficiaries, and 2015 US$194 for the sample of all community-level beneficiaries. Conclusions: UBL is an effective and cost-effective intervention for the prevention of IPV in a low and middle-income country setting. Further research should explore strategies to quantify the positive effects of the intervention across other domains.
Citizenship, political participation and the state in Zambia
Resnick, Danielle. 2021
Resnick, Danielle. 2021
DOI : 10.1080/03057070.2021.1886527
Africa's manufacturing puzzle: Evidence from Tanzanian and Ethiopian firms
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; McMillan, Margaret S.; Rodrik, Dani. Cambridge, MA 2021
Diao, Xinshen; Ellis, Mia; McMillan, Margaret S.; Rodrik, Dani. Cambridge, MA 2021
DOI : 10.3386/w28344
Polygynous family structure and child undernutrition in Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Arndt, Channing; Mahrt, Kristi; Mavrotas, George. 2021
Amare, Mulubrhan; Arndt, Channing; Mahrt, Kristi; Mavrotas, George. 2021
DOI : 10.1080/00220388.2021.1898591
Responding to COVID-19: Learning from program adaptation in Malawi
Kumchulesi, Grace. Lilongwe, Malawi 2021
Kumchulesi, Grace. Lilongwe, Malawi 2021
Abstract | View
This learning brief captures the experience of a large Resilience Food Security Activity, USAID – Titukulane, in responding to COVID-19 in Malawi. The brief includes challenges associated with the response and how Titukulane will adapt to unforeseeable shocks in its programming and implementation based on learning from the COVID-19 response.
Is the local wheat market a ‘market for lemons’? Certifying the supply of individual wheat farmers in Ethiopia
Anissa, Banawe Plambou; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bernard, Tanguy; Bulte, Erwin. 2021
Anissa, Banawe Plambou; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bernard, Tanguy; Bulte, Erwin. 2021
DOI : 10.1093/erae/jbab018
The short‐term economywide impacts of COVID‐19 in Africa: Insights from Ethiopia
Aragie, Emerta; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Thurlow, James. 2021
Aragie, Emerta; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Thurlow, James. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/1467-8268.12519
Abstract | View
The COVID‐19 impact on the global economy combined with partial lockdown measures in Ethiopia represents a large, unprecedented shock to the country's economy. The social accounting matrix (SAM) multiplier model, built on the most up‐to‐date SAM (2017) for Ethiopia, shows that the country suffered a 14.3% loss in GDP (Birr 43.5 billion or US$1.9 billion) during the lockdown period compared to the no‐COVID case during the same period. Nearly two‐thirds of the losses come from the services sector. Although no direct restrictions were imposed on the agriculture sector, which is the primary means of livelihood for most, the sector faces a 4.7% loss in output due to its linkages with the rest of the economy. We find dissimilar income and poverty effects across households by income quintile and level of urbanization. The study also considers two recovery scenarios and generates relevant insights on the potential impacts of COVID‐19 by the end of 2020. The earmarked relief and recovery plan resources can only help the economy to recover if targeted in an efficient way towards sectors most affected by COVID‐19, and further resources are mobilized to support strategic sectors—those with the highest economywide multiplier effects—and vulnerable communities.
Improving food safety on the farm: Experimental evidence from Kenya on incentives and subsidies for technology adoption
Hoffmann, Vivian; Jones, Kelly M.. 2021
Hoffmann, Vivian; Jones, Kelly M.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105406
Abstract | View
Evidence is emerging that foodborne illness accounts for a staggering health burden in developing countries. However, standard approaches used by developed country governments to ensure food safety are not appropriate in settings where regulatory enforcement capacity is weak and most firms are small and informal. Using a randomized field experiment, we test the impacts of subsidies and a price premium for safer produce on farmer adoption of technologies that improve food safety. We find that the food safety practices of farmers who produce maize for sale are inferior to those of farmers who produce maize only for household consumption, but that both a price incentive and technology subsidies can partially close this gap. We combine our experimental adoption results with prior evidence on the efficacy of the technologies studied to simulate the public health impacts of alternative policies. Our simulations show that interventions to reduce aflatoxin exposure are likely to be cost-effective based on averted poisoning deaths and cancer cases alone. Potential impacts on stunting, which are not as well established and more difficult to value, would imply additional health benefits. Of the policy options considered, providing training and plastic drying sheets to farmers free of charge is the most cost-effective.
When communities pull their weight: The economic costs of an integrated agriculture and nutrition home-grown preschool meal intervention in Malawi
Margolies, Amy; Gelli, Aulo; Daryanani, Roshan; Twalibu, Aisha; Levin, Carol. 2021
Margolies, Amy; Gelli, Aulo; Daryanani, Roshan; Twalibu, Aisha; Levin, Carol. 2021
DOI : 10.1177/0379572120986693
Review of the micronutrient situation in Rwanda
Arsenault, Joanne E.; Olney, Deanna K.. 2021
Arsenault, Joanne E.; Olney, Deanna K.. 2021
DOI : 10.1177/0379572120975298
Institutional mistrust and child vaccination coverage in Africa
Stoop, Nik; Hirvonen, Kalle; Maystadt, Jean-Francois. 2021
Stoop, Nik; Hirvonen, Kalle; Maystadt, Jean-Francois. 2021
DOI : 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004595
Abstract | View
Despite considerable improvements in vaccination coverage over the last decade, half of the world’s unvaccinated and undervaccinated children are located in Africa. The role of institutional trust in explaining vaccination gaps has been highlighted in several qualitative reports but so far has only been quantified in a small number of high-income countries.
Food prices and marketing margins during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Evidence from vegetable value chains in Ethiopia
Hirvonen, Kalle; Minten, Bart; Mohammed, Belay; Tamru, Seneshaw. 2021
Hirvonen, Kalle; Minten, Bart; Mohammed, Belay; Tamru, Seneshaw. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12626
Abstract | View
It is widely feared that the shock of the COVID‐19 pandemic will lead to a significant worsening of the food security situation in low and middle‐income countries. One reason for this is the disruption of food marketing systems and subsequent changes in farm and consumer prices. Based on primary data in Ethiopia collected just before the start and a few months into the pandemic, we assess changes in farm and consumer prices of four major vegetables and the contribution of different segments of the rural‐urban value chain in urban retail price formation. We find large, but heterogeneous, price changes for different vegetables with relatively larger changes seen at the farm level, compared to the consumer level, leading to winners and losers among local vegetable farmers due to pandemic‐related trade disruptions. We further note that despite substantial hurdles in domestic trade reported by most value chain agents, increases in marketing—and especially transportation—costs have not been the major contributor to overall changes in retail prices. Marketing margins even declined for half of the vegetables studied. The relatively small changes in marketing margins overall indicate the resilience of these domestic value chains during the pandemic in Ethiopia.
Do more vibrant rural areas have lower rates of youth out-migration? Evidence from Zambia
Chamberlin, Jordan; Ramos, Cristina; Abay, Kibrom A.. 2021
Chamberlin, Jordan; Ramos, Cristina; Abay, Kibrom A.. 2021
DOI : 10.1057/s41287-021-00404-1
Welfare impacts of smallholder farmers’ participation in multiple output markets: Empirical evidence from Tanzania
Manda, Julius; Azzarri, Carlo; Feleke, Shiferaw; Kotu, Bekele; Claessens, Lieven; Bekunda, Mateete. 2021
Manda, Julius; Azzarri, Carlo; Feleke, Shiferaw; Kotu, Bekele; Claessens, Lieven; Bekunda, Mateete. 2021
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0250848
Abstract | View
A relatively large body of literature has documented the welfare effects of smallholder farmers’ participation in single-commodity output markets. However, limited empirical evidence is available when smallholder farmers participate in multiple-commodities output markets. We tried to fill this gap in the literature by estimating the impacts of smallholder farmers’ contemporaneous participation in both maize and legume markets vis-à-vis in only maize or legume markets using household-level data from Tanzania. Applying a multinomial endogenous switching regression model that allows controlling for observed and unobserved heterogeneity associated with market participation in single-commodity and multiple-commodity markets, results showed that smallholder farmers’ participation in both single–and multiple–commodity markets was positively and significantly associated with household income and food security. Moreover, the greatest benefits were obtained when farmers participated in multiple-commodity markets, suggesting the importance of policies promoting diversification in crop income sources to increase welfare and food security. Our findings also signal the complementary–rather than substitute–nature of accessing multiple-commodity markets for enhancing household livelihoods under a specialization strategy. Finally, important policy implications are suggested, from promoting and supporting public infrastructure investments to expanding road networks to reduce transportation costs, especially in remote communities, to enhance smallholder farmer access to profitable maize and legume markets in Tanzania.
COVID-19 and food security: Panel data evidence from Nigeria
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Tiberti, Luca; Chamberlin, Jordan. 2021
Amare, Mulubrhan; Abay, Kibrom A.; Tiberti, Luca; Chamberlin, Jordan. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102099
Abstract | View
This paper combines pre-pandemic face-to-face survey data with follow up phone surveys collected in April-May 2020 to examine the implication of the COVID-19 pandemic on household food security and labor market participation outcomes in Nigeria. To examine these relationships and implications, we exploit spatial variation in exposure to COVID-19 related infections and lockdown measures, along with temporal differences in our outcomes of interest, using a difference-in-difference approach. We find that households exposed to higher COVID-19 case rates or mobility lockdowns experience a significant increase in measures of food insecurity. Examining possible transmission channels for this effect, we find that the spread of the pandemic is associated with significant reductions in labor market participation. For instance, lockdown measures are associated with 6–15 percentage points increase in households' experience of food insecurity. Similarly, lockdown measures are associated with 12 percentage points reduction in the probability of participation in non-farm business activities. These lockdown measures have limited implications on wage-related activities and farming activities. In terms of food security, households relying on non-farm businesses, poorer households, and those living in remote and conflicted-affected zones have experienced relatively larger deteriorations in food security. These findings can help inform immediate and medium-term policy responses, including social protection policies aiming at ameliorating the impacts of the pandemic.
Stories of change in nutrition from Africa and Asia: An introduction to a special series in food security
Gillespie, Stuart; Harris, Jody; Nisbett, Nicholas; van den Bold, Mara. 2021
Gillespie, Stuart; Harris, Jody; Nisbett, Nicholas; van den Bold, Mara. 2021
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-021-01166-8
Abstract | View
Malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a massive global challenge, and the past decade has seen a growing political attention to addressing malnutrition in different contexts. What has been largely missing so far, and is in growing demand from countries, is tangible, practical and rigorous insights and lessons (from other countries or contexts) on how to translate this burgeoning political momentum into effective policies and programme implementation strategies – and ultimately impact on the ground. This new climate of learning from experience and evidence led to the launch in 2015 of the Stories of Change initiative. This series presents a second wave of studies from six countries (Tanzania, Rwanda, Vietnam, Ghana, Burkina Faso, Nigeria,) and three Indian states (Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu). These provide clear evidence combined with compelling narratives on what drives success in addressing all forms of malnutrition – evidence that is necessary for turning global momentum into actual results on the ground. This introductory Opinion is published with the first set of papers. It will be followed by a thorough synthesis of papers as a conclusion of the Series. We hope that the lessons embedded in these Stories of Change will inform and inspire the deliberations and outcomes of the UN Food Systems Summit and the second Nutrition for Growth Summit to be held this year, and the actions of those in the global food and nutrition system working for positive change.
Leading the way: Foreign direct investment and dairy value chain upgrading in Uganda
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Minten, Bart; Swinnen, Johan. 2021
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Minten, Bart; Swinnen, Johan. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12638
Abstract | View
Driven by increased demand from both local and export markets and facilitated by far-reaching liberalization and privatization policies, the dairy sub-sector in Uganda has undergone significant changes in the last decade. With a comparative advantage in milk production, the southwest of Uganda has started to attract considerable Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in processing capacity, mainly targeting the export market. As a result, processing capacity increased five-fold and dairy became Uganda's third most important export product, coming from negligible amounts a decade earlier. In this study, we use data collected at different nodes within the value chain to identify some of the key innovations in these value chains. This is done by comparing the area that received the bulk of FDI to a similar area that did not. Furthermore, we also provide an econometric analysis that focuses on the integration of value chain actors into modern value chains more broadly defined. We find that dairy value chains are transforming rapidly, but innovations are more pronounced in areas that received the bulk of FDI. Our analysis further underscores the importance of milk collection centers, which often take the form of farmer cooperatives, in providing many of the support services that enable other actors in the value chain to produce sufficient milk, and maintain milk sanitation levels necessary for a modern export sector to emerg
Trade, value chain technology and prices: Evidence from dairy in East Africa
Ignowski, Liz; Minten, Bart; Swinnen, Johan; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Vandevelde, Senne. Leuven, Belgium 2021
Ignowski, Liz; Minten, Bart; Swinnen, Johan; Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Vandevelde, Senne. Leuven, Belgium 2021
Abstract | View
Agricultural value chains, particularly in the developing world, have been going through drastic changes over the past decades. Differences in world market participation and access to value chain technologies might however have resulted in uneven experiences across countries. In this paper, we explore their impact on milk prices in the value chain, using the example of two East African countries, Ethiopia and Uganda. We develop a conceptual framework and then validate the model using unique primary price data collected at several levels in the dairy value chains in both countries. We find that prices are overall significantly lower in Uganda than Ethiopia, reflecting their respective net exporting and importing status. Moreover, despite shorter value chains, we find much more significant effects of distances from the capital (the major end destination) on milk prices in Ethiopia than in Uganda. This is likely linked to the widespread presence of milk chilling centers in Uganda. While i
COVID-19-induced disruptions of school feeding services exacerbate food insecurity in Nigeria
Abay, Kibrom A.; Amare, Mulubrhan; Tiberti, Luca; Andam, Kwaw S.. 2021
Abay, Kibrom A.; Amare, Mulubrhan; Tiberti, Luca; Andam, Kwaw S.. 2021
DOI : 10.1093/jn/nxab100
Abstract | View
Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated lockdown measures have disrupted educational and nutrition services globally. Understanding the overall and differential impacts of disruption of nutritional (school feeding) services is critical for designing effective post-COVID-19 recovery policies.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of COVID-19-induced disruption of school feeding services on household food security in Nigeria.
Methods: We combined household-level, pre-COVID-19 in-person survey data with postpandemic phone survey data, along with local government area (LGA)–level information on access to school feeding services. We used a difference-in-difference approach and examined temporal trends in the food security of households with and without access to school feeding services. Of the sampled households, 83% live in LGAs with school feeding services.
Results: Households experienced an increase in food insecurity in the post-COVID-19 survey round. The share of households skipping a meal increased by 47 percentage points (95% CI: 44–50 percentage points). COVID-19-induced disruptions of school feeding services increased households' experiences of food insecurity, increasing the probability of skipping a meal by 9 percentage points (95% CI: 3–17 percentage points) and the likelihood of going without eating for a whole day by 3 percentage points (95% CI: 2–11 percentage points). Disruption of school feeding services is associated with a 0.2 SD (95% CI: 0.04–0.41 SD) increase in the food insecurity index. Households residing in states experiencing strict lockdown measures reported further deterioration in food insecurity. Single mothers and poorer households experienced relatively larger deteriorations in food security due to disruption of school feeding services.
Conclusions: Our findings show that COVID-19-induced disruptions in educational and nutritional services have exacerbated households’ food insecurity in Nigeria. These findings can inform the designs of immediate and medium-term policy responses, including the designs of social protection policies and alternative programs to substitute nutritional services affected by the pandemic.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of COVID-19-induced disruption of school feeding services on household food security in Nigeria.
Methods: We combined household-level, pre-COVID-19 in-person survey data with postpandemic phone survey data, along with local government area (LGA)–level information on access to school feeding services. We used a difference-in-difference approach and examined temporal trends in the food security of households with and without access to school feeding services. Of the sampled households, 83% live in LGAs with school feeding services.
Results: Households experienced an increase in food insecurity in the post-COVID-19 survey round. The share of households skipping a meal increased by 47 percentage points (95% CI: 44–50 percentage points). COVID-19-induced disruptions of school feeding services increased households' experiences of food insecurity, increasing the probability of skipping a meal by 9 percentage points (95% CI: 3–17 percentage points) and the likelihood of going without eating for a whole day by 3 percentage points (95% CI: 2–11 percentage points). Disruption of school feeding services is associated with a 0.2 SD (95% CI: 0.04–0.41 SD) increase in the food insecurity index. Households residing in states experiencing strict lockdown measures reported further deterioration in food insecurity. Single mothers and poorer households experienced relatively larger deteriorations in food security due to disruption of school feeding services.
Conclusions: Our findings show that COVID-19-induced disruptions in educational and nutritional services have exacerbated households’ food insecurity in Nigeria. These findings can inform the designs of immediate and medium-term policy responses, including the designs of social protection policies and alternative programs to substitute nutritional services affected by the pandemic.
Avoiding the road to nowhere: Policy insights on scaling up and sustaining digital health
LeFevre, Amnesty; Chamberlain, Sara; Singh, Neha S.; Scott, Kerry; Menon, Purnima; Barron, Peter; Ved, Rajani; George, Asha. 2021
LeFevre, Amnesty; Chamberlain, Sara; Singh, Neha S.; Scott, Kerry; Menon, Purnima; Barron, Peter; Ved, Rajani; George, Asha. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/1758-5899.12909
Abstract | View
Digital health solutions offer tremendous potential to enhance the reach and quality of health services and population-level outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). While the number of programs reaching scale increases yearly, the long-term sustainability for most remains uncertain. In this article, as researchers and implementors, we draw on experiences of designing, implementing and evaluating digital health solutions at scale in Africa and Asia, and provide examples from India and South Africa to illustrate ten considerations to support scale and sustainability of digital health solutions in LMICs. Given the investments being made in digital health solutions and the urgent concurrent needs to strengthen health systems to ensure their responsiveness to marginalized populations in LMICs, we cannot afford to go down roads that ‘lead to nowhere’. These ten considerations focus on drivers of equity and innovation, the foundations for a digital health ecosystem, and the elements for systems integration. We urge technology enthusiasts to consider these issues before and during the roll-out of large-scale digital health initiatives to navigate the complexities of achieving scale and enabling sustainability.
Does economic shocks influence household's healthcare expenditure? Evidence from rural Nigeria
Rufai, Adedoyin Mistura; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Abioye, Oyewale Daniel; Birindwa, Ahadi Bwihangane; Olagunjue, Kehinde Oluseyi; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola. 2021
Rufai, Adedoyin Mistura; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Abioye, Oyewale Daniel; Birindwa, Ahadi Bwihangane; Olagunjue, Kehinde Oluseyi; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06897
Abstract | View
Health is profoundly influenced by several factors outside the traditional realm of healthcare. This paper employed a two-step Heckman selectivity model to examine factors influencing the decision to spend on health and the effects of economic shocks on health expenditure. The results from the first stage shows that the likelihood of spending on health increased with age, education, income, and decreases if the household is living in the northern region of Nigeria and uses mosquito bed-net. The findings from the second stage estimation show that a fall in the price of food items, an increase in the price of inputs for household enterprises and loss of job are the significant shocks that affect household health expenditure. Based on these findings, this study concluded that fall in the prices of major food items consumed within the household increased income available for health care among the farmers. Going forward, the study recommends the provision of holistic health-economic-welfare interventions for the marginalized rural populace in Nigeria.
International comparison of extension agent objectives and construction of a typology
Landini, Fernando; Turner, James A.; Davis, Kristin; Percy, Helen; Van Niekerk, Johan. 2021
Landini, Fernando; Turner, James A.; Davis, Kristin; Percy, Helen; Van Niekerk, Johan. 2021
DOI : 10.1080/1389224X.2021.1936091
Earned and unearned income: Experimental evidence on expenditures and labor supply in Malawi
Ambler, Kate; Godlonton, Susan. 2021
Ambler, Kate; Godlonton, Susan. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.jebo.2021.03.039
Abstract | View
Though the differential impacts of earned and unearned income have long been of interest to economists and policymakers, the study of this question is often conflated by other differences between the income streams. We conduct a field experiment in Malawi in which we examine the differential short-term effect of earned and unearned income on the allocation of expenditures and labor supply, holding all other factors constant. All participants receive an equal size cash payment and make the same time investment; half are required to work, and half are not. Our main finding is that the work requirement results in a reallocation of labor supply away from household work in the very short term. Conversely, there is no evidence that the allocation of expenditures across categories is affected.
Understanding female and male empowerment in Burkina Faso using the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI): A longitudinal study
Crookston, Benjamin T.; West, Josh H.; Davis, Siena F.; Hall, P. Cougar; Seymour, Greg; Gray, Bobbi L.. 2021
Crookston, Benjamin T.; West, Josh H.; Davis, Siena F.; Hall, P. Cougar; Seymour, Greg; Gray, Bobbi L.. 2021
DOI : 10.1186/s12905-021-01371-9
Abstract | View
Background: Achieving gender equality and women’s empowerment is a major global priority. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the Building the Resilience of Vulnerable Communities in Burkina Faso (BRB) project, an agricultural development program, improved women’s empowerment, as measured by the project-level Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (pro-WEAI).
Methods: This study used a longitudinal, quasi-experimental study design. Participants included both treatment and comparison groups (total N = 751) comprising female members of savings groups and their husbands or main male household member in Burkina Faso. All participants completed the pro-WEAI questionnaire at both baseline and endline. The treatment group received a comprehensive intervention package consisting of agriculture loans and services, microenterprise loans, and education, nutrition education, and women’s empowerment programs including gender-based discussions designed to facilitate personalized changes in gender relations.
Results: The proportion of the treatment group achieving empowerment did not change from baseline for women, but improved substantially for men. Women from the comparison group saw an increase in empowerment at endline while men saw a substantial decrease. Gender parity was high for women in both groups at baseline and increased slightly at endline. Women were more likely to have adequate empowerment in input in productive decisions, group membership, and membership in influential groups than men while men were more likely to have adequate empowerment in attitudes about domestic violence, control over use of income, and work balance than women. Participants from the treatment group reported an increase in the average number of empowerment indicators that they were adequate in while the comparison group saw a decrease in average adequacy over time (p = 0.002) after controlling for age, sex, and level of education.
Conclusion: Despite starting at an empowerment disadvantage, the treatment group experienced gains in individual indicators of empowerment while the comparison group men and women experienced mixed results, with the women gaining, and the men losing empowerment. This research suggests that the BRB intervention may have provided some protection for the treatment group when they faced an economic down-turn prior to the endline, indicative of household resilience. Future research should consider and strengthen relationships between resilience and empowerment.
Methods: This study used a longitudinal, quasi-experimental study design. Participants included both treatment and comparison groups (total N = 751) comprising female members of savings groups and their husbands or main male household member in Burkina Faso. All participants completed the pro-WEAI questionnaire at both baseline and endline. The treatment group received a comprehensive intervention package consisting of agriculture loans and services, microenterprise loans, and education, nutrition education, and women’s empowerment programs including gender-based discussions designed to facilitate personalized changes in gender relations.
Results: The proportion of the treatment group achieving empowerment did not change from baseline for women, but improved substantially for men. Women from the comparison group saw an increase in empowerment at endline while men saw a substantial decrease. Gender parity was high for women in both groups at baseline and increased slightly at endline. Women were more likely to have adequate empowerment in input in productive decisions, group membership, and membership in influential groups than men while men were more likely to have adequate empowerment in attitudes about domestic violence, control over use of income, and work balance than women. Participants from the treatment group reported an increase in the average number of empowerment indicators that they were adequate in while the comparison group saw a decrease in average adequacy over time (p = 0.002) after controlling for age, sex, and level of education.
Conclusion: Despite starting at an empowerment disadvantage, the treatment group experienced gains in individual indicators of empowerment while the comparison group men and women experienced mixed results, with the women gaining, and the men losing empowerment. This research suggests that the BRB intervention may have provided some protection for the treatment group when they faced an economic down-turn prior to the endline, indicative of household resilience. Future research should consider and strengthen relationships between resilience and empowerment.
From torrents to trickles: Irrigation's future in Africa and Asia
Ringler, Claudia. 2021
Ringler, Claudia. 2021
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-resource-101620-081102
Urban proximity, access to value chains, and dairy productivity in Ethiopia
Vandercasteelen, Joachim; Minten, Bart; Tamru, Seneshaw. 2021
Vandercasteelen, Joachim; Minten, Bart; Tamru, Seneshaw. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12641
Abstract | View
This article analyzes how urban proximity introduces spatial heterogeneity in farm productivity within the high-value dairy sector in one of the poorest countries in Africa, Ethiopia. We look at how urban proximity—measured as travel time—affects the decisions and productivity of milk farmers located in rural production zones serving fresh milk to the capital Addis Ababa. Using an instrumental variable approach, we find that with each additional hour of travel time, farmers’ milk productivity per cow is reduced, on average, by almost 1 L per day or by 26%. When trying to disentangle the underlying mechanisms (and controlling for transaction costs), we find that farmers’ inclusion in “modern” value chains and their access to commercial milk buyers and milk processing companies drive the urban proximity effect. As only a limited number of farmers have access to such value chains in developing countries, measures to make dairy value chains more inclusive to remote—often poorer—farmers can, therefore, have important benefits for them, for the performance of the dairy sector in Ethiopia, and for the process of agricultural transformation as a whole.
What do intra-household experiments measure? Evidence from the lab and field
Hoel, Jessica B.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Bernard, Tanguy; Ashour, Maha. 2021
Hoel, Jessica B.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Bernard, Tanguy; Ashour, Maha. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.jebo.2021.05.019
Abstract | View
Household economists have recently begun to use laboratory experiments to study behavior between spouses. While several connect inefficiency in the lab to specific constraints on decision-making (e.g. information asymmetries), few connect behavior in the lab to behavior and decision-making structures in the field. We study both efficiency and the decision-making process in semi-nomadic pastoralist households in Senegal with detailed survey data, vignettes, and public goods games. We find that inefficiency in a public goods game is correlated with larger gender gaps in milk production, an indicator of productive inefficiency at home. However, households that behave more efficiently in the lab report less collaborative decision-making at home. Our results suggest that lab games between spouses are measuring behavior meaningful to field outcomes, but that collaborative decision-making is not necessary to achieve efficiency.
Incentivising and retaining public servants in remote areas: A discrete choice experiment with agricultural extension agents in Ethiopia
Regassa, Mekdim D.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Kubik, Zaneta. 2021
Regassa, Mekdim D.; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Kubik, Zaneta. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/1477-9552.12432
Abstract | View
Increased deployment of agricultural extension agents (EAs) in rural areas is recommended to spur agricultural productivity and mitigate spatial imbalances in welfare. However, high turnover and low motivation levels of EAs in remote areas pose challenges for equitable service provision and, in some cases, exacerbate geographical welfare disparities. We assess the effectiveness of selected potential policy interventions to incentivise and retain EAs in remote areas of Ethiopia. To this end, we conducted a choice experiment to elicit the preferences of 761 EAs for job attributes. We apply a random parameters logit model to estimate parameters of interest and to simulate the impact of possible policy interventions. Our results show that offering education opportunities is by far the most powerful instrument to attract and retain EAs. It increases uptake of the extension job in remote locations by 77 percentage points, which is significantly higher than the effect from doubling current salary levels. EAs also expressed a strong preference for work environments with basic amenities, housing, transportation services, and well-equipped Farmer Training Centres (FTCs). Furthermore, the results from sub-sample analyses show that female EAs are less responsive to pecuniary incentives and are more concerned with the availability of infrastructure and amenities. Current salary levels, years of employment, and location of work are also important sources of heterogeneity in the response of EAs to potential policy changes.
The two-faced challenge of the credit constraints limiting smallholder farmers’ irrigation investments
Lefore, Nicole; Balana, Bedru; Ringler, Claudia. 2021
Lefore, Nicole; Balana, Bedru; Ringler, Claudia. 2021
Abstract | View
Many smallholder farmers, especially women and other marginalized groups, face difficulty in accessing loans and other forms of credit. Such credit constraints are often considered a key barrier to adoption of mechanized agricultural technologies, such as small scale irrigation equipment. So how can this challenge be overcome? A new study indicates that the solution might be more complex than previously assumed.
Social cost-benefit analysis of investment in rehabilitation of multipurpose small reservoirs in northern Ghana using an ecosystem services-based approach
Bekoe, Joseph; Balana, Bedru; Nimoh, Fred. 2021
Bekoe, Joseph; Balana, Bedru; Nimoh, Fred. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101329
Food trade openness and enhancement of food security: Partial equilibrium model simulations for selected countries
Fathelrahman, Eihab; Davies, Stephen; Muhammad, Safdar. 2021
Fathelrahman, Eihab; Davies, Stephen; Muhammad, Safdar. 2021
DOI : 10.3390/su13084107
Abstract | View
This research measured the welfare impacts of food trade liberalization in India, Egypt, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) using the partial equilibrium model—World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS). Macroeconomic settings, domestic policy objectives, and food security indicator data are used to assess the implications of the simulations on food availability and stability. Simulation results for India, Egypt, and Pakistan indicate annual welfare gains (consumer surplus) of 2571, 340, and 25 million USD, respectively, while Saudi Arabia and the UAE have gains of 14 and 17 million USD. Results show that tariff elimination would have wide-ranging welfare impacts across food commodities within these countries. Moreover, reductions for specific commodities directly relevant to food energy and protein availability would have a greater direct impact on the poor. Lowering the highest tariffs on those commodities might raise the real incomes of more than 350 million persons by 7.5% or more and could create shifts in consumption towards more diversified and nutritionally sound diets.
From bad to worse: Poverty impacts of food availability responses to weather shocks
Koo, Jawoo; Mamun, Abdullah; Martin, Will. 2021
Koo, Jawoo; Mamun, Abdullah; Martin, Will. 2021
DOI : 10.1111/agec.12657
Abstract | View
Since Amartya Sen's famous work on Poverty and Famines, economists have understood that the impacts of food market shocks on the poor depend much more on their impacts on households’ incomes and access to food than on overall food availability, and that availability-based policies frequently exacerbate adverse impacts on household welfare. Perhaps because household-level impacts are not directly observable many policy makers have continued to rely on availability-oriented policies such as export bans. In the Zambia case considered in this article, export bans imposed in response to an El Niño event appear to have greatly exacerbated the small increase in poverty resulting from the weather shock. The combination of household-level data and crop models used in this article allows us to assess the impacts of weather and price shocks at the household level, and to evaluate the suitability of availability-based policies for dealing with weather shocks. These analytical techniques can also help identify the households and regions adversely affected, and design policies to improve poor consumers’ access to food.
How accurate are yield estimates from crop cuts? Evidence from smallholder maize farms in Ethiopia
Kosmowski, Frederic; Chamberlin, Jordan; Ayalew, Hailemariam; Sida, Tesfaye; Abay, Kibrom A.; Craufurd, Peter. 2021
Kosmowski, Frederic; Chamberlin, Jordan; Ayalew, Hailemariam; Sida, Tesfaye; Abay, Kibrom A.; Craufurd, Peter. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102122
Abstract | View
Agricultural statistics and applied analyses have benefitted from moving from farmer estimates of yield to crop cut based estimates, now regarded as a gold standard. However, in practice, crop cuts and other sample-based protocols vary widely in the details of their implementations and little empirical work has documented how alternative yield estimation methods perform. Here, we undertake a well-measured experiment of multiple yield estimation methods on 237 smallholder maize plots in Amhara region, Ethiopia. We compare yield from a full plot harvest with farmer assessments and with estimates from a variety of field sampling protocols: W-walk, transect, random quadrant, random octant, center quadrant, and 3 diagonal quadrants. We find that protocol choices are important: alternative protocols vary considerably in their accuracy relative to the whole plot, with absolute mean errors ranging from 23 (farmer estimates) to 10.6 (random octant). Furthermore, while most methods approximate the sample mean reasonably well, the divergence of individual measures from true plot-level values can be considerable. We find that randomly positioned quadrants outperform systematic sampling schemes: the random octant had the best accuracy and was the most cost-effective. The nature of bias is non-classical: bias is correlated with plot size as well as with plot management characteristics. In summary, our results advocate that even “gold standard” crop cut measures should be interpreted cautiously, and more empirical work should be carried out to validate and extend our conclusions.
Clean water, sanitation and under-five children diarrhea incidence: Empirical evidence from the South Africa’s General Household Survey
Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola; Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Omotoso, Abeeb Babatunde; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Otekunrin, Olutosin Ademola; Daud, Adebola Saidat. 2021
Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola; Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Omotoso, Abeeb Babatunde; Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Otekunrin, Olutosin Ademola; Daud, Adebola Saidat. 2021
DOI : 10.1007/s11356-021-15182-w
Trade-offs and synergies associated with maize leaf stripping within crop-livestock systems in northern Ghana
Komarek, Adam M.; Rahman, Nurudeen Abdul; Bandyopadhyay, Arkadeep; Kizito, Fred; Koo, Jawoo; Addah, Weseh. 2021
Komarek, Adam M.; Rahman, Nurudeen Abdul; Bandyopadhyay, Arkadeep; Kizito, Fred; Koo, Jawoo; Addah, Weseh. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103206
Abstract | View
CONTEXT
The accessibility and availability of forages is a common concern in crop-livestock systems in West Africa; however, options to increase forage production may entail trade-offs within the farm system that can be challenging to quantify explicitly.
OBJECTIVE
This study examined how maize (Zea mays L.) leaf stripping affected maize and sheep productivity and associated labour requirements, and farm system trade-offs and synergies in four communities in the Northern Region of Ghana.
METHODS
Maize leaf stripping involved removing almost senesced leaves from maize plants below the cob level at silking. We combined data from three sources: on-farm maize trials with 28 farmers from two seasons (2017 and 2018), on-farm sheep feeding trials where the pasture-based diets of weaner sheep were supplemented with stripped maize leaves fed in pens (conducted in 2019), and farm survey data from 117 households (conducted in 2014), seven of which were in the on-farm maize trials and owned sheep. We examined the trial data using linear mixed-effects models.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Maize leaf stripping had no significant effect on maize grain yield but had a significant positive effect on maize forage protein yield from leaf and stover. Offering maize leaves to weaner sheep had a significant positive effect on average daily liveweight gain, estimated marginal mean was 29.3 g with maize leaves and −10.9 g without maize leaves. For the maize-sheep systems of the seven households, non-inferential statistics suggested that on average maize leaf stripping reduced total maize grain production by 12% (range −46 to 38) and increased maize forage protein production from leaf and stover by 90% (range −16 to 298). Stripping the maize leaves from one hectare of land took an extra 34 h (range 27 to 42) of labour, which was counterbalanced by reduced labour time for grazing as sheep were fed the maize leaves in pens. For the 117 farmers, heterogeneity in maize areas planted and livestock numbers resulted in heterogeneous production and labour effects of maize leaf stripping. Farmers qualitatively described how maize leaf stripping released labour so children could spend more time at school rather than shepherding.
SIGNIFICANCE
We quantified in northern Ghana how maize leaf stripping altered crop and livestock productivity and associated trade-offs and synergies in the farm system, including labour. Changes in crop management often have implications beyond the crop's field and examining these implications can provide insights into the suitability of alternative farm management options.
The accessibility and availability of forages is a common concern in crop-livestock systems in West Africa; however, options to increase forage production may entail trade-offs within the farm system that can be challenging to quantify explicitly.
OBJECTIVE
This study examined how maize (Zea mays L.) leaf stripping affected maize and sheep productivity and associated labour requirements, and farm system trade-offs and synergies in four communities in the Northern Region of Ghana.
METHODS
Maize leaf stripping involved removing almost senesced leaves from maize plants below the cob level at silking. We combined data from three sources: on-farm maize trials with 28 farmers from two seasons (2017 and 2018), on-farm sheep feeding trials where the pasture-based diets of weaner sheep were supplemented with stripped maize leaves fed in pens (conducted in 2019), and farm survey data from 117 households (conducted in 2014), seven of which were in the on-farm maize trials and owned sheep. We examined the trial data using linear mixed-effects models.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS
Maize leaf stripping had no significant effect on maize grain yield but had a significant positive effect on maize forage protein yield from leaf and stover. Offering maize leaves to weaner sheep had a significant positive effect on average daily liveweight gain, estimated marginal mean was 29.3 g with maize leaves and −10.9 g without maize leaves. For the maize-sheep systems of the seven households, non-inferential statistics suggested that on average maize leaf stripping reduced total maize grain production by 12% (range −46 to 38) and increased maize forage protein production from leaf and stover by 90% (range −16 to 298). Stripping the maize leaves from one hectare of land took an extra 34 h (range 27 to 42) of labour, which was counterbalanced by reduced labour time for grazing as sheep were fed the maize leaves in pens. For the 117 farmers, heterogeneity in maize areas planted and livestock numbers resulted in heterogeneous production and labour effects of maize leaf stripping. Farmers qualitatively described how maize leaf stripping released labour so children could spend more time at school rather than shepherding.
SIGNIFICANCE
We quantified in northern Ghana how maize leaf stripping altered crop and livestock productivity and associated trade-offs and synergies in the farm system, including labour. Changes in crop management often have implications beyond the crop's field and examining these implications can provide insights into the suitability of alternative farm management options.
Resilience-focused food systems transformation to meet Sustainable Development Goals in Zimbabwe
Tinarwo, Joseph; Babu, Suresh Chandra. 2021
Tinarwo, Joseph; Babu, Suresh Chandra. 2021
Abstract | View
According to the Food Security Information Network's recent Global Report on Food Crises (2021), Zimbabwe is on the list of the top six countries in the world experiencing a food crisis. The food crisis in Zimbabwe is compounded by external shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic and economic and weather-related shocks, and it brings a sharper focus and a deeper scrutiny to the challenges of achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Moving from crisis to a development pathway and achieving SDGs requires a food system transformation (FST) that recognizes resilience building as a key precondition. Yet very little attention is paid to developing and implementing resilience programming in a systematic way. Why and how can resilience programming be the focus of FST in Zimbabwe?
Design and implementation of impact evaluations of MSD projects: The case of InovAgro
Ghebru, Hosaena; Grant, William; Smart, Jenny. Bethesda, Maryland; Washington, DC 2021
Ghebru, Hosaena; Grant, William; Smart, Jenny. Bethesda, Maryland; Washington, DC 2021
Abstract | View
This paper identifies the lessons learned from the InovAgro MSD programme from a value chain perspective as well as in cross-cutting services in Northern Mozambique’s agricultural sector. The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and DAI provide observations concerning what worked well and what did not work well in terms of the collaborative design and execution of the project and its impact evaluation.
Re-examining the effects of drought on intimate-partner violence
Cooper, Matthew; Sandler, Austin; Vitellozzi, Sveva; Lee, Yeyoung; Seymour, Greg; Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo. 2021
Cooper, Matthew; Sandler, Austin; Vitellozzi, Sveva; Lee, Yeyoung; Seymour, Greg; Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo. 2021
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0254346
Abstract | View
Droughts are associated with several societal ills, especially in developing economies that rely on rainfed agriculture. Recently, researchers have begun to examine the effect of droughts on the risk of Intimate-Partner Violence (IPV), but so far this work has led to inconclusive results. For example, two large recent studies analyzed comparable data from multiple sub-Saharan African countries and drew opposite conclusions. We attempt to resolve this apparent paradox by replicating previous analyses with the largest data set yet assembled to study drought and IPV. Integrating the methods of previous studies and taking particular care to control for spatial autocorrelation, we find little association between drought and most forms of IPV, although we do find evidence of associations between drought and women’s partners exhibiting controlling behaviors. Moreover, we do not find significant heterogeneous effects based on wealth, employment, household drinking water sources, or urban-rural locality.
Soil health and grain yield impacts of climate resilient agriculture projects: Evidence from southern Malawi
Amadu, Festus O.; McNamara, Paul E.; Davis, Kristin E.. 2021
Amadu, Festus O.; McNamara, Paul E.; Davis, Kristin E.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103230
Social dimensions of Weather Index Insurance in reaching marginal stakeholders: Lessons from Asia and Africa: Webinar summary report
Aheeyar, Mohamed; de Silva, Sanjiv; Barua, Anamika. Colombo, Sri Lanka 2021
Aheeyar, Mohamed; de Silva, Sanjiv; Barua, Anamika. Colombo, Sri Lanka 2021
Abstract | View
Climate change will have an impact on natural resources, water being one of them, affecting the availability of water including increasing the intensity of floods and droughts. It is also a known fact that the impact of natural hazards is felt more in developing countries compared to developed countries and especially by vulnerable and marginalised groups within communities. Such groups are more at risk due to their greater exposure (e.g. cultivation on low-lying land) and poor capacity to adapt (e.g. less access to irrigation and financial assets- poor literacy and agency) and hence lower resilience. This is compounded by the fact that financial support from the government is not readily available in many developing countries for all losses.
Rising land commodification in sub-Saharan Africa: Reconciling the diverse narratives
Jayne, Thomas S.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Holden, Stein Terje; Ghebru, Hosaena; Ricker-Gilbert, Jacob; Place, Frank M.. 2021
Jayne, Thomas S.; Chamberlin, Jordan; Holden, Stein Terje; Ghebru, Hosaena; Ricker-Gilbert, Jacob; Place, Frank M.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100565
Abstract | View
Scholarship on African land markets has proliferated in recent years. We contend that this scholarship consists of distinct literatures that examine non-overlapping parts of the system and diverge in their conclusions. Some studies view rising land markets as providing greater options for smallholder farmers and positive impacts on agricultural productivity and equity, while others emphasize large-scale land acquisitions and disenfranchisement as the dominant narrative. This article reviews these disparate literatures, identifies points of convergence and disagreement, and outlines steps required to achieve greater consensus on the effects of rising commodification of land. We conclude that land prices are rapidly rising throughout the region, that smallholder participation in land rental and purchase markets are generally rising, and that increased land market activity is generating complex distributional effects that remain poorly understood.
The impact of Ethiopia's direct seed marketing approach on smallholders' access to seeds, productivity, and commercialization
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Yimam, Seid; Benfica, Rui; Spielman, David J.; Place, Frank. 2021
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Yimam, Seid; Benfica, Rui; Spielman, David J.; Place, Frank. 2021
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.312925
Abstract | View
Several factors contribute to the low level of improved variety use in Ethiopia. Among those, on the supply side, is the limited availability of seed in the volumes, quality, and timeliness required by farmers, which is partly a result of limited public and private investment in the sector. Beginning in 2011, the Government of Ethiopia introduced a novel experiment-the Direct Seed Marketing (DSM) approach-to reduce some of the centralized, state-run attributes of the country’s seed market and rationalize the use of public resources. DSM was designed to incentivize private and public seed producers to sell seed directly to farmers rather than through the state apparatus. This study is the first quantitative evaluation of DSM’s impact on indicators of a healthy seed system: access to quality seeds, on-farm productivity, and market participation of smallholders. Using a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences approach, the study finds that DSM led to a 26 percent increase in maize yields and a 5 percent increase in the share of maize harvest sold. DSM also led to improvements in seed availability for all three of Ethiopia’s major cereals: maize, wheat, and teff. However, DSM’s effects on yields and share of harvest sold are not statistically significant for wheat and teff. These crop-specific differences in performance are likely explainable by biological differences between hybrid maize and openly pollinated varieties of wheat and teff that incentivize private sector participation in maize seed markets over wheat and teff seed markets. These differences demand different policies and perhaps even institutional approaches to accelerating adoption between hybrids and OPVs.
Four priorities for Zambia after the 2021 elections
Resnick, Danielle. 2021
Resnick, Danielle. 2021
Abstract | View
Whoever wins Zambia’s 2021 general elections will face two key challenges: reviving the country’s democratic credentials and stimulating the economy. To achieve this, the new administration must have at least four priorities. These are regaining credibility with the international financiers, fighting corruption, curtailing the dominance of the executive branch of government, and ending the reign of terror by political party vigilantes, known as “cadres”.
Follow the leader? A field experiment on social influence
Ambler, Kate; Godlonton, Susan; Recalde, Maria P.. 2021
Ambler, Kate; Godlonton, Susan; Recalde, Maria P.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.jebo.2021.05.022
Abstract | View
We conduct an artefactual field experiment in endogenously formed groups in rural Malawi to investigate social influence in risk taking. Treatments vary whether individuals observe the behavior of a formally elected leader, an external leader, or a random peer. Results show social influence in risk taking with differential influence by leader type. The decisions made by peers are most influential, followed by those made by formal leaders, and then external leaders. Exploratory analysis suggests that participants follow peers because they extract information from their choices and share risks with them; while other forms of social utility are gained from following the example of leaders.
Model of success: Extension services helping Ugandan youth find a career in agriculture
Lamm, Kevan W.; Mulvaney, Chandler; Lamm, Alexa J.; Davis, Kristin E.; Masambuka-Kanchewa, Fallys; Nahdy, Silim. 2021
Lamm, Kevan W.; Mulvaney, Chandler; Lamm, Alexa J.; Davis, Kristin E.; Masambuka-Kanchewa, Fallys; Nahdy, Silim. 2021
DOI : 10.5191/jiaee.2021.28307
Abstract | View
As the world continues to experience a population boom amidst growing food insecurity concerns, the need for well-trained and competent youth in agriculture-related industries is on the rise in Sub-Saharan African countries, specifically Uganda. With 78 percent of Uganda’s population below the age of thirty, the number of unemployed and unskilled workers presents a challenge to a country that relies heavily on jobs within the agricultural sector to thrive. Due to the increased number of unskilled youths, extension-based services such as the National Agriculture Advisory Services (NAADS) and the Uganda Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services (UFAAS) are needed to connect with youth organizations to provide training and direction for those seeking careers in agriculture. This study sought to better understand the phenomena of competency development through various communication channels used to facilitate leadership development and agricultural literacy within a youth organization known as Nokia Farming Agricultural Innovation Platform (NOFAIP). A single instrumental case study was conducted to assess the career preparedness of youth within the NOFAIP group and opportunities that exist for employment within agriculture-related industries. Results found that upon receiving training from UFAAS, the NOFAIP group had increased their credibility amongst Ugandan farming communities and supported the growth of agricultural competencies, such as soil testing, using backpack sprayers to spread fertilizers, and managing citrus groves. Through hands-on experiences and engagement with appropriate training, the NOFAIP group established communication channels that were critical to experience personal growth and the invigoration of an entrepreneurial spirit within agriculture.
A semi-qualitative approach to the operationalization of the Food–Environment–Energy–Water (FE2W) Nexus concept for infrastructure planning: A case study of the Niger Basin
Seidou, Ousmane; Ringler, Claudia; Kalcic, Spela; Ferrini, Luca; Ramani, Traoré Abdou; Guero, Abdou. 2021
Seidou, Ousmane; Ringler, Claudia; Kalcic, Spela; Ferrini, Luca; Ramani, Traoré Abdou; Guero, Abdou. 2021
DOI : 10.1080/02508060.2021.1956231
Abstract | View
The countries sharing the Niger River suffer from poor access to clean water and energy as well as food insecurity. The Niger River Basin Authority is tasked with advancing progress in all these areas while also reducing environmental degradation. To help the basin authority and its investors prioritize portfolio activities that support multiple securities of interest, we developed a mixed-methods approach that engaged basin countries in qualitatively ranking projects to meet energy, environmental and food security goals, complemented by quantitative modelling for the more complex ranking of water and environmental sustainability goals, necessitated by complex upstream–downstream linkages.
Coherence for nutrition: Insights from nutrition-relevant policies and programs in Burkina Faso and Nigeria
Billings, Lucy; Pradeilles, Rebecca; Gillespie, Stuart; Vanderkooy, Anna; Diatta, Dieynab; Touré, Mariama; Diatta, Ampa Dogui; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn. 2021
Billings, Lucy; Pradeilles, Rebecca; Gillespie, Stuart; Vanderkooy, Anna; Diatta, Dieynab; Touré, Mariama; Diatta, Ampa Dogui; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn. 2021
DOI : 10.1093/heapol/czab108
Abstract | View
There is consensus that policy coherence is necessary for implementing effective and sustainable approaches to tackle malnutrition. We look at whether policies and programmes provide a coherent pathway to address nutrition priorities and if programmes are designed to deliver interventions aligned to the nutrition policy agenda in Nigeria and Burkina Faso. A systematic desk review was performed on nutrition-relevant policy and programme documents, obtained through grey literature searches and expert recommendations. We developed a framework with an impact pathway structure that includes five process steps, which was used to guide coding, data reduction and synthesis and structure the analysis. We assessed internal coherence along process steps within a given document and external coherence across process steps for explicitly linked policy/programme pairs. The majority of policies and programmes had partial internal coherence for both countries. The identification of relevant nutrition interventions to address challenges and reach objectives was the strongest connection within policies (16 out of 45 had complete coherence) while among programmes the strongest connection was coverage indicators that measure interventions (9 out of 21 had complete coherence). Eight programmes explicitly referenced at least one nutrition-relevant policy with a total of 16 linked policy/programme pairs (13 pairs for Burkina Faso and 3 for Nigeria) across health, nutrition, agriculture, and social focus areas. However, none of the linked pairs were assessed to have complete external coherence suggesting that priorities at policy level are not fully realised nor translated at programme level. This study offers a new approach for assessment of policy and program coherence and specifically examines policy and program linkages. We conclude that improved leadership on country priority setting and better alignment for nutrition within and across sectors is needed to enhance the effectiveness of nutrition investments.
Are we done yet? Response fatigue and rural livelihoods
Ambler, Kate; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Maredia, Mywish K.. 2021
Ambler, Kate; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Maredia, Mywish K.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102736
Abstract | View
Effective policy requires an accurate understanding of peoples’ livelihoods activities. The data for this evidence is often generated via lengthy surveys where designated respondents provide information about their household members. This burden on respondents may lead to both losses and biases as they grow fatigued during the interview. We test these hypotheses with an experiment in rural Ghana where we randomize individual household members’ position in the labor module. We find that moving a household member back by one position reduces their reported number of productive activities by 2.2% with average aggregate losses of 7.9%, or approximately one out of every twelve activities. Losses for women and youth are closer to one in nine. These biases result from both differential exposure to response fatigue (being positioned later in rosters) and differential vulnerability (greater impacts conditional on position). These results have important implications for data quality across many settings and topics.
Analyzing the drivers of household dietary diversity: Evidence from Burkina Faso
Bandyopadhyay, Arkadeep; Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Somé, Jérôme. 2021
Bandyopadhyay, Arkadeep; Haile, Beliyou; Azzarri, Carlo; Somé, Jérôme. 2021
DOI : 10.1177/03795721211029092
Abstract | View
Background: The diets of millions of poor individuals lack adequate amount of essential nutrients.
Objective: To examine the determinants of household dietary diversity in Burkina Faso and assess whether the choice of a diversity metric matters.
Methods: Using survey data from 2014, we construct 3 metrics—Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), Berry Index (BI), and Healthy Food Diversity Index (HFDI). Unlike the oft-used HDDS, the BI captures the quantity distribution of food items while the HFDI captures all 3 aspects of a healthy diet—count, quantity distribution, and health value. We fit linear (for BI and HFDI) and Poisson (for HDDS) models controlling for several socioeconomic and climatic covariates.
Results: Some parameter estimates are sensitive to the diversity metric with fewer significant covariates observed in the HFDI model. Overall, diets are more diverse for households in urban areas, with female or better educated heads, with higher asset-based wealth and with more diverse on-farm production, while remoteness reduces dietary diversity. Higher precipitation seems to reduce diversity, potentially driven by the spatial heterogeneity in precipitation and on-farm production diversity.
Conclusions: The sensitivity of estimates to the metric used underscores potentially more complex interactions that determine the quantity distribution of food items consumed. Policies that enhance on-farm production diversity, market access, and women’s empowerment may help improve dietary diversity and subsequent nutritional benefits. Efforts should be made to compile health value data that are relevant to developing countries facing nutrition transition.
Objective: To examine the determinants of household dietary diversity in Burkina Faso and assess whether the choice of a diversity metric matters.
Methods: Using survey data from 2014, we construct 3 metrics—Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), Berry Index (BI), and Healthy Food Diversity Index (HFDI). Unlike the oft-used HDDS, the BI captures the quantity distribution of food items while the HFDI captures all 3 aspects of a healthy diet—count, quantity distribution, and health value. We fit linear (for BI and HFDI) and Poisson (for HDDS) models controlling for several socioeconomic and climatic covariates.
Results: Some parameter estimates are sensitive to the diversity metric with fewer significant covariates observed in the HFDI model. Overall, diets are more diverse for households in urban areas, with female or better educated heads, with higher asset-based wealth and with more diverse on-farm production, while remoteness reduces dietary diversity. Higher precipitation seems to reduce diversity, potentially driven by the spatial heterogeneity in precipitation and on-farm production diversity.
Conclusions: The sensitivity of estimates to the metric used underscores potentially more complex interactions that determine the quantity distribution of food items consumed. Policies that enhance on-farm production diversity, market access, and women’s empowerment may help improve dietary diversity and subsequent nutritional benefits. Efforts should be made to compile health value data that are relevant to developing countries facing nutrition transition.
Women’s empowerment and gender equality in agricultural value chains: Evidence from four countries in Asia and Africa
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Heckert, Jessica; Faas, Simone; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Malapit, Hazel J.; The pro-WEAI for Market Inclusion Study Team. 2021
Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Heckert, Jessica; Faas, Simone; Ramani, Gayathri V.; Raghunathan, Kalyani; Malapit, Hazel J.; The pro-WEAI for Market Inclusion Study Team. 2021
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-021-01193-5
Abstract | View
Women play important roles at different nodes of both agricultural and off-farm value chains, but in many countries their contributions are either underestimated or limited by prevailing societal norms or gender-specific barriers. We use primary data collected in Asia (Bangladesh, Philippines) and Africa (Benin, Malawi) to examine the relationships between women’s empowerment, gender equality, and participation in a variety of local agricultural value chains that comprise the food system. We find that the value chain and the specific node of engagement matter, as do other individual and household characteristics, but in different ways depending on country context. Entrepreneurship—often engaged in by wealthier households with greater ability to take risks—is not necessarily empowering for women; nor is household wealth, as proxied by their asset ownership. Increased involvement in the market is not necessarily correlated with greater gender equality. Education is positively correlated with higher empowerment of both men and women, but the strength of this association varies. Training and extension services are generally positively associated with empowerment but could also exacerbate the inequality in empowerment between men and women in the same household. All in all, culture and context determine whether participation in value chains—and which node of the value chain—is empowering. In designing food systems interventions, care should be taken to consider the social and cultural contexts in which these food systems operate, so that interventions do not exacerbate existing gender inequalities.
Africa’s farmers deserve choices
Njuki, Jemimah; Nsimadala, Elizabeth. 2021
Njuki, Jemimah; Nsimadala, Elizabeth. 2021
Estimate crop type distribution in South Africa using Google Earth Engine cloud computing
Guo, Zhe; Sheng, Andrew. 2021
Guo, Zhe; Sheng, Andrew. 2021
DOI : 10.1109/Agro-Geoinformatics50104.2021.9530332
Fortified balanced energy-protein supplements increase nutrient adequacy without displacing food intake in pregnant women in rural Burkina Faso
de Kok, Brenda; Argaw, Alemayehu; Hanley-Cook, Giles; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Ouédraogo, Moctar; Diop, Loty; Becquey, Elodie; Huybregts, Lieven. 2021
de Kok, Brenda; Argaw, Alemayehu; Hanley-Cook, Giles; Toe, Laeticia Celine; Ouédraogo, Moctar; Diop, Loty; Becquey, Elodie; Huybregts, Lieven. 2021
DOI : 10.1093/jn/nxab289
Abstract | View
Background: In many low- and middle-income countries, the prevalence of energy and nutrient deficiencies is high among pregnant women. Balanced energy-protein (BEP) supplements are a promising strategy to cover nutritional requirements during pregnancy and improve birth outcomes. However, the displacement of nutrient-dense foods by BEP might attenuate the efficacy of supplementation.
Objective: This cross-sectional study of participants in a randomized controlled trial evaluated the difference in energy and macro- and micronutrient intakes, food groups, and nutrient adequacy between a control and intervention group receiving either a daily iron–folic acid (IFA) tablet or IFA and BEP supplement during pregnancy, respectively.
Methods: We collected a single multiple-pass 24-h recall from 470 pregnant women from the MIcronutriments pour la SAnté de la Mère et de l'Enfant (MISAME) III study that investigates the efficacy of BEP supplementation on birth outcomes and infant growth. Dietary intake (median and IQR) and nutrient adequacy were assessed using individual recipes and preparation methods of mixed dishes for each participant. Linear regression models were fitted to compare energy and nutrient intakes.
Results: Dietary energy, and macro- and micronutrient intakes were significantly higher among women in the intervention group when including BEP [2329 kcal/d (1855, 3008 kcal/d) compared with 1942 kcal/d (1575, 2405 kcal/d) in the control group (all P < 0.001)]. The difference in median energy intake (448 kcal/d; 95% CI: 291, 605 kcal/d) was approximately equivalent to a daily dose of the BEP supplement (393 kcal). Nutrient adequacy ratios for both groups were low for all micronutrients (between 0.02 and 0.66), when excluding BEP (except iron and folic acid, due to standard supplemental doses) from analysis. However, nutrient intakes increased to the Estimated Average Requirement for pregnant women when including BEP supplements. Conclusions: BEP supplementation increases energy and macro- and micronutrient intakes among pregnant women and fills nutrient gaps without displacing food intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03533712 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03533712).
Objective: This cross-sectional study of participants in a randomized controlled trial evaluated the difference in energy and macro- and micronutrient intakes, food groups, and nutrient adequacy between a control and intervention group receiving either a daily iron–folic acid (IFA) tablet or IFA and BEP supplement during pregnancy, respectively.
Methods: We collected a single multiple-pass 24-h recall from 470 pregnant women from the MIcronutriments pour la SAnté de la Mère et de l'Enfant (MISAME) III study that investigates the efficacy of BEP supplementation on birth outcomes and infant growth. Dietary intake (median and IQR) and nutrient adequacy were assessed using individual recipes and preparation methods of mixed dishes for each participant. Linear regression models were fitted to compare energy and nutrient intakes.
Results: Dietary energy, and macro- and micronutrient intakes were significantly higher among women in the intervention group when including BEP [2329 kcal/d (1855, 3008 kcal/d) compared with 1942 kcal/d (1575, 2405 kcal/d) in the control group (all P < 0.001)]. The difference in median energy intake (448 kcal/d; 95% CI: 291, 605 kcal/d) was approximately equivalent to a daily dose of the BEP supplement (393 kcal). Nutrient adequacy ratios for both groups were low for all micronutrients (between 0.02 and 0.66), when excluding BEP (except iron and folic acid, due to standard supplemental doses) from analysis. However, nutrient intakes increased to the Estimated Average Requirement for pregnant women when including BEP supplements. Conclusions: BEP supplementation increases energy and macro- and micronutrient intakes among pregnant women and fills nutrient gaps without displacing food intake. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03533712 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03533712).
Adoption of multiple sustainable land management practices among irrigator rural farm households of Ethiopia
Bekele, Rahel Deribe; Mirzabaev, Alisher; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2021
Bekele, Rahel Deribe; Mirzabaev, Alisher; Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework. 2021
DOI : 10.1002/ldr.4091
Abstract | View
Using a household and plot-level survey conducted in Ethiopia, this study analyzes the difference in farmers’ adoption of sustainable land management (SLM) practices between their rainfed and irrigated plots. The paper also investigates the varying influence of different types of irrigation water management systems and associated irrigation technologies on the adoption of SLM practices in irrigated plots. After controlling for heterogeneity among different irrigation water management systems and technologies, we found that access to irrigation play major role in enhancing farmers’ motivation to adopt more SLM practices. Furthermore, the combined effect of irrigation water management system and irrigation technology on type and number of SLM practices adopted is quite varied and very significant. The evidence highlights that farmers adopt more SLM practices in their plots with pump irrigation compared to those plots where gravity irrigation is applied because pump irrigation systems enhance complementarities with SLM practices. Finally, the findings underscore that the type of irrigation water management and the irrigation technology applied play an important role in restoring degraded lands and maintaining soil fertility, even when farmers’ adoption of irrigation was not explicitly triggered by concerns for soil health.
The rising price of nutritious foods: The case of Ethiopia
Ameye, Hannah; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Minten, Bart. 2021
Ameye, Hannah; Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Minten, Bart. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100582
Barrières commerciales: Et si on parlait de la corruption?
Bouët, Antoine; Cissé, Brahima; Traoré, Fousseini. 2021
Bouët, Antoine; Cissé, Brahima; Traoré, Fousseini. 2021
Abstract | View
Les économistes travaillant sur les barrières au commerce international s’intéressent beaucoup depuis une dizaine d’années aux barrières administratives, appelées parfois par euphémisme tracasseries administratives (« red tape » en anglais) et à la corruption des douaniers.
Pour eux, les tracasseries administratives sont un substitut au protectionnisme, traditionnellement appliqué sous la forme de droits de douane [1]. Un accord régional, tel une zone de libre-échange, empêche les gouvernements d’utiliser les tarifs douaniers, mais il ne peut pas spécifier le degré d’utilisation des règlementations nationales. Les tracasseries administratives permettent de protéger les firmes nationales, davantage aptes à les respecter que les firmes étrangères, tout en respectant les accords internationaux.
Pour eux, les tracasseries administratives sont un substitut au protectionnisme, traditionnellement appliqué sous la forme de droits de douane [1]. Un accord régional, tel une zone de libre-échange, empêche les gouvernements d’utiliser les tarifs douaniers, mais il ne peut pas spécifier le degré d’utilisation des règlementations nationales. Les tracasseries administratives permettent de protéger les firmes nationales, davantage aptes à les respecter que les firmes étrangères, tout en respectant les accords internationaux.
Leading the way: Foreign direct investment and dairy value chain upgrading in Uganda
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Minten, Bart; Swinnen, Johan. 2021
Van Campenhout, Bjorn; Minten, Bart; Swinnen, Johan. 2021
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.313806
Abstract | View
Driven by increased demand from both local and export markets and facilitated by far-reaching liberalization and privatization policies, the dairy sub-sector in Uganda has undergone significant changes in the last decade. With a comparative advantage in milk production, the southwest of Uganda has started to attract considerable Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in processing capacity, mainly targeting the export market. As a result, processing capacity increased five-fold and dairy became Uganda's third most important export product, coming from negligible amounts a decade earlier. In this study, we use data collected at different nodes within the value chain to identify some of the key innovations in these value chains. This is done by comparing the area that received the bulk of FDI to a similar area that did not. Furthermore, we also provide an econometric analysis that focuses on the integration of value chain actors into modern value chains more broadly defined. We find that dairy value chains are transforming rapidly, but innovations are more pronounced in areas that received the bulk of FDI. Our analysis further underscores the importance of milk collection centers, which often take the form of farmer cooperatives, in providing many of the support services that enable other actors in the value chain to produce sufficient milk, and maintain milk sanitation levels necessary for a modern export sector to emerge.
Smart subsidies for sustainable soils: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in southern Malawi
Ward, Patrick S.; Mapemba, Lawrence; Bell, Andrew R.. 2021
Ward, Patrick S.; Mapemba, Lawrence; Bell, Andrew R.. 2021
Abstract | View
Conventional agricultural practices – especially conventional tillage – are a major driver of soil erosion globally. While soil may not frequently be considered a vulnerable natural resource, the erosion and degradation of soils poses a serious threat to food production and the production of numerous otherin situ andex situ ecosystem services. This study provides some of the first evidence on the effectiveness of a payments for ecosystem services (PES) program to encourage the adoption of soil conservation practices, specifically conservation agriculture (CA). Through minimized soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and diversified crop mix, CA is believed to enhance soil fertility and rehabilitate soil structure, with the resulting preservation of ecosystem service flows. By providing calibrated financial incentives, we demonstrate that it is possible to substantially increase the extent and intensity of CA adoption. What’s more, we show that a novel incentive mechanisms that leverages social networks for the consolidation of fragmented land may be more effective at bringing more land under conservation objectives, even if some of the additional land does not officially fall under the purview of the PES program. We also demonstrate that some of the supposed weaknesses hindering the adoption of CA – lower yields in the short-run and higher expenditures on weed control – were not necessarily obstacles in our study area, perhaps suggesting that the provision of subsidies need not continue into perpetuity, but may only be needed to overcome short-term transition costs.
Smart subsidies for sustainable soils: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial in southern Malawi
Ward, Patrick S.; Mapemba, Lawrence; Bell, Andrew R.. 2021
Ward, Patrick S.; Mapemba, Lawrence; Bell, Andrew R.. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.jeem.2021.102556
Abstract | View
Conventional agricultural practices – especially conventional tillage – are a major driver of soil erosion globally. While soil may not frequently considered a vulnerable natural resource, the erosion and degradation of soils poses a serious threat to food production and the production of numerous otherin situ andex situ ecosystem services. This study provides some of the first evidence on the effectiveness of a payments for ecosystem services (PES) program to encourage the adoption of soil conservation practices, specifically conservation agriculture (CA). Through minimized soil disturbance, permanent soil cover, and diversified crop mix, CA is believed to enhance soil fertility and rehabilitate soil structure, with the resulting preservation of ecosystem service flows. By providing calibrated financial incentives, we demonstrate that it is possible to substantially increase the extent and intensity of CA adoption. What’s more, we show that a novel incentive mechanisms that leverages social networks for the consolidation of fragmented land may be more effective at bringing more land under conservation objectives, even if some of the additional land does not officially fall under the purview of the PES program. We also demonstrate that some of the supposed weaknesses hindering the adoption of CA – lower yields in the short-run and higher expenditures on weed control – were not necessarily obstacles in our study area, perhaps suggesting that the provision of subsidies need not continue into perpetuity, but may only be needed to overcome short-term transition costs.
Exploring the drivers of malnutrition in West Africa from health and social science perspectives: A comparative methodological review
Salm, Leah; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn; Nisbett, Nicholas; Booth, Andrew. 2021
Salm, Leah; Verstraeten, Roosmarijn; Nisbett, Nicholas; Booth, Andrew. 2021
DOI : 10.1177%2F20597991211051445
Abstract | View
West Africa has a high burden of malnutrition and the drivers are often complex, highly context-specific, and cut across individual, social, political and environmental domains. Public health research most often considers immediate individual health and diet drivers, at the expense of wider considerations that may fall outside of a health agenda. The objective of this systematic mapping review is to map the broad drivers of malnutrition in West Africa, from public health and social science perspectives, and to evaluate the additional value of an interdisciplinary approach. Evidence was gathered from one public health (MEDLINE) and one social science (International Bibliography of Social Science) database using a detailed search syntax tailored to each disciplinary configuration. Literature was screened against pre-determined eligibility criteria and extracted from abstracts. Studies published in English or French between January 2010 and April 2018 were considered for inclusion. Driver categories (immediate, underlying and basic drivers) were coded against the UNICEF conceptual framework of malnutrition. A total of 358 studies were included; 237 were retrieved from the public health database and 124 from the social science database, 3 studies were included in both. The public health and social science literature document different drivers, with MEDLINE most often reporting immediate drivers of malnutrition and the International Bibliography of Social Science database reporting underlying and basic drivers. The combined literature offers more balanced representation across categories. An interdisciplinary approach proved successful in achieving complementarity in search results while upholding rigorous methods. We recommend that interdisciplinary approaches are utilised to bridge recognised gaps between defined disciplines.
Assessment of factors affecting the decision of smallholder farmers to use alternative maize storage technologies in Gatsibo District-Rwanda
Benimana, Gilberthe Uwera; Ritho, Cecilia; Irungu, Patrick. 2021
Benimana, Gilberthe Uwera; Ritho, Cecilia; Irungu, Patrick. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08235
Abstract | View
Storage is an important aspect of food security in developing countries. Therefore, it is crucial for farmers to have access to sustainable storage technologies to cope with storage losses. Maize is an important staple and commercial food in Rwanda, but maize farmers are still being challenged by storage losses because of the lack of proper storage facilities. It is in that regard that advanced maize storage technology, notably hermetic maize storage technology, has been introduced in Rwanda in 2012. However, since its introduction, the adoption rate is low among smallholder maize farmers. Understanding the factors influencing farmers’ choice of alternative maize storage technology could provide Rwandan policymakers with important information for designing policies and programs aimed at reducing maize post-harvest losses to enhance household food security. This study used a multivariate probit model on a randomly selected cross-sectional sample of 301 smallholder maize farmers from the Gatsibo District of Rwanda to take part. The results revealed that the common maize storage technologies used among smallholder farmers were polypropylene sacks with and without chemicals, hermetic bags, and silos. Only 41% of respondents used hermetic maize storage technology. The model results showed that membership in a farmer group, access to credit, the quantity of maize produced, access to training, and selling maize soon after it dries, were the major factors influencing the decision of smallholder farmers to use alternative maize storage technologies. The study recommends that the policymakers and other stakeholders in post-harvest loss reduction should support the dissemination of advanced storage technologies to facilitate access. The government should support farmer acquisition of post-harvest maize loss reduction technologies either through subsidization of hermetic bags or provision of cheap credit.
Has continued exposure to Banana Xanthomonas Wilt worsened farmers’ welfare over time? Evidence from banana-producing households in Uganda
Mbabazi, Esther Gloria; Kikulwe, Enoch M.; Kyanjo, Joseph Lule; Mulumba, Nasser; Kato, Edward; Gotor, Elisabetta. 2021
Mbabazi, Esther Gloria; Kikulwe, Enoch M.; Kyanjo, Joseph Lule; Mulumba, Nasser; Kato, Edward; Gotor, Elisabetta. 2021
DOI : 10.5539/jas.v13n11p11
Abstract | View
The livelihoods of millions of banana-farming households have been affected by Banana Xanthomonas Wilt (BXW) in Uganda for nearly two decades. The disease has no known cure, all banana cultivars grown are susceptible to it and it is endemic in all banana-producing regions in the country. This study analysed the long-term impact of the disease on the livelihoods of banana-producing households. Using a balanced panel dataset of 1,056 households, which were visited in 2015 and revisited in 2018, provides the opportunity to empirically measure the long-term consequences of the disease on farmers’ economic wellbeing in the four major banana growing regions in Uganda. We find striking results pertinent to disease incidence, success in disease management, household income and poverty when deploying BXW control practices. Although the disease has remained present in farmers’ fields, there is a significant reduction in household poverty levels. Results show that some farmers expanded the production of beans and coffee without encroaching on their banana plantations. Increase in bean production was largely through intercropping. Investment in coffee was constrained by land ownership, hence only a viable venture for the wealthy farmers who own bigger pieces of land. Land-poor farmers continued to rely on bananas for their livelihoods. Consistent participation in disease management training significantly influenced adoption of the cultural control practices. Consequently, farming households that systematically adopted these practices were able to maintain low levels of disease incidence, improve productivity by 438 kg/ha/year and increased their daily and annual household income by US$1.75 and UGX 2.383 million (US$648), respectively. The findings suggest that banana is an important crop to smallholder farmers and expansion into other cash crops requires bigger resource outlays, and that despite continued exposure to BXW, farmers’ income increased over time. Farmers should continuously and systematically use the recommended control practices to avoid BXW resurgence and, consequently, a reduction in their income.
Quiet Revolution by SMEs in the midstream of value chains in developing regions: Wholesale markets, wholesalers, logistics, and processing
Reardon, Thomas; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Minten, Bart. 2021
Reardon, Thomas; Liverpool-Tasie, Lenis Saweda; Minten, Bart. 2021
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-021-01224-1
Abstract | View
Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the midstream (processors, wholesalers and wholesale markets, and logistics) segments of transforming value chains have proliferated rapidly over the past several decades in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Their spread has been most rapid in the long transitional stage between the traditional and modern stages, when value chains grow long and developed with urbanization but are still fragmented, before consolidation. Most of Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, and parts of the other regions, are in that stage. The midstream SMEs in output and input value chains are important to overall food security (moving about 65% of food consumed in Africa and South Asia), and to employment, farmers, poor consumers, and the environment. The midstream of value chains is neglected in the national and international debates as the “missing middle.” We found that it is indeed not missing but rather hidden from the debate, hence “the hidden middle.” The midstream SMEs grow quickly and succeed where enabling conditions are present. Our main policy recommendations are to support the SMEs further growth through a focus on infrastructure investment, in particular on wholesale markets and roads, a reduction of policy-related constraints such as excessive red tape, and regulation for food safety and good commercial practices.
The impact of adoption of artificial pollination technology in cocoa production: Evidence from Ghana
Wongnaa, Camillus Abawiera; Apike, Isaac Akurugu; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Awunyo-Vitor, Dadson; Kyei, Afrane Baffour. 2021
Wongnaa, Camillus Abawiera; Apike, Isaac Akurugu; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Awunyo-Vitor, Dadson; Kyei, Afrane Baffour. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100208
Abstract | View
This study analyzed the impact of adoption of artificial pollination on productivity, income, poverty and food security among cocoa farmers in Ghana. Primary data was collected from 206 cocoa farmers drawn through a multi-stage sampling technique and analyzed using Propensity Score Matching. The study revealed that households who adopted artificial pollination had improvements in their productivity, income, poverty situation, and food security. It was also revealed that adopters increased their productivity by close to 15.34% on average, earned between GH₵ 2756.84 to GH₵ 11074.38 more on average in terms of income, reduced their poverty by an average of between 0.83% and 3.53%, and finally, improved their food security by approximately 3% compared to non-adopters. Leveraging on the positive impact of adoption of artificial pollination, policymakers should take steps in implementing artificial pollination to help increase the yield of Ghana’s cocoa.
The changing nature of hydroclimatic risks across South Africa
Schlosser, Adam; Sokolov, Andrei; Strzepek Ken; Thomas, Timothy S.; Gao, Xiang; Arndt, Channing. 2021
Schlosser, Adam; Sokolov, Andrei; Strzepek Ken; Thomas, Timothy S.; Gao, Xiang; Arndt, Channing. 2021
DOI : 10.1007/s10584-021-03235-5
Abstract | View
We present results from large ensembles of projected twenty-first century changes in seasonal precipitation and near-surface air temperature for the nation of South Africa. These ensembles are a result of combining Monte Carlo projections from a human-Earth system model of intermediate complexity with pattern-scaled responses from climate models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). These future ensemble scenarios consider a range of global actions to abate emissions through the twenty-first century. We evaluate distributions of surface-air temperature and precipitation change over three sub-national regions: western, central, and eastern South Africa. In all regions, we find that without any emissions or climate targets in place, there is a greater than 50% likelihood that mid-century temperatures will increase threefold over the current climate’s two-standard deviation range of variability. However, scenarios that consider more aggressive climate targets all but eliminate the risk of these salient temperature increases. A preponderance of risk toward decreased precipitation (3 to 4 times higher than increased) exists for western and central South Africa. Strong climate targets abate evolving regional hydroclimatic risks. Under a target to limit global climate warming to 1.5 °C by 2100, the risk of precipitation changes within South Africa toward the end of this century (2065–2074) is commensurate to the risk during the 2030s without any global climate target. Thus, these regional hydroclimate risks over South Africa could be delayed by 30 years and, in doing so, provide invaluable lead-time for national efforts to prepare, fortify, and/or adapt.
Barrier analysis for adequate daily fruit and vegetable consumption among low-income residents of Hanoi, Vietnam and Ibadan, Nigeria
De Filippo, Amanda; Meldrum, Gennifer; Samuel, Folake; Tuyet, Mai Truong; Kennedy, Gina; Adeyemi, Olutayo A.; Ngothiha, Phuong; de Brauw, Alan. 2021
De Filippo, Amanda; Meldrum, Gennifer; Samuel, Folake; Tuyet, Mai Truong; Kennedy, Gina; Adeyemi, Olutayo A.; Ngothiha, Phuong; de Brauw, Alan. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100586
Agricultural intensification: Who intensifies and how does it contribute to income growth?
Berhane, Guush; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Wolle, Abdulazize. 2021
Berhane, Guush; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Wolle, Abdulazize. 2021
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.315313
Abstract | View
Ethiopia has made substantial efforts in the last three decades to increase agricultural productivity through modern input intensification and stimulate overall economic growth. Important progresses have been registered in terms of overall economic growth and agriculture has been the main driver of growth. Despite the high growth rates in recent decade, Ethiopia’s overall intensification and yield levels remained low. This study examines the trends and drivers of agricultural intensification and productivity growth during the recent decade using three rounds of household data collected from the four agriculturally largest regions of the country. The main analysis on the relationship between input intensification, yield, and household welfare employs a recent variant of the correlated random effect model to address the time-invariant unobserved heterogeneity and a control function to mitigate time-varying unobserved heterogeneity. The descriptive results indicate a positive trend in both the adoption rate and intensity of inputs and output, albeit from a low base and with considerable heterogeneity by access to information, rainfall variability, labor, soil quality, remoteness, among others. The econometric results show significant association between intensification, yield growth, and household dietary diversity (a proxy measure for food and nutrition security). However, the current yield level is not significantly associated with household durable assets and per capita consumption expenditures. Additional welfare improving productivity gains through increased input intensifications may require investments to put in place appropriate fertilizer blends linked with localized soil nutrient requirements, investments to generate locally suited improved seeds and appropriate mechanisms to reach farmers, ways to mitigate rainfall risk, and investments to remodel Ethiopia’s extension system to provided much needed technical support to farmers on production methods.
Irrigation and agricultural transformation in Ethiopia
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Yimam, Seid. 2021
Mekonnen, Dawit Kelemework; Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Yimam, Seid. 2021
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.315339
Abstract | View
The climate change forecasts for Ethiopia predict higher temperature and rainfall and increased variability in rainfall with periodic severe droughts and floods. The increased weather variability poses a check on the extent of Ethiopia’s agricultural transformation unless it is supported with improved agricultural water management such as irrigation to make smallholder farming resilient to adverse weather events. This study analyzes the role of irrigation on agricultural transformation in Ethiopia by systematically comparing households with irrigated and non-irrigated plots on key agricultural transformation and welfare indictors (i.e., intensification, commercialization, and consumption expenditures). The study used a representative data from the four main agriculturally important regions of the country and employed an endogenous switching regression approach that address potential biases from placement of irrigation schemes and the selfselection of farmers to adopt irrigation on their plots. The approach allows for counterfactual analysis on the effect of irrigation if it is adopted on plots or in households without current irrigation and the counterfactual realizations of outcome variables if irrigated plots were not irrigated or irrigating households were relying only on rainfed agriculture. The main results show a positive and significant effects of irrigation on intensification, commercialization, and household welfare. Specifically, the results show that farm households with irrigated plots: (i) use more fertilizer and agrochemicals; (ii) sold sizable share of their harvest; and (iii) spend more on food and non-food expenditures. The counterfactual analysis on what would have been the effect of irrigation on currently non-irrigated plots indicate a stronger result across our outcome indicators, suggesting further the importance of expanding irrigation in accelerating agricultural transformation and welfare improvement in Ethiopia.
African farmers, value chains and agricultural development: An economic and institutional perspective
de Brauw, Alan; Bulte, Erwin. Cham, Switzerland 2021
de Brauw, Alan; Bulte, Erwin. Cham, Switzerland 2021
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-030-88693-6
Climate change and the green transition in South Africa
Arndt, Channing; Gabriel, Sherwin; Hartley, Faaiqa; Strzepek, Kenneth M.; Thomas, Timothy S.. 2021
Arndt, Channing; Gabriel, Sherwin; Hartley, Faaiqa; Strzepek, Kenneth M.; Thomas, Timothy S.. 2021
Credit constraints and adoption of agricultural technologies in developing countries? Evidence from Nigeria
Balana, Bedru; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo. 2021
Balana, Bedru; Oyeyemi, Motunrayo. 2021
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.315347
Abstract | View
The agricultural sector in Nigeria is characterized by low productivity, driven partly by low use of modern technologies. Poor access to credit is seen as a key barrier to adoption of these technologies. Policy discourse and literature often associate credit constraints with supply-side factors such as limited access or high borrowing costs. However, demand-side factors, such as borrower’s risk-averse behavior, transaction costs and information asymmetry equally play important roles in credit-rationing. Using a nationally representative LSMS-ISA data from 5000 smallholders in Nigeria and seemingly unrelated econometric models, we examine the nature of credit constraints, factors affecting credit constraints, and the effects of credit constraints on adoption of four agricultural technologies – inorganic fertilizer, improved seed, agrochemicals, and mechanization. Contrary to policy discourse, we found that demand-side factors are as important as supply-side constraints. Improving supply-side constraints thus may not necessarily address credit constraints for smallholders. On the supply side, lack of adequate collateral is the key constraints; hence supply-side policies should focus on enhancing smallholders’ capacity to possess bankable collateral, such as land titles or assets. On the demand-side, interventions such as crop insurance, information and extension services are needed to increase credit access, technology adoption, and agricultural productivity in Nigeria.
Maize price seasonality in Ethiopia: Does access to improved grain storage technology matter for farmers’ welfare?
Negede, Betelhem M.; Voors, Maarten; De Groote, Hugo; Minten, Bart. 2021
Negede, Betelhem M.; Voors, Maarten; De Groote, Hugo; Minten, Bart. 2021
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.315240
Abstract | View
African seasonal price variability for cereals is two to three times higher than price variability on the international reference market. Seasonality is even more pronounced when access to storage is limited, leading to low opportunities for price arbitrage. This leads to low incomes and food insecurity for smallholder farmers during the lean season, the “higher price” season. One solution to reduce seasonal stress is the use of improved storage technologies. Using data from a randomized controlled trial, we study the impact of hermetic bags, a technology that protects stored maize grain against insect pests, and helps to store it longer, in a major maizegrowing region of Western Ethiopia. We find considerable price seasonality: maize prices in the lean season are up to 36% higher than maize prices after harvesting. However, we find no evidence that hermetic bags improve welfare, except that these bags allowed for a marginally longer storage period of maize intended for sale. This “near-null” effect is due to the fact that maize storage losses in our study region are not as high as previous studies suggested, but just under 2% of annual storage. To safely store maize, farmers have benefited from the recent advance in access to a cheap but toxic alternative fumigant. Looking at heterogeneity treatment effects, we find that farmers who are cash constrained store 4% less than those who are not. This behavior generates a large scale price seasonality that further lowers farmers’ welfare.
Introducing quality certification in staple food markets in Sub-Saharan Africa: Four conditions for successful implementation
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bernard, Tanguy; de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; Trachtman, Carly. 2021
Abate, Gashaw Tadesse; Bernard, Tanguy; de Janvry, Alain; Sadoulet, Elisabeth; Trachtman, Carly. 2021
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102173
The impact of COVID-19 in Ethiopia: Policy brief
Harris, Donna; Baird, Sarah; Ford, Kath; Hirvonen, Kalle; Jones, Nicola. Oxford, UK 2021
Harris, Donna; Baird, Sarah; Ford, Kath; Hirvonen, Kalle; Jones, Nicola. Oxford, UK 2021
Engaging youth in agribusiness through private sector extension and advisory services: Lessons from Rwanda and Uganda
Franzel, Steven; Miiro, Richard; Uwitonze, Nicolas; Davis, Kristin; Luzobe, Beatrice; Rurangwa, Raphael. 2021
Franzel, Steven; Miiro, Richard; Uwitonze, Nicolas; Davis, Kristin; Luzobe, Beatrice; Rurangwa, Raphael. 2021
Abstract | View
Engaging youth in agribusiness is critical for livelihoods in Africa’s rural areas where millions of youth are unemployed and face many barriers to entry into agribusiness, such as limited education and lack of land (IFAD, 2019). There are initiatives where youth are engaging in private, demand-driven extension and advisory services (EAS), overcoming these constraints (Yami et al., 2019). These initiatives involve youth as either private, for-profit EAS providers (such as when private companies hire young extension agents) or as recipients of private or public sector EAS that guide youth toward self-employment (such as when EAS providers train youth in entrepreneurship).
For-profit, private EAS is emphasized in this study because of the rapid growth of commercial agriculture, greater public policy emphasis on private market mechanisms and the sector’s potential for providing EAS on a sustainable basis (AUC, 2015; DLEC, 2019). While not a substitute for public EAS, private EAS often complement them effectively (Zhou and Babu, 2015, DLEC, 2019).
For-profit, private EAS is emphasized in this study because of the rapid growth of commercial agriculture, greater public policy emphasis on private market mechanisms and the sector’s potential for providing EAS on a sustainable basis (AUC, 2015; DLEC, 2019). While not a substitute for public EAS, private EAS often complement them effectively (Zhou and Babu, 2015, DLEC, 2019).
Impact of recapitalisation and development programme on performance of land reform beneficiary farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Shabangu, T.; Ngidi, Mjabuliseni; Ojo, Temitope O.; Babu, Suresh Chandra. 2021
Shabangu, T.; Ngidi, Mjabuliseni; Ojo, Temitope O.; Babu, Suresh Chandra. 2021
DOI : 10.5539/jas.v13n5p91
Abstract | View
Providing appropriate post-settlement support to farmers is crucial for sustainable development of smallholder agriculture in South Africa. In unravelling this, the South Africa’s Recapitalization and Development Programme (RADP) was initiated. Hence, this study analysed the impact of RADP on performance of land reform beneficiary farmers in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select (n = 264) respondents for the study. Accounting for endogeneity issues in RADP assessments and its impact on the performance of land reform farmers, an endogenous switching regression model (ESRM) was employed. In the same vein, a doubly-robust inverse probability weighted regression adjustment was used as credible remedy for potentially biased estimates of ATT and POM of endogenous treatment model. The main findings revealed that tax compliance, secondary organization, legal entity, farm potential income at acquisition, farmers receiving third party assistance and strategic partnership were statistically significant in influencing the participation of farmers in RADP. Mentorship remains an extremely challenging element in post-settlement. However, through the strategic partnership of RADP farmers had likelihood to improve the farm and increase farm income. The results of the suggest that the RADP can contribute to a deep process of change and empowerment of farmers. In the same vein, strategic partnership of RADP is likely to improve the farmers’ performance. Therefore, there is a need to strongly improve mentorship and strategic partnership programme to encourage participation of land reform farmers in the support programmes.
Adoption and impacts of small-scale irrigation in Kenya’s maize-based farm households
Adhikari, Roshan; Antle, John M.; Wiebe, Keith D.. 2021
Adhikari, Roshan; Antle, John M.; Wiebe, Keith D.. 2021
DOI : 10.1142/9781786348814_0003
Scaling-up agricultural innovations: Who should be targeted?
Bedi, Shaibu Mellon; Azzarri, Carlo; Kotu, Bekele Hundi; Kornher, Lukas. 2021
Bedi, Shaibu Mellon; Azzarri, Carlo; Kotu, Bekele Hundi; Kornher, Lukas. 2021
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.315267
Abstract | View
We adopt the newly redefined marginal treatment effect (MTE) framework to examine how farmers' resource endowment and unobserved factors affect the marginal benefit of adopting sustainable intensification of agricultural practices (SI practices), estimate the average and the marginal benefits of adopting the SI practices, and identify the farm households at the margin of participation that need to be targeted during scaling-up. Findings show that farmers’ unobserved factors and resource endowment influence the marginal benefit of adopting SI practices. Point estimates indicate that the adoption of SI practices increases the maize yield and net returns of adopters. Estimates further reveal that the average benefit for adopters differ from the marginal benefit for new farmers at the margin of participation. Finally, our findings suggest that not all farm households at the marginal entrants would benefit from all the potential scaling-up policy options, except households who by socio-economic characteristics appear least likely to adopt. We conclude that these households should be targeted to enhance adoption as well as maximize the return on investment during scaling-up of the SI practices
L'intégration du Maroc à la Zone de Libre-Echange Continentale (ZLECAf): Scenarii d’impacts à l’horizon 2035 et politiques d’accompagnement
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traore, Fousseini; Ait Faraji, Said; Darouich, Naima; Hamdaoui, Fatima; Tounsi, Sihame. Rabat-Chellah, Morocco 2021
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traore, Fousseini; Ait Faraji, Said; Darouich, Naima; Hamdaoui, Fatima; Tounsi, Sihame. Rabat-Chellah, Morocco 2021
Abstract | View
Conformément à l’Agenda 2063, la ZLECAf représente une étape majeure dans l’achèvement réel de l'intégration économique de l’Afrique. Elle s’est fixée comme objectifs, entre autres, la création d’un marché unique pour les marchandises et les services, la contribution à la circulation des capitaux et des personnes et le fondement des bases de la création d’une union douanière continentale ultérieurement.
Le Maroc, qui a fait du développement socio-économique de l’Afrique l’une de ses priorités, était parmi les premiers pays signataires de cet accord. Pour anticiper les conséquences économiques de l’adhésion du Maroc à la ZLECAf, la Direction des Etudes et des Prévisions financières (DEPF) du Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances du Royaume du Maroc et l’Agence Française du Développement (AFD) en collaboration avec l’IFPRI, ont entrepris une étude des impacts économiques de cette adhésion à l’aide du modèle MIRAGRODEP. Ce par tenariat s’inscrit dans l’objectif d’éclairer la décision et l’action des acteurs économiques et des pouvoirs publics en matière de formulation, d’accompagnement et d’évaluation des politiques d’intégration africaine du Maroc.
Le Maroc, qui a fait du développement socio-économique de l’Afrique l’une de ses priorités, était parmi les premiers pays signataires de cet accord. Pour anticiper les conséquences économiques de l’adhésion du Maroc à la ZLECAf, la Direction des Etudes et des Prévisions financières (DEPF) du Ministère de l’Economie et des Finances du Royaume du Maroc et l’Agence Française du Développement (AFD) en collaboration avec l’IFPRI, ont entrepris une étude des impacts économiques de cette adhésion à l’aide du modèle MIRAGRODEP. Ce par tenariat s’inscrit dans l’objectif d’éclairer la décision et l’action des acteurs économiques et des pouvoirs publics en matière de formulation, d’accompagnement et d’évaluation des politiques d’intégration africaine du Maroc.
Moving to national scale
Rosenzweig, Cynthia; Antle, John M.; Ruane, Alex C.; Mutter, Carolyn Z.; Madajewicz, Malgosia; Valdivia, Roberto O.; Hoogenboom, Gerrit; Porter, Cheryl; Wiebe, Keith D.; Janssen, Sander; Contreras, Erik Mencos. 2021
Rosenzweig, Cynthia; Antle, John M.; Ruane, Alex C.; Mutter, Carolyn Z.; Madajewicz, Malgosia; Valdivia, Roberto O.; Hoogenboom, Gerrit; Porter, Cheryl; Wiebe, Keith D.; Janssen, Sander; Contreras, Erik Mencos. 2021
DOI : 10.1142/9781786348814_0011
Post-harvest loss in Mozambique: Estimating maize loss in Manica and Zambezia provinces
Delgado, Luciana; Laborde Debucquet, David; Piñeiro, Valeria. Rome, Italy 2021
Delgado, Luciana; Laborde Debucquet, David; Piñeiro, Valeria. Rome, Italy 2021
DOI : 10.4060/cb7287en
Abstract | View
In Mozambique, food security remains a key issue and the country suffers perennial food shortages, especially in the provinces of Manica,Tete, Sofala, Zambezia, Maputo and Gaza. Weaknesses in post-harvest systems, which contribute to both a lower supply and higher food prices (due to post-harvest losses) are key reasons behind these food shortages. Currently, none of the post-harvest losses programmes conducted in Mozambique provides loss estimates along the entire value chain for a given commodity. In this report, we quantify losses across the value chain in maize, which is a key staple food in Mozambique, in the provinces of Manica and Zambezia. The study, carried out by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) in collaboration with the Agrifood Economics Division (ESA) at FAO, sheds light on understanding the magnitude, nature and consequences of food losses across the maize value chain in selected regions in Mozambique. In particular, the methodology used in this report allows to accurately measure food losses and identify in which segment of the value chain these food losses occur and the causes of the losses.
Strengthening producer organizations to increase market access of smallholder farmers in Uganda
Vargas Hill, Ruth; Maruyama, Eduardo; Olapade, Markus; Frölich, Markus. 2021
Vargas Hill, Ruth; Maruyama, Eduardo; Olapade, Markus; Frölich, Markus. 2021
DOI : 10.1017/age.2021.19
Abstract | View
Smallholder agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is largely exposed to pervasive market failures, translating into missed opportunities and sub-optimal economic behavior. These failures can partly be traced to the importance of economies of scale in procuring inputs and marketing produce, where smallholders face disproportionately high transaction costs. Producer organizations could help to lessen transaction costs; however, only a few farmers in Uganda sell through them. We introduce two interventions aimed at promoting marketing via producer organizations: cash on delivery, and information on sales, and analyze their impacts in an RCT design: We find that providing cash on delivery increases the probability that a member chooses to sell through the group, and hence the volumes bulked by each group. This increase in volumes appears to have enabled groups to secure higher prices for their produce. No significant effect could be found for providing information on sales.
Increasing women's empowerment: Implications for family welfare
Ambler, Kate; Jones, Kelly M.; O’Sullivan, Michael. Bonn, Germany 2021
Ambler, Kate; Jones, Kelly M.; O’Sullivan, Michael. Bonn, Germany 2021
Abstract | View
Increasing women's empowerment is a key objective of many development programs, both as a principal goal and as a path to economic development. We propose and test a novel economic intervention that relies on intra-household transfers of productive assets to increase women's empowerment among sugar farmers in Uganda. We document that this intervention increases women's access to resources and agency by a substantial amount. In contrast, a behavior change intervention (training) increases empowerment through agency and achievements, with no impact on access to resources. We use these interventions to test the widely held (but weakly supported) assumption that empowering women generates improvements in child welfare. We find that, contrary to studies examining extra-household transfers, these interventions do not shift food security, health, or educational outcomes. They do, however, improve life satisfaction both for women and their husbands.
Modernization of family farms improves the sustainability of food security for farm households in Burkina Faso
Bougma, Moussa; Kaboré, Sidbewendé Théodore; Becquey, Elodie. 2021
Bougma, Moussa; Kaboré, Sidbewendé Théodore; Becquey, Elodie. 2021
DOI : 10.5897/JDAE2021.1267
Abstract | View
Family farms are poorly modernized in Burkina Faso despite their predominance in the country’s agriculture and their major contribution to national food production. Convincing evidence of the contribution of family farm modernization to food security is needed to support advocacy. This study used data from recent national longitudinal surveys and Cox semi-parametric regression methods to explore the effect of factors of modernization on the food security of farm households in Burkina Faso. The results showed that the training of agricultural workers, ownership of traction animals, and use of improved seeds reduced the risk of food-secure households falling into food insecurity by 22.8, 21.6, and 14.9%, respectively. These three factors significantly determine the stability of households’ food security, suggesting that the modernization of family farms could contribute to the prevention of food insecurity in Burkina Faso. A key strength of this study is that it was able to capitalize on the wealth of these data, which come from national surveys that are representative of farm households at the provincial level, longitudinal and prospective, making it possible to track the same households over time, at an annual frequency.
Fasting, food and farming: Value chains and food taboos in Ethiopia
D’Haene, Eline; Vandevelde, Senne; Minten, Bart. 2021
D’Haene, Eline; Vandevelde, Senne; Minten, Bart. 2021
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0259982
Abstract | View
The impact of food taboos–often because of religion–is understudied. In Ethiopia, religious fasting by Orthodox Christians is assumed to be an important impediment for the sustainable development of a competitive dairy sector and desired higher milk consumption, especially by children. However, evidence is limited. Relying on unique data, we shed light on three major issues. First, we observe that the average annual number of fasting days that Orthodox adults are effectively adhering to is 140, less than commonly cited averages. Using this as an estimate for extrapolation, fasting is estimated to reduce annual dairy consumption by approximately 12 percent nationally. Second, farms adapt to declining milk demand during fasting by increased processing of milk into storable products–fasting contributes to larger price swings for these products. We further note continued sales of milk by non-remote farmers and reduced production–by adjusting lactation times for dairy animals–for remote farmers. Third, fasting is mostly associated with increased milk consumption by the children of dairy farmers, seemingly because of excess milk availability during fasting periods. Our results suggest that fasting habits are not a major explanation for the observed poor performance of Ethiopia’s dairy sector nor low milk consumption by children. To reduce the impact of fasting on the dairy sector in Ethiopia further, investment is called for in improved milk processing, storage, and infrastructure facilities.
Impact evaluation of the strengthen PSNP4 institutions and resilience (SPIR) development food security activity (DFSA): Endline report
Alderman, Harold; Billings, Lucy; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Tambet, Heleene. 2021
Alderman, Harold; Billings, Lucy; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Leight, Jessica; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Tambet, Heleene. 2021
Abstract | View
The Strengthen PSNP4 Institutions and Resilience (SPIR) Development Food Security Activity (DFSA) in Ethiopia is a five-year project (2016-2021) supporting implementation of the fourth phase of the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP4) as well as providing complementary livelihood, nutrition, gender and climate resilience activities to strengthen the program and expand its impacts. The main objectives of SPIR are to enhance livelihoods, increase resilience to shocks, and improve food security and nutrition for rural households vulnerable to food insecurity. Activities under SPIR are organized into four Purposes: 1) livelihoods, 2) nutrition, 3) women’s and youth empowerment, and 4) climate resilience. Across these Purposes, SPIR provides community-level programming, training of government staff involved in public service delivery at the woreda (district) and kebele (subdistrict) level, and targeted livelihood transfers. IFPRI is conducting an experimental, quantitative impact evaluation of SPIR designed to measure the causal impact of multisectoral “graduation model” packages of livelihoods, nutrition, gender equity, and mental health interventions for improving outcomes in several domains, including livelihoods, food security, child nutrition, women’s empowerment, mental health, and intimate partner violence (IPV). The impact evaluation uses a clustered randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with four intervention arms (three treatments and a control group) to test the relative effectiveness of these packages of interventions to improve outcomes for PSNP4 beneficiaries. This endline report of the impact evaluation presents evidence on the impact of three combinations of packages of core or enhanced gender-sensitive livelihood and nutrition activities on all primary and secondary outcomes for the evaluation after three years of implementation.1 The endline survey for the impact evaluation was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic from mid-2020 and was conducted in February and April 2021, during which time a total of 3,812 households were interviewed out of the target of 3,996 households for the entire study sample.
Rural labor and long recall loss
Ambler, Kate; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Maredia, Mywish K.. 2021
Ambler, Kate; Herskowitz, Sylvan; Maredia, Mywish K.. 2021
DOI : 10.22004/ag.econ.316616
Abstract | View
Commonly used data collection practices use annual recall to capture individuals’ labor activities over a year. However, long recall periods are likely to suffer from distortions and loss, particularly when work patterns are seasonal and informal. In a panel of rural households in Malawi, we use a survey experiment to test the effect of using long recall periods on the reported number of labor activities, labor supply, and types of work relative to those resulting from a set of shorter, quarterly interviews. We document large losses from the longer recall window, particularly on the extensive margin of labor supply with reductions of over 20%. These losses are greatest for periods furthest from the last survey round and are especially large among individuals whose labor supply is being reported for them, reaching as high as 50% losses for some outcomes. The composition of households’ primary respondents, predominantly male and older, as well as differential effects by age both suggest that use of long recall may lead to meaningful biases by both age and gender in resulting data.
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The future of fish in Africa: Employment and investment opportunities
Chan, Chin Yee; Tran, Nhuong; Cheong, Kai Ching; Sulser, Timothy B.; Cohen, Philippa J.; Wiebe, Keith D.. 2021
Chan, Chin Yee; Tran, Nhuong; Cheong, Kai Ching; Sulser, Timothy B.; Cohen, Philippa J.; Wiebe, Keith D.. 2021
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0261615
Abstract | View
One of the most pressing challenges facing food systems in Africa is ensuring availability of a healthy and sustainable diet to 2.4 billion people by 2050. The continent has struggled with development challenges, particularly chronic food insecurity and pervasive poverty. In Africa’s food systems, fish and other aquatic foods play a multifaceted role in generating income, and providing a critical source of essential micronutrients. To date, there are no estimates of investment and potential returns for domestic fish production in Africa. To contribute to policy debates about the future of fish in Africa, we applied the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agriculture Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) to explore two Pan-African scenarios for fish sector growth: a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and a high-growth scenario for capture fisheries and aquaculture with accompanying strong gross domestic product growth (HIGH). Post-model analysis was used to estimate employment and aquaculture investment requirements for the sector in Africa. Africa’s fish sector is estimated to support 20.7 million jobs in 2030, and 21.6 million by 2050 under the BAU. Approximately 2.6 people will be employed indirectly along fisheries and aquaculture value chains for every person directly employed in the fish production stage. Under the HIGH scenario, total employment in Africa’s fish food system will reach 58.0 million jobs, representing 2.4% of total projected population in Africa by 2050. Aquaculture production value is estimated to achieve US$ 3.3 billion and US$ 20.4 billion per year under the BAU and HIGH scenarios by 2050, respectively. Farm-gate investment costs for the three key inputs (fish feeds, farm labor, and fish seed) to achieve the aquaculture volumes projected by 2050 are estimated at US$ 1.8 billion per year under the BAU and US$ 11.6 billion per year under the HIGH scenario. Sustained investments are critical to sustain capture fisheries and support aquaculture growth for food system transformation towards healthier diets.
Farmers’ demand for quality and nutritionally enhanced sweetpotato planting material: Evidence from experimental auctions in Rwanda
Okumu, Boscow Odhiambo; Rajendran, Srinivasulu; Okello, Julius; Ward, Patrick; Gatto, Marcel; Kilwinger, Fleur; Maredia, Mywish; Kirimi, Sindi; Nshimiyimana, Jean Claude; Spielman, David J.. Lima, Peru 2021
Okumu, Boscow Odhiambo; Rajendran, Srinivasulu; Okello, Julius; Ward, Patrick; Gatto, Marcel; Kilwinger, Fleur; Maredia, Mywish; Kirimi, Sindi; Nshimiyimana, Jean Claude; Spielman, David J.. Lima, Peru 2021
DOI : 10.4160/02568748CIPWP20213
Abstract | View
Most farmers source sweetpotato vines from neighboring farmers or from cuttings taken from their own plots during the previous season. In the absence of “clean” vines prepared with more attentive production practices, farmer-to-farmer vine exchanges and own-saved vines tends to encourage the accumulation of pests and diseases that ultimately affect yields. In addition, the perishability and bulkiness of its primary propagation material – vines – there is relatively little articulated demand for vines through either market or non-market exchanges. In addition, demand for nutritionally rich variety and biofortified crop orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP) is limited because of multiple factors including farmers’ unfamiliarity with the product and its novel attributes such as its high beta carotene content, the search costs incurred in locating the product, and information asymmetries between buyer and seller about the quality and performance of the product. We investigate demand for quality vine and nutritional attribute of the crop using a second price experimental auction approach by determine the premium price farmers are willing to pay for these attributes and investigate drivers of demand. In the absence of information on the source of vines, maturity and resistance to diseases, farmers are willing to pay a premium of about 35 Rwandan Francs for high quality vines sourced from decentralized vine multipliers. However, on provision of information on the source of vines, maturity and resistance to diseases of the vines, the premium price increases significantly to 133.71 Rwandan francs and to 107.22 Rwandan Francs after provision of visual information depicting the performance of the vines in demonstration plots. The premium price also increases significantly for vines sourced from neighbors to about 74.35 Rwandan francs, which further increases to 151.53 Rwandan francs when nutrition information is provided to the farmers. The study also revealed that demand for high quality vines is correlated with sex of household head, sex of the respondent, age of the respondent in years, household size, membership in a farmer organization, information from neighbors/other farmers, access to marshland, females make agriculture decisions in the household among other factors. In terms of policy, there is need to promote importance of quality vine and nutritional value of OFSP through sensitization on the field demonstration and nutritional values.
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on rural women and men in Uganda
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); US Agency for International Development (USAID); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rome, Italy 2021
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); US Agency for International Development (USAID); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rome, Italy 2021
DOI : 10.4060/cb7643en
Abstract | View
The first case of COVID-19 in Uganda was reported on March 22, 2020. The number of COVID-19 cases remained low during the first three quarters of 2020, before a first spike toward the end of the year. To understand the gendered impacts of the pandemic, phone surveys with rural women and men in Uganda were conducted. Data were collected from a sub-set of households drawn from a survey conducted in 2017 in 8 districts of the country: Iganga, Kasese, Kiboga, Luwero, Masaka, Masindi, Mbale, and Mubende. Four rounds of phone surveys were conducted in October 2020, February 2021, April 2021, and June 2021. The surveys focused on the economic impact, coping strategies, impact on food security and dietary diversity and the impact on children’s education and care burden. This brief presents the findings.
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on rural women and men in the Niger
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); US Agency for International Development (USAID); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rome, Italy 2021
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); US Agency for International Development (USAID); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rome, Italy 2021
DOI : 10.4060/cb7642en
Abstract | View
In response to the first case of COVID-19 in Niger on March 19, the government announced a state of emergency on March 27, 2020. Restrictions were gradually lifted starting in May 2020. The spread of COVID-19 in Niger has been limited. To understand the gendered impacts of the pandemic, phone surveys with rural women and men in Niger were conducted. The study was conducted in 8 regions of the country: Agadez, Diffa, Dosso, Maradi, Niamey, Tahoua, Tillaberi, and Zinder. A sample was drawn from a series of previous surveys that had collected phone numbers. Four rounds of the phone survey were conducted in October 2020, December 2020, February 2021, and April 2021. The surveys focused on the economic impact, coping strategies, impact on food security and dietary diversity and the impact on children’s education and care burden. This brief presents the findings.
Assessing the impact of COVID-19 on rural women and men in Kenya
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); US Agency for International Development (USAID); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rome, Italy 2021
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); US Agency for International Development (USAID); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rome, Italy 2021
DOI : 10.4060/cb7640en
Abstract | View
The first wave of COVID-19 cases occurred between June and August 2020. A second wave occurred between October and December 2020 and by the end of December 2020, the number of COVID-19 cases was 92 459. The third rise in cases occurred between January and March of 2021 and partial lockdowns were reimposed in the most affected counties of the country, including mobility restrictions and curfews. This brief releases data on the gender impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural households/livelihoods and the agricultural sector in Kenya.
A case study analysis of extension service provision in Malawi
Lamm, Kevan W.; Masambuka-Kanchewa, Fallys; Lamm, Alexa J.; Davis, Kristin E.; Nahdy, Silim; Oyugi, Millicent A.. 2021
Lamm, Kevan W.; Masambuka-Kanchewa, Fallys; Lamm, Alexa J.; Davis, Kristin E.; Nahdy, Silim; Oyugi, Millicent A.. 2021
DOI : 10.5897/AJAR2021.15781
Abstract | View
Evidence suggests that a lack of extension agents impedes the effective delivery of agricultural extension services in Malawi and many other developing nations. The purpose of this study was to examine the initiatives taken by the Malawi Forum for Agricultural Advisory Services Delivery (MaFAAS) to address the extension shortage. The research questions were addressed using a qualitative case study approach. MaFAAS and other partners launched an initiative to teach youth from local communities, particularly in rural regions, in agricultural extension so that they can serve their communities in positions comparable to extension agents. The effort resulted in the hiring of 427 extension agents to serve in their areas. While recruiting extension agents alone will not address the problem immediately, it is a start. The beneficial consequences of the Malawian organizations' partnership give an opportunity and potential paradigm for addressing the extension shortfall and difficulties farmers confront in Malawi and beyond.
Labor productivity growth and industrialization in Africa
McMillan, Margaret S.; Zeufack, Albert. Cambridge, MA 2021
McMillan, Margaret S.; Zeufack, Albert. Cambridge, MA 2021
DOI : 10.3386/w29570
Ethical reviews for refinement studies: A case study from Titukulane in Malawi
Babu, Suresh Chandra. Lilongwe, Malawi 2021
Babu, Suresh Chandra. Lilongwe, Malawi 2021
Abstract | View
Human rights violation while researching human participants, especially in the biomedical field, and later in social and behavioral science has mandated ethical review of research. Simultaneously, digital privacy breeches and sharing of biometric data is a widespread problem. This has led to the establishment of Institutional Review Boards or similar Ethical Review Boards, which have a significant role in protecting the rights of human participants by holding the researcher accountable. So, in this learning note, we will examine the need, standards, and process of ethical review, particularly for refinement studies, by using the refinement phase of the USIAD funded Titukulane Development Food Security Activity. Using this case study, we will also explain the process Titukulane used to choose which studies needed to be approved by the Institutional Review Board and which did not.
Will promotion of agricultural mechanization help prevent child labour?
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rome, Italy 2021
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Rome, Italy 2021
DOI : 10.4060/cb7615en
Abstract | View
The FAO-IFPRI study, of which this policy brief is a summary, focuses on the use of tractors because they are among the most versatile farm mechanization tools and are universal power sources for all other driven implements and equipment in agriculture, with significant potential to replace animal draught power and human power, including children’s muscle power. Tractor use is typically also the first type of machine-powered equipment in use at lower levels of agricultural development, the context where most child labour is found. Mechanization is mostly assumed to reduce child labour, as it is expected to be labour saving in general. Yet, this is not always the case, as it has also been observed that the use of tractors and other machinery could increase children’s engagement in farm activities. This may be the case if, for instance, their use allows farms to cultivate larger areas, or if it leads to shifting chores of work from hired labor to family workers, e.g. for weeding edges of farmland not reachable by machinery. Evidence has been scant thus far, but the few available studies have mostly lent greater support to the hypothesis that mechanization reduces children’s productive engagement. Most available studies have focused on specific cases and based on scant data. The new FAO-IFPRI study provides a rigorous quantitative assessment for seven developing countries in Asia (India, Nepal and Viet Nam) and sub-Saharan Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Nigeria and Tanzania) based on comparable farm household survey data.
The ECO-ICBT database of cross-border trade in agricultural products in ECOWAS
Bouët, Antoine; Cissé, Brahima; Kam, Dieudonné; Kanoute, Elhadji Samba; Konombo, Oumar Abdou Nassur; Matitoma, Justin Motchosso; Sack, Seydou; Sy, Abdourahmane; Todina, Ngaye; Traoré, Fousseini. Agbalépédogan, Togo 2021
Bouët, Antoine; Cissé, Brahima; Kam, Dieudonné; Kanoute, Elhadji Samba; Konombo, Oumar Abdou Nassur; Matitoma, Justin Motchosso; Sack, Seydou; Sy, Abdourahmane; Todina, Ngaye; Traoré, Fousseini. Agbalépédogan, Togo 2021
Gender and seed entrepreneurism: Case studies in Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya and Tanzania
Gumucio, Tatiana; Kramer, Berber; Ragasa, Catherine; Pyburn, Rhiannon; Galie, Alessandra; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Jumba, Humphrey; Nimorme, Eva; Omondi, Inmaculate; Sufian, Farha D.. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2021
Gumucio, Tatiana; Kramer, Berber; Ragasa, Catherine; Pyburn, Rhiannon; Galie, Alessandra; Aredo, Samson Dejene; Jumba, Humphrey; Nimorme, Eva; Omondi, Inmaculate; Sufian, Farha D.. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2021
Abstract | View
Our paper seeks to identify factors that inhibit and promote women’s success in seed businesses, through three case studies of women’s and men’s entrepreneurship across varying seed-related value chains and country contexts in Africa south of the Sahara. The cases include chicken seed dissemination in Ethiopia and Tanzania, tilapia seed production in Ghana, and marketing and trading of improved maize and sorghum seeds in Kenya. Applying a gender lens, we use qualitative methods to analyze women’s and men’s motivations to engage in seed businesses, the challenges they confront to start and succeed, and prospects for sustainability and continued success. We also use quantitative data to characterize the levels of empowerment of the entrepreneurs sampled. Results show that time flexibility and profitability of the business can be important considerations for women’s engagement in seed entrepreneurship, and the social normative context of the sector is also critical. Furthermore, outside support can be a key factor influencing women’s seed entrepreneurship, per the Kenya case.
Red tape and corruption along ECOWAS trade corridors
Bouët, Antoine; Cissé, Brahima; Sy, Abdourahmane; Traoré, Fousseini. Agbalépédogan, Togo 2021
Bouët, Antoine; Cissé, Brahima; Sy, Abdourahmane; Traoré, Fousseini. Agbalépédogan, Togo 2021
Diagnostic of trade policies, measures and instruments on agriculture in West Africa
Bouët, Antoine; Sy, Abdourahmane; Traoré, Fousseini. Agbalépédogan, Togo 2021
Bouët, Antoine; Sy, Abdourahmane; Traoré, Fousseini. Agbalépédogan, Togo 2021
On the optimality of common external tariffs in Africa: Evidence from the EAC customs union
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traore, Fousseini. 2021
Bouët, Antoine; Laborde Debucquet, David; Traore, Fousseini. 2021
Abstract | View
We study the determination of a common external tariff for African customs unions, using the case of the EAC. We use trade and tariff data at the HS6 level and a multi-sector multi-country computable general equilibrium model with the consistent tariff aggregator. We assume that the optimal common external tariff will keep three tariff bands and the same distribution of HS6 lines in these three bands as the current distribution. The availability of detailed data allows us to keep detailed information to feed the model, and thus to make more accurate estimates. Compared to the current tariff bands, the optimal common external tariff implies less tariff dispersion and a higher average tariff. This common external tariff maximizes the total welfare of the region. The common external tariff that maximizes the welfare of each member of the region is different: larger for Kenya, the largest country in the zone, and smaller for the other countries, including Rwanda, the smallest country in the zone. The adoption of this common external tariff is a Pareto-superior reform. However, if there is perfect mobility of factors between countries in the zone, divergence of interest about optimal trade policy is larger: if the optimal common external tariff which maximizes regional welfare is implemented, the GDP increases in the largest country, but it decreases in the smallest countries.
Designing new tools for evaluating gender impacts for climate services in agriculture: Introduction to a series of field experiments in Rwanda
Kramer, Berber; Rose, Alison; Dejene, Samson; Mukangabo, Emerence; Mollerstrom, Johanna; Seymour, Greg; Kagabo, Desire. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2021
Kramer, Berber; Rose, Alison; Dejene, Samson; Mukangabo, Emerence; Mollerstrom, Johanna; Seymour, Greg; Kagabo, Desire. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2021
Abstract | View
Impact evaluations and cost-benefit analyses often guide investments in agricultural development but determining whether an investment is cost effective in empowering women is a major challenge. The multidimensional, dynamic nature of women’s empowerment does not lend itself easily to quantitative measurement and poses challenges for aggregation across different dimensions, and for analyzing trade-offs in development.
Toolkit for cost-benefit analysis of climate information services: An outline
Timu, Anne G.; Aju, Stellamaris; Kramer, Berber. 2021
Timu, Anne G.; Aju, Stellamaris; Kramer, Berber. 2021
Abstract | View
The Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research for Africa (AICCRA) aims to support the development and scaling of the CGIAR’s most strategic and impactful climate change mitigation strategies across Africa. One of the main objectives of AICCRA is to facilitate the development, and evaluation of tailored climate information services (CIS) packages for small-scale farmers in the target countries. CIS involves the collection, organization, packaging, and distribution of targeted and timely weather and climate information, such as rainfall, temperature, wind, and soil conditions among others (Tall, et al. 2014). Under the AICCRA program, it is expected that farmers used the tailored CIS packages to make farm production decisions that will improve farm productivity and profitability, access to financial services, and risk-taking capacity. In addition, tailoring CIS to meet the needs of vulnerable groups such as women, and the youth is expected to have a direct impact on intra-household dynamics including resource and labor allocation, and household decision making. Collectively, these farm-level changes are expected to improve household long-term resilience to climate change, household food security, and individual sense of wellbeing and agency.
To better understand the individual and societal benefits of CIS, IFPRI is developing a toolkit that evaluates the costs and benefits of country-specific CIS packages. The toolkit will go beyond the conventional approach that measures the net present value of gains in farm productivity and profitability to evaluate impacts on a range of other outcome variables that are not traded in the market (for example, more stable and predictable income flows, improved women’s agency, reductions in workload and intra-household labor allocations, and changes in health and behavioral outcomes).
To better understand the individual and societal benefits of CIS, IFPRI is developing a toolkit that evaluates the costs and benefits of country-specific CIS packages. The toolkit will go beyond the conventional approach that measures the net present value of gains in farm productivity and profitability to evaluate impacts on a range of other outcome variables that are not traded in the market (for example, more stable and predictable income flows, improved women’s agency, reductions in workload and intra-household labor allocations, and changes in health and behavioral outcomes).
Gender-inclusive, -responsive and -transformative agricultural insurance: A literature review
Timu, Anne G.; Kramer, Berber. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2021
Timu, Anne G.; Kramer, Berber. Wageningen, The Netherlands 2021
Abstract | View
This literature review uses a gender analysis framework proposed by Johnson et al. (2018) to explore the extent to which agricultural insurance reaches, benefits and empowers women and men. We find that most studies on gender and agricultural insurance focus on gender inclusivity by analyzing gender gaps in insurance reach and studying how to increase take-up among women. By contrast, limited attention has been paid to understanding gender equity in the distribution of insurance outcomes, that is, the extent to which insurance benefits and empowers women as much as men. We show that insurance programs can promote gender equity in benefits by providing quality insurance products that are beneficial to both men and women, and through long-term monitoring of individual outcomes measured within households using gender-disaggregated data. Insurance programs can support gender empowerment by ensuring that contracts purchased by women are registered under their names and payouts are subsequently paid to their accounts, by bundling insurance with empowerment programs, and by preserving and promoting informal mutual assistance group activities and membership. We then draw on a case study in Kenya to illustrate how this framework can be applied to design more gender-inclusive, -responsive and -transformative insurance schemes.
Changing landscapes in Uganda’s seed system: An analysis on policy and performance
Bagamba, Fred; Ntakyo, Proscovia R.; Otim, Geoffrey; Spielman, David J.. 2021
Bagamba, Fred; Ntakyo, Proscovia R.; Otim, Geoffrey; Spielman, David J.. 2021
Abstract | View
In farming, access to improved varieties and quality seed is among the more effective ways of addressing low yields and output. There is ample evidence that the adoption of better seeds and traits contributes significantly to productivity growth in developing-country agriculture (Walker and Alwang, 2015; Evenson and Gollin, 2003). Although neither should not be viewed as a panacea to all problems in agriculture and rural development, many global and national development programs rely heavily on seeds and traits as an entry point for their efforts to enhance productivity.
Economic and food security effects of small-scale irrigation technologies in northern Ghana
Balana, Bedru B.; Bizimana, Jean-Claude; Richardson, James W.; Lefore, Nicole; Adimassu, Zenebe; Herbst, Brian K.. 2020
Balana, Bedru B.; Bizimana, Jean-Claude; Richardson, James W.; Lefore, Nicole; Adimassu, Zenebe; Herbst, Brian K.. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.wre.2019.03.001
Cash transfers, polygamy, and intimate partner violence: Experimental evidence from Mali
Heath, Rachel; Hidrobo, Melissa; Roy, Shalini. 2020
Heath, Rachel; Hidrobo, Melissa; Roy, Shalini. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.102410
Abstract | View
Cash transfer programs primarily targeting women in Latin America and East Africa have been shown to reduce intimate partner violence (IPV), but knowledge gaps remain on how impacts differ by program features and context. Using a randomized control trial, we investigate the IPV impacts of Mali's national cash transfer program (Jigisémèjiri), which targets household heads (primarily men) in a West African context where nearly 40 percent of households are polygamous. The program causes significant decreases in IPV in polygamous households – where physical violence decreases by 7.2 percentage points, emotional violence decreases by 12.6 percentage points, and controlling behaviors decrease by 16.1 percentage points -- but has limited effects in monogamous households. Evidence on mechanisms suggests that the program led to significant decreases in men's stress and anxiety among polygamous households, and larger reductions in disputes in polygamous households compared to monogamous households.
Cash transfers and management advice for agriculture: Evidence from Senegal
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Godlonton, Susan. 2020
Ambler, Kate; de Brauw, Alan; Godlonton, Susan. 2020
DOI : 10.1093/wber/lhz005
Abstract | View
This study analyzes impacts of large, one-time cash transfers and farm management plans among farmers in Senegal. Farmers were randomized into groups receiving advisory visits; the visits and an individualized farm management plan; or the visits, the plan, and a cash transfer. After one year, crop production and livestock ownership were higher in the transfer group relative to the group that only received visits. Livestock gains persisted after two years. The evidence suggests the results were driven by increased investment, and, indeed, there is no robust evidence that the management plans alone affected agricultural outcomes.
Value chains to improve diets: Diagnostics to support intervention design in Malawi
Gelli, Aulo; Donovan, Jason; Margolies, Amy; Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Santacroce, Marco; Chirwa, Ephraim W.; Henson, Spencer; Hawkes, Corinna. 2020
Gelli, Aulo; Donovan, Jason; Margolies, Amy; Aberman, Noora-Lisa; Santacroce, Marco; Chirwa, Ephraim W.; Henson, Spencer; Hawkes, Corinna. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2019.09.006
Abstract | View
Governments and development partners looking to accelerate progress in addressing malnutrition have been examining how to use interventions in value-chains to improve diets. However, the links between interventions in value chains and diets involve a range of direct and indirect effects that are not yet well understood. We apply a mixed-method multisectoral diagnostic to examine potential interventions in food systems to improve diets of smallholder farmers in Malawi. We examine entry points for interventions involving public and private-sectors, and explore the methodological requirements for undertaking this type of multisectoral analysis. We find that although food consumption is dominated by maize, a range of nutritious foods are also being consumed; including leafy greens, fruits, chicken, dried fish, dried beans and peas, and groundnuts. Yet important deficits in nutrient intake remain prevalent in low-income households due to inadequate quantity of consumption. While increasing consumption through own-production is one potentially important channel to increase quantity of nutritious foods available (particularly fruits and leafy green vegetables), markets also play a potentially important role. Nutritious foods are available on markets year-round, although strong seasonality impacts the availability and price of perishable products. For beans, peas and groundnuts, supply appears to be available throughout the year, with price fluctuations relatively controlled due to storage capacity and imports. The capacity of markets to supply safe and nutritious food is limited by a number of issues, including poor hygiene; lack of infrastructure for storage and selling; limited information on nutrition, and weak coordination among sellers and producers. Other bottlenecks include: on-farm constraints for expanded production, consumers with limited purchasing capacity, intense competition among sellers and few services for sellers to increase volume of product sold during peak demand. The diagnostics identify the role of information-related interventions to optimize decisions related to food choices, involving a range of different foods and value-chains, that could potentially lead to short- and medium-term improvements in diets. Longer-term and more resource-intensive interventions are also identified, such as improving capacity for product differentiation, processing, storage, and market infrastructure across a different range of food chains, so as to maximise coherence between short- and long-term planning. The findings highlight the benefits of applying a strategic, food systems-based approach of identifying specific and complementary actions for both the public and private sectors that can improve the diets of low-income populations.
Public investment choices by local and central governments
Kosec, Katrina; Mogues, Tewodaj. 2020
Kosec, Katrina; Mogues, Tewodaj. 2020
DOI : 10.1093/wber/lhz010
Abstract | View
This paper examines the impacts of devolving authority for public resource allocation to local governments in a setting of limited electoral control. Such a setting differs from that assumed by seminal formal models of devolution, but describes many developing countries. This study presents a formal model of this setting and tests it using unique data from a natural experiment in rural Ethiopia whereby half of the country's regions were decentralized but not the other half. Employing a spatial regression discontinuity design, this article shows that decentralization strongly improved delivery of agricultural public services, which are of high priority to the central government. In contrast, it did not impact drinking water services, on which the central government places lower priority but citizens place high priority.
Ex post adjustment for measurement error in stunting calculations: An illustration from Egypt
Figueroa, Jose Luis; Kurdi, Sikandra. 2020
Figueroa, Jose Luis; Kurdi, Sikandra. 2020
DOI : 10.1017/S1368980019003100
Farmers’ grain storage and losses in Ethiopia: Measures and associates
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Minten, Bart; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Pauw, Karl; Cameron, Alethia; Endaylalu, Tirsit Genye . 2020
Bachewe, Fantu Nisrane; Minten, Bart; Taffesse, Alemayehu Seyoum; Pauw, Karl; Cameron, Alethia; Endaylalu, Tirsit Genye . 2020
DOI : 10.1515/jafio-2019-0059
Temporary migration and climate variation in Eastern Africa
Mueller, Valerie; Sheriff, Glenn; Dou, Xiaoya; Gray, Clark. 2020
Mueller, Valerie; Sheriff, Glenn; Dou, Xiaoya; Gray, Clark. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104704
Abstract | View
Africa is likely to experience warming and increased climate variability by the late 21st century. Climate extremes have been linked to adverse economic outcomes. Hence, adaptation is a key component of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change agreements and development assistance. Effective climate adaptation policy requires an understanding of how temperature and rainfall variability affect migration patterns. Yet, how individuals in developing countries manage climate variation is poorly understood, especially in Africa. Combining high-resolution climate data with panel micro-data on migration, labor participation, and demographics, we employ regression analysis to assess temporary migration responses to local temperature and precipitation anomalies in four East African countries. We find that climate impacts are most pronounced in urban areas, with a standard deviation temperature increase and rainfall decrease leading to respective 10 and 12 percent declines in out-migration relative to mean values. Evidence from other labor market outcomes suggests that urban out-migration is not associated with reduced local employment opportunities. Instead, declines in urban out-migration appear to coincide with negative local climate employment impacts. These results challenge the narrative that temporary out-migration serves as a safety valve during climate extremes and that climate change will most strongly affect out-migration rates from rural areas in developing countries.
Governance quality, remittances and their implications for food and nutrition security in Sub-Saharan Africa
Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Mavrotas, George; Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Fadare, Olusegun; Adedoyin, Rufai. 2020
Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Mavrotas, George; Olagunju, Kehinde Oluseyi; Fadare, Olusegun; Adedoyin, Rufai. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104752
Different combination of behavior change interventions and frequency of interpersonal contacts are associated with infant and young child feeding practices in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Viet Nam
Kim, Sunny S.; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Tran, Lan Mai; Alayon, Silvia; Menon, Purnima; Frongillo, Edward A.. 2020
Kim, Sunny S.; Nguyen, Phuong Hong; Tran, Lan Mai; Alayon, Silvia; Menon, Purnima; Frongillo, Edward A.. 2020
DOI : 10.1093/cdn/nzz140
Abstract | View
Background
Social and behavior change communication interventions are integral to improving dietary and care practices, but evidence on the impact of the combination and intensity of these interventions in different contexts is scarce.
Objective
We examined the extent of and factors associated with intervention exposure: interpersonal communication (IPC) alone or with other interventions (i.e., mass media, community mobilization, or nutrition-sensitive agricultural activities); number of and factors associated with IPC contacts; and combinations of intervention components and number of contacts associated with infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices.
Social and behavior change communication interventions are integral to improving dietary and care practices, but evidence on the impact of the combination and intensity of these interventions in different contexts is scarce.
Objective
We examined the extent of and factors associated with intervention exposure: interpersonal communication (IPC) alone or with other interventions (i.e., mass media, community mobilization, or nutrition-sensitive agricultural activities); number of and factors associated with IPC contacts; and combinations of intervention components and number of contacts associated with infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices.
A sentiment analysis of the 2014-15 Ebola outbreak in the media and social media
John, Blooma; Baulch, Bob; Wickramasinghe, Nilmini. 2020
John, Blooma; Baulch, Bob; Wickramasinghe, Nilmini. 2020
DOI : 10.4018/978-1-7998-1371-2.ch014
Economic transformation in Africa from the bottom up: New evidence from Tanzania
Diao, Xinshen; Kweka, Josaphat; McMillan, Margaret S.; Qureshi, Zara. Washington, DC 2020
Diao, Xinshen; Kweka, Josaphat; McMillan, Margaret S.; Qureshi, Zara. Washington, DC 2020
DOI : 10.1093/wber/lhz035
Tubaramure, a food-assisted maternal and child health and nutrition program in Burundi, increased household food security and energy and micronutrient consumption, and maternal and child dietary diversity: A cluster-randomized controlled trial
Leroy, Jef L.; Olney, Deanna K.; Bliznashka, Lilia; Ruel, Marie T.. 2020
Leroy, Jef L.; Olney, Deanna K.; Bliznashka, Lilia; Ruel, Marie T.. 2020
DOI : 10.1093/jn/nxz295
Aflatoxin proficiency testing and control in Kenya
Herrman, Timothy J.; Hoffmann, Vivian; Muiruri, Anne; McCormick, Cindy. 2020
Herrman, Timothy J.; Hoffmann, Vivian; Muiruri, Anne; McCormick, Cindy. 2020
DOI : 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-19-292
Abstract | View
Texas A&M AgriLife Research (hereafter AgriLife) introduced a quality systems approach to accurately measure and manage aflatoxin that resulted in improved food safety for approximately 10 million Kenyans. A quality systems approach contains elements that ensure laboratory testing competence. In this study, quality system elements included analyst training and qualification, proficiency testing, use of reference material to support analytical traceability and define analytical uncertainty, development and implementation of a food safety plan by commercial maize (Zea mays) millers, and verification of testing accuracy at the AgriLife laboratory accredited by the Kenya Accreditation Service under the International Organization for Standardization/International Electrotechnical Commission 17025:2005 standard. In 2014 and 2015, five proficiency rounds were performed, ranging in aflatoxin concentrations of 5 to 40 μg/kg. Five laboratories had a z-score of >3, and all of these were for the fifth proficiency round with an aflatoxin content of 5 μg/kg. In 2015, 31 analysts qualified to participate in the program at 15 maize mills. The analysts' qualification for seven test samples, which ranged from 3.1 to 28 μg/kg total aflatoxin, resulted in an average relative standard deviation of 19.2% across all participants and test methods. Independent testing of participating mill verification results before and after analyst implementation of the quality systems approach revealed an improvement in measure accuracy.
Measuring time use in developing country agriculture: Evidence from Bangladesh and Uganda
Seymour, Gregory; Malapit, Hazel J.; Quisumbing, Agnes R.. 2020
Seymour, Gregory; Malapit, Hazel J.; Quisumbing, Agnes R.. 2020
DOI : 10.1080/13545701.2020.1749867
Abstract | View
This paper discusses the challenges associated with implementing time-use surveys among agricultural households in developing countries and offers advice on best practices for two common measurement methods: stylized questions and time diaries. Using data from Women’s Empowerment in Agriculture Index (WEAI) surveys in Bangladesh and Uganda, it finds that stylized questions do not always produce shorter interviews compared to time diaries, and recall accuracy may depend on the regularity and saliency of the activity and enumerator abilities. The paper suggests that combining promising methodological innovations from other disciplines with mainstream time-use data collection methods would allow capture of both the quantity and quality of time and provide richer insights into gendered time-use patterns. Broadening the scope of time-use research to other aspects of well-being can help identify how time constraints contribute to gender inequality and inform the design of policies and interventions to relieve those constraints.
Indigenous knowledge systems and indicators of rain: Evidence from Rwenzori Region, Western Uganda
Nkuba, Michael Robert; Chanda, Raban; Mmopelwa, Gagoitseope; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Lesolle, David; Kato, Edward. 2020
Nkuba, Michael Robert; Chanda, Raban; Mmopelwa, Gagoitseope; Mangheni, Margaret Najjingo; Lesolle, David; Kato, Edward. 2020
DOI : 10.1175/WCAS-D-19-0027.1
Abstract | View
This study investigated the abiotic and biotic environmental indicators used among pastoralists and arable farmers to predict the onset and cessation of rain as well as to make short-term and seasonal forecasts in the Rwenzori region of Western Uganda. We used a mixed-methods approach that included surveys of 907 households, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. The results indicate that resident birds such as white-browed coucals and turacos and migrant birds such as eagles and swallows were important indicators of the onset of rains. Butterflies were an important indicator for the cessation of rains, and red ants were an indicator for the onset of rains. Among the abiotic indicators, winds, clouds, earthquakes, and cloud formation on Mount Rwenzori were important indicators. Behavior of cattle at the onset of rains was important among the pastoralists, and flowering of coffee plants was important among the arable farmers. The behavior of the biotic indicators was driven by the availability of food, water, or other necessities. An attempt to explain the phenology underlying the behavior of biotic indicators and the meteorological science underlying some of the abiotic indicators is made. Although biotic environmental indicators are rudimentary and their accuracy is influenced by external factors such as climate change, they provide climate information within the locality of the farmers. Our results suggest that the indicators used in indigenous forecasting could be incorporated in national meteorological systems in a bid to improve the accuracy of rainfall forecasts and their use among farmers and pastoralists in rural Africa.
Disclosure, reporting and help seeking among child survivors of violence: A cross-country analysis
Pereira, Audrey; Peterman, Amber; Neijhoft, Anastasia Naomi; Buluma, Robert; Daban, Rocio Aznar. 2020
Pereira, Audrey; Peterman, Amber; Neijhoft, Anastasia Naomi; Buluma, Robert; Daban, Rocio Aznar. 2020
DOI : 10.1186/s12889-020-09069-7
Abstract | View
Violence against children is a pervasive public health issue, with limited data available across multiple contexts. This study explores the rarely studied prevalence and dynamics around disclosure, reporting and help-seeking behaviours of children who ever experienced physical and/or sexual violence.
Future challenges, trends, and opportunities
Templeton, Gizem; Hatik, Nihal Destan Aytekin; Campbell, Hilary A.. New York, NY, USA 2020
Templeton, Gizem; Hatik, Nihal Destan Aytekin; Campbell, Hilary A.. New York, NY, USA 2020
DOI : 10.1891/9780826146854.0017
Value for money? Vote-buying and politician accountability
Leight, Jessica; Foarta, Dana; Pande, Rohini; Ralston, Laura. 2020
Leight, Jessica; Foarta, Dana; Pande, Rohini; Ralston, Laura. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104227
Inequality of opportunity in earnings and assets in Egypt
Galal, Rami; El-Enbaby, Hoda. 2020
Galal, Rami; El-Enbaby, Hoda. 2020
DOI : 10.1080/00036846.2020.1731409
Gender-specific livelihood strategies for coping with climate change-induced food insecurity in southeast Nigeria
Anugwa, Ifeoma Q.; Agwu, Agwu E.; Suvedi, Murari; Babu, Suresh Chandra. 2020
Anugwa, Ifeoma Q.; Agwu, Agwu E.; Suvedi, Murari; Babu, Suresh Chandra. 2020
DOI : 10.1007/s12571-020-01042-x
Including youth in agriculture through extension and advisory services
Davis, Kristin E.; Franzel, Steven; Luzobe, Beatrice; Miiro, Richard; Rurangwa, Raphael; Uwitonze, Nicholas. 2020
Davis, Kristin E.; Franzel, Steven; Luzobe, Beatrice; Miiro, Richard; Rurangwa, Raphael; Uwitonze, Nicholas. 2020
Abstract | View
In Africa south of the Sahara, more than 12 million new jobs a year are needed in rural areas to absorb young entrants. Agriculture provides scalable economic opportunities that can also reduce poverty. Engaging youth in extension and advisory services (EAS) can help address the employment challenge and contribute to economic development — by recruiting young people as providers and/or helping larger numbers of youth access services needed for them to engage in successful agricultural livelihoods. But little is known about how to engage youth in EAS, especially in the private sector.
Demand-driven extension and advisory services: Catalysing opportunities for youth in agriculture
Franzel, Steven; Lowicki-Zucca, Jane; Miiro, Richard; Uwitonze, Nicolas. 2020
Franzel, Steven; Lowicki-Zucca, Jane; Miiro, Richard; Uwitonze, Nicolas. 2020
Abstract | View
While education access has improved globally, gains are uneven, and development impacts driven by increases in education continue to be left on the table, especially in rural areas. Demand-driven extension and advisory services (EAS) – as a key institution educating rural people while providing agricultural advice and supplying inputs – have a critical role to play in bridging the education gap. This can help ensure that millions of young people successfully capitalise on opportunities in agriculture markets, as surveys in Rwanda and Uganda demonstrate.
Using mobile-phone technology to change behaviour: Lessons from mNutrition
Barnett, Inka; Gordon, Jessica; Faith, Becky; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Palloni, Giordano; Batchelor, Simon; Scott, Nigel. 2020
Barnett, Inka; Gordon, Jessica; Faith, Becky; Gilligan, Daniel O.; Hidrobo, Melissa; Palloni, Giordano; Batchelor, Simon; Scott, Nigel. 2020
Abstract | View
This article presents key lessons learned from a rigorous mixed-method evaluation of mNutrition, a global mobile phone-based advisory service that promotes behavioural change around key nutrition and farming practices to boost the nutritional health of children and adults in low-income countries. The evaluation found that the reach and sustained uptake of mobile mNutrition services remain a challenge among very poor households, with women often being excluded. mNutrition services currently have limited effect on nutrition and agriculture behaviours at scale, although active users (those users who adopted and engaged with the service) report some behavioural change. Still, well-designed mNutrition services can provide individually tailored, practical and context-specific advice that is often lacking from other information sources. Mobile phone-based advisory services alone tend to be insufficient to ensure uptake, engagement and behavioural change. In-person support features may help, but also raise the cost of the service.
Incidence correction factors for moderate and severe acute child malnutrition from two longitudinal cohorts in Mali and Burkina Faso
Barba, Francisco M.; Huybregts, Lieven; Leroy, Jef L.. 2020
Barba, Francisco M.; Huybregts, Lieven; Leroy, Jef L.. 2020
DOI : 10.1093/aje/kwaa139
Abstract | View
Child acute malnutrition (AM) is an important cause of child mortality. Accurately estimating its burden requires cumulative incidence data from longitudinal studies which are rarely available in low-income settings. In the absence of such data, the AM burden is approximated using prevalence estimates from cross-sectional surveys and the incidence correction factor K, obtained from the few available cohorts that measured AM. We estimated K factors for severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) from AM incidence and prevalence using representative cross-sectional baseline and longitudinal data from two cluster-randomized controlled trials (Innovative Approaches for the Prevention of Childhood Malnutrition—PROMIS) conducted between 2014 and 2017 in Burkina Faso and Mali. We compared K estimates using a complete (weight-for-length z score, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), edema) and partial (MUAC, edema) definition of SAM and MAM. K estimates ranged from 9.4 and 5.7 for SAM, and from 4.7 and 5.1 for MAM in Burkina Faso and Mali, respectively. The MUAC and edema-based definition of AM did not lead to different K estimates. Our results suggest that K can be reliably estimated when only MUAC and edema-based data are available. Additional studies, however, are required to confirm this finding in different settings.
Spatial autocorrelation panel regression: Agricultural production and transport connectivity
Iimi, Atsushi; You, Liangzhi; Wood-Sichra, Ulrike. 2020
Iimi, Atsushi; You, Liangzhi; Wood-Sichra, Ulrike. 2020
DOI : 10.1007/s11067-019-09489-y
Supermarket contracts and smallholder farmers: Implications for income and multidimensional poverty
Ogutu, Sylvester Ochieng; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Qaim, Matin. 2020
Ogutu, Sylvester Ochieng; Ochieng, Dennis O.; Qaim, Matin. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101940
Abstract | View
Food systems in developing countries are changing rapidly with a growing role of modern supermarkets. Supermarkets influence supply chains and the way agricultural products are sourced from farmers. Especially for the procurement of fresh fruits and vegetables, supermarkets often contract farmers directly to ensure consistent and high-quality supply. One important question, which is addressed here, is whether smallholder farmers benefit from supermarket contracts. Previous studies address this question, but mostly focus on income effects without exploring implications for other dimensions of household welfare, such as nutrition, health, or housing conditions. Moreover, most existing studies rely on cross-section data. We add to the literature by analyzing effects of supermarket contracts on income and multidimensional poverty using three rounds of panel data collected from smallholder vegetable farmers in Kenya and econometric models with household fixed effects. On average, supermarket contracts increase household income by over 40%. We also find significant reductions in income poverty and multidimensional poverty. Quantile regressions show that farmers in all income groups benefit, but richer households benefit more than poorer ones in absolute terms. However, supermarket contracts cause the strongest reductions in multidimensional deprivations among the poorest households.
Evaluating satellite-based evapotranspiration estimates for hydrological applications in data-scarce regions: A case in Ethiopia
Dile, Yihun T.; Ayana, Essayas K.; Worqlul, Abeyou W.; Xie, Hua; Srinivasan, R.; Lefore, Nicole; You, Liangzhi; Clarke, Neville. 2020
Dile, Yihun T.; Ayana, Essayas K.; Worqlul, Abeyou W.; Xie, Hua; Srinivasan, R.; Lefore, Nicole; You, Liangzhi; Clarke, Neville. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140702
Abstract | View
Water resource development opens up opportunities for improving smallholder farmer livelihoods in sub-Saharan Africa; however, implementation of water resource interventions to ensure sustainability hinges on the availability of sufficient quantity and quality data for monitoring, analysis and planning. Such data is often acquired through instrumentation of water resources (e.g. stream flow monitoring) or the use of hydrological models. In sub-Saharan Africa, data scarcity has limited the ability to monitor and make appropriate decisions for water resource allocation and use. Data derived from remote sensing has been considered a viable option to fill this gap; however, there is limited research in the region that evaluate the quality of the remotely sensed based datasets. This study evaluated actual evapotranspiration (AET) estimates derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR AET) images and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MOD16 AET) images using estimates from a grid-based Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). The SWAT model was set up for the entire country of Ethiopia, and calibrated and validated using observed streamflow at several meso-scale watersheds in which satisfactory model performance was obtained. AET estimates from the calibrated and validated SWAT model were then used to evaluate remotely sensed based AET for three landscapes. The AVHRR AET better agreed with the SWAT-simulated AET than the MOD16 AET, although the AVHRR AET overestimated the SWAT-simulated AET in all of the landscapes. Both remotely sensed AET products showed better agreement with the SWAT-simulated AET over agriculture dominated landscapes compared to grassland and forest dominated landscapes. The findings of the study suggest that remotely sensed based AET may help to fine-tune hydrological models in agricultural landscapes in data-scarce regions to improve studies on the impacts of water management interventions aiming to ensure environmental sustainability while enhancing agricultural production, and household income and nutrition.
Climate change and its implications for central banks in emerging and developing economies
Arndt, Channing; Loewald, Christopher; Makrelov, Konstantin. Pretoria, South Africa 2020
Arndt, Channing; Loewald, Christopher; Makrelov, Konstantin. Pretoria, South Africa 2020
Abstract | View
Climate change mitigation and adaptation will prove to be sources of significant structural change. The impacts will be far-reaching and often irreversible, with particularly large effects on emerging and developing economies. This paper assesses the implications of these changes for central banks in developing countries. They can best support adaptation and mitigation efforts by maintaining macroeconomic stability, lowering the cost of borrowing to support green investment, facilitating the development of green assets, and improving the sharing of information in the financial system, especially with respect to risks. Yet, emerging market central banks currently have limited capacity to assess climate risks and their effects on financial stability, growth, and inflation. As such, the paper also provides options for central banks to develop analytical frameworks useful for that purpose.
Diet quality and urbanization in Mozambique
Smart, Jenny; Tschirley, David; Smart, Francis. 2020
Smart, Jenny; Tschirley, David; Smart, Francis. 2020
DOI : 10.1177/0379572120930123
Estimating financing gaps in rice production in Southwestern Nigeria
Ojo, T. O.; Ogundeji, A. A.; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Alimi, T.. 2020
Ojo, T. O.; Ogundeji, A. A.; Babu, Suresh Chandra; Alimi, T.. 2020
DOI : 10.1186/s40008-020-0190-y
Abstract | View
This study analysed the financing gaps relative to production frontier of rice farmers in Southwestern Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to collect cross-sectional data from 360 rice farmers selected from three states in the region. A Cobb–Douglas stochastic frontier and an adapted form of Harrod–Domar (HD) growth model was employed to determine the financing gap required the farmers to be at the frontier level. The empirical results of the frontier model show that quantity of labour, quantity of rice as planting material and herbicides were statistically significant in explaining the variations in the efficiency of rice production in Nigeria. However, age, gender, farming experience, household size, access to credit, access to information, adoption of improved variety and location of rice farmers as sources of technical inefficiencies. As revealed by the result of the HD growth model, the average amount of credit per season that farmers had access to was, 38,630.56 naira (₦) while the mean financing in the form of credit required to produce at the frontier level was ₦193,626.50, showing a financing shortfall of about 80%. As unravelled by the result of the study, it can thus be concluded that technical efficiency of rice farmers can be improved by ameliorating access to timely credit and agricultural information for improving rice productivity. These findings suggest that filling the financing gap of smallholder rice farmers will improve rice productivity in Nigeria. The study, therefore, recommends that strengthening the existing technology by building farmers’ capacity on farm management practices would be the surest means of improving rice productivity growth in Nigeria. This would not only contribute to the intensification of rice production in Nigeria to meet its increasing rice demand, but also improve rice farmers’ productivity and their households’ incomes.
Covid-19 lockdowns, income distribution, and food security: An analysis for South Africa
Arndt, Channing; Davies, Rob; Gabriel, Sherwin; Harris, Laurence; Makrelov, Konstantin; Robinson, Sherman; Anderson, Lilian. 2020
Arndt, Channing; Davies, Rob; Gabriel, Sherwin; Harris, Laurence; Makrelov, Konstantin; Robinson, Sherman; Anderson, Lilian. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100410
Abstract | View
Absent vaccines and pharmaceutical interventions, the only tool available to mitigate its demographic effects is some measure of physical distancing, to reduce contagion by breaking social and economic contacts. Policy makers must balance the positive health effects of strong distancing measures, such as lockdowns, against their economic costs, especially the burdens imposed on low income and food insecure households. The distancing measures deployed by South Africa impose large economic costs and have negative implications for the factor distribution of income. Labor with low education levels are much more strongly affected than labor with secondary or tertiary education. As a result, households with low levels of educational attainment and high dependence on labor income would experience an enormous real income shock that would clearly jeopardize the food security of these households. However, in South Africa, total incomes for low income households are significantly insulated by government transfer payments. From public health, income distribution and food security perspectives, the remarkably rapid and severe shocks imposed because of Covid-19 illustrate the value of having in place transfer policies that support vulnerable households in the event of ‘black swan’ type shocks.
Efficiency of small-scale irrigation farmers in Northern Ghana: A data envelopment analysis approach
Adams, Abdulai; Balana, Bedru; Lefore, Nicole. 2020
Adams, Abdulai; Balana, Bedru; Lefore, Nicole. 2020
DOI : 10.1177/0973801020919840
How countries can reduce child stunting at scale: Lessons from exemplar countries
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Akseer, Nadia; Keats, Emily C.; Vaivada, Tyler; Baker, Shawn; Horton, Susan E.; Katz, Joanne; Menon, Purnima; Piwoz, Ellen; Shekar, Meera; Victoria, Cesar; Black, Robert. 2020
Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Akseer, Nadia; Keats, Emily C.; Vaivada, Tyler; Baker, Shawn; Horton, Susan E.; Katz, Joanne; Menon, Purnima; Piwoz, Ellen; Shekar, Meera; Victoria, Cesar; Black, Robert. 2020
DOI : 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa153
COVID-19 challenges to equity: Insights from rural Nepal and Senegal
Barooah, Prapti; Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie; Saini, Smriti; Alvi, Muzna; Ringler, Claudia. 2020
Barooah, Prapti; Wouterse, Fleur Stephanie; Saini, Smriti; Alvi, Muzna; Ringler, Claudia. 2020
Abstract | View
Globally, COVID-19 has exposed farmers to high levels of income insecurity, underlining the importance of building resilience among male and female farmers. Female farmers might be particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 impacts due to lower incomes, higher illiteracy, and limited access to resources, time poverty due to increasing domestic and productive responsibilities, and overall patriarchal norms including restrictions on mobility that prevent women from realizing their productive potential.
Challenges and opportunities in the operationalization of the Water-Environment-Energy-Food (WE2F) Nexus: Case study of the upper Niger basin and inner Niger delta, West Africa
Seidou, Ousmane; Maiga, Fatoumata; Ringler, Claudia; Kalcic, Spela; Ferrini, Luca. 2020
Seidou, Ousmane; Maiga, Fatoumata; Ringler, Claudia; Kalcic, Spela; Ferrini, Luca. 2020
DOI : 10.1051/e3sconf/202018302001
Abstract | View
The ever-increasing demand for water, food, and energy is putting unsustainable pressure on natural resources worldwide, often leading to environmental degradation that, in turn, affect water, food, and energy security. The recognition of the complex interlinkages between multiple sectors has led to the creation of various holistic approaches to environmental decision making such as Integrated Natural Resources Management (INRM), Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), Virtual Water (VW), Water Footprint (WF) and lately the Food-EnergyEnvironment-Water nexus (WE2F). All these approaches aim to increase resource use efficiency and promote sustainability by increasing the cooperation between traditionally disjoint sectors, and mainly differ by the number and relative weights of the sectors included in their framework. They also suffer from the same face and the same barriers for implementation, some of which may never be fully overcome. The paper discusses the benefits of adopting a WE2F nexus approach in the Upper Niger Basin (UNB) and the Inner Niger Delta (IND), but also the multiple difficulties associated with its practical implementation. IWRM/WE2F initiatives in the UNB/IND such as the BAMGIRE project piloted by Wetlands International and funded by the Dutch Embassy in Mali to secure livelihoods and biodiversity in a changing environment, is taken as an example of partial success in the use of a nexus approach to watershed management. It was shown there are multiple barriers to the operational implementation of the WE2F. However, while a full understanding of all interlinkage between sectors may never be possible, data collection, scientific research and model development can improve our ability to understand the complex system in which we live, and hence take better decisions.
Smallholder mechanization induced by yield-enhancing biological technologies: Evidence from Nepal and Ghana
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Liu, Yanyan. 2020
Takeshima, Hiroyuki; Liu, Yanyan. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.agsy.2020.102914
Abstract | View
Recent agricultural transformation in Asia and Africa has witnessed the gradual spread of mechanization in agricultural areas that are still largely made up of smallholder farming. While the literature has often characterized mechanical technologies as being complementary to land, knowledge gaps exist with regard to the process of adoption of mechanization by smallholders for whom the scope for exploiting its complementarity with land is limited. We test a hypothesis that yield-enhancing biological technologies—which potentially raise total factor productivity and returns to more intensive farm-power use—are important drivers of the adoption of agricultural mechanization among smallholders. To enhance the external validity of evidence, we empirically analyze this hypothesis by applying the same methodologies in two countries, lowland (Terai) Nepal and Ghana. We employ nationally representative, repeated, cross-sectional data from both countries, as well as unique tractor-use data from Ghana; we also employ multidimensional indicators of agroclimatic similarity in the respective plant breeding locations. We show that in both lowland Nepal and Ghana, the adoption of tractors and agricultural equipment has been induced by yield-enhancing biological technologies, particularly improved varieties and high-yielding production systems, when these biological technologies are instrumented by agroclimatic similarity to plant breeding locations, which is measured accounting for the multidimensional characteristics of agroclimatic conditions, and thus proxies spillover potentials of the public sector developed biological technologies. In general, these effects are particularly strong among smaller farms, and the effect holds for the adoption of mechanization both at extensive margins (whether to adopt) and at intensive margins (how much to adopt). In Ghana, partly due to improved efficiency in supply-side factors of mechanization, these linkages have strengthened in the 2010s. The results suggest that in both countries, mechanization support strategies for smallholders can potentially improve their targeting by utilizing the information of agroclimatic similarity with plant breeding locations. In Ghana, further public investments in plant-breeding system in strategic locations may broadly enhance smallholders' demand for mechanization. In lowland Nepal where tractor adoptions have grown fairly high, it is now important to more carefully evaluate the trade-off between smallholder-based growth strategies and other strategies, for example, promoting scale-expansions of farming, which also involves mechanization.
Impact of creative capacity building of local innovators and communities on income, welfare and attitudes in Uganda
Nkonya, Ephraim M.; Bashaasha, Bernard; Kato, Edward; Bagamba, Fredrick; Danet, Marion. New Delhi, India 2020
Nkonya, Ephraim M.; Bashaasha, Bernard; Kato, Edward; Bagamba, Fredrick; Danet, Marion. New Delhi, India 2020
DOI : 10.23846/PW2IE124
Abstract | View
Technologies and innovations are key drivers of human development and competitiveness. The failure of imported technologies has galvanised efforts to develop technologies generated through close collaboration between external investors and local communities. The general objective of the study was to determine the impact of creative capacity building (CCB) training on human welfare and local communities’ perceptions of their ability to innovate. Specifically, the study targeted a number of major outcomes of CCB training, namely: economic impacts; behavioural changes; attitudinal change; and technology creation and use, including policy influence. CCB is a hands-on training approach whose students are community members of any educational level. CCB focuses on harnessing local creativity and indigenous knowledge in the technology design process, facilitating community innovations and invention. In skills training workshops, trainees work collaboratively to design and develop tools that meet their needs. The training encourages and trains people to make technologies that generate income, improve health and safety, save labour and time, and change perceptions about themselves.
The transforming dairy sector in Ethiopia
Minten, Bart; Habte, Yetimwork; Tamru, Seneshaw; Tesfaye, Agajie. 2020
Minten, Bart; Habte, Yetimwork; Tamru, Seneshaw; Tesfaye, Agajie. 2020
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0237456
Abstract | View
In the transformation of agri-food systems in developing countries, we usually see rapid changes in the dairy sector. However, good data for understanding patterns and inclusiveness of this transformation are often lacking. This is important given implications for policy design and service and technology provision towards better performing dairy sectors in these settings. Relying on a combination of unique diverse large-scale datasets and methods, we analyze transformation patterns in the dairy value chain supplying Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, the second most populous country in Africa. Over the last decade, we note a rapid increase in expenditures on dairy products by urban consumers, especially among the better-off. Relatedly, the number of dairy processing firms in Ethiopia tripled over the same period, supplying a significant part of these dairy products, especially pasteurized milk, to the city’s residents. Upstream at the production level, we find improved access to livestock services, higher adoption of cross-bred cows, an increase in milk yields, expanding liquid milk markets, a sizable urban farm sector supplying almost one-third of all liquid milk consumed in the city, and an upscaling process with larger commercial dairy farms becoming more prevalent. However, average milk yields are still low and not all dairy farmers are included in this transformation process. Small farms with dairy animals as well as those in more remote areas benefit less from access to services and adopt less these modern practices. For these more disadvantaged farmers, stagnation in milk yields and even declines–depending on the data source used–are observed.
Geography of public service delivery in rural Ethiopia
Abate, Gashaw T.; Dereje, Mekdim; Hirvonen, Kalle; Minten, Bart. 2020
Abate, Gashaw T.; Dereje, Mekdim; Hirvonen, Kalle; Minten, Bart. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105133
Abstract | View
Remote areas are often characterized by lower welfare outcomes due to economic disadvantages and higher transaction costs for trade. But their poorer situation may also be linked to worse public service delivery. Relying on large household surveys in rural Ethiopia, we explore this by assessing the association of two measures of remoteness – (1) the distance of service centers to district capitals and (2) the distance of households to service centers (the last mile) – with public service delivery in agriculture and health sectors. In the agriculture sector, we document statistically significant and economically meaningful associations between exposure to agriculture extension and the two measures of remoteness. For health extension, only the last mile matters. These differences between the two sectors could be due to the fact that more remote villages tend to have fewer agriculture extension workers who also put in fewer hours than their peers in more connected areas. This does not apply in the health sector. These findings provide valuable inputs for policymakers aiming to improve inclusiveness in poor rural areas.
An intimate partner violence prevention intervention for men, women, and couples in Ethiopia: Additional findings on substance use and depressive symptoms from a cluster-randomized controlled trial
Leight, Jessica; Deyessa, Negussie; Verani, Fabio; Tewolde, Samuel; Sharma, Vandana. 2020
Leight, Jessica; Deyessa, Negussie; Verani, Fabio; Tewolde, Samuel; Sharma, Vandana. 2020
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003131
Abstract | View
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is linked to substance use by male perpetrators and is associated with an increased risk of depression for women who experience violence. Unite for a Better Life (UBL) is a gender-transformative intervention delivered to men, women, and couples in Ethiopia; previous evidence demonstrated the intervention significantly reduced experience of and perpetration of IPV when delivered to men and led to more equitable household task-sharing when delivered to men and couples. The aim of this analysis is to assess engagement in the UBL intervention and to examine the relationship between random assignment to the intervention and men’s past-year substance use and women’s reported depressive symptoms as measured at the individual level.
Effectiveness of a culturally appropriate intervention to prevent intimate partner violence and HIV transmission among men, women, and couples in rural Ethiopia: Findings from a cluster-randomized controlled trial
Sharma, Vandana; Leight, Jessica; Verani, Fabio; Tewolde, Samuel; Deyessa, Negussie. 2020
Sharma, Vandana; Leight, Jessica; Verani, Fabio; Tewolde, Samuel; Deyessa, Negussie. 2020
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003274
Abstract | View
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with increased HIV risk and other adverse health and psychosocial outcomes. We assessed the impact of Unite for a Better Life (UBL), a gender-transformative, participatory intervention delivered to men, women, and couples in Ethiopia in the context of the coffee ceremony, a traditional community-based discussion forum. Villages (n = 64) in 4 Ethiopian districts were randomly allocated to control, men’s UBL, women’s UBL, or couples’ UBL, and approximately 106 households per village were randomly selected for inclusion in the trial. The intervention included 14 sessions delivered twice weekly by trained facilitators; control arm households were offered a short IPV educational session. Primary outcomes were women’s experience of past-year physical or sexual IPV 24 months postintervention. Secondary outcomes included male perpetration of past-year physical or sexual IPV, comprehensive HIV knowledge, and condom use at last intercourse. Additional prespecified outcomes included experience and perpetration of past-year physical and/or sexual IPV and emotional IPV, HIV/AIDs knowledge and behaviors, decision-making, and gender norms. An intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was conducted, evaluating 6,770 households surveyed at baseline in 2014–2015 (1,680 households, 16 clusters in control; 1,692 households, 16 clusters in couples’ UBL; 1,707 households, 16 clusters in women’s UBL; 1,691 households, 16 clusters in men’s UBL). Follow-up data were available from 88% of baseline respondents and 87% of baseline spouses surveyed in 2017–2018. Results from both unadjusted and adjusted specifications are reported, the latter adjusting for age, education level, marriage length, polygamy, socioeconomic status, and months between intervention and endline. For primary outcomes, there was no effect of any UBL intervention compared to control on women’s past-year experience of physical (couples’ UBL arm adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.00, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77–1.30, p = 0.973; women’s UBL arm AOR = 1.11, 95% CI 0.87–1.42, p = 0.414; men’s UBL arm AOR = 1.02, 95% CI: 0.81–1.28, p = 0.865) or sexual IPV (couples’ UBL arm AOR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.62–1.20, p = 0.378; women’s UBL arm AOR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.89–1.50; p = 0.291; men’s UBL arm AOR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.63–1.01, p = 0.062). For the secondary outcomes, only the men’s UBL intervention significantly reduced male perpetration of past-year sexual IPV (AOR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.56–0.94, p = 0.014), and no intervention reduced perpetration of past-year physical IPV. Among women, the couples’ UBL intervention significantly improved comprehensive HIV knowledge, and both couples’ and women’s UBL significantly increased reported condom use at last intercourse. Among additional outcomes of interest, the men’s UBL intervention was associated with a significant reduction in women’s experience of past-year physical and/or sexual IPV (AOR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66–0.99, p = 0.036) and men’s perpetration of physical and/or sexual IPV (AOR = 0.78; 95% CI: 0.62–0.98, p = 0.037). UBL delivered to men and couples was associated with a significant reduction in HIV risk behaviors and more equitable intrahousehold decision-making and household task-sharing. The primary limitation is reliance on self-reported data. A gender-transformative intervention delivered to men was effective in reducing self-reported perpetration of sexual IPV but did not reduce IPV when delivered to couples or women. We found evidence of decreased sexual IPV with men’s UBL across men’s and women’s reports and of increased HIV knowledge and condom use at last intercourse among women. The men’s UBL intervention could help accelerate progress towards gender equality and combating HIV/AIDS.
Evaluation of linear growth at higher altitudes
Baye, Kaleab; Hirvonen, Kalle. 2020
Baye, Kaleab; Hirvonen, Kalle. 2020
DOI : 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2386
Effectiveness of the lead farmer approach in agricultural extension service provision: Nationally representative panel data analysis in Malawi
Ragasa, Catherine. 2020
Ragasa, Catherine. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104966
Landownership and the gender gap in agriculture: Insights from northern Ghana
Yokying, Phanwin; Lambrecht, Isabel. 2020
Yokying, Phanwin; Lambrecht, Isabel. 2020
DOI : 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105012
Low-cost private schools in Tanzania: A descriptive analysis
Sabarwal, Shwetlena; Sununtnasuk, Celeste; Ramachandran, Deepika. Washington, DC 2020
Sabarwal, Shwetlena; Sununtnasuk, Celeste; Ramachandran, Deepika. Washington, DC 2020
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This paper discusses the potential role of low-cost private secondary schools in Tanzania. The share of private enrollment has been negatively correlated with the availability of public schools. With the 2016 Fee-Free Basic Education Policy, the public secondary education system is experiencing significant demand pressures. The government has limited resources to address these pressures. Using micro-data from the Morogoro region, the paper finds that private schools have excess capacity that can allow for absorption of additional students at relatively low cost through potential public-private partnerships. The paper finds no evidence that service delivery or student performance is worse in private schools relative to their public counterparts. These findings provide empirical evidence on some key enabling conditions for potential public-private partnerships for secondary education in Tanzania.
Delving deeper into child poverty and its drivers in sub-Saharan Africa: A multidimensional approach for Nigeria
Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Mistura, Rufai; Mavrotas, George; Kehinde, Olagunju; Kabir, Salman Kayode; Olusegun, Fadare. Warwickshire, UK 2020
Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Mistura, Rufai; Mavrotas, George; Kehinde, Olagunju; Kabir, Salman Kayode; Olusegun, Fadare. Warwickshire, UK 2020
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Using the 2013 Demographic Health Survey data, this chapter revisits the debate on child poverty drivers in Nigeria by employing a multidimensional poverty approach. The empirical results reveal that the poverty measures decrease with the level of dimension used. The majority of children are deprived of at least one of the basic needs. The child poverty indicators revealed that most of the under-five children in Nigeria are living below accepted standards of well-being. The situation is more prevalent in rural areas and the northern region of the country. Our findings therefore suggest that investing in the development and protection of Nigerian children is not a choice, but rather a priority. Investing in children does not mean separating out children with special needs. Instead, this requires an integrated and holistic approach supporting the communities in which children live, their basic needs, and the participatory development which will not only produce active citizens of the future but will also provide sustainable solutions to child poverty in Nigeria, a country under immense demographic pressure in the coming years.
Malnutrition, hypertension risk, and correlates: An analysis of the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey data for 15–19 years adolescent boys and girls
Azupogo, Fusta; Abizari, Abdul-Razak; Aurino, Elisabetta; Gelli, Aulo; Osendarp, Saskia J. M.. 2020
Azupogo, Fusta; Abizari, Abdul-Razak; Aurino, Elisabetta; Gelli, Aulo; Osendarp, Saskia J. M.. 2020
DOI : 10.3390/nu12092737
Abstract | View
The sex differences in malnutrition and hypertension during adolescence is largely inconclusive. There is also a paucity of data on the sex-specific correlates of malnutrition and hypertension for adolescents. Hence, this study aimed to assess the association between malnutrition, pre-hypertension/hypertension (PHH) and sex among adolescents. The study also aimed to determine and contrast the factors associated with these risks in Ghana. We analysed data of non-pregnant adolescent girls (n = 857) and adolescent boys (n = 870) aged 15–19 years from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). We modelled the prevalence risk ratio (PRR) of malnutrition and PHH using Cox proportional hazard models. Compared to adolescent girls, boys were more than twice likely to be stunted (PRR = 2.58, 95% C.I (1.77, 3.76)) and underweight (PRR = 2.67, 95% C.I (1.41, 5.09)) but less likely to be overweight/obese (PRR = 0.85, 95% C.I (0.08, 0.29)). Boys were also about twice likely to have PHH (PRR = 1.96, 95% C.I (1.47, 2.59)) compared to their female peers. Girls were more at risk of the detrimental effects of poor education on stunting and PHH. Empowerment index while protective of stunting for girls (PRR = 0.82, 95% C.I (0.67, 0.99)) also increased their risk of overweight/obesity (PRR = 1.31, 95% C.I (1.02, 1.68)). A higher household wealth index (HWI) increased the risk of overweight/obesity for adolescent girls but was protective of stunting and PHH for adolescent boys. Improvement in household water, hygiene, and sanitation (WASH) reduced the risk of stunting by 15% for adolescent boys. Overall, our findings suggest a double-burden of malnutrition with an up-coming non-communicable disease burden for adolescents in Ghana. Our findings may also be highlighting the need to target adolescent boys alongside girls in nutrition and health intervention programmes.
The changing nature of hydroclimatic risks across South Africa
Schlosser, C. Adam; Sokolov, Andrei; Strzepek, Ken; Thomas, Timothy S.; Gao, Xiang; Arndt, Channing. Cambridge, MA 2020
Schlosser, C. Adam; Sokolov, Andrei; Strzepek, Ken; Thomas, Timothy S.; Gao, Xiang; Arndt, Channing. Cambridge, MA 2020
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In this study, we present results from a large ensemble of projected changes in seasonal precipitation and near-surface air temperature changes for the nation of South Africa. The ensemble is based on a combination of pattern-change responses derived from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP-5) climate models along with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Integrated Global Systems Model (MIT-IGSM), an intermediate complexity earth-system model coupled to a global economic model that evaluates uncertainty in socio-economic growth, anthropogenic emissions, and global environmental response. Numerical experimentation with the MIT-IGSM considered four scenarios of future climate and socio-economic development to span a range of possible global actions to abate greenhouse gas emissions through the 21st century. We evaluate distributions of surface-air temperature and precipitation change over three regions across South Africa: western (WSoAfr), central (CSoAfr), and eastern (ESoAfr) South Africa. In all regions, by mid-century, we find a strong likelihood (greater than 50%) that temperatures will rise considerably higher than the current climate’s range of variability (a threefold increase over the current climate’s two-standard deviation range of variability). In addition, scenarios that consider more aggressive global climate targets (e.g. 2C and 15C scenarios) all but eliminate the risk of these acutely salient temperature increases. For precipitation, there is a preponderance of risk toward decreased precipitation (3 to 4 times higher than increased) for western and central parts of South Africa. There is a clear benefit seen within the evolving hydroclimatic risks as a result of strong climate targets, such as limiting the global climate warming to 1.5˚C by 2100. We find that the risk of precipitation changes in the 15C scenario toward the end of this century (2065–2074) is nearly identical to that seen in the REF scenario during the 2030s. Thus, the climate risk that may be experienced in a decade as a result of current global actions to reduce emissions could be delayed by 30 years, and would provide invaluable lead-time for national efforts to be put in place to prepare, fortify, and/or adapt to these changing environments of risk.
Identifying evidence and knowledge gaps for designing development interventions: Process lessons from Titukulane in Malawi
Babu, Suresh Chandra. Lilongwe, Malawi 2020
Babu, Suresh Chandra. Lilongwe, Malawi 2020
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Programs must tailor their interventions to fit the needs and contexts of program participants to achieve maximum success, even if those interventions are based on previously successful approaches and models. Tailoring interventions requires a comprehensive understanding of socio-economic, cultural and geographic circumstances for program participants, including vulnerable women, men, youth, and the elderly. Usually much of this information, also known as evidence and knowledge gaps (EKGs), is missing, and the program conducts multiple studies and assessments to fill these EKGs.
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